第一篇:托福聽力技巧小結(jié)之學(xué)聽開頭信息
官方網(wǎng)站:
托福聽力技巧小結(jié)之學(xué)聽開頭信息
下面為大家整理了托福聽力考試技巧,即要快速抓住開頭信息,供同學(xué)們進(jìn)行參考下載。
托福聽力要學(xué)會(huì)抓住開頭信息。托福聽力要學(xué)會(huì)抓住關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)這個(gè)大家都知道了,那么聽力的這些關(guān)鍵信息都在哪呢?下面的托福聽力技巧就為大家介紹一下如何從開頭攻克聽力,希望對(duì)大家提高托福考試聽力成績(jī)有幫助。
托福聽力說話者表達(dá)主旨或談話的目的的語(yǔ)句往往出現(xiàn)在開頭的幾句話,是把握全局的重點(diǎn)。
信號(hào)詞:(在此建議考生,每天要把所有的信號(hào)詞讀個(gè)幾遍,強(qiáng)迫自己聽到這個(gè)詞馬上反應(yīng)過來(lái)這里有考點(diǎn))Today, we’ll focus on/constrated/discuss…。
Today, our topic is…
Let’s…
托福聽力技巧特殊情況(也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)):托??荚嚶犃﹂_頭會(huì)將講一些上次課講的東西,作為復(fù)習(xí),之后才是主旨,我們把這種情況稱為:Miss start
注意:出現(xiàn)Miss Start,上次課講的東西一定要聽,在這部分很可能出細(xì)節(jié)題
Miss Start 信號(hào)詞:Before we get started, let’s review what we’ve learned last class…Let’s pick up where we left off last week, OK, as you recall(記得)…
Before we begin our discussion on…(此處為本次主題),Let’s review what we know about…(此處為上次主題)
間接開頭: In your text book, the author says that…(主題出現(xiàn)),I thought we all to/should take sometime to talk about it.(不一定完全一樣,但是類型差不多)
第二篇:托福聽力技巧歸納之聽VOA
托福聽力技巧歸納之聽VOA 官方網(wǎng)站:
托福聽力技巧歸納之聽VOA。下面為大家總結(jié)了托福聽力水平提高的相關(guān)方法技巧,即經(jīng)常聽VOA,并做了具體說明,供同學(xué)們下載進(jìn)行參考。
經(jīng)常聽VOA能夠提高聽力水平。新托福聽力能力的提高冰凍三尺非一日之寒,我們需要在平常的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴開始托福聽力能力的提高和積累。
我先后考過兩次托福,第一次102分,第二次108分,在第二次考試?yán)锫犃尤粷M分,挺驚喜的。我真正開始投入大量時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備托福大概有3個(gè)月。由于還在上課,每天準(zhǔn)備托福的時(shí)間也就是4小時(shí)左右。但平時(shí)去教室的路上、坐公交、吃飯時(shí)也經(jīng)常是戴著耳機(jī)聽VOA、《科學(xué)美國(guó)人》還有《托福高分作文》配套音頻。這種零碎時(shí)間加起來(lái)平均每天也應(yīng)該有一個(gè)小時(shí),閑暇時(shí)間也經(jīng)常是關(guān)了字幕看英文電影。
一般情況下,尤其是對(duì)于像我這種工科生,大學(xué)里在準(zhǔn)備GT之前是很少會(huì)花大量心血準(zhǔn)備英語(yǔ)的。記得有同學(xué)開玩笑說過,如果是高三暑假去考托福就好了。的確,沒有 GT的話,大學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)水平通常是逐年降低的。想讓逐漸降低的英語(yǔ)水平反彈,肯定是需要一番決心的。
