第一篇：新概念2背誦500遍后的感受

新概念2背誦500遍后的感受

書讀百遍，其意自現(xiàn)?？吹揭晃蝗市终娴膶⑿赂拍?背誦了500遍。這是他的感受，轉過來，希望對大家有點兒參考用處。

據(jù)專家說當背誦的熟練程度達到不經(jīng)思索脫口而出時就產生了所謂的舌尖效應。背誦一篇新概念2的文章大概需要15～20遍左右（本人需要20遍）新3的文章長度和難度都有所增加，可能需要重復更多的次數(shù)。當你能背下來一篇文章時，你會覺得雖然不用看書，能背下來但并不是很熟練，背一句腦子總在想著下一句是什么。這樣的背誦不能起到學好英語的目的。有些人能背下新2新3但總覺得收效甚微，就是因為他沒達到脫口而出的地步。有些人反對用背誦法來學英語因為這沒有什么效果。其實背誦法有沒有效果，要看你是否達到了脫口而出的境地。這時產生了舌尖效應，漢語思維將不在阻礙英語語感和英語思維。你會有一種豁然貫通的感覺。為了證實舌尖效應本人親自做了試驗。首先用網(wǎng)上流傳的循環(huán)背誦大表制定了背誦新概念2的計劃。然后把音頻文件拷入到mp3播放器中反復聽，反復模仿跟讀，每篇文章都要模仿的惟妙惟肖，然后背誦。當背完整本新概念2時，我又在此基礎上將每篇文章背誦了將近500遍左右。終于能在78分鐘之內背完所有文章。每一篇文章都達到了脫口而出的地步。終于產生了舌尖效應，96篇文章背下來并沒經(jīng)過大腦思考，完全是嘴巴和舌頭在起作用，你會有一種和英語融為一體的感覺。連讀，吞音，爆破，語調，節(jié)奏等這些所謂的發(fā)音難點都自然而然的被攻破了。隨便拿一篇英文來讀，你會有一種洋腔洋調讀英文的感覺。聽寫VOA慢速英語時感到前所未有的輕松，只需聽一兩遍就能聽懂，生詞幾乎影響不了我對新聞的理解。此時聽寫VOA不再是以聽懂新聞為目的了，而是以積累詞匯為目的了。因為你聽寫過的生詞，查過字典印象非常深刻。我試聽了VOA標準英語和CNN，語速都能接受，并不覺得快，并且能聽懂一小部分。雖然只有一小部分但我卻有成功的喜悅。我嘗到了背誦法的成功。我總共用了112天。達到了舌尖效應，聽力，口語有了大幅度上升。而在此之前，我根本聽不懂VOA，口語也只會說幾句日常用語。112天讓我有一種脫胎換骨的感覺。我終于明白了為何許多英語專家和大師們都推崇背誦法學英語，這確實是比較快的方法。傳統(tǒng)的學習法：單詞＋語法＋閱讀＋做題對考試有些用處，但我用此法學了近10年英語卻一無所成。要提高英語水平首先要打通兩關：耳朵和嘴巴。最好的方法就是聽說結合。不要忘了“聽”這個字左邊是一個“口”。聽和說是不分家的。要提高聽力必然要說，要隨心所欲說也必須要不斷聽。要記住聽的時候要一句一句模仿，播音員怎么說你怎么說，要練的盡可能和播音員相近。不要理會所說的句子是什么含義，更不要去翻譯。你所做的就是鸚鵡學舌。要以句子為單位，不要以段落為單位。當聽力水平提高了才可一段落為單位模仿，復述。你覺得老外語速快是因為你的嘴巴不能以這樣快的速度來說，能看懂得文章卻聽不懂，是因為你不能像老外那樣正確的讀這篇文章。你讀的文章和老外對比會發(fā)現(xiàn)，你讀的不對，沒有掌握發(fā)音技巧，尤其是連讀，爆破音，省音，節(jié)奏等。如果你讀的和老外一樣正確，你可能不可能聽不懂呢？記?。耗隳苷_說出來的，讓老外讀給你聽，你也能聽懂。你能以多快速度來說英語，你的耳朵就能接受多快的語速。聽力還有一個難點就是你對常用單詞和短語的反應速度。用我說的方法邊聽，邊模仿再背誦就可以突破這個難點。我只所以能聽懂VOA慢速英語，是因為500遍的模仿背誦，使我對新2的掌握程度達到了“化”的地步。新2中的都是常用的單詞，短語和句型。而VOA慢速英語常用詞匯，短語和句型，大多數(shù)都包含在新2中了，因此聽懂就容易了。原先做listen to this的題覺得挺難，現(xiàn)在覺得并不難了。我心目中最好的英語教材有：新概念，listen to this ,Oral WorkShop，走遍美國。我要用我的方法循序漸進將他們都學透，我有信心我能成為英語的主人，而不是英語的奴隸。最后介紹兩種方法，來克服厭學，浮躁的心態(tài)。有不少人不能堅持到底學英語最后只能放棄，主要是心態(tài)浮躁，急于求成。學習效果不明顯。要克服也不難。我是這樣做的：我在網(wǎng)上下載了一些有關成功人士學習英語的勵志文章。他們的故事令我感動。每當我學累了，堅持不下去了，我就會讀一讀這些文章。讀完之后，敬佩之感油然而生，一股巨大的動力激勵我繼續(xù)學下去。還有一種方法就是互相激勵。找一些志同道合的朋友一起學，學不下去時互相鼓勵。也可在網(wǎng)上找一些愛好英語的朋友，大家互相鼓勵，互相幫助學好英語。自我激勵也是一種方法，但效果不如上述兩種方法。112天的堅持就是用了上邊的方法。最后祝愿大家人人都能成為英語的主人。

