第一篇：高中英語(yǔ)課文解讀

“The key to a lock”, this is my understanding of learning method.The high school curriculum more, different subjects have different characteristics, learning methods may not follow the same pattern.It is best to follow the teacher's thinking to identify the subject law, way to get started, and constantly enrich and improvethe formation of different disciplines, different learning styles.As I said before, wemust continue to induce improvement in the learning process, find out a most suitable method.The following is my own learning experience.?

Some people say that the language test to luck, also some people said to feel.Good luck or feel about it, you can achieve high scores, even may burst awinner.At the beginning I also hold a half-believe in attitude, each will be“brewing” a language test before, hoping to find the so-called “feeling”.Later,with a few classmates exchange, plus oneself also saw some brothers and sistersthe learning experience of the book, I began to feel, to learn the language, is the need for a set of scientific method.?

First of all, to read more books, this is everyone has experience.By looking at some literary classics, or newspapers and magazines, can cultivate the sense of language, but also learn a lot of knowledge of literature, and some new and interesting ideas.Now the Chinese test, reading accounted for a considerable proportion.Not only has the classical Chinese reading, science and technology,the modern article reading.Succeed in the classroom all these abilities werecultured is simply impossible, can only rely on the extra effort.

第二篇：高中英語(yǔ)課文

Unit 1

ANNE’S BEST FRIEND

Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend.你是不是想有一位無(wú)話不談能推心置腹的朋友呢？或者你是不是擔(dān)心你的朋友會(huì)嘲笑你，會(huì)不理解你目前的困境呢？安 妮?弗蘭克想要的是第一種類(lèi)型的朋友，于是她就把日記當(dāng)成了她最好的朋友。

Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would WarⅡ.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi.She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered.During that time the only true friend was her diary.She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.安妮在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間住在荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是猶太人，所以他們不得不躲藏起來(lái)，否則他們就會(huì)被 德國(guó)納粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了兩年之后才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在這段時(shí)間里，她唯一的忠實(shí)朋友就是她的日記了。她說(shuō)，“我不 愿像大多數(shù)人那樣在日記中記流水賬。我要把這本日記當(dāng)作我的朋友，我要把我這個(gè)朋友稱(chēng)作基蒂”。安妮自從 1942年 7月 起就躲藏在那兒了，現(xiàn)在，來(lái)看看她的心情吧。

Thursday 15 Dear Kitty，th

June 1944 I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I was here.我不知道這是不是因?yàn)槲议L(zhǎng)久無(wú)法出門(mén)的緣故，我變得對(duì)一切與大自然有關(guān)的事物都無(wú)比狂熱。我記得非常清楚，以前，湛藍(lán)的天空、鳥(niǎo)兒的歌唱、月光和鮮花，從未令我心迷神往過(guò)。自從我來(lái)到這里，這一切都變了。

…For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself.But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window.Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut.The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power;it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face….……比方說(shuō)，有天晚上天氣很暖和，我熬到 11點(diǎn)半故意不睡覺(jué)，為的是獨(dú)自好好看看月亮。但是因?yàn)樵鹿馓亮?，我?敢打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)。還有一次，就在五個(gè)月以前的一個(gè)晚上，我碰巧在樓上，窗戶(hù)是開(kāi)著的。我一直等到非關(guān)窗不可的時(shí)候才下樓 去。漆黑的夜晚，風(fēng)吹雨打，雷電交加，我全然被這種力量鎮(zhèn)住了。這是我一年半以來(lái)第一次目睹夜晚……

…Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.it’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.……令人傷心的是……我只能透過(guò)臟兮兮的窗簾觀看大自然，窗簾懸掛在沾滿(mǎn)灰塵的窗前，但觀看這些已經(jīng)不再是樂(lè)趣，因?yàn)榇笞匀皇悄惚仨氂H身體驗(yàn)的。

Your, Anne

Friday, 10 July 1942 When we arrived at Prinsengracht, we went quickly upstairs and the hiding place.We closed the door behind us and we were alone.Margot had come faster on her bicycle and already waiting for us.All the rooms were full of boxes.They lay on the floor and the beds.The little room was filled with bedclothes.We had to start clearing up at once, if we wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night.Mummy and Margot were not able to help.They were tired and lay down on their beds.But Daddy and I, the two “helper” of the family, started at once.The whole day we unpacked the boxes, filled the cupboards and tidied, until we were extremely tired.We did sleep in clean beds that night.We hadn’t had any warm food to eat all day, but we didn’t care.Mummy and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy.Every culture has its own ways to show friendship.On the islands of Hawaii, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”.InthelanguageoftheHawaiianswhofirstsettledtheislandslongago,alohahadaveryspecialmeaning.That is “to be with happiness”.Hawaiians believe that once somebody loves the land, they are ready to love their people or community.This is the second most import sign of friendship.It is called lokahi in Hawaiian language, which means “oneness with all people”.To enjoy the land you should not be selfish.The land is for everyone who lives on it.Today many different people call Hawaii their home.Indeed, Hawaii is a place where people make one big community from many smaller communities.Each person gives kokua(help)to other people so that all fell stronger.It’s believed that the islands can be a paradise when the people live in peace.People are told that their actions should be as gentle as the wind that blows from the sea.When problems happen, people are asked to solve them with understanding.So when people of Hawaii talk about ohana(family), they are really talking about all those who live on the islands.Living in peace, Hawaiians have developed a third sign of friendship.This personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another.The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friend’s neck.Then the friend is given a kiss on cheek.Visitors to the islands are also given lies.When they hear aloha, visitors begin to feel at home.Aloha also means “goodbye”, so visitors will hear it again when they leave.It can also mean “our hearts singing together”.Perhaps this is how most visitors will remember their new friendship.Unit 2

THE ROAD TO MODERN ENGLISH At the end of the 16 century, about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English begin to be spoken in many other countries.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.16世紀(jì)末期大約有 5百萬(wàn)到 7百萬(wàn)人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，幾乎所有這些人都生活在英國(guó)。后來(lái)，在 17世紀(jì)英國(guó)人開(kāi)始航海征服了 世界其它地區(qū)。于是，許多別的國(guó)家開(kāi)始說(shuō)英語(yǔ)了。如今說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人比以往任何時(shí)候都多，他們有的是作為第一語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)，有的是作為第二語(yǔ)言或外語(yǔ)。

Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.Look at this kind of example: 以英語(yǔ)作為母語(yǔ)的人，即使他們所講的語(yǔ)言不盡相同，也可以互相交流。請(qǐng)看以下例子： British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? 英國(guó)人貝蒂：“請(qǐng)到我的公寓（flat）里來(lái)看看，好嗎？” American Amy: Yes.I’d like to come up to your apartment.美國(guó)人艾米：“好的。我很樂(lè)意到你的公寓（apartment）去。

So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenaboutAD450and1150wasverydifferent the English spoken today.It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.Then gradually between about AD800 to 1150, English became less like germen because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some British settlers moved to American.Later in the 18 century some British people were taken to Australia too.English began to be spoken th th in both countries.那么，英語(yǔ)在一段時(shí)間里為什么會(huì)起變化呢？事實(shí)上，當(dāng)不同文化互相交流滲透時(shí)，所有的語(yǔ)言都會(huì)有所發(fā)展，有所變 化。首先，在公元 450年到 1150年間，人們所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)跟今天所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)就很不一樣。當(dāng)時(shí)的英語(yǔ)更多地是以德語(yǔ)為基礎(chǔ)的，而現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)不是。然后，漸漸地，大約在公元 800年到 1150年期間，英語(yǔ)不那么像德語(yǔ)了。因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)的英國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者起初講 丹麥語(yǔ)后來(lái)講法語(yǔ)。這些新的定居者大大豐富了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言，特別是在詞匯方面。所以到 17 世紀(jì)，莎士比亞所用的詞匯量比 以前任何時(shí)期都大。在 1620年，一些英國(guó)人搬遷到美洲定居。后來(lái)，到了 19世紀(jì)，有些英國(guó)人也被送往澳大利亞，兩個(gè)國(guó) 家的人都開(kāi)始說(shuō)英語(yǔ)了。

first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language.The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.最后，到 20世紀(jì)，英語(yǔ)才真正定形。那時(shí)，英語(yǔ)在拼寫(xiě)上發(fā)生了兩大變化：首先，塞繆爾?約翰遜編寫(xiě)了詞典，后來(lái)，諾厄 ?韋伯斯特編纂了《美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞典》，后者體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)英語(yǔ)拼寫(xiě)的不同特色。