做事都要遵循一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的原則,聽力的提高也不例外。如果一個(gè)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)一般的大學(xué)生直接用VOA來(lái)練聽力,那多半是堅(jiān)持不下來(lái)的——過高的強(qiáng)度會(huì)導(dǎo)致大腦的“罷工”,非常容易走神。我開始練習(xí)聽力時(shí)是用老托福的聽力材料,就那種1分多鐘1篇的。這套音頻的語(yǔ)速、內(nèi)容都不算太難理解,而且有對(duì)應(yīng)的文章可以看,聽的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)自己哪里跟不上了可以馬上停下來(lái)看文章。如果想同時(shí)練習(xí)寫作的同學(xué)可以換成《托福高分作文》配套音頻聽。
等到老托福聽力材料已經(jīng)能聽懂80%,就可以提高難度了。作為面向外國(guó)人的英語(yǔ)能力測(cè)試,老托福的語(yǔ)速、連讀情況和真正美國(guó)人說話自然還是有差別。而在老托福的聽力材料之后,我就直接強(qiáng)迫自己聽VOAstandard。這個(gè)跨度很大,主要是因?yàn)槲覜]能找到難度居于兩者之間的聽力材料。VOA的語(yǔ)速已經(jīng)比新托福考試要快了,但其價(jià)值也正是如此。所謂“求其上上得其上”,如果把VOA都能聽懂,還怕托福聽力嗎?但果不其然,初聽VOA時(shí)我大腦出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的“罷工”現(xiàn)象,常常沒聽?zhēng)追昼娋妥呱窳?。為了讓自己集中注意力,我開始“聽說”。
第三篇:托福聽力策略小結(jié)
托福聽力策略小結(jié)
1.在快速瀏覽時(shí)獲取信息。盡管聽力考察的是你的聽的能力,但同時(shí)也是對(duì)你閱讀能力的一種考驗(yàn)。對(duì)很多考生來(lái)說,最大的問題是時(shí)間不夠,你必須很快的讀,因?yàn)槊款}中間的間隔只有12秒。所以,不要仔細(xì)讀選項(xiàng)句子,而應(yīng)該快速瀏覽,尋找并記住關(guān)鍵詞。也就是說,要縱向的看選項(xiàng)而不是橫向的看。而當(dāng)你看的時(shí)候,注意下面的信息:
a)注意重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ),這些詞通常會(huì)給你一些線索,還會(huì)幫你回憶起你在題目中聽過的人名和事物名稱。
b)注意各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的主要區(qū)別。你可能會(huì)看到一些不同的名字或地點(diǎn)或不同的動(dòng)詞,這些不同之處將會(huì)幫你確定這道題中哪些是你要聽的關(guān)鍵,即關(guān)鍵詞。2.排除明顯錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)。及時(shí)排除明顯錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng),將有助于你提高正確率。3.把握做題的節(jié)奏。做題的節(jié)奏在聽力中比在其他部分中要重要的多,在你平時(shí)練習(xí)的時(shí)候,你可能會(huì)停下磁帶等自己選出正確的答案,千萬(wàn)不要這樣做。因?yàn)槟阍谡嬲荚嚨臅r(shí)候無(wú)法讓磁帶根據(jù)你自己的意愿停下來(lái),所以在你平時(shí)練習(xí)的時(shí)候也不要這么做。練習(xí)的時(shí)候選一個(gè)較少受打擾的地方,并一次做完一套題(50題)。
4.反復(fù)的練習(xí)。托??荚嚭推渌芏嗫荚囈粯樱枰R(shí)和技巧。有些人有足夠的知識(shí),但是得了低分。這是他們的患得患失引起的焦慮。而另外一些人則需要更多的詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)來(lái)提高他們的分?jǐn)?shù)。知識(shí)和考試技巧都能夠在反復(fù)的練習(xí)中得到很大的提高而且反復(fù)的練習(xí)能夠幫助你消除部分的焦慮。如果你對(duì)托福考試的規(guī)則有較多的了解,你會(huì)在考試中表現(xiàn)得更加輕松。
第四篇:托福聽力筆記技巧+常用符號(hào)
托福聽力筆記技巧+常用符號(hào)
托福聽力講座部分內(nèi)容很多,學(xué)生往往很難把握這部分聽力內(nèi)容,托福聽力筆記就顯得很重要,那讓我們一起來(lái)看看做托福聽力筆記有哪些技巧吧!