背誦新概念的正確方法和體會http://004km.cn 2009-3-9 15:46:29 來源: 綜合 新概念作為風靡全球的經(jīng)典教材，看到大家對它如此的熱情，我無比的感動，可見到各位學習它的方法，作為已經(jīng)“背”完新概念全四冊的我，又深表憂慮。兩年前，我也是新概念的忠實追隨者，買齊全套后，恨不得一個月就把它全部學完，先后嘗試過很多的方法，比如聽說讀寫最傳統(tǒng)的方法，提的最多的在理解的基礎上背誦全文的方法，逆向法等等，可拼命學了半年后收獲甚微，期間我不止一次的問自己，大家公認的好教材，為什么就沒有多大的進展呢？傳統(tǒng)的方法背誦大量的課文后效果并不見好的例子也數(shù)不勝數(shù)，后來在一個新東方的講座中我突然醒悟，英語不是用來學的，也不是靠大腦的去背誦就行，英語是一種語言，而不是一門學問，征服它唯一的辦法就是機械的操練，直至拖口而出；從那后我徹底改變了觀念，就一條：大聲的機械的操練。具體操作很簡單，在讀每一篇課文前先把單詞讀熟，然后就反復的讀課文，直到封上書能拖口而出后再理解課文的意思，先讀爛后理解的順序非常重要，然后就把那頁撕了仍掉，再繼續(xù)下一課，這種用嘴機械的操練與用腦背誦有本質的區(qū)別，雖然結果都差不多，最后都能復述完全課文，但效果是天壤之別。

1：讀的次數(shù)完全不同：背誦第二冊一篇課文一般讀二十遍就可以了，記憶好的也就讀十遍足以，但要靠嘴脫口而出的話至少要200遍以上

2：培養(yǎng)語感的效果完全不同：當你在用傳統(tǒng)的方法背誦課文的時候一般先對課文的中文意思有個全面的了解，然后完全是根據(jù)對課文的中文理解再逐步的記憶英文，這樣長久下去你永遠逃不出漢語的干擾，永遠學不會真正的純英語思維，在以后閱讀和聽英語時你自然也會有一個英譯漢的過程，特別是聽又快又長的篇章和閱讀大量文章時無法提速，如果你從一開始讀英文時就養(yǎng)成了避開中文意思，純英文思維的話，雖然初期有點困難，久而久之就能培養(yǎng)真正的英語語感和思維。

3：能否掌握新概念的真正精髓：很多人都認為新概念的精髓是它課文的內容，于是花了花了大量的工夫在理解的基礎上背誦英語，理解的基礎上說白了就是依賴中文的過程，并且還提倡什么循環(huán)記憶法，把新概念所有的課文內容都記得很牢，說白了也是把漢語意思了如指掌，其實很不然，那些優(yōu)美的故事根本就不是最重要的，你不可能在每次和人交流時就是把新概念的課文內容背給對方，重要的是能否系統(tǒng)的培養(yǎng)你的語感和英語思維，當你對每篇課文不是靠記憶，而是反復的操練到拖口而出后，隨著時間的推移就算內容都忘記了根本就不重要，因為你的語感和英語思維習慣在操練的過程中培養(yǎng)起來了，所以說新概念的經(jīng)典不是說它的課文內容很重要，而是能系統(tǒng)的培養(yǎng)的你的語感和英語思維習慣，而培養(yǎng)習慣的唯一辦法就是瘋狂的操練，機械般的操練，而不是靠記住新概念課文的意思，當然，每篇課文操練到拖口而出后也要大概了解一下大概意思。

4：優(yōu)缺點：傳統(tǒng)的背誦方法背得確實要快一點，而機械操練要費時間的多，特別是第三冊后面的課文，有些要瘋狂機械操練一星期后才能拿下，同時，當你的能力提高后在繼續(xù)操練下一遍課文時難免會在腦海中浮出本文中文意思，千萬要記住抑制它的出現(xiàn)，此時讀時最好分點心思在機械操練到拖口而出前最好對課文的中文意思一點都不要了解，以免影響英語思維的習慣，先讀后理解和先理解后讀的順序特別重要。

5：總結：“熟讀唐詩三百首，不會做詩也會吟”里面強調的也是熟讀，而不是靠記憶背誦，很多人都背過新概念或別的教材，時間和精力花了很多，可最后效果還是提不上去，就算他循環(huán)再背，也最多把新概念的內容記住了，而語感效果并不好，并且在閱讀和聽英語時默默養(yǎng)成了英譯漢的毛病，閱讀和聽力永遠就不能更進一步的提速和提高，因為他在閱讀和聽的時候會過分的注意單個詞含義，但如果你的英語思維上去了就算有不少的生詞和詞組你照樣可以順利的繼續(xù)讀下去和聽下去，因為你已沒有英譯漢的習慣了。