English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.during that time English became the language for government and education.English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners.Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.現(xiàn)在，英語(yǔ)在南亞也被當(dāng)作外語(yǔ)或第二語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)。比如說(shuō)，印度擁有眾多講英語(yǔ)很流利的人，這是因?yàn)橛?guó)于 1765年到 1947 年統(tǒng)治過(guò)印度。在那期間，英語(yǔ)成了官方語(yǔ)言和教育用語(yǔ)。在新加坡、馬來(lái)西亞和非洲其它國(guó)家，比如南非，人們也說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。目前在中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的人數(shù)正在迅速增長(zhǎng)。事實(shí)上，中國(guó)可能擁有世界上最多的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者。中國(guó)英語(yǔ)會(huì)發(fā)展出自己的特色 嗎？這只能由時(shí)間來(lái)回答了。

STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTS What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English.Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English.This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.什么是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)？是在英國(guó)、美國(guó)、加拿大、澳大利亞、印度、新西蘭所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)嗎？信不信由你，（世界上）沒(méi)有什么標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)。許多人認(rèn)為，電視和收音機(jī)里所說(shuō)的就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)，這是因?yàn)樵谠缙诘碾娕_(tái)節(jié)目里，人們期望新聞播音員所說(shuō)的英 語(yǔ)是最好的英語(yǔ)。然而，在電視和收音機(jī)里，你也會(huì)聽(tīng)出人們?cè)谡f(shuō)話時(shí)的差異。When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect.American English has many dialects, especially the Midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects.Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently.American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world.當(dāng)人們用不同于“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言”的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，那就叫做方言。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)有許多方言，特別是中西部和南部地區(qū)的方言，以及黑 人和西班牙人的方言。在美國(guó)有些地區(qū)，即使是相鄰城鎮(zhèn)的兩個(gè)人所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言都可能稍有不同。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)之所以有這么多的 方言是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人是來(lái)自世界各地的緣故。

Geography also plays a part in making dialects.Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect.When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them.So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA.The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.地理位置對(duì)方言的產(chǎn)生也有影響。住在美國(guó)東部山區(qū)的一些人說(shuō)著比較古老的英語(yǔ)方言。當(dāng)美國(guó)人從一個(gè)地方搬到另一個(gè)地 方時(shí)，他們也就把他們的方言隨著帶去了。因此，美國(guó)東南部山區(qū)的人同美國(guó)西北部的人所說(shuō)的方言就幾乎相同。美國(guó)是一 個(gè)使用多種方言的大國(guó)。雖然許多美國(guó)人經(jīng)常搬遷，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌虮鎰e、理解彼此的方言。

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY You may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries.The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary.Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting.But it made reading English much more difficult.So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same.In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasn’t made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty.There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray.These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries.For them, it wasn’t only a job;it was a wonderful journey of discovery.The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short.The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857.Twenty-two years later, Oxford University th

Murray had never been to college.At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank.Later he became a great teacher.After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work.Part of it was one meter underground.In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm.Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five o’clock and worked several hours before breakfast.Often he would work by the candle light into the evening.Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years.But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A!then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters.He worked on the dictionary until he was very old.Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it.It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books.And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3

JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG PART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLAN My name is Wang Kun.Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one.Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming.They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries.Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too.After graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.I asked my sister, “Where are we going?” It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.Now she is planning our schedule for the trip.我的名字叫王坤。從高中起，我姐姐王薇和我就一直夢(mèng)想作一次偉大的自行車(chē)旅行。兩年前，她買(mǎi)了一輛昂貴的山地自行車(chē)，然后還說(shuō)服我買(mǎi)了一輛（山地車(chē)）。去年她去看望了我們的表兄弟——在昆明讀大學(xué)的刀衛(wèi)和宇航。他們是傣族人，在云南 省西部靠近瀾滄江的地方長(zhǎng)大，湄公河在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的這一段叫瀾滄江，在其他國(guó)家（境內(nèi)）叫湄公河。很快，王薇使表兄弟 也對(duì)騎車(chē)旅游產(chǎn)生了興趣。大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我們終于有了機(jī)會(huì)騎自行車(chē)旅行。我問(wèn)我姐姐：“我們要去哪兒？”首先想到要 沿湄公河從源頭到終點(diǎn)騎車(chē)旅游的是我的姐姐?，F(xiàn)在她正在為我們的旅行制定計(jì)劃。I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming.She can be really stubborn.Although she didn't know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.Now, I know that the proper way is always her way.I kept asking her, “When are we leaving and when are we coming back?” I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet.Of course, she hadn't;my sister doesn't care about details.So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province.She gave me a determined look—the kind that said she would not change her mind.When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she seemed to be excited about it.When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.I know my sister well.Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.Finally, I had to give in.我很喜歡我姐姐，但是她有一個(gè)很?chē)?yán)重的缺點(diǎn)。她有時(shí)確實(shí)很固執(zhí)。盡管她對(duì)去某些地方的最佳路線并不清楚，她卻堅(jiān)持要 自己把這次旅游安排得盡善盡美。于是，我就知道這個(gè)盡善盡美的方式總是她的方式。我不停地問(wèn)她，“我們什么時(shí)候出發(fā)？ 什么時(shí)候回來(lái)？”我還問(wèn)她是否看過(guò)地圖。當(dāng)然她并沒(méi)有看過(guò)——我的姐姐是不會(huì)考慮細(xì)節(jié)的。于是，我告訴她，湄公河的 源頭在青海省。她給了我一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的眼神——這種眼神表明她是不會(huì)改變主意的。我說(shuō)，我們的旅行將從 5, 000多米的高地 出發(fā)，這時(shí)她似乎顯得很興奮。當(dāng)我告訴她那里空氣稀薄，呼吸困難，而且天氣很冷時(shí)，她卻說(shuō)這將是一次有趣的經(jīng)歷。我 非常了解我的姐姐，她一旦下了決心，什么也不能使她改變。最后，我只好讓步了。Several months before our trip,Wang Wei and I went to the library.We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography.From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier on a Tibetan mountain.At first the river is small and the water is clear and cold.Then it begins to move quickly.It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province.Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters wide valleys.We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is inChina.AfteritleavesChinaandthehighaltitude,theMekongbecomeswide，brownandwarm.AsitentersSoutheast

Asia, its pace slows.It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows.At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.在我們旅行前的幾個(gè)月，王薇和我去了圖書(shū)館。我們找到一本大型地圖冊(cè)，里面有一些世界地理的明細(xì)圖。我們從圖上可以 看到，湄公河發(fā)源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初，江面很小，河水清澈而冷冽，然后它開(kāi)始快速流動(dòng)。它穿過(guò)深谷時(shí)就變成 了急流，流經(jīng)云南西部。有時(shí)，這條江形成瀑布，進(jìn)入寬闊的峽谷。我們倆驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這條河有一半是在中國(guó)境內(nèi)。當(dāng)流出 中國(guó)，流出高地之后，湄公河就變寬了，變暖了，河水也變成了黃褐色。而當(dāng)它進(jìn)入東南亞以后，流速減緩，河水蜿蜒緩慢 地穿過(guò)低谷，流向生長(zhǎng)稻谷的平原。最后，湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中國(guó)南海。