托福聽力筆記技巧一:確定記錄內(nèi)核心話題
托福聽力正式開始之前會(huì)有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短介紹,之后屏幕上會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些和托福聽力內(nèi)容相關(guān)的,可以幫助我們確定托福聽力核心話題的提示,例如,listen to a conversation between a professor and student in a professor and student.從中可以知道下面對(duì)話內(nèi)容的場(chǎng)景:biology class,然后會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)圖片,里面文字為:Friends of the Earth, Biology class。后面還會(huì)有一個(gè)對(duì)話內(nèi)容的圖片。通過這些文字和圖片,我們可以推斷這個(gè)對(duì)話的主題為與人類地球有關(guān)的一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),這樣機(jī)構(gòu)主要會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)環(huán)保事宜。確定主題可以讓考生懸著的心落地。
確定托福聽力核心話題后,就是記錄與其相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié),主要的細(xì)節(jié)為what , when, where , who , why和 how等。注意記錄對(duì)話和演講中信息引導(dǎo)詞和信息引導(dǎo)句后面的信息,例如,F(xiàn)irst ??, let's look at the ??, Now, Let's move on to ??, in the nest part of lecture ,I 'd like to talk about ??
托福聽力筆記技巧二:記清開頭
托福聽力的開頭部分一般是出主旨題的考點(diǎn),所以我們需要特別注意聽力材料開頭部分關(guān)鍵詞之后的內(nèi)容,也就是我們需要找到的主旨。
我們需要記錄的是“l(fā)et’s talk about?/Today I wanna talk about?/ let’s continue our discussion about?”等之后的名詞性短語(yǔ),也就是文章的主旨。比如:Today we are going to talk about a film-maker who began making very unique films in the late 1920s。關(guān)鍵詞“we are going to talk about”之后的名詞性短語(yǔ)就是我們需要文章的主旨——一個(gè)風(fēng)格獨(dú)特的早期電影人。
托福聽力筆記技巧三:記錄主要分支、分論點(diǎn)
分支和分論點(diǎn)一般在總分結(jié)構(gòu)的文章,以及一些描述事情發(fā)展的條件或者過程中都會(huì)涉及。我們需要特別注意教授提到的明確或隱含的分支分類,以及過程類的關(guān)鍵詞。要對(duì)分類,過程,對(duì)比的具體內(nèi)容敏感,并且進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要的記錄。
比如關(guān)于章魚的講座中,教授就明確地提到了其保護(hù)自己的三種方式:by changing color, by changing its texture, and by changing its size and shape,之后的講座中就分別詳細(xì)的介紹了
這三種方式是如何進(jìn)行的。在記筆記的過程中,需要記錄三個(gè)分支相應(yīng)的主要內(nèi)容。
托福聽力筆記技巧四:記錄舉出的例子
在托福聽力材料中聽到教授舉例的時(shí)候往往也是出考點(diǎn)的地方,這時(shí)候我們需要注意教授舉例的主要內(nèi)容,以及這個(gè)例子想要表達(dá)或者支持的觀點(diǎn)是什么。舉例的信號(hào)詞不需多講,最常見的比如:for example, for instance, say等等,聽到這些詞匯的時(shí)候我們的耳朵需要特別的敏感。
為了更好的掌握以上托福聽力筆記技巧,我們需要了解以下托福聽力筆記原則:
托福聽力筆記原則1:豎寫原則
每次考試拿3張A4紙,要好好利用這個(gè)紙頭。
兩/三折,一個(gè)目的是省紙,另外一個(gè)目的是不會(huì)凌亂
最主要原因是:出題按篇章順序,定位方便
托福聽力筆記原則2:換行原則
每行建議記不超過三個(gè)單詞
強(qiáng)迫自己要換行,這樣子每行單詞不超過三個(gè)的話就清晰可見,并且可以有效防止筆記自己都看不懂的情況。
托福聽力筆記原則3:名詞為主原則
挑關(guān)鍵詞記~!而且尤其推薦記名詞!
為何記名詞呢?首先是因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都是名詞,其次,名詞的不可替換性大。
動(dòng)詞是邏輯性腦子記更強(qiáng)更快!而且替換行大。
長(zhǎng)名詞建議縮寫,七萬(wàn)不可以因?yàn)橛浌P記而漏聽信息
我們的目標(biāo)不是為了記筆記而記筆記!