當我的書撕到第三冊30課的時候我四級就過?四冊也基本撕完了,前幾冊課文的中文大概意思也忘了不少，但深知英語水平比身邊那些靠傳統(tǒng)背誦，課文內容記得倒深刻的同學強許多，四冊完了后我準備用同樣的方法機李陽的一本磁帶法，只要你的語感和英語思維習慣養(yǎng)成了，根本就不存在聽力的問題，一盤VOA足以讓你了解到所有連讀，吞音等習慣。

tiredjason一個新概念3冊背完60篇白癡的最終體會

在網(wǎng)上看得一個神奇故事后，我有種沖動開始背誦新概念3。隨之，開始頭暈地懸的戰(zhàn)斗3冊。

首先我必須先講的背誦后帶給我的好處：

1我認為他改變了你的記憶力，加強了很多。

我第1天背了1篇，這是由于我的計劃是1天一篇，可是閉上眼睛背了10遍就睡了，可能還夢見PUMA了。隨后，第2天照樣，背13 EQUALS 1用時少了很多，我歸納為那課短句多好背，我掌握1點背的技巧，而且背的時候專心了，第3天無名女神背了更少的時間，然后睡覺了，失眠，喝茶喝多了，結果沒睡著，起來背下篇ALF那傻子的故事，然后關燈，躺床上想睡，以為背課文就跟數(shù)山羊似的，結果背了幾遍，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)背得不錯了，又下篇THE FACTS 又關燈 又背熟 直到5點30分背到7課MUTILATED LADIES 1天我居然背了5篇課文，神奇啊，看了看別人的帖子說什么增加腦皮什么呢，反正是增加了記憶。不過到后面我又慢下來了，學業(yè)很重，加之課文加難，長度也大了。有的時候2天一篇吧，再慢的時候沒有過了，不過天天我都復習，我一開始是全部復習以前，后來多了，背1遍時間得花很長，是13579 第2天246810 然后又是11 13。那么復習的，我知道可能不是最佳，但是可能是最適合我的。

2背誦帶給我語法的進步，以前我語法很次，背著背著，我居然成了我們班最哈好的了

3背誦帶給我語感上的進步，外國語言邏輯和中國語言邏輯有很大差異，背誦中慢慢的無形的提高了這方面的能力。有人提倡看中文翻譯成英文那么背，我絕對說不，我背誦中從來沒背過中文，我說夠中文和英文的排列的順序有很大的差異，你看著中文那么背，無疑是放棄了一個背誦新概念的最大成果，就是背誦中無形的改變了你的英語，也就是說背誦帶來了 意境英語，不想中文而背出來，就是想故事情節(jié)，不想固有根深蒂固的中文，一個人口語差的原因有一大部分就是這個，你要是實戰(zhàn)中口語，先想中文再翻譯成英文，必然是不現(xiàn)實的，這就跟你早晨遇見老外 說GOOD MORNING似的 不需要想就說出來，真正的口語者是由心而出的英語，無需經(jīng)過個中文的過程，如果經(jīng)歷一個中文的過程，你必然口語很次。以前我就是這樣的人，心中詞匯很多，發(fā)音也還好，相對而言，但比我那些詞匯和發(fā)音差的人口語還次，不能坎坎而談，表現(xiàn)得遇見一個TOPIC沒什么可說的，不是我本身沒想法，試問一個英文的TOPIC你能用中文聊幾分鐘而英語呢？也許不能象母語似的，能說那么多吧。個人認為背誦吧，背誦時候你想著故事的情節(jié)，但但偏偏又不想出那句中國話，然后你無形的鍛煉的那種母語本能，由心而發(fā)，這是我覺得他帶給我的巨大變化之1

4提高理念。背誦新概念其實詞匯短語句型固然提高，但是很有一種很難說清楚的東西，就是外國人看物的本質，也可以說是邏輯關系，我說不清楚反正你看東西是這樣的，外國人角度和你不同，對了我想補充1點，新3新4的背誦者，如果你沒看過1，2，應該好好花工夫看1下，里面有大量的有趣的故事，當然不是為了看故事，是為了學習一種中國人很少見的外國式幽默，我不舉例子了。

5提高聽力。聽力里面有3個關鍵問題，第一單詞短語句型數(shù)量，第二發(fā)音包括連讀重音，第3就是句子分析，中國學生最怕的一是連讀，二就是定語從句，當你長期背誦新概念中無疑提高你的1，2，3項能力，尤其當你背下來以后聽個幾十遍，你的感覺會很好，聽起來很容易，這樣比固有的精聽，或者直接參與聽力提高了很大的動力，興趣，如果你聽你沒聽過的內容，你會很快就煩的，也許是因為我是個完美主義者吧，經(jīng)過數(shù)遍聽我還聽不清楚沒句話，我會產生厭惡感。個人認為無論是怎么聽，精聽，泛聽，或者看著聽，背完了聽，都可以對聽力有所提高！

6氣息。這點不是關鍵，由于我背課文是沒感情的背，背得很快，啪啦啪啦的背，我感覺氣息有所很大的提高。我之所以沒有忽略這點進步，是因為我國播音員最早有個快速朗讀的訓練方法，如果你能1分鐘300個字，那么你的氣息足夠1分鐘能說200個字。會很輕松的，個人提倡口語交流時候慢！

7毅力，沒什么說的，背完你就知道！

質疑點：

1背如此多的書面課文，必然影響你的口語簡練性，和口語性。

2背如此多的書面課文，是否忽略了口語，人類最早產生的是口語??！，隨之才有了文字，無疑口語是外語學習者首要目標，而書面語，寫作是沒有口語重要，文體的問題！可以說2，3，4不是口語文體，而是書面文體，跟口語或者口頭表達任務不太樣，第1冊是口語的，但這種對話形式下的課文如此之簡單！說得很好新概念1冊是英語的奠基石，但我認為如果有新概念第5冊 也應該以口語為主，對話，演講等等！

第二篇：新概念二背誦500遍后的感受[范文模版]