PART2 A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINS Although it was autumn,the snow was already beginning to fall in Tibet.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles?That’s what we looked like!Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.In the late afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottles froze..However,the lakes shonelike glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.Wangwei rode in front of me as usual.She is very reliable and I knew I didn’t need to encourage her.To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view.We seemed to be able to see for miles.At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds.Then we began going down the hills.It was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer.In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass.At this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts.雖然是秋天，但是西藏已經(jīng)開(kāi)始下雪了。我們的腿又沉又冷，感覺(jué)就像大冰塊。你看到過(guò)雪人騎自行車(chē)嗎？我們看上去就像 那樣。一路上，一些身著羊毛大衣的孩子們停下來(lái)看著我們。下午晚些時(shí)候，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)由于天冷我們的水壺都凍上了。然而，湖水在落日的余暉下閃亮如鏡，景色迷人。像往常一樣，王薇在我的前面，她很可靠，我知道我用不著給她鼓勁兒。上山很 艱難，但是當(dāng)我們環(huán)顧四周，（眼前的）景色讓我們感到驚奇，我們似乎能看到幾百里以外的地方。在某個(gè)時(shí)刻，我們發(fā)現(xiàn) 自己置身高處，彷佛騎車(chē)穿越云層。然后我們開(kāi)始下山，這非常有趣，特別是天氣逐漸變得暖和多了。在山谷里，五彩斑斕 的蝴蝶翩翩飛舞在我們身旁，我們還看到牦牛和羊群在吃草。這時(shí)，我們不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和長(zhǎng)褲脫掉，換成 T恤 衫和短褲。

In the early evening we always stop to make camp.We put up our tent and then we eat.After supper Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed awake.At midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter.It was so quiet.There was almost no wind—only the flames of our fire for company.As I lay beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelled.一到傍晚，我們通常就停下來(lái)宿營(yíng)，（于是），我們先把帳篷支起來(lái)，然后吃飯。晚飯后，王薇把頭放在枕頭上就睡覺(jué)了，而 我卻醒著。半夜里，天空變得清朗了，星星更亮了。（夜晚）非常安靜——幾乎沒(méi)有風(fēng)，只有篝火的火焰和我們做伴。當(dāng)我 躺在星空下，我想著我們已經(jīng)走了多遠(yuǎn)。

We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us.We can hardly wait to see them!我們很快就要到達(dá)云南的大理。在那里，我們的表兄弟刀衛(wèi)和宇航將加入我們的行列。我們迫不及待地想要見(jiàn)到他們！

PART 6 THE END OF OUR JOUNEY Cambodia was in many ways similar to Laos, although it has twice the population.At another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldn’t read or write.Her village couldn’t even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent.When we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.Back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests.Then we came to the plains and entered Phnom Penh,the capital of Cambodia.In many ways it looked like Vientiane and Ho Chi Minh City;it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old French houses.Unlike Vientiane, ships could travel the Mekong River here.In the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant.It can only be seen outside the palace on special days.We ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.The next morning our group slept late.We were very tired from the long bike ride the day before.Cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.Now our couins had the chance to make jokes about Wangwei and me.Perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!We had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.Two days later we crossed the border into Vietnam.We began to see many more people,but I wasn’t surprised.I

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必修一 Unit

1Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend.Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ.Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered.During that time the only true friend was her diary.She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I was here.…For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by my self.But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window.Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.I didn’t go downstairs until the window bad to be shut.The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power;it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly …I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.Yours, Anne

第一單元 友誼Reading 安妮最好的朋友 你是不是想有一位無(wú)話不談能推心置腹的朋友呢?或者你是不是擔(dān)心你的朋友會(huì)嘲笑你，會(huì)不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮·弗蘭克想要的是第一種類(lèi)型的朋友，于是她就把

日記當(dāng)成她最好的朋友。安妮在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間住在荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是猶太人，所以他們不得不躲藏起來(lái)，否則他們就會(huì)被德國(guó)納粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏兩年之后才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在這段時(shí)間里，她唯一的忠實(shí)朋友就是她的日記。她說(shuō)，“我不愿像大多數(shù)人那樣在日記中記流水賬。我要把這本日記當(dāng)作我的朋友，我要把我這個(gè)朋友稱(chēng)作基蒂”。安妮自從1942年7月起就躲藏在那兒，現(xiàn)在，來(lái)看看她的心情吧。親愛(ài)的基蒂： 我不知道這是不是因?yàn)槲议L(zhǎng)久無(wú)法出門(mén)的緣故，我變得對(duì)一切與大自然有關(guān)的事物都無(wú)比狂熱。我記得非常清楚，以前，湛藍(lán)的天空、鳥(niǎo)兒的歌唱、月光和鮮花，從未令我心迷神往過(guò)。自從我來(lái)到這里，這一切都變。比方說(shuō)，有天晚上天氣很暖和，我熬到11點(diǎn)半故意不睡覺(jué)，為的是獨(dú)自好好看看月亮。但是因?yàn)樵鹿馓?，我不敢打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)。還有一次，就在五個(gè)月以前的一個(gè)晚上，我碰巧在樓上，窗戶(hù)是開(kāi)著的。我一直等到非關(guān)窗不可的時(shí)候才下樓去。漆黑的夜晚，風(fēng)吹雨打，雷電交加，我全然被這種力量鎮(zhèn)住。這是我一年半以來(lái)第一次目睹夜晚 令人傷心的是我只能透過(guò)臟兮兮的窗簾觀看大自然，窗簾懸掛在沾滿(mǎn)灰塵的窗前，但觀看這些已經(jīng)不再是樂(lè)趣，因?yàn)榇笞匀皇悄惚仨氂H身體驗(yàn)的。Using Language Reading, listening and writing 親愛(ài)的王小姐： 我同班上的同學(xué)有件麻煩事。我跟我們班里的一位男同學(xué)一直相處很好，我們常常一起做家庭作業(yè)，而且很樂(lè)意相互幫助。我們成非常好的朋友。可是，其他同學(xué)卻開(kāi)始在背后議論起來(lái)，他們說(shuō)我和這位男同學(xué)在談戀愛(ài)，這使我很生氣。我不想中斷這段友誼，但是我又討厭人家背后說(shuō)閑話。我該怎么辦呢? Reading and writing 尊敬的編輯： 我是蘇州高中的一名

學(xué)生。我有一個(gè)難題，我不太善于同人們交際。雖然我的確試著去跟班上的同學(xué)交談，但是我還是發(fā)現(xiàn)很難跟他們成為好朋友。因此，有時(shí)候我感到十分孤獨(dú)。我確實(shí)想改變這種現(xiàn)狀，但是我卻不知道該怎么辦。如果您能給我提些建議，我會(huì)非常感激的。

Unit

2the Road to Modern English At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world, and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.Look at this example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? American Amy: Yes.I’d like to come up to you apartment.So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.At fist the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.It was base more on German than the English we speak at present.Then gradually between about AD 500 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some British settlers moved to America.Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia to.English began to be spoken in both countries.Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English language.The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.During that time English became the language for government and education.English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners.Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.第二單元 世界上的英語(yǔ) Reading 通向現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)之路 16世紀(jì)末期大約有5百萬(wàn)到7百萬(wàn)人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，幾乎所有這些人都