托福聽力筆記原則4:縮寫原則
(1)英英
?首字母大寫記:專有名詞
?輔音:去掉所有元音,只留輔音
詞匯太長(zhǎng)的不太建議
短的單詞,元音多的可以
manage=mng
message=msg
research=rsch
market=mkt
apartment=apt
?去尾:幾乎所有單詞適用
名詞結(jié)尾的后綴全部去尾
advertisement=ad
information=info
insurance=ins
(2)英中
mountain=山
托福聽力筆記原則5:數(shù)字不記原則
出現(xiàn)年代順序的可以留意
排序題雖然少但是可以關(guān)注
年代對(duì)比~!
托福聽力筆記原則6:符號(hào)原則
建議擁有自己的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)
寒暄類語(yǔ)句不關(guān)注
重復(fù)的信息前面引下來(lái),不需要重復(fù)記。下面,梳理了托福聽力筆記中常用的符號(hào)系統(tǒng):
↑表示“上升、快速上升、快速發(fā)展、快速上漲等”
↓表示“下降、減少、急劇下降、急速下跌等”;
↗表示“緩慢上升,緩慢發(fā)展、緩慢上漲等”;
←表示“返回,倒退等”;
→表示“達(dá)到,至,導(dǎo)致,前進(jìn)等”;
+表示“加,增加,此外,另外,又加之”;
—表示“減少,減”;
>表示“多于,大于,強(qiáng)于”;
<表示“少于,小于,不如”;
∵表示“因?yàn)?,由于?
∴表示“所以,因此”;
=表示“等于,相同,與??相同”。
t表示thousand;
m;表示million;
b表示 billion;
1st表示first。
第五篇:英語(yǔ)作文開頭技巧小結(jié)
英語(yǔ)作文開頭技巧小結(jié)
常言道“良好的開端是成功的一半?!弊魑拈_頭如果能恰倒好處,常常能一下子抓住讀者,也能增加文章的亮點(diǎn)。所以能否靈活自如地、獨(dú)特精當(dāng)?shù)貙懞米魑拈_頭往往關(guān)系到一篇文章的成敗。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)作文來(lái)說,寫好開頭尤為重要。英語(yǔ)作文篇幅簡(jiǎn)短,開頭更須明確文章主題。下面介紹幾種常用的英語(yǔ)作文開頭寫作方法。
1、開門見山,直入正題(開門見山法)
開門見山法要求開頭用一兩句話就引出主題,也就是說,讓讀者快速了解文章的主旨,一目了然,而不是去繞圈子,最終不知所云。比如unit1 Book4的《Are women given a fair chance?》(《婦女有同等的機(jī)會(huì)嗎》)的開頭: I don?t think women are given a fair chance to have as good a career as men for three reasons.就直接提出觀點(diǎn),直接明了。又如作文“I Have a Dream”(《我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想》)的開頭是這樣的: My dream is to be a doctor.And I have never changed my mind till now.2、引用名言警句,推出主題(名言名句法)
對(duì)于許多作文題,可以使用使用引用名言名句進(jìn)行開頭。因?yàn)橐妹悦涫墙?jīng)過加工過的語(yǔ)言,有力度,有價(jià)值,會(huì)使文章增色。這樣,用極短的語(yǔ)言就能點(diǎn)明題旨,解決寫什么的問題,從而達(dá)到快速入題的目的。比如上次診斷性測(cè)試中關(guān)于考試作弊方面的作文章,就可以引用名言:“Honesty is the best policy.(誠(chéng)實(shí)才是上策)”,一句話即可表明文章主旨,又會(huì)使文章上一個(gè)檔次。又如作文“Computer Games”(《電腦游戲》)的開頭:There?s a well-known saying “As one coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.” Computer games are no exception.It has brought us both advantages and disadvantages.3、出其不意 深化主題(欲揚(yáng)先抑法)
有些作文題,為了突出文章中的人物,在開頭如果使用欲揚(yáng)先抑法,給讀者留一個(gè)反面的印象,后面文風(fēng)一轉(zhuǎn),出其不意,會(huì)受到良好的效果。這樣比正面寫某個(gè)人要好得多。比如寫關(guān)于母親的文章,一般都認(rèn)為母親是關(guān)愛子女的,你在開頭寫上:I don?t think mother love me as deeply as father does.…或者是“I hate my mother.…”會(huì)給讀者帶來(lái)興趣,想讀下去。再在文章中間和結(jié)尾寫出母親對(duì)你的特別關(guān)愛,來(lái)個(gè)出其不意,會(huì)取得良好的效果。
4、描述現(xiàn)象,引發(fā)主題(背景法)
這種寫法要求先描述一種普遍存在的現(xiàn)象,然后再發(fā)表對(duì)該現(xiàn)象的看法和觀點(diǎn),從而點(diǎn)明主題。如作文“Say ?No? to Smoking”(《對(duì)吸煙說“不”》)的開頭:
Nowadays smoking is popular.Even some teenagers smoke.If you ask them “Why do you smoke?” They might answer “It looks cool.” Is it really a cool thing? I?m afraid I can?t agree.5、陳述不同觀點(diǎn),襯托主題(襯托法)
簡(jiǎn)要闡釋人們對(duì)某一話題的不同觀點(diǎn)后,亮明自己更加合理的看法,以起到到一種承托的作用。如作文“My Best Friend”(《我最要好的朋友》)的開頭: “Best Friend” may have different definitions to different people.A child may regard the ones who always whisper to him as his best friends.The young boys may regard the ones who always play with them as their best friends.To me “Best friend” is the one who I like best and we are faithful to each other.6、自問自答,引出主題(提問法)
這種方式要求針對(duì)某話題先提出問題,然后給予解答,通過答案的方式來(lái)呈現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)。如作文“What I Want to Be When I Grow Up?”(《我長(zhǎng)大了要做什么?》)的開頭:What I Want to Be When I Grow Up? My answer is “an English interpreter”.Why do I hope to become an English interpreter? There are two reasons.7、身邊事件,導(dǎo)出主題(故事法)
從身邊熟悉的人或事引發(fā)感想,導(dǎo)出主題,顯得自然、貼切。如作文“Fast Food”(《快餐》)的開頭: When my seven-year-old brother behaves well in school, he will ask for nothing but “KFC” as reward.As a matter of fact we would find it difficult to refuse such attraction of fast food too.But why are they so popular? 四六級(jí)寫作中常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法舉例如下:
●使用引語(yǔ)(use a quotation)
使用一段名人名言,或人們常用的諺語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ),以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。如:
