第一篇：中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異

中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

Abstract and Key Words

Abstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating.Different cultures observe different rules for table manners.This article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication.It is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural communication people in East and West are deeply transformed，permeated and accepted to one another.They come to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each other.Key words: table manners;cultural differences;syncretism

摘要：餐桌禮儀是用餐時(shí)的禮儀規(guī)則。不同的文化遵循不同的餐桌禮儀規(guī)則。本文從時(shí)間觀念、座次安排、上菜順序、餐具、行為和語(yǔ)言幾個(gè)方面對(duì)中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異做出對(duì)比分析，并由此得出結(jié)論，隨著跨文化交際活動(dòng)越來(lái)越廣泛，中西方人經(jīng)歷了深刻的轉(zhuǎn)變，從相互滲透到彼此接受，人們逐漸能夠尊重和容忍不同文化的餐桌禮儀，甚至趨于同化和融合。關(guān)鍵詞：餐桌禮儀；文化差異；融合

CONTENTS

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2.Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...1 3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners...................................……………………...2

3.1 Sense of Arriving Time 3.2 Seat Arrangement 3.3 Order of Serving Dishes 3.4 Tableware 3.5 Behaviour and Communication

4.Main Factors Causing the Differences.................................................…………….6

4.1 Geography

4.2 Tradition

4.3 Custom

5.Trend of Syncretism.............................................................................…………….7 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….9

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…………….9 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....10

Cultural Differences of Table Manners between

East and West

1.Introduction

With the rapid development of economy and culture, having meals is not only for the basic physical satisfaction, but also the important skill in social communication.Striving for civic virtues and having good manners have become increasingly common understanding of the public.In China, which has been a nation of etiquette and particular about food being the first necessity of the people since antiquity, table manners has a long history and has naturally become an important part of dining culture.With the deepening of open policy in our country and the strengthening of communication between East and West, people have more and more opportunities to cooperate with foreigners.Naturally, Chinese cannot avoid having dinners with foreigners.A series of table manners including sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries.There are many differences of table manners between eastern and western countries.To understand these differences can not only avoid committing a breach of etiquette to each other, but also promote the development of humanity culture in both countries and achieve interpersonal harmony in cross-cultural communication.2.Literature Review

As we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstede, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas.China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history.Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization.To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour, communication and so on.The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table.Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Visser takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner.From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual.She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show the development of the world civilization.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian(2004)says that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want.On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought.In the book Differences and Syncretize of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr.Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society.Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language.It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners 3.1 Sense of Arriving Time Hall has classified two kinds of people according to his observation.One is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time(Edward Hall, 1976:17).People from western countries hold monochromic time assuming time is linear and can be cut, so they pay much more attention to timetables and pre-arrangements.They are slaves to nothing but the clock, and time is treated as if it were something almost precious.While people from eastern countries insist on polychromic time, having no ideas of fixed timetable.Therefore, this difference is more obvious when attending a banquet.Generally speaking, Chinese people which holding polychromic time tend to be later to show up.They often arrive half an hour later than the prescribed time and the host also seems to have prepares for that.They always arrange some other programs for guests while waiting, such as playing cards, drinking tea or chatting, so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.Both the host and guests are used to this phenomenon and they do not regard this as a contempt or impolite behavior to the host.While in western countries, people do things strictly abide by the schedule and all the activities begins according to the predetermined time.People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets.It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat Arrangement The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese table manners.The seat of honor, reserved for the master of the banquet or the guest with highest status, is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to the master of the banquet.The guests of lowest position sit furthest from the seat of honor.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated.And if he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat.When a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.If it is a round table, then the one facing the entrance door is the guest of honor.The seats on the left hand are in turn second, fourth and sixth, etc, while those on the right hand are in turn third, fifth and seventh, etc, until they join together.In ancient times there was a piece of furniture known as an Eight Immortals table, a big square table with benches for two people on each side.If it is an Eight Immortals table and there is a seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the entrance door is for the guest of honor.If there is no seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the east is the seat of honor.Then the seats on the left side of the seat of honor are the second, fourth, sixth and eighth and those on the right side are the third, the fifth and the seventh.While in western countries, after the hostess announced dinner ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them.Some attentive host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.If there has no arrangement, the general principle for seat arrangement is that men and women sit separately.Men guests of honour take the prior seats which on the right hand of hostess while women guests of honour seat on the right hand of him, and the other couples sit in diagonal respectively.Men and women sitting separately shows the open and lively of the American banquet.It can promote the familiarity between each other and make the dining topic diversification and dining atmosphere peaceful.The principle for the seat arrangement is that the guest takes the seat first, the elderly prior to young people, the married prior to unmarried and stranger prior to the acquaintance and families.3.3 Order of Serving Dishes In China, many dishes have symbolic connotations, representing everything from wealth to a long life and the order of serving dishes shows Chinese characteristics.A Chinese meal begins with appetizers which are accompanied by beverage and wine.There are usually four or five of these appetizers, including cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes, all beautifully arranged either on separate dishes or on one large platter.Hot dishes that were boiled or poached are usually served first, followed by foods that were fried, such as stir-fried chicken and stir-fried shrimp, which are omitted most of the time.Hot food should be served from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honour.When serving the whole duck, chicken and fish, the head and tail can not be put toward the major seat.After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice, which is China's staple food.While in a feast or banquet, people always eat little because of the abundant of the food.At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.If there are lots of tables on the banquet, every dish should be served simultaneously.These programs can not only make the whole process in harmony and order, but also make host and guests expression and communication well.Therefore, the table manners can make the dinner perfect and make host and guests both cultivation fully display.In western countries, the first dish is also appetizer which with distinctive flavor.It is always with salty and acid taste and small quantity but high quality.The second dish is soup, which very different from China.The soup can be roughly divided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup.Generally, the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and molluscs.As fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat dishes.Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course.The most representative is beef and steak.Vegetable dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side dish.The six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on.The final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3.4 Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different tablewares.Chopsticks, which have a long history, are the most important tableware in China.The tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the world.The invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient people.A pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir food.When having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the bowl.When finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the mid-line of the bowl.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small food.Do not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes dirty.Plate is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it served.The plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public dishes.Food wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into it.Generally speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in China.Chinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons.While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes.For example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.The use of tableware also shows different food culture in different countries.The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.To start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right side.The knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right hand.The fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person's preference on using the tableware.In general, the spoon is usually for soup.When using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the spoon.If no soup is being served then it's meant for dessert.If you are right handed, then the knife goes into your right hand, fork in your left hand, and using the knife for cutting and eating with the fork.Some people refer to cut their meat or other items on their place into small pieces all at once and then just use their fork in their right hand and in most instances this is still considered good table manners.3.5 Behaviour and Communication Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food when on the dinner table, which can reflect the hospitality and sincere of hostess.The lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests, and it can reflect the warmth of family, the peace of neighbourhood and unite of the whole nation in a sense.While in western, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.They should not make any sounds when drinking and eating.If the soup is hot, they should wait instead of blowing with mouth.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, at least seven dishes.But host will say “There are not so much food for you all.” “The dish does not cook well.” and similar words.If the host asks “Would you like some more?”, then the guest may answer “No, thank you.I am full.” even if he is not full.After the host ask for many times, they maybe accept with embarrassment and little shameful.While in western, a dinner generally has four or five dishes and the host will simply say “Help yourself, please”.When the host asks “Would you like another piece of meat pie?”, you can answer directly “Yes, please.” or “Thank you, a piece of meat pie.” if you are not full.During the dinner, guests can praise the host such as “It is delicious.” or “This meat is beautifully tender.” to make host happy.Chinese followed the principle that belittle themselves and respect others.While westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values and pay much attention to saving face and keeping their prestige.4.Main Factors Causing the Differences 4.1 Geography As we all know, different areas have different culture and custom.Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon or things.The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures.China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners.You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment.Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo.There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China.So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks.The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks.According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.4.2 Tradition

The different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition.Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.As the core of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society.Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”.Taoists advocated “accustomization nature”, “pure” and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture.They believe in god created man.The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference.This individual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food.But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware.The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness.Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class.Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work.If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed.It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation.And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization.Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.4.3 Custom

Custom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits.The differences of custom between east and west are various.Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls.For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten” or “where are you going”.While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem.They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten” “does he want to invite me to have dinner”.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words.The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more.Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon.It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table.And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others.Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.5.Trend of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese history.In either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are essential.And the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high spirits.It is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of children.Chinese people stress filial piety all the time.The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.In ancient times the common people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them respect.Before starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting.Guests should not start to eat until the host says, 'Please enjoy yourself' or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them.When the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies virtue.Westerners have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental thought.And Chinese food has always been very popular in America.Many Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried rice.There are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west.Nowadays, the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from westerners.More and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in it.People have learned western table manners gradually in daily life.It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is rational.This difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between East and West and the development of science.Like westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and nutrition.We should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner spirit.Only in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our appeal.And western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage market.The dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6.Conclusion Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and language.Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other.In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other.Thus we can decently communicate with each other.Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.Bibliography [1]Albala, K.The Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.[2]Finn, Carrie.Manners at the Table [M].America:Picture Window Books,2007.[3]King, Mia.Table Manners[M].America:Berkley Trade,2009.[4]李曉軍.中西禮儀文化的差異與融合[J].內(nèi)江科技，2007(03).[5]瑪格麗特﹒維薩.餐桌禮儀[M].劉曉媛譯.北京：新星出版社，2007.[6]彭健.淺議中西餐桌禮儀差異[J].新西部(下半月), 2009(06).[7]余琳,周游.從餐桌禮儀看中西文化差異[J].硅谷, 2008(18).[8]楊柳,田丹丹,苑富山.中美餐桌禮儀芻議[J].內(nèi)江師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2008(01).[9]易中天.餐桌上的文化[J].當(dāng)代學(xué)生, 2004(10).[10]張亞紅.中西方飲食文化差異以及餐桌禮儀的對(duì)比[J].邊疆經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化, 2009(04).