生活在英國(guó)。后來(lái)，在17世紀(jì)英國(guó)人開(kāi)始航海征服世界其它地區(qū)。于是，許多別的國(guó)家開(kāi)始說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。如今說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人比以往任何時(shí)候都多，他們有的是作為第一語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)，有的是作為第二語(yǔ)言或外語(yǔ)。以英語(yǔ)作為母語(yǔ)的人，即使他們所講的語(yǔ)言不盡相同，也可以互相交流。請(qǐng)看以下例子： 英國(guó)人貝蒂：“請(qǐng)到我的公寓(flat)里來(lái)看看，好嗎?” 美國(guó)人艾米：“好的。我很樂(lè)意到你的公寓(apartment)去。” 那么，英語(yǔ)在一段時(shí)間里為什么會(huì)起變化呢?事實(shí)上，當(dāng)不同文化互相交流滲透時(shí)，所有的語(yǔ)言都會(huì)有所發(fā)展，有所變化。首先，在公元450年到1150年間，人們所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)跟今天所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)就很不一樣。當(dāng)時(shí)的英語(yǔ)更多地是以德語(yǔ)為基礎(chǔ)的，而現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)不是。然后，漸漸地，大約在公元800年到1150年期間，英語(yǔ)不那么像德語(yǔ)。因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)的英國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者起初講丹麥語(yǔ)后來(lái)講法語(yǔ)。這些新的定居者大大豐富英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言，特別是在詞匯方面。所以到17世紀(jì)，莎士比亞所用的詞匯量比以前任何時(shí)期都大。在1620年，一些英國(guó)人搬遷到美洲定居。后來(lái)，到19世紀(jì)，有些英國(guó)人也被送往澳大利亞，兩個(gè)國(guó)家的人都開(kāi)始說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。最后，到20世紀(jì)，英語(yǔ)才真正定形。那時(shí)，英語(yǔ)在拼寫(xiě)上發(fā)生兩大變化：首先，塞繆爾·約翰遜編寫(xiě)詞典，后來(lái)，諾厄·韋伯斯特編纂《美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞典》，后者體現(xiàn)美國(guó)英語(yǔ)拼寫(xiě)的不同特色?，F(xiàn)在，英語(yǔ)在南亞也被當(dāng)作外語(yǔ)或第二語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)。比如說(shuō)，印度擁有眾多講英語(yǔ)很流利的人，這是因?yàn)橛?guó)于1765年到1947年統(tǒng)治過(guò)印度。在那期間，英語(yǔ)成官方語(yǔ)言和教育用語(yǔ)。在新加坡、馬來(lái)西亞和非洲其它國(guó)家，比如南非，人們也說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。

目前在中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的人數(shù)正在迅速增長(zhǎng)。事實(shí)上，中國(guó)可能擁有世界上最多的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者。中國(guó)英語(yǔ)會(huì)發(fā)展出自己的特色嗎?這只能由時(shí)間來(lái)回答。Using Language 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)和方言 什么是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)?是在英國(guó)、美國(guó)、加拿大、澳大利亞、印度、新西蘭所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)嗎?信不信由你，(世界上)沒(méi)有什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)。許多人認(rèn)為，電視和收音機(jī)里所說(shuō)的就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)，這是因?yàn)樵谠缙诘碾娕_(tái)節(jié)目里，人們期望新聞播音員所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)是最好的英語(yǔ)。然而，在電視和收音機(jī)里，你也會(huì)聽(tīng)出人們?cè)谡f(shuō)話時(shí)的差異。當(dāng)人們用不同于“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言”的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，那就叫做方言。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)有許多方言，特別是中西部和南部地區(qū)的方言，以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。在美國(guó)有些地區(qū)，即使是相鄰城鎮(zhèn)的兩個(gè)人所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言都可能稍有不同。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)之所以有這么多的方言是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人是來(lái)自世界各地的緣故。地理位置對(duì)方言的產(chǎn)生也有影響。住在美國(guó)東部山區(qū)的一些人說(shuō)著比較古老的英語(yǔ)方言。當(dāng)美國(guó)人從一個(gè)地方搬到另一個(gè)地方時(shí)，他們也就把他們的方言隨著帶去。因此，美國(guó)東南部山區(qū)的人同美國(guó)西北部的人所說(shuō)的方言就幾乎相同。美國(guó)是一個(gè)使用多種方言的大國(guó)。雖然許多美國(guó)人經(jīng)常搬遷，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌虮鎰e、理解彼此的方言。

Unit

3Journey Down the Mekong My name is Wang Kun.Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one.Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college if Kunming.They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries.Wang Wei soon got time interested in cycling too.After graduating from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.I asked my sister, “Where are we going?” It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.Now she is planning our schedule for the trip.I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming.She can be really stubborn.Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.Now I know that the proper way is always her way.I kept asking her, “When are we leaving and when are we coming back?”

I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet.Of course she hadn’t;my sister doesn’t care about details.So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province.She gave me a determined look--the kind that said she would not change her mind.When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters, she seemed to be excited about it.When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.I know my sister well.Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.Finally, I had to give in.Several months before our trip, Wang Wei and I went to the library.We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography.From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier to move quickly.It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, traveling across western Yunnan Province.Sometimes the river becomes a water fall and enters wide valleys.We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China.After it leaves China and high altitude, the Mekong becomes wide, brown and warm.As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows.It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows.At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.第三單元

游記Reading 沿湄公河而下的旅程 第一部分夢(mèng)想與計(jì)劃 我的名字叫王坤。從高中起，我姐姐王薇和我就一直夢(mèng)想作一次偉大的自行車(chē)

旅行。兩年前，她買(mǎi)一輛昂貴的山地自行車(chē)，然后還說(shuō)服我買(mǎi)一輛(山地車(chē))。去年她去看望我們的表兄弟——在昆明讀大學(xué)的刀衛(wèi)和宇航。他們是傣族人，在云南省西部靠近瀾滄江的地方長(zhǎng)大，湄公河在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的這一段叫瀾滄江，在其他國(guó)家(境內(nèi))叫湄公河。很快，王薇使表兄弟也對(duì)騎車(chē)旅游產(chǎn)生興趣。大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我們終于有機(jī)會(huì)騎自行車(chē)旅行。我問(wèn)我姐姐：“我們要去哪兒?”首先想到要沿湄公河從源頭到終點(diǎn)騎車(chē)旅游的是我的姐姐?，F(xiàn)在她正在為我們的旅行制定計(jì)劃。我很喜歡我姐姐，但是她有一個(gè)很?chē)?yán)重的缺點(diǎn)。她有時(shí)確實(shí)很固執(zhí)。盡管她對(duì)去某些地方的最佳路線并不清楚，她卻堅(jiān)持要自己把這次旅游安排得盡善盡美。于是，我就知道這個(gè)盡善盡美的方式總是她的方式。

我不停地問(wèn)她，“我們什么時(shí)候出發(fā)?什么時(shí)候回來(lái)?”我還問(wèn)她是否看過(guò)地圖。當(dāng)然她并沒(méi)有看過(guò)——我的姐姐是不會(huì)考慮細(xì)節(jié)的。于是，我告訴她，湄公河的源頭在青海省。她給我一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的眼神——這種眼神表明她是不會(huì)改變主意的。我說(shuō)，我們的旅行將從5, 000多米的高地出發(fā)，這時(shí)她似乎顯得很興奮。當(dāng)我告訴她那里空氣稀薄，呼吸困難，而且天氣很冷時(shí)，她卻說(shuō)這將是一次有趣的經(jīng)歷。我非常解我的姐姐，她一旦下決心，什么也不能使她改變。最后，我只好讓步。在我們旅行前的幾個(gè)月，王薇和我去圖書(shū)館。我們找到一本大型地圖冊(cè)，里面有一些世界地理的明細(xì)圖。我們從圖上可以看到，湄公河發(fā)源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初，江面很小，河水清澈而冷冽，然后它開(kāi)始快速流動(dòng)。它穿過(guò)深谷時(shí)就變成急流，流經(jīng)云南西部。有時(shí)，這條江形成瀑布，進(jìn)入寬闊的峽谷。我們倆驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這條河有一半是在中國(guó)境內(nèi)。當(dāng)流出中國(guó)，流出高地之后，湄公河就變寬，變暖，河水也變成黃褐色。而當(dāng)它進(jìn)入東南亞以后，流速減緩，河水蜿蜒緩慢地穿過(guò)低谷，流向生長(zhǎng)稻谷的平原。最后，湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中國(guó)南海。Using Language 夜晚的西藏山景 第二部分山中一宿 雖然是秋天，但是西藏已經(jīng)開(kāi)始下雪。我們的腿又沉又冷，感覺(jué)就像大冰塊。你看到過(guò)雪人騎自行車(chē)嗎?我們看上去就像那樣。一路上，一些身著羊毛大衣的孩子們停下來(lái)看著我們。下午晚些時(shí)候，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)由于天冷我們的水壺都凍上。然而，湖水在落日的余暉下閃亮如鏡，景色迷人。像往常一樣，王薇在我的前面，她很可靠，我知道我用不著給她鼓勁兒。上山很艱難，但是當(dāng)我們環(huán)顧四周，(眼前的)景色讓我們感到驚奇，我們似乎能看到幾百里以外的地方。在某個(gè)時(shí)刻，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己置身高處，彷佛騎車(chē)穿越云層。然后我們開(kāi)始下山，這非常有趣，特別是天氣逐漸變得暖和多。在山谷里，五彩斑斕的蝴蝶翩翩飛舞在我們身旁，我們還看到牦牛和羊群在吃草。這時(shí)，我們不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和長(zhǎng)褲脫掉，換成T恤衫和短褲。一到傍晚，我們通常就停下來(lái)宿營(yíng)，(于是)，我們先把帳篷支起來(lái)，然后吃飯。晚飯后，王薇把頭放在枕頭上就睡覺(jué)，而我卻醒著。半夜里，天空變得清朗，星星更亮。(夜晚)非常安靜——幾乎沒(méi)有風(fēng)，只有篝火的火焰和我們做伴。當(dāng)我躺在星空下，我想著我們已經(jīng)走多遠(yuǎn)。我們很快就要到達(dá)云南的大理。在那里，我們的表兄弟刀衛(wèi)和宇航將加入我們的行列。我們迫不及待地想要見(jiàn)到他們!