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked.But it still has a profound significance now.To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.分析:開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)”對(duì)于成功的重要性,點(diǎn)明主題。
●引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)(use figures or statistics)
當(dāng)然對(duì)于圖表題型,該種方法是必須的選擇,具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù),然后作出概括性分析,點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問題。如:
As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security.It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析:文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬(wàn)這一數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)說明大學(xué)生找 工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性,很有說服力。
●提出問題(ask a question)
提出有爭(zhēng)議或探討性的具體問題,然后加以簡(jiǎn)要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡(jiǎn)短討論。如:
What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.分析:文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題,然后自問自答,指出工作 除了物質(zhì)利益,還可以給我們帶來(lái)很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。
●給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道(offer relevant examples or reports)給出具體生活實(shí)例或新聞報(bào)道 如:
As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society.It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter.It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析:文章通過引用新聞報(bào)道的一個(gè)實(shí)例,說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。
●定義法(give definition)
針對(duì)討論的主題或問題加以定義,然后進(jìn)行深入探討。如:
As we all know, practice makes perfect.This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life.It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析:文章用It means that這一句型,說明了practice makes perfect的含義。
●主題句法(use of topic sentence)
文章一開始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題,然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。如:
Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents.According to a recent survey by Dr.Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析:文章開頭即提出中國(guó)的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題,然后再用實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。開頭段的常用核心句型歸納如下,大家可選擇使用:
● As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that …
● The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ….● Although it is commonly agreed that …, it is unlikely to be true that ….● There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that ….● In all the discussion and debate over …, one important fact is generally overlooked.● On the surface(At first thought), it(this)may seem a sound(an attractive)
suggestion(solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind(on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that …
● Although many people believe that …, I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis ● The danger(problem / fact / truth / point)is that….● I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….● There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of ….Those who object to … argue that ….But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….● Currently(In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is(has been)a(n)general(widespread / growing / widely held)feeling towards(concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)….● As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that ….● Now it is commonly(widely / generally / increasingly)believed(thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged)that ….But I wonder(doubt)whether …
英語(yǔ)寫作開篇八法
良好的開端是成功寫作的一半。英語(yǔ)作文一個(gè)好的開篇不但能引人入勝,激起讀者的閱讀興趣,而且還會(huì)給閱卷老師留下美好的第一印象。開篇是寫好整篇作文的關(guān)鍵一環(huán),同時(shí)也是最難的一環(huán)。下面介紹幾種常見的開篇方法:
開門見山法
文章一開頭就點(diǎn)明主題,把中心思想一目了然地呈現(xiàn)給讀者。這是四級(jí)短文寫作最常用的一種開篇方法。例如:
1)Whether you are a smoker or a nonsmoker,you should take measures to protect your lungs.