免費？宅在家學英語？怎么報名？

最牛英語口語培訓模式：躺在家里練口語，全程外教一對一，三個月暢談無阻！

洛基英語，免費體驗全部在線一對一課程：（報名網(wǎng)址）

許多大師在學習語言時都選擇了背誦這一手段。背誦需要人耐得住乏味、也需要有足夠的耐心和毅力，這個方法雖然簡單、卻要你付出大把時間。那么背誦究竟能不能對英語學習起到作用？下面就跟大家分享一篇網(wǎng)上的文章，它應該已經(jīng)震撼和激勵了不少人，希望對你也有所啟示。

據(jù)專家說當背誦的熟練程度達到不經(jīng)思索脫口而出時就產生了所謂的舌尖效應。背誦一篇新概念2的文章大概需要15-20遍左右（本人需要20遍），新3的文章長度和難度都有所增加，可能需要重復更多的次數(shù)。當你能背下來一篇文章時，你會覺得雖然不用看書，能背下來但并不是很熟練，背一句腦子總在想著下一句是什么。這樣的背誦不能起到學好英語的目的。有些人能背下新2新3但總覺得收效甚微，就是因為他沒達到脫口而出的地步。有些人反對用背誦法來學英語因為這沒有什么效果。其實背誦法有沒有效果，要看你是否達到了脫口而出的境地。這時產生了舌尖效應，漢語思維將不再阻礙英語語感和英語思維，你會有一種豁然貫通的感覺。

為了證實舌尖效應，本人親自做了試驗。首先用網(wǎng)上流傳的循環(huán)背誦大表制定了背誦新概念2的計劃。然后把音頻文件拷入到mp3播放器中反復聽，反復模仿跟讀，每篇文章都要模仿得惟妙惟肖，然后背誦。當背完整本新概念2時，我又在此基礎上將每篇文章背誦了將近500遍左右，終于能在78分鐘之內背完所有文章。每一篇文章都達到了脫口而出的地步，產生了舌尖效應，96篇文章背下來并沒經(jīng)過大腦思考，完全是嘴巴和舌頭在起作用，你會有一種和英語融為一體的感覺。連讀、吞音、爆破、語調、節(jié)奏等這些所謂的發(fā)音難點都自然而然的被攻破了。隨便拿一篇英文來讀，你會有一種洋腔洋調讀英文的感覺。聽寫VOA慢速英語時感到前所未有的輕松，只需聽一兩遍就能聽懂，生詞幾乎影響不了我對新聞的理解。此時聽寫VOA不再是以聽懂新聞洛基英語是中國英語培訓市場上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被驗證的東方人英語學習的最佳模式。洛基英語是中國專業(yè)在線英語培訓機構，通過電話英語、視頻英語與外教一對一的模式提高學員英語口語水平，提供英語口語培訓，成人英語培訓，商務英語培訓，企業(yè)英語培訓等課程。

免費？宅在家學英語？怎么報名？

為目的了，而是以積累詞匯為目的了。因為你聽寫過的生詞，查過字典印象非常深刻。我試聽了VOA標準英語和CNN，語速都能接受，并不覺得快，并且能聽懂一小部分。雖然只有一小部分但我卻有成功的喜悅。我嘗到了背誦法的成功。我總共用了112天。達到了舌尖效應，聽力、口語有了大幅度上升。而在此之前，我根本聽不懂VOA，口語也只會說幾句日常用語，112天讓我有一種脫胎換骨的感覺。我終于明白了為何許多英語專家和大師們都推崇背誦法學英語，這確實是比較快的方法。

傳統(tǒng)的學習法：單詞＋語法＋閱讀＋做題對考試有些用處，但我用此法學了近10年英語卻一無所成。要提高英語水平首先要打通兩關：耳朵和嘴巴。最好的方法就是聽說結合。不要忘了“聽”這個字左邊是一個“口”。聽和說是不分家的。要提高聽力必然要說，要隨心所欲說也必須要不斷聽。記住聽的時候要一句一句模仿，播音員怎么說你怎么說，要練的盡可能和播音員相近。不要理會所說的句子是什么含義，更不要去翻譯，你所做的就是鸚鵡學舌。要以句子為單位，不要以段落為單位。當聽力水平提高了才可以段落為單位模仿、復述。你覺得老外語速快是因為你的嘴巴不能以這樣快的速度來說，能看得懂文章卻聽不懂，是因為你不能像老外那樣正確地讀這篇文章。你讀的文章和老外對比會發(fā)現(xiàn)，你讀得不對，沒有掌握發(fā)音技巧，尤其是連讀、爆破音、省音、節(jié)奏等。如果你讀得和老外一樣正確，你可不可能聽不懂呢？記?。耗隳苷_說出來，讓老外讀給你聽，你也能聽懂。你能以多快速度來說英語，你的耳朵就能接受多快的語速。聽力還有一個難點就是你對常用單詞和短語的反應速度。用我說的方法邊聽、邊模仿再背誦就可以突破這個難點。我之所以能聽懂VOA慢速英語，是因為500遍的模仿背誦，使我對新2的掌握程度達到了“化”的地步。新2中都是常用的單詞、短語和句型，而VOA慢速英語常用詞匯、短語和句型，大多數(shù)都包含在新2中了，因此聽懂就容易了。原先做listen to this的題覺得挺難，現(xiàn)在覺得并不難了。

洛基英語是中國英語培訓市場上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被驗證的東方人英語學習的最佳模式。洛基英語是中國專業(yè)在線英語培訓機構，通過電話英語、視頻英語與外教一對一的模式提高學員英語口語水平，提供英語口語培訓，成人英語培訓，商務英語培訓，企業(yè)英語培訓等課程。