第四篇：課文解讀

課文《說(shuō)“屏”》的解讀指導(dǎo)

曾小妹

10師范教育班

學(xué)號(hào)：42

一、教學(xué)設(shè)想：

《說(shuō)“屏”》是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要通過(guò)對(duì)屏的特點(diǎn)、作用、種類(lèi)的說(shuō)明，讓我們了解“屏”這種事物，增強(qiáng)對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的熱愛(ài)。作為八年級(jí)的學(xué)生，已在七年級(jí)上冊(cè)接觸了說(shuō)明文，并且本單元的前四篇課文也是典型的說(shuō)明文，所以學(xué)生在說(shuō)明對(duì)象、說(shuō)明方法的掌握上不會(huì)存在太大問(wèn)題。

教學(xué)目標(biāo)：

1、能正確識(shí)讀本課的生字、詞。

2、能把握說(shuō)明文的文體特征，可以準(zhǔn)確地找出說(shuō)明對(duì)象的特征，并了解作者對(duì)“屏”的感情。

3、理解文中古詩(shī)詞的含義。理解課文內(nèi)容，了解“屏”的有關(guān)知識(shí)。

4、通過(guò)對(duì)課文的學(xué)習(xí)，讓學(xué)生開(kāi)闊眼界，激發(fā)對(duì)祖國(guó)文化的自豪感。

二、教學(xué)步驟

（一）激發(fā)興趣，導(dǎo)入新課

1、導(dǎo)入：從學(xué)生日常生活中在餐廳、賓館中見(jiàn)到的“屏”說(shuō)起，使用多媒體展示屏風(fēng)圖片，告訴他們“屏”以來(lái)已久，并且在

古詩(shī)詞中出現(xiàn)多次，而且充滿(mǎn)詩(shī)情畫(huà)意，引出本課-------《說(shuō)“屏”》。（這種導(dǎo)入從學(xué)生身邊的事物說(shuō)起，又能引發(fā)學(xué)生興趣：古詩(shī)詞中怎么寫(xiě)的？為什么說(shuō)它充滿(mǎn)詩(shī)情畫(huà)意？可以充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生積極性。）

2、讓學(xué)生通過(guò)查閱工具書(shū)解決字詞問(wèn)題，教師可做指導(dǎo)。（掃除閱讀中的障礙，為課堂下一環(huán)節(jié)的進(jìn)行打下基礎(chǔ)，并且體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)文工具性）(二)學(xué)生閱讀課文，探討問(wèn)題

提問(wèn)：（1）本文的說(shuō)明對(duì)象是什么？

（2）本文圍繞說(shuō)明對(duì)象講了哪些特征？

（根據(jù)題目概括課文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，理清課文思路，從總體上把握課文，實(shí)際上也是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生提取關(guān)鍵信息和歸納、概括信息的能力的過(guò)程，也能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行深層思考。）

（三）探究質(zhì)疑，精讀課文。

1、作者從哪三個(gè)方面介紹了有關(guān)屏的知識(shí)?（明確：屏的作用，屏的種類(lèi)，屏在設(shè)置上應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題?！镒饔茫赫趽跻暰€；起分隔作用；藝術(shù)點(diǎn)綴；擋風(fēng)?！?種類(lèi)：按屏的建造材料及其裝飾的華麗程度，分為金屏、銀屏、錦屏、畫(huà)屏、石屏、木屏、竹屏等?！镌O(shè)置上應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題：屏的設(shè)置，在與整體的相稱(chēng)、安放的位置與作用、曲屏的折度、視線的遠(yuǎn)近諸方面，均要做到得體。）

2、找出你最喜歡的句子，例如文中的古詩(shī)詞，說(shuō)說(shuō)為什么喜歡?

然后有感情地讀一讀。

（1）“銀燭秋光冷畫(huà)屏，輕羅小扇撲流螢”

明確：出自唐詩(shī)人杜牧《秋夕》詩(shī)。全詩(shī)如下：“銀燭秋光冷畫(huà)屏，輕羅小扇撲流螢。天階夜色涼如水，臥看牽?？椗?。”這是一首描寫(xiě)封建帝王后宮宮女生活圖景的詩(shī)。整首詩(shī)描繪出寂靜凄清的環(huán)境氣氛，烘托出人物內(nèi)心世界的痛苦。（2）“錦屏人忒看得這韶光賤”

明確:出自明代戲劇家湯顯祖《牡丹亭》的“游園”一出。杜麗娘為自己沒(méi)有珍惜大好春光而感到惋惜，也因此激起了追求青春幸福的熱望。“錦屏人”指閨中女郎。“韶光”指美麗的春光，也暗指自己的青春?！斑弊x“tuī”“太”的意思。這句話凝聚著主人公心中的無(wú)限哀怨。

（3）“抱膝看屏山”

明確：出于張恨水的《金粉世家》，填的是“臨江仙”的詞牌。寫(xiě)女主人公冷清秋在小樓參佛誦經(jīng)，頓悟一生得失。

3、課文多處引用古詩(shī)詞，有什么好處？

多處引用古詩(shī)詞，使全文具有濃濃的詩(shī)意和韻味，這和本文的說(shuō)明對(duì)象——屏風(fēng)——這種中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)器具是相稱(chēng)的。

引用《秋夕》詩(shī)句，表達(dá)了作者幼時(shí)對(duì)屏風(fēng)無(wú)限地向往與喜愛(ài)之情，放在開(kāi)篇，易引起讀者的閱讀興趣。《牡丹亭》中“銀屏人忒看得這韶光賤”放在屏風(fēng)的定義后既補(bǔ)充了屏風(fēng)的含義，又使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)有趣。結(jié)尾兩處引用古詩(shī)佳句，點(diǎn)出“屏”這種古代器具所具有的文化內(nèi)涵，表達(dá)了作者希望人們更好地開(kāi)發(fā)和使用屏風(fēng)的愿望。

4、從全文看，作者推“屏”的感情是怎樣的？作者的寫(xiě)作意圖是什么？

5、文中運(yùn)用哪些說(shuō)明方法？并分析其作用。明確：舉例子、分類(lèi)別、引用等

（四）拓展延伸：

1、查找積累與屏風(fēng)有關(guān)的詩(shī)句。

2、你還知道哪些圖畫(huà)描繪了屏？全班交流，請(qǐng)你引詩(shī)配畫(huà)作解說(shuō)。

3、想像一下，今后的屏風(fēng)將會(huì)有怎樣的用途?