2)Happiness is easy to find and easy to lose. It depends on the way you look at life.
以上兩例都是開門見山地點(diǎn)明文章的主旨,隨后的句子就可以圍繞著這個(gè)中心展開寫。
交代背景法
開篇就把事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物及情景等交代得清清楚楚。這種方法多用于敘述文和描寫文。例如:
1)It was cold and bleak in the late winter. The nightwas dark;nota star was to be seen in the gloomy and dismal sky.The north wind was howling dreadfully outside the house,like the screams of some wounded wild beasts.
2)Today is my birthday.It is the first time that Ispent my birthday in the United States.Being alone and far away from home,I intended to spend the day quietly all myself.
例1)開篇通過景色描寫展現(xiàn)出一幅凄涼的畫面:嚴(yán)冬時(shí)節(jié),北風(fēng)呼嘯,天上看不見星星。這樣的描寫讓讀者有一種如聞其聲,如臨其境之感,有助于制造氣氛,讓人感到悲哀沮喪。例2)開篇就交代了“我”是在異鄉(xiāng)過生日,以及“我”打算怎樣過這個(gè)生日,這就造成一種懸念,“我”的這個(gè)生日是否按“我”原來(lái)的想法度過。提出問題法
用提出問題的方法引出文章的主題,以激起讀者的閱讀興趣。然后可以針對(duì)這個(gè)問題進(jìn)行解答,這樣也就展開了段落。這種方法可用于各種文體。例如:
1)What is success?Different people may give different answers to this question. Some people think that...
2)Can wealth bring happiness?Different people have different opinions about this. Some people take it for granted that wealth is the source of happiness.Some people...
名言警句法
所謂“名言警句”是指人們耳熟能詳?shù)闹V語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)、俗語(yǔ)、警句或偉人的論述等,它們常常
具有權(quán)威性或其道理已為大家公認(rèn)。由此開篇可以增強(qiáng)文章的說服力。但要注意所引述的名言警句一定要家喻戶曉,人所共知,不可引述生僻的名言。另外,一般是用直接引語(yǔ)來(lái)引述,所以務(wù)必準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。例如:
1)As an old saying goes,“Art is long,but life is short.”We have only limited time to obtain unlimited knowledge.
2)“Practice makes perfect.”This self-evident proverb means doing something repeatedly is the way to become very good at it.
數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)法
就是引用一些具體的、已經(jīng)證實(shí)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字來(lái)引出文章的主題。然后以這些數(shù)據(jù)作為證據(jù),來(lái)論述、解釋、說明要表達(dá)的思想,這樣開篇可信度高,說服力強(qiáng)。使用此法時(shí),要注意所引述的數(shù)據(jù)或數(shù)字一定要準(zhǔn)確,來(lái)源可靠,切不可為了說明某一問題而杜撰數(shù)據(jù)。此法主要用于說明文和議論文中,圖表作文時(shí)用得最多。例如:
1)Unemployment rose from 7.5%in June2002to 7.8%in July 2002,the highest rate since January of that year,the Labor Department reported.