第二篇：中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異[范文]

中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

財(cái)管09-13班

宋佳

從比較中西餐桌禮儀的餐具使用差異、座次安排差異、就餐氛圍差異、及餐桌話語(yǔ)差 論文摘要 異四個(gè)方面來(lái)看跨文化交際中的文化差異，旨在說(shuō)明堅(jiān)持自己的優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)的同時(shí)，要采用 一個(gè)客觀、寬容、尊重的心態(tài)對(duì)待異國(guó)文化以便能在跨文化交際中能恰當(dāng)?shù)?、得體地進(jìn)行交際。易中天先生曾經(jīng)在《餐桌上的文化》里對(duì)中西文化進(jìn)行了精妙闡釋中國(guó)文化的思想內(nèi)核是“群。所以西方人即使請(qǐng)客吃飯，也是各點(diǎn)各的菜、體意識(shí)”，西方文化的思想內(nèi)核則是“個(gè)體意識(shí)” 各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志強(qiáng)加于人。中國(guó)文化則認(rèn)為個(gè)人的意志，必須服從群體的共同 意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血緣，則其方式禮儀，自然也就以和為貴了，因此中國(guó)人愛(ài) 聚餐、喜共食、講和合。筆者認(rèn)為在跨文化交際中，面對(duì)陌生文化，因思維方式、生活習(xí)慣和 行為方式不同，交往過(guò)程中難免發(fā)生文化沖突。筆者從如下四個(gè)方面對(duì)中西餐桌禮儀進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單 的比較，以便在跨文化交際中能恰當(dāng)?shù)?、得體地進(jìn)行交際。

一、從餐具使用上看中西文化差異

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌禮儀最基本差異。浙江大學(xué)游修齡教授認(rèn)為：東西方出現(xiàn)進(jìn)食工具筷子和 刀叉的不同，和環(huán)境有關(guān)系?？曜右l(fā)源于有竹子的地方。我國(guó)北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就 地取材，竹木均成為我國(guó)最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出現(xiàn)比筷子要晚很多。據(jù)游修齡教授的研 究，刀叉的最初起源和歐洲古代游牧民族的生活習(xí)慣有關(guān)，他們馬上生活隨身帶刀，往往將肉 燒熟，割下來(lái)就吃。大約 15 世紀(jì)前后，為了改進(jìn)進(jìn)餐的姿勢(shì)，歐洲人才使用了雙尖的

叉。到 18 世紀(jì)才有了四個(gè)叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不僅帶來(lái)了進(jìn)食習(xí)慣的差異，還影響了東西方人 生活觀念。游修齡教授認(rèn)為，刀叉必然帶來(lái)分食制，而筷子肯定與家庭成員圍坐桌邊共同進(jìn)餐 相配。西方一開(kāi)始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人講究獨(dú)立，子女長(zhǎng)大后就獨(dú)立闖世界的想法和習(xí)慣。而筷子帶來(lái)的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭單元，從而讓東方人擁有了比較牢固 的家庭觀念。筆者提醒在使用餐具時(shí)中西均有不同的規(guī)范。如中餐進(jìn)餐時(shí)不可玩弄筷子（把它 們當(dāng)鼓槌是非常失禮的做法），更不可以用筷子向人指指點(diǎn)點(diǎn)或打手勢(shì)示意。當(dāng)然，絕對(duì)不可吸 吮筷子或把筷子插在米飯中，這是大忌（這好像葬禮上的香燭，被認(rèn)為是不吉利的）。在使用刀 叉時(shí)也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿著刀叉時(shí)切勿指手畫(huà)腳。發(fā)言或交談時(shí)，應(yīng)將刀叉放在盤上才合 乎禮儀。忌用自己的餐具為別人夾菜。餐具掉落不要彎腰拾撿。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其帶 湯汁的餐品，要一小塊的逐一切食等等。

二、從座次安排上看中西文化差異

中西都講究正式的宴請(qǐng)活動(dòng)的座次安排。中國(guó)人請(qǐng)客傳統(tǒng)上用八仙桌。對(duì)門為上，兩邊為偏座。請(qǐng)客時(shí)，年長(zhǎng)者、主賓或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按順序坐偏 座。西方人請(qǐng)客用長(zhǎng)桌，男女主人分坐兩端，然后按男女主賓和一般客人的次序安排座位，即 男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位為準(zhǔn)，主賓坐在女主人的右上方，主賓夫人坐在男主人的右上 方，講究“女士?jī)?yōu)先”的西方紳士，都會(huì)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)女士的殷勤。在中國(guó)，左為尊，右為次；上 為尊，下為次；中為尊，偏為次。而在西方，右為尊，左為次。筆者特別提示西餐入座禮儀：最得體的入座方式是從左側(cè)入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可蹺 足。不可在進(jìn)餐時(shí)中途退席（如有事確需離開(kāi)應(yīng)向左右的客人小聲打招呼）用餐時(shí)。坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸長(zhǎng)。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持約一個(gè)拳頭的距離。記得要抬頭挺 胸著吃，在把面前的食物送進(jìn)口中時(shí)，要以食物就口，而非彎下腰以口去就食物。

三、從就餐氛圍上看中西文化差異

中國(guó)人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜是中西餐桌禮儀最根本差異。餐桌氣氛上的差異，中國(guó)餐桌上動(dòng)，西方餐桌上靜。中國(guó)人以食為人生之至樂(lè)，排場(chǎng)之大，氣氛之熱鬧常常令人嘆為觀止。中國(guó)人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不絕，相互讓菜，勸酒，盡情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。這樣的 宴客方式才能體現(xiàn)主人的熱情和誠(chéng)懇，餐桌上的熱鬧反映了食客發(fā)自內(nèi)心的歡快。這種“鬧” 能從某種程度上折射中國(guó)人家庭溫馨、鄰里和睦、國(guó)人團(tuán)結(jié)的“一團(tuán)和氣”。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便專心致志的去靜靜的切割自家的盤中餐。喝湯時(shí)不能發(fā)出響聲，如湯菜過(guò)熱，可待稍涼后 再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃東西時(shí)要閉嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴發(fā)出聲音。進(jìn)餐時(shí)可以與左右客 人交談，但不要只同幾個(gè)熟人交談。左右客人如不認(rèn)識(shí)，可先自我介紹。別人講話不可搭嘴插 話。音量保持對(duì)方能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)的程度。咀嚼食物不要說(shuō)話，即使有人同你講話，也要等咽下食物后 再回答。

四、從餐桌話語(yǔ)上看中西文化差異

中國(guó)人請(qǐng)客吃飯時(shí)，擺在桌上的菜花樣繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜會(huì)更多，越名貴、越奇特的菜會(huì)越顯示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人卻往往要說(shuō)“今天沒(méi)有什么好 菜招待大家”“菜做得不好，多吃一點(diǎn)” “多多包涵” “怠慢了您”之類的話。而西方盛宴、、一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余為最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，這樣女 主人會(huì)很高興，認(rèn)為大家喜歡她做的菜。面對(duì)豐盛的宴席，主人會(huì)說(shuō)“已經(jīng)傾其所有來(lái)招待大 家” 的話。對(duì)中西主人的餐桌話語(yǔ)進(jìn)行推理，很容易得出：中國(guó)人遵循了“貶己尊人”的原則。而西方人強(qiáng)調(diào)效率和實(shí)用主義價(jià)值觀，在交際中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人 不議論令人作嘔之事，會(huì)千方百計(jì)采用含蓄文雅的詞來(lái)替代 toilet，如： “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder？”等。另外，在西方國(guó)家不要問(wèn)“吃飯了嗎？”等我國(guó)習(xí)慣的問(wèn)候語(yǔ)?！澳燥埩藛?？”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至?xí)?現(xiàn)誤會(huì)。如在英國(guó)，你若問(wèn)人吃飯沒(méi)有，其含義是你有意請(qǐng)對(duì)方吃飯；這對(duì)于未婚男女，則表 明你有意約會(huì)對(duì)方。