（五）課堂小結(jié)：

本文的作者用生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言介紹了屏風(fēng)的使用功能和裝飾功能，并發(fā)表了自己的看法，抒發(fā)了對(duì)屏風(fēng)的熱愛(ài)之情。希望

借此喚起建筑師和家具師乃至使用者的注意，以期屏風(fēng)所具有的文化內(nèi)涵永遠(yuǎn)散發(fā)不朽的藝術(shù)魅力。我們也期待著，屏風(fēng)在今天的藝術(shù)裝飾中重新大放異彩。

第五篇：高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱解讀

高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱目標(biāo)解讀

普通高中是基礎(chǔ)教育的一個(gè)重要階段，《普通高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》是高中外語(yǔ)教學(xué)的實(shí)施綱要。高中英語(yǔ)課通過(guò)本學(xué)科知識(shí)的傳授和能力的培養(yǎng)，提高全體學(xué)生素質(zhì)。根據(jù)《大綱》的規(guī)定，高中三年分為兩個(gè)教學(xué)目標(biāo)：頭兩年要求達(dá)到第一級(jí)目標(biāo)，第三年（文、理科選修）要求達(dá)到第二級(jí)目標(biāo)。要認(rèn)真貫徹《大綱》的指導(dǎo)思想，使高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)目標(biāo)分級(jí)，分層次教學(xué)，調(diào)動(dòng)絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性，從而提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)效益。就《大綱》的“教學(xué)目的”部分，我們海頭高級(jí)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教研組認(rèn)為從以下四個(gè)方面深入理解。

一、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)

《大綱》規(guī)定：在義務(wù)教育初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上，鞏固、擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，發(fā)展聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)的基本技能，培養(yǎng)在口頭上和書(shū)面上初步運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力，側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力，并使學(xué)生獲得一定的自學(xué)能力，為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ)。

（一）培養(yǎng)在口頭上和書(shū)面上初步運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力

交際能力至少要包含三個(gè)方面的能力：第一是語(yǔ)言能力，即掌握語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯等語(yǔ)言的形式，也就是有語(yǔ)法能力、遣詞造句的能力；第二是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言有效地交流思想的能力，指在預(yù)先未知的真實(shí)（不是課堂上模擬的）情景中使用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交流，填補(bǔ)信息溝，達(dá)到交流思想的目的的能力；第三是社會(huì)語(yǔ)言能力，要求學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)語(yǔ)言國(guó)家的文化要有所了解，懂得何時(shí)、何地、何種場(chǎng)合、對(duì)誰(shuí)該用什么方式和態(tài)度說(shuō)什么話，要求得體地使用語(yǔ)言達(dá)到交流的目的。

《大綱》教學(xué)內(nèi)容部分列出了語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法等項(xiàng)目，詳細(xì)列出了日常交際用語(yǔ)４１項(xiàng)，約有３００多個(gè)基本句型和用語(yǔ)，能運(yùn)用日常交際用語(yǔ)表中的表達(dá)方法，圍繞日常生活話題，進(jìn)行初步的交際。因此要設(shè)法創(chuàng)造交際活動(dòng)的情景，開(kāi)展多種形式的交際性活動(dòng)，例如，角色表演、調(diào)查、解題、討論、辯論、采訪、寫(xiě)便條、寫(xiě)信、記日記等，使學(xué)生能有充分的機(jī)會(huì)通過(guò)口、筆頭使用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己的思想。

（二）側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力

在教學(xué)中應(yīng)盡可能加強(qiáng)聽(tīng)讀訓(xùn)練，特別要增加泛讀訓(xùn)練，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行課外閱讀?！洞缶V》對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀能力的要求是根據(jù)總的教學(xué)目的制訂的，學(xué)生需要具備以下閱讀技能： １．能使用詞典、語(yǔ)法工具書(shū)等進(jìn)行獨(dú)立閱讀；

２．閱讀生詞率不超過(guò)３％的文段（包括圖表和常見(jiàn)標(biāo)志），能根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義，把握文段的中心思想和主要事實(shí)；

３．能夠把握所讀材料的主要邏輯線索、時(shí)間和空間順序； ４．能根據(jù)上下文理解作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)；

５．能根據(jù)已知的事實(shí)推斷出文段未直接寫(xiě)出的意思。

培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力主要依靠課文的教學(xué)，高中課文的閱讀量至多有兩三萬(wàn)詞，平均每個(gè)學(xué)期才有數(shù)千詞。因此，要大力提倡泛讀，同時(shí)閱讀課文的教學(xué)方法也應(yīng)改進(jìn)，應(yīng)把重點(diǎn)放在對(duì)課文內(nèi)容的理解上，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

１．在學(xué)生閱讀課文之前，應(yīng)就其內(nèi)容提出關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考，預(yù)測(cè)其中的內(nèi)容；

２．對(duì)影響理解課文的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)講解；

３．學(xué)生默讀課文，用眼掃視，逐句（不是逐字）閱讀，用腦思考，根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)個(gè)別非關(guān)鍵性詞的意思，抓住文段大意，驗(yàn)證自己的預(yù)測(cè)，對(duì)讀前的問(wèn)題做出回答，并思考新的問(wèn)題；

４．鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生提出問(wèn)題，并有針對(duì)性地、簡(jiǎn)明扼要地分析語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，講解文段中新的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)； ５．向?qū)W生提出更多的問(wèn)題，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生再次閱讀課文，熟悉細(xì)節(jié)，掌握全部?jī)?nèi)容； ６．當(dāng)學(xué)生完全理解課文后，放錄音讓學(xué)生模仿朗讀，要求他們帶著感情、繪聲繪色地朗讀，進(jìn)一步體會(huì)語(yǔ)篇中的涵義，同時(shí)提高語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)水平；

７．圍繞課文開(kāi)展各種形式的口、筆頭交際性活動(dòng)，如復(fù)述、討論（文段直接寫(xiě)出的和未寫(xiě)出的意思）、摘要（全文或段落大意、按時(shí)間順序羅列史實(shí)等）、角色扮演、采訪、調(diào)查（與課文同類(lèi)的問(wèn)題）、寫(xiě)報(bào)告等。

（三）使學(xué)生獲得一定的自學(xué)能力 在這方面應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： １．獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)詞匯的能力在初中語(yǔ)音和詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上，形成一套學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的方法：能夠運(yùn)用拼讀規(guī)則、音標(biāo)和構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)拼讀和記憶單詞，并結(jié)合上下文正確理解詞義；自覺(jué)地按讀音或拼法特點(diǎn)將所學(xué)單詞歸類(lèi)，記在小本上，隨身攜帶，不斷復(fù)習(xí)；在課外閱讀中不斷吸收新詞，記入小本，有意識(shí)地?cái)U(kuò)大英語(yǔ)詞匯量。除了學(xué)習(xí)單詞，還應(yīng)特別注意習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和固定搭配，注意它們?cè)谡n文中的用法，把那些與漢語(yǔ)差異大的、較難理解的短語(yǔ)記入小本，典型的例句也最好記住。對(duì)于《大綱》詞表

（一）中的短語(yǔ)要倍加重視，要熟記，而且會(huì)造句，經(jīng)常用以進(jìn)行口、筆頭自由的表達(dá)。最好選擇一種英漢雙解詞典做自己的良師益友，遇有詞匯方面的疑問(wèn)不等待或僅依靠教師解答，自己查字典求得答案。經(jīng)常使用字典，會(huì)越用越熟練，查找迅速，而且可以學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)上下文找到恰當(dāng)?shù)尼屃x。２．學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法的能力學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法是為了正確地理解語(yǔ)言和運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言，不是為語(yǔ)法而學(xué)語(yǔ)法，不必細(xì)摳語(yǔ)法，鉆牛角尖兒。要善于通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇分析和語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐發(fā)現(xiàn)新的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，能在教師的點(diǎn)撥下歸納出語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。用不同顏色的筆標(biāo)注出典型的語(yǔ)法例句及其中典型的部分。例如，They found two people killed inthe fire.（過(guò)去分詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)），背記一些有代表性的例句，如定語(yǔ)從句This is the room in which we lived l ast year等。認(rèn)真完成語(yǔ)法作業(yè)，對(duì)自己練習(xí)中的錯(cuò)誤要弄清原因，然后訂正，決不囫圇吞棗，不明不白地放過(guò)錯(cuò)誤。每學(xué)期期中和期末要復(fù)習(xí)前一階段所學(xué)語(yǔ)法，學(xué)習(xí)課本中的語(yǔ)法小結(jié)。自備一本為中學(xué)生編輯的實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法工具書(shū)，經(jīng)常翻閱。在口、筆頭實(shí)踐中有意識(shí)地運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。