2)According to a recent poll,61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once.
3)There are 7 billion people in the world(2000 figure),and the smokers are about 1.4 billion,which make up 20 percent of the world's total population.
例1)是一篇關(guān)于失業(yè)問題的短文。文章一開篇就引用了來(lái)自勞動(dòng)部的報(bào)告:失業(yè)率從2002年6月的7.5%上升到 7月的7.8%,達(dá)到那年自元月份起的最高點(diǎn)。這一具體數(shù)字有力地論證了中心思想———失業(yè)問題的嚴(yán)重性。例2)和例3)同樣是在文章開篇使用具體的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字,分別說明美國(guó)中學(xué)生作弊的普遍性和世界吸煙人數(shù)之多。
比較對(duì)比法
在作文開篇把人們熟悉的人物或事物與其他的人物或事物放在一起,分析它們的相似或不同之處。通過比較對(duì)比,強(qiáng)調(diào)某一人物或事物,使讀者對(duì)其有更為深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解。例如: The relationship between a teacher and a student can be good or bad,helpful or harmful. Either way,the relationship can affect the student for the rest of his life.A good teacher-student relationship will make learning enjoyable and interesting,whereas a bad relationship can discourage the student from learning and make teaching an unpleasant task.
例句用對(duì)比的方法開頭,通過對(duì)比良好的師生關(guān)系對(duì)教與學(xué)產(chǎn)生的積極影響和惡劣的師生關(guān)系產(chǎn)生的不良影響,說明建立良好的師生關(guān)系的重要性。
進(jìn)行定義法
就是對(duì)文章要闡述的主題先下個(gè)定義,或者對(duì)文章題目所用的詞匯、所持的觀點(diǎn)或所提到的事物進(jìn)行定義,然后通過舉例、邏輯推理等方法加以詳細(xì)說明或論述。這種方法的作用就是解釋概念,限定范圍,然后引入正文。應(yīng)該說明的是,文章所下的定義總的來(lái)說應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)練,而且也有別于哲學(xué)意義上的定義。此法常用于說明文和議論文。
1)Psychology is the study of the mind and mental activities.For example,psychologists are interested in why some things make you sad,but others make you happy.They want to know why some people are shy,but others are quite talkative.
2)Self-confidence means the trust in one's own ability.As a very important psychological quality,it brings your creative power,arouses your enthusiasm and helps you overcome difficulties.
例1)文章開篇先給心理學(xué)下定義,接著通過舉例的方法進(jìn)一步解釋這一定義,讓讀者對(duì)心理學(xué)的含義具有準(zhǔn)確的理解。例2)是對(duì)自信進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的定義,然后再展開說明或論述。
其他方法
英語(yǔ)作文開篇的方法還有很多。例如:
1)She views the world through outsized glasses.Her hair is long and flowing. She wears a mini-skirt even in winter.She is the Today girl,the modern teenage girl.
文章開篇對(duì)“她”進(jìn)行了一番描述:她,帶著特大號(hào)眼鏡,長(zhǎng)發(fā)飄飄,甚至在大冬天還穿著迷你裙。一個(gè)新潮的現(xiàn)代女孩的形象躍然紙上。這是以描述人物開篇。
2)There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers,untouched.The second has a great many books—a few of them read through.The third has a few books or many—every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated. 文章開篇把擁有書的人分為三類,然后再詳細(xì)描述這三類人。這是以分類的方法開篇。如何寫好作文的結(jié)尾段
文章的開頭很重要,因?yàn)榫实拈_頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣,文章的結(jié)尾也很重要,好的結(jié)尾會(huì)使讀者對(duì)全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象,可以增添文章的效果和說服力,起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。確切地說,結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想,使讀者加深印象;有時(shí)也用于展望未來(lái),提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。重復(fù)中心思想
回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上,達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。例如:
In conclusion,we should know about the problem of fake commodities,and object to their being sold in the market.Only in this way can we eliminate them completely from the market.
In short,my opinion on this theme is reading selectively.We should learn not only how to select books,but how to select better books.