五、結(jié)語(yǔ)

世界上各種文化都是平等的。文化無(wú)優(yōu)劣之分。應(yīng)該避免用自己的文化、道德、價(jià)值觀作為標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)去衡量、評(píng)判而應(yīng)采用一種客觀的、寬容的態(tài)度對(duì)待異國(guó)文化；同時(shí)，又要避免盲目的追隨、模仿異國(guó)文化，而應(yīng)堅(jiān)持自己的優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)。

第三篇：中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

一、中國(guó)的餐桌禮儀

根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)的記載，早在我國(guó)周代，飲食禮儀就已經(jīng)形成了一套相當(dāng)完善的制度。比如漢族傳統(tǒng)的宴飲禮儀程序是：主人向客人發(fā)出請(qǐng)柬，屆時(shí)主人在門口相迎。出席的賓客也要互致問(wèn)候，開(kāi)席前客人先在客廳小坐，吃些茶點(diǎn)。

待客人到齊后一一就座，以左為上，相對(duì)上座的是二座，上座之下為三座。等到客人都坐定之后，主人開(kāi)始敬酒讓菜。

敬酒時(shí)先敬長(zhǎng)輩和主賓，最后才是主人。這種傳統(tǒng)的宴請(qǐng)禮儀在我國(guó)的大多數(shù)地方流傳至今，我們?cè)谟耙晞≈幸步?jīng)常可以看到。

中國(guó)餐桌禮儀中的禁忌：與中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)家庭一起用餐，一定要尊重他們的習(xí)俗，不要觸犯了他們的禁忌，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)人通常認(rèn)為飲食與人的命運(yùn)息息相關(guān)，如果在用餐時(shí)犯了禁忌會(huì)帶來(lái)厄運(yùn)。比如說(shuō)吃魚(yú)，當(dāng)吃完一面魚(yú)身，需要用筷子翻轉(zhuǎn)到另一面時(shí)，通常開(kāi)車的人是不會(huì)動(dòng)筷子去翻的。他們認(rèn)為：如果翻了魚(yú)身，那么駕車的時(shí)候就會(huì)翻車。

這些迷信的習(xí)俗流傳至今，餐桌禮儀在現(xiàn)代中國(guó)人的生活中占有相當(dāng)重要的地位。用餐不僅是滿足生理需要，而且也是重要的社交經(jīng)驗(yàn)，體現(xiàn)著一個(gè)人的教養(yǎng)和素質(zhì)。

二、西方的餐桌禮儀

西方家庭素有把餐桌當(dāng)成課堂的習(xí)俗。從孩子上餐桌的第一天開(kāi)始，家長(zhǎng)就對(duì)其進(jìn)行餐桌禮儀的培養(yǎng)。在西方，孩子一般在四歲時(shí)就學(xué)會(huì)了用餐的所有禮儀。五歲的孩子都樂(lè)于做一些餐前擺好所有的餐具，餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事情。另外，他們還非常注重環(huán)保教育，讓孩子知道哪些是可再生的“環(huán)保餐具”，哪些是不可再生的“永久垃圾”。教育孩子們盡量少用易拉罐等現(xiàn)成的食品，并注意節(jié)約用水、用電。因?yàn)樗麄兌谩盀E用資源，即意味著對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的侵害”。

在西方餐桌上也有一些注意事項(xiàng)：比如不要在餐桌上化妝，用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐時(shí)打嗝是大忌，更不要對(duì)著人或者是菜打嗝或打噴嚏。取食時(shí)，拿不到的食物可以請(qǐng)別人傳遞，千萬(wàn)不要站起來(lái)。每次送到嘴里的食物不要太多，在咀嚼時(shí)不要說(shuō)話。就餐時(shí)不可以狼吞虎咽。遇到自己不愿吃的食物也應(yīng)一點(diǎn)放在盤中，以示禮貌。不應(yīng)在進(jìn)餐中途退席。確實(shí)需要離開(kāi)，要向左右的客人小聲打招呼。飲酒干杯時(shí)，即使不喝，也應(yīng)該將杯口在唇上碰一碰，以示敬意。

當(dāng)別人為你斟酒時(shí)，如果不需要，可以簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)一聲“No,thanks!”或以手稍蓋酒杯，表示謝絕。進(jìn)餐過(guò)程中，不要解開(kāi)紐扣或當(dāng)眾脫衣。

三、中西方餐桌禮儀的比較

1.座次安排：中國(guó)的餐桌禮儀是：先請(qǐng)客人入座上席，再請(qǐng)長(zhǎng)輩入座客人旁。入座的時(shí)侯要從椅子的左邊進(jìn)入。主人必須注意的一點(diǎn)是切不可讓客人坐在靠近上菜的座位，此為一大忌。如果是圓桌子，則對(duì)著大門的是主座。

現(xiàn)代較為流行的中餐宴飲禮儀，其座次借西方以右為上的法則，第一主賓坐在主人的右邊，第二主賓坐在主人的左邊或者第一主賓的右邊。

在西方的餐桌禮儀中，女主人宣布晚宴準(zhǔn)備就緒后，男主人引賓客依次就座，一般座位的安排以男女分隔而坐的原則，男主賓先就座，其位置在女主人的右邊，而女主賓則在男主賓的右邊，其他的夫婦則以對(duì)角方式入座。

2.上菜順序：中餐的上菜順序一般是先上涼菜、飲料或酒，然后是熱菜、主食和湯，最后是水果和甜點(diǎn)。而西方的上菜程序通常是：黃油面包、冷菜、海鮮、主菜、甜點(diǎn)、咖啡和水果。冷菜也叫開(kāi)胃小菜，作為第一道菜，一般和開(kāi)胃酒并用。3.餐具：中餐的餐具主要有筷子、碟，碗、勺子等。在正式的宴會(huì)上，水杯通常放在菜盤的左上方，酒杯放在菜盤右上方。西餐的餐具主要有刀子、叉子、碗、盤子、碟子等。4.餐巾：中餐在正式用餐前，服務(wù)員會(huì)為每人遞上一·9·塊熱毛巾，它只能用來(lái)擦手，擦完手之后，應(yīng)放回原來(lái)的盤子里，由服務(wù)員拿走，在宴會(huì)結(jié)束前，會(huì)再上一塊濕毛巾用來(lái)擦嘴，千萬(wàn)不能用來(lái)擦汗、抹臉。西餐中，餐巾放在盤子里，要么放在盤子的旁邊。

5.停菜方法：在中餐結(jié)束時(shí)，筷子應(yīng)整齊地放在靠碗右邊的桌上，并應(yīng)等客人們都放下筷子以后，主人示意離席后方可以離開(kāi)，不能自己吃完了放下筷子就走，這樣做是很沒(méi)禮貌的表現(xiàn)。而在西餐結(jié)束的時(shí)候，要將叉子的下面向上，刀子的刀刃側(cè)向內(nèi)與叉子并攏，平行地放在盤子上，而且要把柄放在盤子內(nèi)以便于服務(wù)員收拾。

四、從餐具使用上看中西文化差異中國(guó)人吃飯慣用筷子，而西方人用刀叉。對(duì)此，浙江大學(xué)的游修齡教授認(rèn)為，這與環(huán)境有關(guān)。在我國(guó)，北方多木，南方多竹，而筷子的主要原料就是木頭和竹子。而刀叉的起源與歐洲古代的游牧民有關(guān)，他們隨身帶刀，往往遇到獵物，用刀子割下來(lái)，燒熟了，用刀子分著吃。大約到15世紀(jì)前后，為了改變進(jìn)餐姿勢(shì)，才慢慢開(kāi)始使用叉子。不同的餐具反映了不同的生活觀念。在中國(guó)，一家人坐在一起，用筷子合餐，體現(xiàn)了老老少少坐在一起的家庭單元，而西方人一開(kāi)始就分吃，由此反映出西方人講究獨(dú)立，子女長(zhǎng)大后就獨(dú)立闖世界的想法和習(xí)慣。

五、從就餐氛圍上看中西文化差異中國(guó)人就餐，圖的是一個(gè)熱鬧，而西方人則好靜。中國(guó)有句古話“民以食為天”，中國(guó)人以食為人生之至樂(lè)，其場(chǎng)面之宏大，常常熱鬧得令人嘆為觀止。中國(guó)人在一起就餐，常常相互勸酒、劃拳，在古代還行酒令，這樣方能顯示主人的熱情與真誠(chéng)。這也正顯示了中國(guó)人家庭和睦，鄰里團(tuán)結(jié)的文化氛圍。而西方人坐在餐桌上則靜靜地劃開(kāi)自家的盤中餐，喝湯時(shí)不能發(fā)出聲響。如果湯太燙，也不能用嘴吹，只能待湯稍涼些再喝。這也顯示了西方人好靜的特點(diǎn)。