３．聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)重視聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練，懂得聽(tīng)是吸收語(yǔ)言和信息的重要手段之一。課上專(zhuān)心聽(tīng)教師講英語(yǔ)，認(rèn)真做聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練練習(xí)；課下利用一切條件聽(tīng)英美人士的錄音、聽(tīng)廣播、看電視英語(yǔ)節(jié)目、聽(tīng)英文報(bào)告等。所選的聽(tīng)力材料不必過(guò)難，聽(tīng)時(shí)要弄清目的，克服心理障礙，情緒放松，精神集中，不要求字字句句都聽(tīng)懂，而是善于捕捉主要的信息，抓住大意即可。遇有機(jī)會(huì)，主動(dòng)接觸外國(guó)人或講英語(yǔ)的人，大膽與他們交談，多聽(tīng)他們的講話，聽(tīng)懂了就會(huì)感到有信心，興趣倍增。

４．讀英語(yǔ)懂得讀是吸收語(yǔ)言和信息的最重要手段，愛(ài)讀書(shū)。善于選擇適合自己水平的讀物，隨身攜帶，分秒必爭(zhēng)地讀。每本書(shū)的篇幅不必太長(zhǎng)，可以迅速讀完，使自己經(jīng)常有成功感，保持閱讀的興趣。精、泛讀結(jié)合，快速掃視，用眼不用口，動(dòng)腦思索，猜測(cè)詞義，必要時(shí)使用字典，摘記警句和重要詞語(yǔ)，便于記憶，甚至用于口、筆語(yǔ)表達(dá)。讀到一本好書(shū)，可以廢寢忘食，好似“入了境”，這時(shí)腦中的英語(yǔ)仿佛多了，也活了，這恐怕就是人們常說(shuō)的“語(yǔ)感”產(chǎn)生了。高中學(xué)生仍以讀簡(jiǎn)易讀物為主，以后讀原著就自然容易上路。

５．說(shuō)英語(yǔ)懂得口頭上運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際是學(xué)習(xí)的目的，愿意說(shuō)，也愛(ài)說(shuō)。明白中國(guó)人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)有錯(cuò)誤是必然的，不怕犯錯(cuò)，不怕別人笑話。教科書(shū)中的對(duì)話能夠大聲地說(shuō)出來(lái)，主動(dòng)找人對(duì)話，即使無(wú)人時(shí)也能自言自語(yǔ)。課上積極發(fā)言，課下創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)（組織小組、“英語(yǔ)角”）開(kāi)展口語(yǔ)活動(dòng)。在交談時(shí)開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋，主動(dòng)發(fā)問(wèn)，并能隨機(jī)應(yīng)變，用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)較復(fù)雜的意思，設(shè)法使交談持續(xù)下去。為使自己說(shuō)得有信心、有興趣，在討論之前可做些準(zhǔn)備，從聽(tīng)讀的材料中吸取營(yíng)養(yǎng)，復(fù)習(xí)必要的詞匯，盡可能提高說(shuō)話的質(zhì)量。６．寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)懂得筆頭上運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)傳遞信息進(jìn)行交際，也是學(xué)習(xí)的目的，而且寫(xiě)是四項(xiàng)技能中最難的一種，因此要重視寫(xiě)的練習(xí)。高中的寫(xiě)與初中的寫(xiě)有明顯的區(qū)別，初中學(xué)生說(shuō)什么寫(xiě)什么，即寫(xiě)話。而高中學(xué)生要琢磨組句成段、連段成文，考慮篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，而且語(yǔ)言從口語(yǔ)逐步轉(zhuǎn)為書(shū)面語(yǔ)。因此，需注意語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)合理、用詞恰當(dāng)、表達(dá)通順、書(shū)寫(xiě)工整、拼法正確。在教師指導(dǎo)下，逐步形成良好的寫(xiě)作習(xí)慣：首先，經(jīng)過(guò)醞釀和收集資料，確定要寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容；理清思路，擬定提綱，增強(qiáng)文章的邏輯性；起草；修改潤(rùn)色；定稿并謄清。像這樣寫(xiě)出的文章可以達(dá)到思路清晰、文字通順、表達(dá)基本正確。高中學(xué)生的自學(xué)能力不僅表現(xiàn)在以上幾個(gè)方面，應(yīng)該相信他們的潛力很大，教師要加以引導(dǎo)，不可包辦代替，影響他們發(fā)揮自己的能力。要幫助學(xué)生制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃，分析自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和弱點(diǎn)，制定學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，定期檢查自己的進(jìn)步和問(wèn)題，采取對(duì)策，有效地提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。

二、思想情感教育

《大綱》在教學(xué)目的部分要求：使學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中受到思想品德、愛(ài)國(guó)主義和社會(huì)主義等方面的教育，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。這兩點(diǎn)都可納入思想情感教育的范疇。

道德感是以人對(duì)人、人對(duì)社會(huì)的態(tài)度為其內(nèi)容的。屬于道德感的有：愛(ài)感、同情、善心、仁愛(ài)、忠誠(chéng)等。熱愛(ài)祖國(guó)、熱愛(ài)社會(huì)主義、熱愛(ài)人民、熱愛(ài)真理都是崇高的道德情感。使學(xué)生具有這些情感和社會(huì)公德、職業(yè)道德、家庭美德，正是我國(guó)社會(huì)主義精神文明建設(shè)的基本任務(wù)。英語(yǔ)選材范圍很廣，可以用中外優(yōu)秀的文化傳統(tǒng)、杰出人物的事跡和精神陶冶學(xué)生的情操，幫助他們樹(shù)立正確的人生觀、世界觀、價(jià)值觀，使他們自覺(jué)地遵循社會(huì)道德規(guī)范、準(zhǔn)則，履行道德義務(wù)。要讓學(xué)生清楚，做新世紀(jì)的人必須參與社會(huì)生活，每個(gè)人要認(rèn)識(shí)自己的社會(huì)角色，履行角色義務(wù)，這就需要具有強(qiáng)烈的使命感和社會(huì)責(zé)任感。英語(yǔ)教材中大量的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)社會(huì)科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)、人口、環(huán)境、生態(tài)、能源、法制、災(zāi)害、饑餓、貧困等當(dāng)代世界熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。教師應(yīng)利用教學(xué)內(nèi)容激發(fā)學(xué)生改造世界的情感。教材中也有關(guān)于人際關(guān)系、行為規(guī)范方面的內(nèi)容，可以啟迪人生，教育學(xué)生對(duì)待自己要自愛(ài)、自尊，而不自悲；對(duì)待他人真誠(chéng)熱情，而不虛偽；對(duì)待工作認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)、勤奮努力，而不輕率。教師的表率作用和師生之間的誠(chéng)摯關(guān)系不僅可以促進(jìn)教學(xué)，而且對(duì)學(xué)生必然產(chǎn)生潛移默化的影響，有利于他們的成長(zhǎng)。

美感表現(xiàn)了對(duì)各種生活事實(shí)及對(duì)藝術(shù)的反映的態(tài)度。美感表現(xiàn)在對(duì)各種事物的評(píng)價(jià)之中，識(shí)別和判斷它們是真、善、美、高雅，還是假、惡、丑、庸俗。

理智感表現(xiàn)與反映一個(gè)人對(duì)認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程的態(tài)度。屬于理智感范疇的有：興趣、求知欲、熱情、發(fā)現(xiàn)、意志、毅力等。激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的興趣既是目的，也是手段。興趣是一種積極的情緒，能促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的獲得和技能的熟練，而且不斷加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)機(jī)。

思想情感教育是人生的教育，非一個(gè)學(xué)科教育所能完成?！洞缶V》將它做為教學(xué)目的的一部分，表明人們對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)課在素質(zhì)教育中的作用有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。

三、文化素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)