免費？宅在家學英語？怎么報名？

最后介紹兩種方法，來克服厭學、浮躁的心態(tài)。有不少人不能堅持到底學英語，最后只能放棄，主要是心態(tài)浮躁、急于求成，學習效果不明顯。要克服也不難。我是這樣做的：我在網(wǎng)上下載了一些有關成功人士學習英語的勵志文章，他們的故事令我感動。每當我學累了，堅持不下去了，就會讀一讀這些文章。讀完之后，敬佩之感油然而生，一股巨大的動力激勵我繼續(xù)學下去。還有一種方法就是互相激勵。找一些志同道合的朋友一起學，學不下去時互相鼓勵。也可在網(wǎng)上找一些愛好英語的朋友，大家互相鼓勵，互相幫助學好英語。自我激勵也是一種方法，但效果不如上述兩種。112天的堅持就是用了上邊的方法。最后祝愿大家人人都能成為英語的主人。

洛基英語是中國英語培訓市場上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被驗證的東方人英語學習的最佳模式。洛基英語是中國專業(yè)在線英語培訓機構，通過電話英語、視頻英語與外教一對一的模式提高學員英語口語水平，提供英語口語培訓，成人英語培訓，商務英語培訓，企業(yè)英語培訓等課程。

第三篇：新概念二背誦500遍后的感受

免費？宅在家學英語？怎么報名？

最牛英語口語培訓模式：躺在家里練口語，全程外教一對一，三個月暢談無阻！

洛基英語，免費體驗全部在線一對一課程： http://004km.cnN，語速都能接受，并不覺得快，并且能聽懂一小部分。雖然只有一小部分但我卻有成功的喜悅。我嘗到了背誦法的成功。我總共用了112天。達到了舌尖效應，聽力、口語有了大幅度上升。而在此之前，我根本聽不懂VOA，口語也只會說幾句日常用語，112天讓我有一種脫胎換骨的感覺。我終于明白了為何許多英語專家和大師們都推崇背誦法學英語，這確實是比較快的方法。

傳統(tǒng)的學習法：單詞＋語法＋閱讀＋做題對考試有些用處，但我用此法學了近10年英語卻一無所成。要提高英語水平首先要打通兩關：耳朵和嘴巴。最好的方法就是聽說結合。不要忘了“聽”這個字左邊是一個“口”。聽和說是不分家的。要提高聽力必然要說，要隨心所欲說也必須要不斷聽。記住聽的時候要一句一句模仿，播音員怎么說你怎么說，要練的盡可能和播音員相近。不要理會所說的句子是什么含義，更不要去翻譯，你所做的就是鸚鵡學舌。要以句子為單位，不要以段落為單位。當聽力水平提高了才可以段落為單位模仿、復述。你覺得老外語速快是因為你的嘴巴不能以這樣快的速度來說，能看得懂文章卻聽不懂，是因為你不能像老外那樣正確地讀這篇文章。你讀的文章和老外對比會發(fā)現(xiàn)，你讀得不對，沒有掌握發(fā)音技巧，尤其是連讀、爆破音、省音、節(jié)奏等。如果你讀得和老外一樣正確，你可不可能聽不懂呢？記住：你能正確說出來，讓老外讀給你聽，你也能聽懂。你能以多快速度來說英語，你的耳朵就能接受多快的語速。聽力還洛基英語是中國英語培訓市場上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被驗證的東方人英語學習的最佳模式。洛基英語是中國專業(yè)在線英語培訓機構，通過電話英語、視頻英語與外教一對一的模式提高學員英語口語水平，提供英語口語培訓，成人英語培訓，商務英語培訓，企業(yè)英語培訓等課程。

免費？宅在家學英語？怎么報名？

有一個難點就是你對常用單詞和短語的反應速度。用我說的方法邊聽、邊模仿再背誦就可以突破這個難點。我之所以能聽懂VOA慢速英語，是因為500遍的模仿背誦，使我對新2的掌握程度達到了“化”的地步。新2中都是常用的單詞、短語和句型，而VOA慢速英語常用詞匯、短語和句型，大多數(shù)都包含在新2中了，因此聽懂就容易了。原先做listen to this的題覺得挺難，現(xiàn)在覺得并不難了。

最后介紹兩種方法，來克服厭學、浮躁的心態(tài)。有不少人不能堅持到底學英語，最后只能放棄，主要是心態(tài)浮躁、急于求成，學習效果不明顯。要克服也不難。我是這樣做的：我在網(wǎng)上下載了一些有關成功人士學習英語的勵志文章，他們的故事令我感動。每當我學累了，堅持不下去了，就會讀一讀這些文章。讀完之后，敬佩之感油然而生，一股巨大的動力激勵我繼續(xù)學下去。還有一種方法就是互相激勵。找一些志同道合的朋友一起學，學不下去時互相鼓勵。也可在網(wǎng)上找一些愛好英語的朋友，大家互相鼓勵，互相幫助學好英語。自我激勵也是一種方法，但效果不如上述兩種。112天的堅持就是用了上邊的方法。最后祝愿大家人人都能成為英語的主人。

洛基英語是中國英語培訓市場上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被驗證的東方人英語學習的最佳模式。洛基英語是中國專業(yè)在線英語培訓機構，通過電話英語、視頻英語與外教一對一的模式提高學員英語口語水平，提供英語口語培訓，成人英語培訓，商務英語培訓，企業(yè)英語培訓等課程。

免費？宅在家學英語？怎么報名？

“成千上萬人瘋狂下載。。。

更多價值連城的絕密英語學習資料，洛基內部秘密英語，技巧，策略

請在 網(wǎng)上 申請報名”