六、從餐桌話語(yǔ)上看中西文化差異中國(guó)人請(qǐng)客吃飯時(shí)，擺在餐桌上的菜花樣繁多，五花八門。如果是盛宴，主菜則會(huì)更多，越豐盛、越昂貴方能顯示主人的殷勤和客人的身份。而在宴請(qǐng)結(jié)束時(shí)，主人往往會(huì)說(shuō)“今天沒(méi)什么好菜招待大家”“，菜做得不好，請(qǐng)多包涵”“，怠慢了您”等等的話語(yǔ)。而西方盛宴一般只有四到五個(gè)菜，以恰好吃完或者稍有剩余為最佳。如果在家里，最好吃完所有的菜，這樣女主人會(huì)很高興，認(rèn)為這樣是大家喜歡她做的菜，對(duì)她烹飪手藝的一種認(rèn)可。面對(duì)豐盛的宴席，主人會(huì)說(shuō)已經(jīng)傾其所有來(lái)招待大家。對(duì)中西方主人的話語(yǔ)進(jìn)行推敲，不難得出，中國(guó)人遵循“貶己尊人”的原則，而西方人強(qiáng)調(diào)效率和實(shí)用主義價(jià)值觀，在交際中十分注重自身面子的需要。例如，西方人在宴會(huì)上常用文雅的詞來(lái)代替令人作嘔之事。問(wèn)廁所在哪會(huì)說(shuō)“WherecanIwashmyhand?”“，IwonderifIcangosomewhere?”另外，中國(guó)人見(jiàn)面打招呼經(jīng)常會(huì)問(wèn)“你吃飯了嗎？”但是在西方國(guó)家，這樣容易使人產(chǎn)生誤解，以為你有意請(qǐng)對(duì)方吃飯，尤其是對(duì)于未婚男女，對(duì)方會(huì)以為你有意約會(huì)。

綜上所述，通過(guò)對(duì)中西方餐桌禮儀差異的分析，了解到了中西方之間不同的文化傳統(tǒng)。掌握二者之間的不同，對(duì)于我們提高自身的素質(zhì)有著很大的幫助，對(duì)于我們更加了解西方的餐桌禮儀對(duì)中國(guó)文明的發(fā)展和更好地與人交往發(fā)面也起到了導(dǎo)向的作用。使得我們今后在社會(huì)上，與人交往的過(guò)程中，更多了一份從容。

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第四篇：中西方餐桌文化差異

中西方餐桌文化差異

中國(guó)餐桌文化

一、概述

中國(guó)餐桌文化的歷史源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。古有“民以食為天”（Food is eating well-deserved for human life）、“豐衣足食”之說(shuō)，今有“人是鐵，飯是鋼，一頓不吃餓得慌”的俗語(yǔ)。人們把飲食文化作為生活的重要部分，常我國(guó)古代一般“尚左尊東”、“面朝大門為尊”。然而由于器具、幾案、餐桌椅形和時(shí)代、地域的不同，“上座”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有所不同。兩漢以前，“席南向并向，以西方為上”（《史記·項(xiàng)羽本紀(jì)》），既以而朝東坐為上。而在坐北朝南的“堂”上，則是以南向?yàn)樽钭穑螢槲飨?，再為東向。隋唐以后，開(kāi)始了由床向垂足高坐起居方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，方形、矩形餐桌均已齊備，座次利益也隨之有了新新的變化。清中葉后圓桌出現(xiàn)，一般取向陽(yáng)或向門之位為首以飲食的好壞來(lái)衡量生活水平的高低。而盛大的節(jié)日也都與飲食相聯(lián)系。由此可見(jiàn)，自古以來(lái)，中國(guó)人對(duì)飲食的重視一直延續(xù)至今。

另一方面，作為東方禮儀之邦，重視宴席座次禮儀、守禮儀是中國(guó)人數(shù)千年的傳統(tǒng)。據(jù)有關(guān)史料記載，至少在周代，我國(guó)飲食禮儀就已初步形成，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷地發(fā)展變化，逐漸形成體系，并對(duì)西方餐桌文化產(chǎn)生一定影響。

隨著時(shí)代的變遷，飲食文化正向多元化發(fā)展。自清代以來(lái)，一些西餐禮儀被引進(jìn)。中西餐餐桌文化的交流，使得餐飲禮儀更加科學(xué)合理。

二、分配方式的演進(jìn)

中國(guó)最早實(shí)行“分餐制”（the individual serving），到了北宋后期才進(jìn)化到如今的合餐制。分餐制的歷史遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)長(zhǎng)于合餐制。由于早期食物相對(duì)匱乏，“按人均分”是比較合適的分配原則。無(wú)法滿足人們的口味、習(xí)慣的不同是分餐制的缺陷。隨著生產(chǎn)力的進(jìn)步，食物逐漸充足起來(lái)，種類越來(lái)越豐盛，分餐制顯然不能適應(yīng)食物多樣化的發(fā)展。于是合餐制便逐漸取代了分餐制。

合餐是歷史的進(jìn)步，不僅體現(xiàn)在其演進(jìn)過(guò)程的本身，也體現(xiàn)在對(duì)社會(huì)行為和文化的巨大影響上。合餐共食拉近了人們之間的親密關(guān)系，養(yǎng)成了對(duì)他人關(guān)心照顧以及我們民族廉讓的美德，也使中國(guó)人變得溫良和善，進(jìn)而增加了家人的凝聚力和整個(gè)社會(huì)的和諧；培養(yǎng)了中國(guó)人的溝通能力，創(chuàng)造了溝通場(chǎng)所，增加了合作機(jī)會(huì)；滿足了人們對(duì)食物多樣性的需求，以及豐富的精神和情感需求；也養(yǎng)成了中國(guó)人好商量、好通融的性格。

三、宴席座次禮儀

“不學(xué)禮，無(wú)以立?！敝袊?guó)人自古崇尚禮儀，而中國(guó)最早的禮和最普及、最重要的禮，可以說(shuō)就是食禮。在中國(guó)宴會(huì)繁溽食禮的基礎(chǔ)儀程和中心環(huán)節(jié)即是宴席上的座次之禮——“安席”。宴席上的貴客或主人應(yīng)坐“上座”。

位。

現(xiàn)代較為流行的座次禮儀是在繼承傳統(tǒng)與參考國(guó)外禮儀的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來(lái)的：借西方宴會(huì)上以右為尊的法則，第一主賓就坐于主人右側(cè)，第二主賓在主人左側(cè)或第一主賓右側(cè)，變通處理。

四、餐具的演進(jìn)

我們的祖先也曾與現(xiàn)代人一樣，使用刀叉而非筷子。刀叉要同時(shí)使用左右手，因此人與人之間要保持相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。同時(shí)刀叉只適于近距離的傳輸，大概也就限于從胸前的盤子到嘴之間。如果這個(gè)距離按合餐制的要求，至少要延長(zhǎng)到嘴到桌子的中心，也就是說(shuō)至少要比桌子的半徑更長(zhǎng)。顯然，刀叉承擔(dān)不了這個(gè)距離的傳輸功能。而筷子出現(xiàn)后，合餐就方便多了。從這個(gè)角度，我們大概可以這樣理解，西方人至今仍然使用刀叉進(jìn)食，與他們保持分餐制是互為因果的。

現(xiàn)代中國(guó)常用的餐具有：筷子（chopsticks）、勺子（ladle）、盤子（plate）等，它們分別與西方的刀叉（knives and forks）、鐵匙（spoon）及碗（bowl）相對(duì)應(yīng)。它們的使用，亦有講究。