應(yīng)用引語(yǔ) 用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文
應(yīng)用引語(yǔ) 用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文,既言簡(jiǎn)意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說服力。例如:
This lesson tells us that Rome was not built in one day.We should advance in order and keep patient if we want to get the goal on time.
But once they find a job suiting them best,they'd better stick to it and work hard on it,or else they would get nowhere.As an old saying goes” A rolling stone never gathers mosses.” 用反問結(jié)尾
用反問結(jié)尾 雖然形式是問句,但意義卻是肯定的,具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,引起讀者思考。例如:
Therefore,listening skills must be consciously improved.Since it is such an important means of learning and communication,why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
So,what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health? 提出展望或期望
提出展望或期望 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。例如:
From all the reasons above,we know that great changes had taken place in developing countries.And I believe that in the near future,people in these countries would enjoy the most comfortable life that they have never imagined.
If everyone has developed good manners,people will form a more harmonious relation.If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world.With the general mood of society improved,there willbe a progress of civilization.
幾種典型的英語(yǔ)作文開頭引述方法
Type1引述他人觀點(diǎn)(為提出自己觀點(diǎn)鋪墊)
[1] It is widely(commonly)accepted(hold)+THAT
[2] A widely accepted(commonly)hold idea(point of view,viewpoint,opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP
[3] A/The dominant(prevalent,prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO
[4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)
[5] People(The majority)seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT
[6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ
[7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO
Type2提出異議
[1] However(But),…
[2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable,inappropriate,improper,undesirable,etc;
ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul,etc
[3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2])
[4] However,it is not(quite,necessarily)the case.[5] This(It)is not(quite,necessarily)the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion)
Type3論述的展開:說明原因和理由,層進(jìn),舉例,轉(zhuǎn)折
[1] The reason lies in several aspects,[2] The reason why+clause+[1,underlined]
[3] There are several remarkable reasons.[4] 層進(jìn)in addition,besides,fruthermore,what’s more,on the other hand,meanwhile,for one thing…for another; finally,above all,in short.[5] 舉例for example,for instance,such(general term)as(specific terms),a typical(striking)example is that,a case in point
[6] 轉(zhuǎn)折however,but,nevertheless,on the contrary
[7] 條件if,provided that,unless,as long as,etc
Type4 就…而言;關(guān)于
[1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned
[2] as t the problem as to NP有關(guān)…的問題
Type5問題
[1] Although much effort has been made,the situation is far from satisfactory(or: the problem remains unsolved,little improvement has been achieved)
[2] There is a tendency,as recent study(investigation)has pointed out(shown,revealed,indicated),+THAT
[3] There is growing concern about +NP
[4] It will inevitably(is likely to)result in(lead to)unwanted(serious)consequence(or NP)
[5] Unfortunately,…
[6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.[7] The process,once initiated,is most likely irreversible.[8] We are constantly(frequently)faced with NP
TYPE6重要與必要;(應(yīng))注意與重視
[1] NP1 is of great importance(necessity,value)in NP2(or: NP is of enormous significance)
[2] The importance(necessity)of NP(to do sth.)lies in(the fact)that…
[3] NP1 plays,as is known,an irreplaceably important role in NP2
[4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant(obvous)
[5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2
[6] It is important(necessary)to DO(or:THAT)
[7] Special attention should be pay to …(or: We should pay special attention to…)
[8] What we should take into consideration is +NP
Type7行動(dòng)
[1](immediate,emergent,effective)Measures are being taken(has been taken,should be taken)to DO
[3] We have made much effort,there is still more we need to make(cf.We have learnt a lot,there is much more we need to lea123)
Type8二擇其一
[1] If it were left for me to decide whether(wh-clause),I would,without hesitation,choose+to DO(or: I would prefer the former/the latter)
[2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.[3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.[4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.[5] In fact,we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.[6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely
[7](of two conflicting ideas,concepts)Though conflicting to one another,they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.[8] The benefits of NP are varied…
[9]While disadvantages are unavoidable,it is the advantages that prevail.高考英語(yǔ)作文常見的六種開篇法 1.開門見山,揭示主題 2.交代人物,事件,3.回憶 4.概括 5.介紹環(huán)境 6.交代寫作目的