洛基英語是中國英語培訓市場上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被驗證的東方人英語學習的最佳模式。洛基英語是中國專業(yè)在線英語培訓機構，通過電話英語、視頻英語與外教一對一的模式提高學員英語口語水平，提供英語口語培訓，成人英語培訓，商務英語培訓，企業(yè)英語培訓等課程。

第四篇：背誦新概念心得體會

背誦新概念心得體會（轉）

看到大家那么熱烈地討論背誦新概念，不禁有一點湊湊熱鬧的沖動。

我本人學習英語新概念四已經(jīng)有很多年了，從1997年把老版本的NC4作為閱讀材料，到1999年5月決心

背誦它，直到2004年才真正意義上的將NC4背熟（能把新版本48篇文章連續(xù)串背兩個多小時背完，基本不

出現(xiàn)大的錯誤）。歷時有7，8年的光景。期間經(jīng)歷了多少的探索，苦悶辛酸，興奮，激情，迷狂，淡泊，總之學習新概念的過程也是我對學習英語一個探索思考的過程進而也是我的對自我教育乃至整個人生一種

感受至深、啟我思考的體驗。背誦新概念4給我的一點點看得到得回報是，我的4、6級考試都是在沒有專

門進行考前訓練的情況下考出了比較好的成績，4級94，6級92分。研究生英語考試88分（用背NC4的方法，選背了朱泰祺老先生的考研復習指南，作過少量的真題）。真正的回報卻遠不止于此。由于時間關系，我不能談得很詳細，只能很簡單地談談我背NC4的一點點歷程。

1、最開始，1999年5月－8月。大躍進似的激情——打算三個月搞定NC4。實際上三個月過去了，真正背過的文章也只有10多篇，而隨時能脫口而出的就僅有2、3篇了。大多背過的文章，都是模模糊糊不知所云了。那段時間具體投入的時間是很集中的，用的是李陽的方法，記得當時很多天晚上夢話都是背的英文，怎么效果會如此差呢？感覺打擊太大。2、1999－2001年，彷徨、懷疑的階段。嘗試了很多其他的方法，但學習焦點自問并沒有聚在NC4上。也還在背NC4，但是，陷入了背了忘，忘了又背，背了后面忘了前面的怪圈。能夠勉勉強強背下10多課，能隨時脫口而出的僅有5，6篇。只有安慰自己，因為是工科學生，并沒有太多時間花在英語上。3、2002年，充滿轉機的一年。這年的寒假，即2002年2月我沒回家在北京新東方學校學習GRE，說實在的GRE培訓讓我多多少少對新東方有些失望，但是在寒假的系列講座卻對我很有影響。第一，我發(fā)現(xiàn)江博在講座中引背新概念四的幾段還沒有我背得熟，背得標準。對自己背新概念又有了些許的信心。第二，杜子華老師演講時，講了學英語的幾大原則。對我很有啟發(fā)，覺得背新概念四也需要以興趣引導順序。第三，俞敏洪演講中提到的學習英語初期就是“精深遠大于博大”。讓我不得不反思，我在背NC4中是不是真正做到了。另外，北外的熊德蘭教授，讓我知道“課文”的真正涵義。鐘道隆老師讓我知道習慣的力量，還有聽寫是一種最不易疲勞的綜合學習。（這里都不作展開講）仔細研究NC4，發(fā)現(xiàn)內容也并不多，不過750句。按李陽的比較機械的方法，一天2句話一年也就搞定了。何況，每篇文章都是一個和諧統(tǒng)一的整體，邏輯結構都很嚴謹，文字又是瑯瑯上口，優(yōu)美異常，相當多的文章還和現(xiàn)實生活息息相關，更易于記憶。經(jīng)過一番思考，決定再下決心背誦NC4。并且規(guī)定自己，在這個較長的階段學習英語就是簡單的一件事——背誦NC4,學習英語＝背誦NC4＋大量泛讀自己想獲得信息的英文資料。目標明確了，給自己一個最低的標準，即每天最少2句NC4的句子。4、2003－2004年，完善方法的階段。一位在新東方兼職作老師的同學與我聊到新概念四，我給他背了幾課，覺得我確實比較熟。突然，他叫我把背過的文章一句一句翻譯成中文，并講解一番。我立馬伸嘴結舌。每一句的意思都無比清楚，但是用中文恰如其分地翻譯確實有很大問題。這時候，我才深切地體會到，學習NC4重在文化理解與文字翻譯上。于是，在背誦的同時，仔細品味譯文翻譯，進行英漢快速互譯，并且舉一反三進行造句或者復述，再把它們用在日常生活中就變成我消化背誦的主要方法了（當然，這時我開始背誦中文譯文了）。有趣的是，最終得出結論——“當教新概念四的英語老師”是促進你學習及活背NC4的最好方法。從這一點講，“在新東方得到最大培養(yǎng)和提高的主要是教師而非學生”，這種評價我是深以為然的。又一次，新東方學員的新概念班結課時有一個背誦大賽，我碰巧觀摩了一下，我發(fā)現(xiàn)能連續(xù)背誦5課以上的學員幾乎沒有。我自己試了試，也就能連續(xù)選背最熟的文章10多篇，其他的或多或少需要復習一些時間。于是，開始了連續(xù)5課串背的訓練。這樣在2004年的10月終于有了連續(xù)串背整本書的成績。死記是伴隨著活用的，這樣死記才會記的牢、記得有生命。活用沒有死記，總歸是無源之水，無根之木。如果沒有那個“一”，又談何舉一反三，聞一而知十，一通百通，萬法歸一呢？廣闊的生活空間就是你活用的場所是你體驗的場所。在沒有語言環(huán)境的情況下學習外語，“先死后活”的方法無疑是比較可行的“捷徑”。