五、餐桌禮儀與宗教、迷信、節(jié)日的關(guān)系

中國(guó)人不單止十分尊重吃的藝術(shù)及禮儀，甚至?xí)窗萦伞盎鹕瘛毖苌鴣?lái)的“灶君”，人們認(rèn)為“灶君”能保佑廚房避開(kāi)火災(zāi)及各種不幸事件的發(fā)生。每年農(nóng)歷12月24日，各家都準(zhǔn)備一頓美味佳肴祀奉“灶君”，包括一只完事的雞、燒豬、多樣蔬菜、飯等，以多謝“灶君”對(duì)他們過(guò)去一年的保佑。而許多節(jié)日亦與飲食息息相關(guān)。如春節(jié)吃年夜飯、元宵節(jié)吃元宵、端午節(jié)吃粽子、中秋節(jié)吃月餅等等。凡此種種，都表達(dá)了人們對(duì)美好、團(tuán)圓生活的向往與追求。中國(guó)人認(rèn)為飲食與個(gè)人命運(yùn)幾乎是息息相關(guān)的，用飯時(shí)犯了禁忌，便會(huì)惹來(lái)衰運(yùn)。例如吃魚(yú)，當(dāng)吃完了一面魚(yú)身，不要用筷子把整條魚(yú)翻到另一面。人們認(rèn)為若翻魚(yú)時(shí)弄破魚(yú)身，便意味著漁船會(huì)翻沉，這是由于香港在開(kāi)埠初期是一個(gè)漁港，漁民很關(guān)注船只的安全航行。此外，中國(guó)人從不會(huì)端上七碟菜肴用飯。因?yàn)樵岫Y后的“解慰酒”須有七碟菜肴。不可用筷子垂直插入飯碗的中央，因這樣有點(diǎn)象在拜祭祖先。用飯后不可說(shuō)“我吃完了”，這意謂自己已死去，不會(huì)再有機(jī)會(huì)吃飯，而應(yīng)該說(shuō)“我吃飽了”。很嚴(yán)格的順序上菜。通常在意大利宴請(qǐng)少量賓客時(shí)一般只有三道菜，桌上放有面包，可以自取。而這與在中國(guó)滿桌的美味珍饈是完全不同的。在此時(shí)飲咖啡與茶上也有一些不同。在中國(guó)比較隨意，由主人給客人一杯杯斟茶，沒(méi)有用小碟。而在意大利，飲茶與咖啡時(shí)只端杯子，將小碟留在臺(tái)上，喝完后，一定要把杯子放回碟上。

在席間，中國(guó)的主人往往很熱情，敦促客人在吃大喝是完全合理的，并頻頻給客人夾菜、勸酒。在意大利，主人一般不管這些，而是只與客人聊天，旨在創(chuàng)造一種自由吃飯時(shí)避免筷子觸碰飯碗面發(fā)出聲音，這不單只是不禮貌，亦意味前“無(wú)飯吃”。要培養(yǎng)吃光碗中飯的習(xí)慣，一粒飯也不可剩余在飯碗，否則將來(lái)的太太或丈夫是“痘皮臉”的，亦不尊重辛勞耕種的農(nóng)夫。這些迷信的飲食習(xí)俗流傳到今，或多或少仍然成為中國(guó)人的飲食禮儀。

西方餐桌文化

一、意大利與中國(guó)餐桌禮儀的不同之處

意大利（Italy）的美食眾多，是世界的美食之都之一。中國(guó)的飲食文化同樣博大精深，源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。但兩國(guó)的餐桌禮儀卻是大相徑庭。不同的餐桌禮儀也彰顯出兩國(guó)文化上的迥異與不同的東西方的風(fēng)土人情。

我們暫且就兩國(guó)請(qǐng)客吃飯的話題展開(kāi)，以局部觀整體。

就從客人進(jìn)門開(kāi)始說(shuō)起。意大利人舉辦聚會(huì)，主人都要早早地在門口迎接，客人也一般會(huì)帶來(lái)酒、甜食或一些紀(jì)念品，這在中國(guó)也是一樣的。但意大利接受禮品后，禮貌的做法是當(dāng)面拆開(kāi)禮品并加以贊美，而這在中國(guó)是相當(dāng)不禮貌的一種做法。在中國(guó)主人收到禮品后應(yīng)先放置在一處，待客人回去后再拆封。

入席時(shí)，單從餐桌的選擇上，就有不同。在中國(guó)，圓形餐桌受歡迎，因?yàn)榭梢宰嗳耍掖蠹铱梢悦鎸?duì)面坐，以右為尊，主人坐在右首并面對(duì)正門而坐。而在意大利宴請(qǐng)賓客則喜用長(zhǎng)桌，一家之主的身份因而比在圓桌上好辨認(rèn)。此外，在意大利安排座位也比較隨意，依客人喜愛(ài)而定。

上菜是有最大的不同。在中國(guó)是在桌上擺滿所有的菜，客人隨意夾取。而在意大利，實(shí)行分餐制，并且菜是按沙拉、開(kāi)胃菜、副菜、主菜、甜食、咖啡或茶一道道按

自在、寬松從容的氛圍。

二、加拿大餐桌禮儀

加拿大（Canada）是一個(gè)移民國(guó)家，擁有豐富多彩的飲食文化。其中，“三不”飲食文化別有一番情趣。

對(duì)中國(guó)人來(lái)講，不論是家里還是酒店宴請(qǐng)朋友，一般都離不開(kāi)煙酒，否則就有怠慢之嫌。然而，在加拿大請(qǐng)客吃飯則都不設(shè)煙酒。飲酒者只能在領(lǐng)有酒牌的地方或住宅內(nèi)喝酒。在這些地方以外飲酒都是違法的。由此可見(jiàn)，加拿大人十分重視健康，甚至將禁煙禁酒的規(guī)則搬到了餐桌。而在中國(guó)則沒(méi)有這樣的特殊禮儀。

你聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)加拿大的“冷餐宴會(huì)”嗎？那就是因?yàn)椴穗葻帽容^早，時(shí)間一長(zhǎng)，也就成了涼菜。加拿大人喜歡吃冷食，而中國(guó)人則有所不同，熱菜是中國(guó)飲食文化的一大特色。

加拿大人宴請(qǐng)客人是不安排桌席的。通常是客人們手拿一次性使用的塑料餐盒和叉子，自己動(dòng)手隨意選取自己喜愛(ài)吃的食物和菜肴，然后自找地方用餐?？腿藗兛蔁o(wú)拘無(wú)束，如果沒(méi)吃飽，還可以去取食。食畢要將一次性餐具放到廢物的大塑料袋中。而中國(guó)人熱鬧，大多一堆人圍成一桌進(jìn)餐，而且講究排列位次，通常是有主次尊卑之別。在中國(guó)的宴席中，必須要所有人都到齊了，才能開(kāi)始進(jìn)餐。中國(guó)人用筷子最有講究了，如和人交談時(shí)，要暫時(shí)放下筷子，不能一邊說(shuō)話，一邊象指揮似地舞筷子，不能把筷子豎插放在食物上面，這樣不吉利。

加拿大的餐桌禮儀除了以上幾種特別的要求外，大多數(shù)與其他西方國(guó)家的沒(méi)有什么差異，同樣要注意坐姿和刀叉的使用，同樣與中國(guó)的餐桌禮儀大有不同之處。

[總結(jié)] 餐桌文化由于地域、環(huán)境、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等因素的影響，會(huì)出現(xiàn)在原料、口味、飲食習(xí)慣上的不同程度的差異。中西文化之間的差異造就了中西飲食文化的差異，而這種差異來(lái)自中西方不同的思維方式和處世哲學(xué)。中國(guó)人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人為本”。

一、兩種不同的飲食觀念

對(duì)比注重“味”的中國(guó)飲食，西方是一種理性飲食觀念。這種理性使之在自然科學(xué)上、心理學(xué)上、方法論上實(shí)現(xiàn)了突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展。但卻大大阻礙了如飲食文化的發(fā)對(duì)自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相擾，缺少了一些中國(guó)人聊歡共樂(lè)的情調(diào)。

三、餐桌上用語(yǔ)的差異

中西方在請(qǐng)客吃飯上的文化差異也要注意，否則會(huì)引起笑話。

中國(guó)人熱情好客，請(qǐng)客吃飯時(shí)一般都是菜肴滿桌，但無(wú)論菜多么豐盛，嘴上總要謙虛的說(shuō)：“沒(méi)什么好吃的，菜做得不好，隨便吃點(diǎn)?！比欢?，當(dāng)英美人聽(tīng)到這樣的客套話，會(huì)覺(jué)得很反感：“沒(méi)什么吃的，又何必請(qǐng)我？菜做展。西餐講究營(yíng)養(yǎng)、菜色的搭配，講究餐具與服務(wù)，但滋味上各種原料互不相干、調(diào)和，各是各的味，較為單一。

而在中國(guó)的烹調(diào)術(shù)中，對(duì)美味追求幾乎達(dá)到極致。這也是中餐在世界各地廣受歡迎的主要原因。遺憾的是，當(dāng)我們把追求美味作為第一要求時(shí)，我們卻忽略了食物最根本的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值?！懊褚允碁樘臁钡暮蟀刖涫恰笆骋晕稙橄取保褪沁@種對(duì)美味的追求，使不夠營(yíng)養(yǎng)成為中國(guó)飲食文化的最大弱點(diǎn)。這種飲食觀與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的哲學(xué)思想也是吻合的。它包含了中國(guó)哲學(xué)豐富的辯證法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、諧調(diào)為度，度以內(nèi)的千變?nèi)f化就決定了中國(guó)菜的豐富和富于變化，決定了中國(guó)菜菜系的特點(diǎn)。