語(yǔ)言是文化的重要載體，文化是語(yǔ)言形式所負(fù)荷的內(nèi)容，語(yǔ)言與文化密切聯(lián)系。通過(guò)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)使學(xué)生擴(kuò)大視野，了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化和社會(huì)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。理解語(yǔ)言必須了解文化，理解文化必須了解語(yǔ)言"。理解和掌握語(yǔ)言的深層基礎(chǔ)是文化。高中英語(yǔ)涉及英、美、加、澳等國(guó)家英語(yǔ)的變體，涉及各國(guó)體態(tài)語(yǔ)的異同。要弄清這些就必須研究這些國(guó)家的歷史和文化背景。語(yǔ)言是文化的一部分，反映一個(gè)民族的特征，蘊(yùn)藏著該民族對(duì)人生的看法、生活方式和思維方式。僅僅掌握英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音、詞匯和語(yǔ)法，對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化一點(diǎn)不懂，是不可能獲得運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力的，在實(shí)際交往中還可能產(chǎn)生誤解，出現(xiàn)尷尬。

四、智力開(kāi)發(fā)

“發(fā)展學(xué)生的智力，提高他們的觀察、注意、記憶、思維和想象等能力”也是《大綱》規(guī)定的一個(gè)教學(xué)目的。這一目的必然會(huì)對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)和對(duì)學(xué)生的素質(zhì)教育產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

（一）觀察語(yǔ)言的功能體現(xiàn)在言語(yǔ)的行為上，學(xué)生應(yīng)善于通過(guò)觀察使用英語(yǔ)的人的行為模仿習(xí)得。榜樣所顯示的行為的功能性?xún)r(jià)值高，學(xué)生反復(fù)觀察學(xué)習(xí)的速度可以加快。學(xué)校應(yīng)盡可能使用錄音、錄像、投影等電化教學(xué)手段，質(zhì)量高的錄像或電視節(jié)目可提供最好的榜樣。學(xué)生在觀察中可以不知不覺(jué)地學(xué)到地道的語(yǔ)言、自然的語(yǔ)調(diào)、表情和體態(tài)。由于印象深刻，這些聽(tīng)覺(jué)和視覺(jué)映像容易長(zhǎng)時(shí)間記憶。教師還可以放手組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言的操練和多種形式的練習(xí)，就是讓學(xué)生用自己的行為顯示出其觀察學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容，然后根據(jù)信息反饋進(jìn)行自我矯正的調(diào)整，逐步熟練完成言語(yǔ)的行為。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，對(duì)于觀察認(rèn)真、模仿得好的學(xué)生應(yīng)加以鼓勵(lì)，使學(xué)生自覺(jué)地培養(yǎng)觀察力。

（二）記憶主要包括識(shí)記、保持、再現(xiàn)與回憶。高中學(xué)生已學(xué)習(xí)了１０００多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞和一定量的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)，以及最基本的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，他們的抽象邏輯思維已比較發(fā)達(dá)，應(yīng)指導(dǎo)他們運(yùn)用合理的識(shí)記方法。例如，要求學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)課文和單詞，課上教師不必單教單詞，進(jìn)行機(jī)械記憶，而應(yīng)結(jié)合課文重點(diǎn)講解，加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的理解記憶。在呈現(xiàn)新語(yǔ)言時(shí)，利用學(xué)生熟悉的知識(shí)，以舊帶新，新舊對(duì)比，通過(guò)比較發(fā)展邏輯識(shí)記。教學(xué)內(nèi)容要結(jié)合學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際，符合他們生理和心理發(fā)展的需要，教師講課生動(dòng)活潑，語(yǔ)言風(fēng)趣幽默，就能引起學(xué)生的興趣，調(diào)動(dòng)起學(xué)生的情緒。凡是有趣的內(nèi)容就能促成積極的智力活動(dòng)，識(shí)記就更有效。為了保持記憶，必須不斷復(fù)習(xí)鞏固。每節(jié)課以復(fù)習(xí)開(kāi)始，以鞏固結(jié)束；每一課或一單元、每一個(gè)學(xué)段結(jié)束時(shí)都要復(fù)習(xí)。這就是再現(xiàn)和回憶，從記憶中提取過(guò)去已產(chǎn)生的心理內(nèi)容，并轉(zhuǎn)為操作記憶的方法，使該心理內(nèi)容得以恢復(fù)的記憶過(guò)程。要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，例如，把英語(yǔ)詞匯按讀音、詞性、詞義（同義、反義、近義）、構(gòu)詞特點(diǎn)分類(lèi)，會(huì)有效地加強(qiáng)記憶。成串地記英語(yǔ)單詞效率高，就是這個(gè)原理。整個(gè)記憶的心理過(guò)程就是與遺忘進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)的過(guò)程。凡是納入個(gè)人活動(dòng)之中，并對(duì)人始終具有意義的內(nèi)容一般是不會(huì)遺忘的。學(xué)了語(yǔ)言必須用，越用越熟，記得越牢，久而久之就成為自己語(yǔ)言機(jī)制的一部分。

（三）思維是人類(lèi)認(rèn)識(shí)世界、改造世界的最重要的主觀來(lái)源。高中學(xué)生對(duì)客觀事物的認(rèn)識(shí)已有了基礎(chǔ)，已獲得一些英語(yǔ)的知識(shí)和能力。在語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐過(guò)程中，過(guò)多地依賴(lài)直觀動(dòng)作思維和直觀形象思維已不適宜，要特別注意發(fā)展抽象（理論）思維。教師應(yīng)幫助學(xué)生在初中階段已形成的對(duì)英語(yǔ)認(rèn)識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)，啟發(fā)他們思考，經(jīng)過(guò)歸納推理和演繹推理，形成新的概念。例如，接觸和感知課文中出現(xiàn)的－ing形式、過(guò)去分詞和不定式等非謂語(yǔ)形式，教師應(yīng)利用初中教學(xué)過(guò)的有關(guān)動(dòng)詞詞形變化和句子成分的知識(shí)加以引導(dǎo)，逐步歸納，讓學(xué)生自己分析和實(shí)際練習(xí)，理解和掌握這些新的語(yǔ)法的用法。學(xué)生進(jìn)行分析、綜合、概括，最后由原有的認(rèn)識(shí)（由詞承擔(dān)句子成分），遷移到新的認(rèn)識(shí)（動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)）。在這樣的過(guò)程中，教師不可一股腦兒地把知識(shí)灌給學(xué)生，而應(yīng)誘導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考和分析，觸類(lèi)旁通，應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生自己預(yù)先閱讀、思考和發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。找問(wèn)題和提出問(wèn)題常常比隨后解決問(wèn)題要求付出更大的智力勞動(dòng)，在口語(yǔ)問(wèn)答和交談中，提問(wèn)和開(kāi)始挑起話題的人要比答話的人更需要獨(dú)立的思維。在做口、筆頭練習(xí)題時(shí)，教師應(yīng)先讓學(xué)生思考怎樣解題，然后再給予提示和幫助，這樣更有利于啟發(fā)學(xué)生的思維。在現(xiàn)代教育中，尤其要重視發(fā)展學(xué)生的個(gè)性，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)和提出疑問(wèn)，同時(shí)啟發(fā)學(xué)生自己努力解決問(wèn)題，這是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立的、創(chuàng)造性思維的重要方法。另外，還要注意在課內(nèi)或課外造成輕松愉快、平靜和諧的環(huán)境，這樣有利于學(xué)生訓(xùn)練思維的靈活性和敏捷性。

（四）想象是人的創(chuàng)造活動(dòng)的一個(gè)必要因素，通過(guò)有關(guān)的英語(yǔ)課文教學(xué)，不僅可以向?qū)W生展示這些偉人閃光的思想，啟發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)他們的創(chuàng)造性思維，還應(yīng)在運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行口、筆頭交際方面，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生大膽想象。學(xué)了一組單詞和短語(yǔ)后，可以讓學(xué)生想象出情境，編一段話，運(yùn)用這些詞語(yǔ)；根據(jù)所學(xué)內(nèi)容編成小劇進(jìn)行表演，要演得惟妙惟肖，沒(méi)有想象力不行,可以進(jìn)行命題作文，如“我家鄉(xiāng)的未來(lái)”等進(jìn)行練習(xí)。