5、現(xiàn)在，背誦NC4已經(jīng)不是最初所認識的那種——一個快捷的學習方法，已經(jīng)切切實實成了我的一種生活方式。每天晚上是在背誦NC4的過程中昏昏入睡，起床時是在背誦NC4的激情中度過。在看落日時會情不自禁背誦“beauty”，當不得不面臨必須要做的事情時對自己背一段“hobby”、“how to grow old”。在無數(shù)等車，坐車，閑暇的零碎時間，我可以根據(jù)自己的喜好選背一段NC4的文章。其實，時間已經(jīng)過去7、8年了，也談不上是什么快捷了。但一切都慢慢變得自然，變得沒有刻意和偏執(zhí)（讓我又不得不想到第11課）。并且我知道我這一生都會不斷地背誦它、咀嚼它、品味它。學習英文的高一點的境界應該是，英文如同空氣與水，你根本意識不到它的存在，但你無時無刻不在使用它，用它傳遞思想、情感、知識信息。并且使用的熟練程度和習慣與母語沒有多大的區(qū)別。我們在這種環(huán)境中嗎？我們在主動營造這種環(huán)境并嘗試成為自己的生活方式嗎？現(xiàn)在想一想，有言道“讀書先需識字”，NC4不過是碰巧成為那部英文識字書罷了。真正的讀書道路還很長很長。建議聽錄音選擇英版的，在你買《新概念》時配套的磁帶就是英版，而且這是經(jīng)典錄音。我聽的是美版的，但個人認為英版的好。除非你想學美式發(fā)音。

對于《新概念》的學習，首先要告訴你的是一定要下苦功夫，不能嫌煩，堅持下去。而且要從第一冊開始學起，這樣對于你以后的學習會有好處的。相對來說，第一冊簡單一些，基本上是一些日常對話，或者簡單的敘述性短文。別看簡單，如果你能脫口而出的話，就已經(jīng)相當了不起了，而且，對于第二、三、四冊的改寫范文，能夠打下堅實的基礎。背誦二、三、四冊全文，理解性的去記憶，無須一字不落，你學英文的目的是為了能夠表達思想，而不是單純的背誦。機械式的背誦只能讓你打擊自信，失敗得更快。要理解性的去背誦，當明白課文的意思時，就要學會去改寫它，把范文中所有的文章改寫為自己的事情，讓自己成為第一人，而不是一個閱讀者。這樣，你的記憶才能深刻，才能積累語言，迅速的表達思想。書后的練習一定要做，同樣也是改寫成自己的事情，虛擬一個自己從未做過的事情也可以。只有理解性的記憶才是自己真實擁有的，別“傻背”。磁帶要天天聽，早、中、晚，各一次。就像你聽流行歌曲一樣，聽多了，記憶自然就深刻了。剛開始，要逐詞逐句的聽，聽出來的要默寫出來，不要看書。利用詞典去查每個單詞的音標、注解。自己寫出中文解釋，不要看書。最后都寫出來了，再和書上對照。準確無誤后，就去跟隨錄音大聲的朗讀，直到語氣、發(fā)音和錄音相同為止。要保證聽完的磁帶每隔5－7天就重新聽一遍。邊聽邊跟著說。每天不要過多的記憶，有5句話足以，多了什么也記不住，不要去考慮進度，當你對英語有了感覺后，速度是突飛猛進的。心不要太急，戒驕戒躁，就像一個人猛吸一口氣，他可以跑得很快，但他永遠跑不遠。就是這個道理。再背書時，每次都把要被的內容寫出來，再和原書去對照，拿著你默寫的去背。你的書翻得越少越好！磁帶越多聽越好。不要平凡更換教材，如果你下決心學《新概念》了，就把它學到底。用不著4冊都學完的時候，你就已經(jīng)能夠輕松閱讀英文原著了。平時還要多注意創(chuàng)造語言環(huán)境，只要有英文的就看，是英文的就聽。這樣量變才能達到質變。開口說很重要，有朋友一起練更好，沒有的話就自己嘮叨，自己和自己對話。扮演書中的角色。

第五篇：新概念優(yōu)美英文背誦短文50篇

Unit1:The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.Unit2:Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.2

Unit3:The Defini tion of Price Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ―price‖, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.Unit4:Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.4

Unit5:The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.5

Unit6:Television Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visi sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.6

Unit7:Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.7

Unit8:American Revolution The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.8

Unit9:Suburbanization If by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.9

Unit10:Types of Speech Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.10

Unit12:Museums From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs.These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhereor selling off-works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems.And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however,“ the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.11

Unit14:A Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis.The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal.In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.12

Unit15:The Nobel Academy For the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal.But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within.Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself.According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes.”