二、飲食方式的不同

中西方的飲食方式有很大不同，這種差異對(duì)民族性格也有影響。

在中國(guó)，任何一個(gè)宴席，不管是什么目的，都只會(huì)有一種形式，就是大家團(tuán)團(tuán)圍坐，共享一席。筵席要用圓桌，這就從形式上造成了一種團(tuán)結(jié)、禮貌、共趣的氣氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣賞、品嘗的對(duì)象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。雖然從衛(wèi)生的角度看，這種飲食方式有明顯的不足之處，但它符合我們民族“大團(tuán)圓”的普遍心態(tài)，反映了中國(guó)古典哲學(xué)中“和”這個(gè)范疇對(duì)后代思想的影響，便于集體的情感交流，因而至今難以改革。

西式飲宴上，食品和酒盡管非常重要，但實(shí)際上那是作為陪襯。宴會(huì)的核心在于交誼，通過(guò)與鄰座客人之間的交談，達(dá)到交誼的目的。與中國(guó)飲食方式的差異更為明顯的是西方流行的自助餐。這種方式便于個(gè)人之間的情感交流，不必將所有的話擺在桌面上，也表現(xiàn)了西方人對(duì)個(gè)性、得不好，又為什么要拿來(lái)招待我？”。按照中國(guó)的習(xí)俗，為了表示禮貌，習(xí)慣上會(huì)一再勸客人多吃點(diǎn)，而中國(guó)人往往是“言不由衷”，明明肚子餓，嘴上卻說(shuō)：“我飽了，不用了?！?；直到主人一請(qǐng)?jiān)僬?qǐng)，才慢條斯理地“恭敬不如從命”。而英美人招待客人一般沒(méi)那么講究，簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單三四道菜就可以了。用餐時(shí)，一般主人會(huì)說(shuō)：“Help yourself, please!”（“請(qǐng)吃?！奔茨阆氤允裁淳统允裁?。）英美人待客尊重個(gè)人意志，講究實(shí)事求是，一再問(wèn)客人要不要食物或強(qiáng)塞食物給客人，是很不禮貌的。所以，當(dāng)主人給你添菜或問(wèn)你要什么時(shí)，如：“Would you like another piece of meat pie?”(“想再來(lái)一塊肉餡餅嗎？”)，如果你想吃的話，可以直截了當(dāng)?shù)鼗卮穑骸癥es, please!”或“Thank you.A piece of meat pie.”倘若你確實(shí)什么也不想吃，只需簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)：“No.Thank you.”就可以了。而客人在用餐期間，一定要贊美主人所準(zhǔn)備的食物好吃，稱贊主人的手藝好，否則不管你吃得多飽，主人都會(huì)不高興。典型的英語(yǔ)客套話是：

客人：It’s delicious.（味道好極了。）/ This meat is beautifully tender.(這肉鮮嫩可口。)

主人：Thank you.I’m glad you like it.(謝謝，我很高興你喜歡吃。)

有些不了解英美人習(xí)慣的中國(guó)人，到英美人家里做客，也客氣一番，結(jié)果他們請(qǐng)你一遍，至多兩遍，便以為你真的不想吃。英美人第二次的問(wèn)法經(jīng)常是：“Are you sure? It’s no trouble.”(“真的不要嗎？一點(diǎn)也不麻煩的?！?注意，這可是最后一請(qǐng)，如果你再客氣，只好去喝西北風(fēng)了。此外，英美人認(rèn)為菜吃不完留在盤子里，是很不文明的行為，所以寧可第一次少要一些，吃不飽，可大大方方地跟主人說(shuō)：”O(jiān)h, this is delicious.”（“哦，這真好吃啊?！保┎⒃僖﹦偛懦赃^(guò)的菜，主人對(duì)你欣賞他們的菜，會(huì)感到很高興。

結(jié)論：所以，中西方餐桌文化差異歸根結(jié)底還是感性與理性之間的差異。文化促進(jìn)飲食的形成，飲食反映出各國(guó)的文化。但是，這種差異似乎在隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展和世界體現(xiàn)了不同的餐桌禮儀。

(一)座次安排

在中國(guó)的餐桌禮儀中:先請(qǐng)客人入座上席,再請(qǐng)長(zhǎng)者入座客人旁依次入座。入座時(shí)要從椅子左邊進(jìn)入,入座后不要?jiǎng)涌曜?更不要弄出響聲來(lái),也不要起身走動(dòng)。如果有什么事要向主人打招呼?？腿藨?yīng)該等候主人邀請(qǐng)才可坐下,主人必須注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位,此為一大忌。如果你是主人,則以和緩的動(dòng)手,指向某張椅子并對(duì)客人說(shuō):“請(qǐng)坐這里。”如果你是客人,等主人示意你坐下時(shí),才坐下。如果主人徑自坐下而沒(méi)有示意你坐在哪里,你就坐在最靠近他的位置。要是坐圓桌子,對(duì)著大門的是主座。的交流而變的模糊。中西方餐桌文化互相影響，互相融合，使兩者更趨于完善、科學(xué)。

中西方文化差異-中西餐桌禮儀

中方——據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載,至少在周代,飲食禮儀就已形成一套相當(dāng)完善的制度。作為漢族傳統(tǒng)的古代宴飲禮儀,自有一套程序。這種傳統(tǒng)宴飲禮儀在我國(guó)大部分地區(qū)保留至今,如山東、香港及臺(tái)灣,許多影視作品中多有體現(xiàn)。清代受西餐傳入的影響,一些西餐禮儀也被引進(jìn),中西餐飲文化的交流,使得餐飲禮儀更加科學(xué)合理。

西方——西方餐桌禮儀起源于法國(guó)梅羅文加王朝，當(dāng)時(shí)因著拜占庭文化啟發(fā)，制定了一系列細(xì)致的禮儀。到了羅馬帝國(guó)的查里曼大帝時(shí)，禮儀更為復(fù)雜，甚至專制?；实郾仨氉罡叩囊巫?，每當(dāng)樂(lè)聲響起，王公貴族必須將菜肴傳到皇帝手中。在十七世紀(jì)以前，傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣是戴著帽子用餐。在帝制時(shí)代，餐桌禮儀顯得繁瑣、嚴(yán)苛，不同民族有不一樣的用餐習(xí)慣。高盧人坐著用餐；羅馬人臥著進(jìn)食；法國(guó)人從小學(xué)習(xí)把雙手放在桌上；英國(guó)人在不進(jìn)食時(shí)要把雙手放在大腿上。歐洲的餐桌禮儀由騎士精神演變而來(lái)。在十二世紀(jì)，意大利文化流入法國(guó)，餐桌禮儀和菜單用語(yǔ)均變得更為優(yōu)雅精致，教導(dǎo)禮儀的著作亦紛紛面世。時(shí)至今日，餐桌禮儀還在歐洲國(guó)家繼續(xù)傳留下去。若你前往朋友家做客，須穿上得體的衣服，送上合宜的禮物，處處表現(xiàn)優(yōu)雅的言談舉止 西方家庭素有“把餐桌當(dāng)成課堂”的傳統(tǒng)。從孩子上餐桌的第一天起,家長(zhǎng)就開(kāi)始對(duì)他們進(jìn)行有形或無(wú)形的“進(jìn)餐教育”,幫助孩子學(xué)會(huì)良好的進(jìn)餐禮儀。西方孩子一般兩歲時(shí)開(kāi)始系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)用餐禮儀,四歲時(shí)就學(xué)到用餐的所有禮儀;五歲左右的孩子都樂(lè)于做一些餐前擺好所有餐具、餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事。

在兒童的餐桌禮儀中,美國(guó)人還注重進(jìn)行環(huán)保教育。五六歲的孩子應(yīng)知道哪些是經(jīng)過(guò)再生制造的“環(huán)保餐具”,哪些塑料袋可能成為污染環(huán)境的“永久垃圾”。外出郊游前,他們會(huì)在家長(zhǎng)指導(dǎo)下自制飲料。盡量少買易拉罐等現(xiàn)成食品,并注意節(jié)約水電,因?yàn)樗麄兌谩盀E用資源,即意味著對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的侵害”。[3 ]對(duì)于這種餐桌教育,美國(guó)一位老師說(shuō):“文明禮貌對(duì)個(gè)人事業(yè)的成功極有幫助。大的商業(yè)交易或愛(ài)情往往是從餐桌上開(kāi)始?！?/p>

中國(guó)和美國(guó)在餐桌上的要求存在很大差異,并各有特色,檔次高一點(diǎn)的飯店,會(huì)用餐巾予以區(qū)分,餐巾最高大的位置不能隨便坐,除非你打算好請(qǐng)客。

現(xiàn)代較為流行的中餐宴飲禮儀是在繼續(xù)傳統(tǒng)與參考國(guó)外禮儀的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來(lái)的。其座次借西方宴會(huì)以右為上的法則,第一主賓就坐于主人右側(cè),第二主賓在主人左側(cè)或第一主賓右側(cè),門邊面對(duì)主人的,自然是跑腿招呼的陪客坐的。變通處理,斟酒上菜由賓客右側(cè)進(jìn)行,先主賓,后主人,先女賓,后男賓。

在西方的餐桌禮儀中:女主人宣布晚宴準(zhǔn)備就緒后,男主人便會(huì)引領(lǐng)客人依次入座,而女主人則走在最后面。有些細(xì)心的主人也會(huì)在餐桌上放置姓名卡,以示座次,如果沒(méi)有這項(xiàng)安排,那么座位安排原則一般為:座次安排以男女分隔而坐為原則,男主客優(yōu)先入座,其位置在女主人右邊,而女主客在男主客右邊,其它夫婦則以對(duì)角方式就座。男女夫婦分坐顯示出了美式宴會(huì)的開(kāi)放及活潑,希望能藉由宴席上座次的安排來(lái)增進(jìn)彼此間的熟稔,同時(shí)也可使用餐話題多樣化,氣氛和樂(lè)。

入坐原則是客人先入坐,長(zhǎng)者先于年輕人入坐,已婚者先于未婚者入坐,陌生人又先于熟識(shí)客人或家人入坐。(二)上菜順序

中餐上菜順序是:先上冷菜、飲料及酒,后上熱菜,然后上主食,最后上甜食和水果。宴會(huì)上桌數(shù)很多時(shí),各桌的每一道菜應(yīng)同時(shí)上。上菜順序依然保持傳統(tǒng),先冷后熱。這些程序不僅可以使整個(gè)宴飲過(guò)程和諧有序,更使主客身份和情感得以體現(xiàn)和交流。因此,餐桌之上的禮儀可使宴飲活動(dòng)圓滿周全,使主客雙方的修養(yǎng)得到全面展示。

西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黃油→冷菜→湯斗海鮮→主菜→甜點(diǎn)心→咖啡和水果。冷菜、湯,同時(shí)就著面包吃。冷菜也叫開(kāi)胃小菜,作為第一道菜,一般與開(kāi)胃酒并用。湯分漬湯和奶油濃湯。主菜有魚(yú)、豬肉、牛肉、雞等。甜食常有冰淇淋、布丁等。然后是咖啡或紅茶。至于水果,可上可不上。

(三)餐具

中餐的餐具主要包括筷子、碟子、調(diào)羹、碗、調(diào)盤等。在正式的宴會(huì)上,水杯放在菜盤左上方,酒杯放在右上方?？曜优c湯匙可放在專用座子上或放在紙?zhí)變?nèi)。公用的筷子和湯匙最好放在專用的座子上。

西餐餐具主要有刀、叉、匙、盤子、玻璃杯等。在擺放方法上,中餐較為簡(jiǎn)單,而西餐就比較復(fù)雜。世界上高級(jí)的西式宴會(huì)擺臺(tái)是基本統(tǒng)一的。共同原則是:墊盤居中,叉左刀右,刀尖向上,刀口向內(nèi),盤前橫匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情擺放。酒杯的數(shù)量與酒的種類相等,擺法是從左到右,依次擺烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香檳酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盤子里,如果在賓客尚未落坐前需要往盤子里放某種事物時(shí),餐巾就放在盤子旁邊。(四)表示停餐方法

中方：筵席中暫時(shí)停餐，可以把筷子直擱在碟子或者調(diào)羹上。如果將筷子橫擱在碟子上，那是表示酒醉飯飽不再進(jìn)膳了。西方：略事休息時(shí)，刀叉的擺法。如果吃到一半想放下刀叉略作休息，應(yīng)把刀叉以八字形狀擺在盤子中央。若刀叉突出到盤子外面，不安全也不好看。邊說(shuō)話邊揮舞刀叉是失禮舉動(dòng)。用餐后，將刀叉擺成四點(diǎn)鐘方向即可。

（五）手機(jī)：在吃西餐的時(shí)候基本上都不會(huì)開(kāi)手機(jī)，除非你有非常重要的事情，而手機(jī)鈴聲都會(huì)很小聲，有電話要中西宴客方面的另一大差異，也就是餐桌氣氛上的差異?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)是西方餐桌上靜，中國(guó)餐桌上動(dòng)。西方人平日好動(dòng)，揮手聳肩等形體語(yǔ)言特別豐富。但一坐到餐桌上便專心致志的去靜靜的切割自家的盤中餐。中國(guó)人平日好靜，一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不絕，相互讓菜，勸酒。

所以，中國(guó)人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜反映出了中西飲食文化上的根本差異。中國(guó)人以食為人生之至樂(lè)，所以餐桌上人們盡情的享受這美味佳肴。餐桌上的熱鬧反映了食客發(fā)自內(nèi)心的歡快。西方人以飲食為生存的必要條件，他們自然要遵守某些規(guī)范，以保證機(jī)器的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。通過(guò)中西餐桌禮儀的比較，不僅僅反映了各地的文化傳統(tǒng)，還折射出不同民族心理、價(jià)值觀與道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、社會(huì)關(guān)系、社會(huì)禮儀和社會(huì)風(fēng)俗等方面，即西方文化主張個(gè)人榮給大家說(shuō)“對(duì)不起”，然后起身出去聽(tīng)電話。這一條吃中餐的時(shí)候也適用，在用餐的時(shí)候聽(tīng)電話走到哪里都是讓人唾棄的。

講到吃的禮節(jié)，不同的國(guó)家或文化常存在著許多差異，亞洲人認(rèn)為挺禮貌的舉動(dòng)，歐洲人見(jiàn)了可能感到很不文雅；中東國(guó)家餐桌上特殊的用餐禮儀，到了美國(guó)人的餐桌上使用起來(lái)就變成了粗魯?shù)膭?dòng)作了盡管有著許多不同。換個(gè)角度來(lái)看，西方的宴客形式，從正式到非正式，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于中國(guó)。大致說(shuō)來(lái)，他們有以下八種宴請(qǐng)形式：有席位的宴請(qǐng)（seated dinners），自助餐（buffet dinners），正式午餐（luncheons），招待會(huì)（receptions），雞尾酒會(huì)（cocktail parties），聚餐會(huì)（BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food），野餐（picnics），茶會(huì)（tea parties）。而從傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗上說(shuō)，中國(guó)人請(qǐng)客，不論按長(zhǎng)、尊、主、次圍桌而坐，滿桌豐盛的酒菜，主人頻頻勸酒，客人謙讓禮到。中國(guó)人覺(jué)得這樣的宴客方式才能體現(xiàn)主人的熱情和誠(chéng)懇。另外宴客時(shí)崇尚熱鬧歡快的氣氛，講究面子排場(chǎng)。排場(chǎng)之大，氣氛之熱鬧常常令人嘆為觀止。

較隨便的形式則是主人邀上三五知己，到家中由女主人炒幾個(gè)菜，小酌一番。這種隨便的宴客形式不講究禮儀，不講究坐次，不講究飯菜，只講氣氛的和諧、主人的熱誠(chéng)、主客談話的投機(jī)。當(dāng)然，近年來(lái)西方的一些宴客形式，如酒會(huì)、招待會(huì)、自助餐或冷餐也會(huì)傳到中國(guó)，但這些多是官方或單位出面組織的宴請(qǐng)形式，平民百姓還少有實(shí)行。其次，中西在宴客的觀念上有較大的差異。而中國(guó)人請(qǐng)客吃飯，重在飯菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要豐富多彩。如果做得到，一定是山珍海味，美味佳肴。否則，很難稱的上是在請(qǐng)客。中國(guó)人宴客時(shí)重視飯菜本身起源于中國(guó)人的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念：民以食為天；食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食為首。

西方人的飲食觀念不同于中國(guó)人，林語(yǔ)堂先生說(shuō)，英美人僅以“吃”為對(duì)一個(gè)生物的機(jī)器注入燃料，只要他們吃了以后能保持身體的結(jié)識(shí)，足以抵御病菌的感染，其他皆再不足道中。由于這一點(diǎn)，英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的飲食文化，尤其在烹飪方面不但遜色于中國(guó)，也遠(yuǎn)不如法意等國(guó)。他們的傳統(tǒng)飯菜比較單一乏味。但比較注重營(yíng)養(yǎng)，力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。

譽(yù)、自我中心、創(chuàng)新 精神和個(gè)性自由，而中國(guó)文化主張謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)、中庸之道和團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作；西方人平等意識(shí)較強(qiáng)、家庭結(jié) 構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，由父母以及未成年子女組成核心家庭；而中國(guó)人等級(jí)觀念較強(qiáng)，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，傳統(tǒng)的幸福家庭多 為四代同堂等。

在跨文化交際中，由于文化障礙而導(dǎo)致的信息誤解，甚至傷害對(duì)方的現(xiàn)象屢見(jiàn)不鮮。有時(shí)善意的言談會(huì)使對(duì)方尷尬無(wú)比，禮貌的舉止會(huì)被誤解為荒誕粗俗。因此，研究不同文化之間的差異，研究正確的跨文化交際行為已成為不可忽視的問(wèn)題。另外—— 用餐俗例

在飯食方式方面，中國(guó)人與西方人有點(diǎn)不同，西方人喜歡各自品嘗放在自己面前的食物，中國(guó)人則有一定的用飯規(guī)例，他們喜歡叫數(shù)碟佳肴，放在飯桌的中央位置，各人有一碗飯共同配這數(shù)碟菜肴，飯吃完可再添；夾起的菜肴通常要先放在自己的飯碗中，直接把菜肴放入口是不禮貌的；依照慣例，客人出席正式或傳統(tǒng)的晚餐，是不會(huì)吃光桌上的菜肴，以免令主人家誤以為菜肴預(yù)備不足，因而感到尷尬。餐桌擺設(shè)

日常飯食的擺設(shè)是在各座席擺上一個(gè)飯碗、一雙筷子、一只湯匙、一碟調(diào)味醬，用飯后通常會(huì)給客人一條熱毛巾，代替紙巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同時(shí)端上餐桌中央，各人用自己的筷子直接從各碟共享的菜肴夾取食物；湯水一大鍋的端上，各人同飲一鍋湯。客人用飯時(shí)絕對(duì)可以來(lái)一招「飛象過(guò)河」，夾取放在遠(yuǎn)處的菜肴。由於中國(guó)人喜歡全體共享菜肴，他們的餐桌大多數(shù)是圓形或方形，而不是西方人多用的長(zhǎng)形餐桌。

差異：中國(guó)與西方在飲食文化方面有不同之處，中國(guó)人比較喜歡大伙兒到茶樓，因可品嘗更多款的點(diǎn)心及菜肴，雖然茶樓都備有二人飯桌，但大多數(shù)是供四位或以上食客用的飯桌。茶樓通常很噪吵，氣氛不像西式餐廳浪漫，若二人吃飯，可考慮不選擇去茶樓。

第五篇：中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異總結(jié)

中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異總結(jié)

飲食文化、餐具、進(jìn)餐方式以及一系列的餐桌禮儀等都反映了不同民族的社會(huì)生活樣式和文化取向?，F(xiàn)代社會(huì)禮儀無(wú)處不在, 用餐不單是滿足基本生理需要, 也是很重要的社交經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而中西方在餐桌禮儀方面的要求也有許多差別, 了解了兩者的不同防止失禮于人。1.餐桌氣氛上的差異

總的來(lái)說(shuō)是：西方餐桌上靜, 中國(guó)餐桌上動(dòng)。西方人平日好動(dòng), 但一坐到餐桌上便專心致志地去靜靜切割自家的盤中餐。中國(guó)人平日好靜, 一坐上餐桌, 便滔滔不絕, 相互讓菜, 勸酒。中國(guó)人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜反映出了中西飲食文化上的根本差異。

2.邀請(qǐng)的提前與赴宴的守時(shí)的差異

一般，不管是中方還是西方，邀請(qǐng)別人吃飯或者赴宴都要提前預(yù)定。

中方若是大型的婚宴請(qǐng)客要提前幾天以上，這是表達(dá)一種對(duì)客人的尊重。

而西方宴請(qǐng)也要提前通知，像答應(yīng)對(duì)方的邀請(qǐng)后，如果臨時(shí)有事要遲到甚至取消約會(huì)，必須事先通知對(duì)方。另外，如果宴會(huì)時(shí)間是7點(diǎn)，你最好是6點(diǎn)55就要到。赴會(huì)時(shí)稍遲是可以接受的，但若超過(guò)15分鐘便會(huì)給對(duì)方不重視約會(huì)的壞印象。

3.中西方座次安排上的差異

古代中國(guó)素有“禮儀之邦”之稱，我國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)作法是“以左為上”，即認(rèn)為居左之位高于居右之位。并且先請(qǐng)客人入座上席，在請(qǐng)長(zhǎng)者入座客人旁依次入座，入座時(shí)要從椅子左邊進(jìn)入。入座后不要?jiǎng)涌曜?，更不要弄出什么響聲?lái)，也不要起身走動(dòng)，如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。

而國(guó)際通行作法并排排列座次時(shí)，國(guó)際上的通行作法是“以右為上”，即認(rèn)為居右之位高于居左之位。他們會(huì)注意：以主人和女主人為中心，左手的位置為上，靠近主人女主人的位置為上；夫婦不應(yīng)相鄰，男女依次相鄰，主人和主方陪客應(yīng)與客人依次相鄰；譯員可以坐在主賓的右側(cè)。有些大型場(chǎng)合，也可以在主人和主賓背后，另外安排用餐。4.從餐具的擺放中看差異

我們知道在中國(guó)的餐具中一般只有杯子，筷子，和碗、盤子等。它的擺放就相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單。餐具的擺放是這樣的：大盤是離身體最近的，正對(duì)領(lǐng)帶；餐布一角壓在大盤之下，一角垂落桌沿；小盤疊在大盤之上；大盤左側(cè)放手巾；左前側(cè)放小碗，小瓷湯勺放在碗內(nèi)；右前側(cè)放置酒杯；右側(cè)放筷子。

西餐中的餐具，它的用餐順序是有外向內(nèi)的，所以，他的擺放也是有外向內(nèi)的。它是根據(jù)一道道不同菜的上菜順序精心排列起來(lái)的。座位最前面放食盤（或湯盤），左手放叉，右手放刀。湯匙也放在食盤右邊。食盤上方,放著吃甜食用的匙和叉、咖啡匙，再往前略靠右放酒杯。右起依次是：葡萄酒杯、香檳酒杯、啤酒杯（水杯）。而餐巾疊放啤酒杯（水杯）里或放在食盤里。面包盤放在左手，上面的黃油刀橫擺在盤里，刀刃一面要向著自已。正餐的刀叉數(shù)目要和菜的道數(shù)相等，按上菜順序由外到里排列，刀口向內(nèi)，用餐時(shí)按順序由外向中間排著用，依次是吃開(kāi)胃菜用的、吃魚(yú)用的、吃肉用的 比較正式的餐會(huì)中，餐巾是布做的。另外，要注意高檔的餐廳餐巾往往疊得很漂亮，有的還系上小緞帶。注意，別拿餐巾擦鼻子或擦臉。通過(guò)對(duì)比，我發(fā)現(xiàn)造成這些差異的原因主要有兩點(diǎn)。首先是中西方思維方式不同。從筷子與刀叉的區(qū)別看出，筷子是由兩根組成的，缺一不可，在協(xié)同中完成整個(gè)的吃飯過(guò)程?？梢?jiàn)，這樣一個(gè)看似簡(jiǎn)單的吃飯過(guò)程卻體現(xiàn)了中華民族團(tuán)結(jié)的民族心理和集體主義的國(guó)家理念。而西方國(guó)家體現(xiàn)的是，在具體使用的過(guò)程中，用刀進(jìn)行切，然后用叉將其夾住，最后才是送到口中的過(guò)程，通過(guò)這樣的一個(gè)過(guò)程就可以分析出，每個(gè)獨(dú)立的工具所承擔(dān)的是各自獨(dú)立的責(zé)任，完成的是分別的任務(wù)。

其次便是中西方價(jià)值觀不同。每一個(gè)社會(huì)和國(guó)家都在使用自己所認(rèn)可的價(jià)值觀。在餐桌禮儀中人們所表現(xiàn)出的行為是各個(gè)國(guó)家的價(jià)值觀的一個(gè)縮影，是在各自不同的價(jià)值觀的指引下采取的與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的行為。如在中國(guó)這樣一個(gè)以“禮儀之邦”，并強(qiáng)調(diào)“孝”、“忠”的國(guó)度里，體現(xiàn)出集體主義價(jià)值觀。在餐桌上就餐的時(shí)候，人們點(diǎn)好了菜以后，從座次就可以很明顯的表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，中國(guó)人強(qiáng)調(diào)尊老愛(ài)幼，因此，座位的擺放很有規(guī)律，座位不僅有上下等級(jí)之分，而且還有具體的座位排序。對(duì)于西方國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，人們之間實(shí)行的是各自的價(jià)值，體現(xiàn)的是每個(gè)人的個(gè)體力量。這是因?yàn)樵谖鞣饺说恼軐W(xué)思想中，傾向于側(cè)重個(gè)人主義、個(gè)性發(fā)展與自我表現(xiàn)。他們認(rèn)為一個(gè)人若達(dá)不到自己的目的，那不是天命，而是自己懶惰，缺乏斗爭(zhēng)的精神。通過(guò)在就餐時(shí)候的分餐制就可以看出，他們每個(gè)人都是自己吃自己餐具里的東西，每個(gè)人都選擇自己愛(ài)吃的東西，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在中國(guó)可能出現(xiàn)自己勉強(qiáng)吃主人夾的菜肴。

以上，就是對(duì)于中西方餐桌禮儀差異的總結(jié)。