The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences.This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek.If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.13 Unit16:The War between Britain and France In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America.In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France.All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies.France sought total domination of Europe.this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;through treaties.Britain built coalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO)guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts.These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths;France was predominant on land, Britain at sea.The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces.Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe.As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.14

Unit17:Evolution of Sleep Sleep is very ancient.In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep.In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep.The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones.But why should they sleep deeply at all Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little.There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean.Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case.It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals.This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.15

Unit18:Modern American Universities Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modern universities.The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars.Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class.Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study.The notion of major fields of study emerged.The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world.Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime.Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.18現(xiàn)代美國大學

19世紀50年代以前美國有一些小的學院，大多數(shù)成立于殖民時期。它們是與教會掛鉤的小機構，主要目的是培養(yǎng)學生的道德品行。當時在歐洲各地，高等教育機構已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來，用的是一個古老的名稱--大學。

德國已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種不同類型的大學。德國大學關心的主要是創(chuàng)造知識和傳播知識，而不是道德教育。從世紀中葉到世紀末，有9000多名美國青年因不滿國內所受的教育而赴德深造。他們中的一些人回國后成為一些知名學府--哈佛、耶魯、哥倫比亞的校長并且把這些學府轉變成了現(xiàn)代意義的大學。

新校長們斷絕了和教會的關系，聘請了新型的教職員，聘用教授根據(jù)的是他們在學科方面的知識，而不是正確的信仰和約束學生的強硬手段。

新的原則是大學既要傳播知識也要創(chuàng)造知識。這就需要由學者型老師組成教工隊伍?？克烙浻脖澈妥鼍毩晛韺W習的方法變?yōu)榈聡降闹v解方法。德 國式的講解就是由教授講授自己的研究課題。通過研究生性質的學習可以獲得表明最高學術造詣的古老的德國學位--博士學位。

隨著討論課制度的建立，研究生們學會了提問、分析以及開展他們自己的研究。同時，新式大學學校規(guī)模和課程設臵完全突破了過去那種只

有數(shù)學、經(jīng)典著作、美學和音樂的狹窄課程表。哈佛大學的校長率先推出選課制度，這樣學生們就能選擇自己的專業(yè)。主修領域的概念也出現(xiàn)了。新的目標是使大學對實際社會更有用。

密切關注著社會上的實際需求，新的大學著意培養(yǎng)學生解決問題的能力。工程系學生成為新式教育體制下最典型的學生。學生們還被培訓成為經(jīng)濟學家、建筑師、農學家、社會工作人員以及教師。

Unit19:Children s Numerical Skills people appear to born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware.Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction.It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.Of course, the truth is not so simple.This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.Children were observed as they slowly grasped-----or, as the case might be, bumped into-----concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one.Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total.Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers------the idea of a oneness，a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table-----is itself far from innate 18

19兒童的數(shù)學能力

人似乎生來就會計算。孩子們使用數(shù)字的技能發(fā)展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易讓人想象有一個內在的精確而成熟的數(shù)字鐘在指導他們的成長。

孩子們在學會走路和說話后不久，就能以令人驚嘆的準確布臵桌子--五把椅子前面分別擺上一把刀、一個湯匙、一把叉子。很快地，他們就能知道他們已在桌面上擺放了五把刀、五個湯匙、五把叉子。沒有多久，他們就又能知道這些東西加起來總共是15把銀餐具。

如此這般地掌握了加法之后，他們又轉向減法。有一種設想幾乎順理成章，那就是，即使一個孩子一出生就被隔絕到荒島

上，七年后返回世間，也能直接上小學二年級的數(shù)學課，而不會碰到任何智力調整方面的大麻煩。當然，事實并沒有這么簡單。

本世紀認知心理學家的工作已經(jīng)揭示了智力發(fā)展所依賴的日常學習的微妙形式。他們觀察到孩子們緩慢掌握那些成年人認為理所當然的概念的

過程，或者是孩子們偶然遇到這些概念的過程。他們也觀察到孩子們拒絕承認某些常識的情況。比如：

孩子們拒絕承認當水從短而粗的瓶中倒入細而長的瓶子中時，水的數(shù)量沒有變化。心理學家們而后又展示一個例子，即：讓孩子們數(shù)一堆鉛筆時，他們能順利地報出藍鉛筆或紅鉛筆的數(shù)目，但卻需誘導才能報出總的數(shù)目。此類研究表明：數(shù)學基礎是經(jīng)過逐漸努力后掌握的。

他們還表示抽象的數(shù)字概念，如可表示任何一類物品并且是在做比擺桌子有更高數(shù)學要求的任何事時都必備的一、二、三意識，遠遠不是天生就具備的。

Unit20:The History Significance of American Revolution The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life.The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century.It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.Here, in the popular rising against a ―tyrannical‖ government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution.They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty.With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.20

20美國革命的歷史意義

歷史的進程是如此錯綜復雜，人類行為的動機是如此令人費解，以至于想把那些時間跨度大，涉及人數(shù)多，空間范圍廣的事件描述成為一個智者或一場社會運動的表現(xiàn)的企圖是危險的。

然而以托馬斯?杰弗遜登上總統(tǒng)寶座為高潮的那一段歷史過程可以被視為一個特殊的例子。

在這段歷史時期里不僅誕生了新的生活方式，而且民族主義成為了一種新的生活方式。美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭成為聯(lián)結17世紀現(xiàn)代英格蘭的自我意識和18世紀末現(xiàn)代歐洲的覺醒的紐帶。歷史的行程需要跨越大西洋，這看起來似乎有些奇怪，但卻只有在北美殖民地為民權和自由的斗爭才能導致新國家的建立。

這里，反對“暴政”的民眾起義的成果不僅是獲得一個包含更多自由的憲法，還包括了一個依照人民的意愿誕生在自由中的國家的成長。這個國家不是基于血緣、地理、君主或王朝的野心。由于有了美國，第一次一個國家的誕生不是發(fā)生在歷史模糊的過去，而是在全世界人們的眼前。

Unit21:The Origin of Sports When did sport begin If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for , as we all have observed, the beasts play.Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games.Fishes and birds dance.The apes have simple, pleasurable games.Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animals – past, present, and future.Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh(or so it seems)to the point of delighted exhaustion.Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest.Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature.In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action.Play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life.This is a grand conception that excites and provokes.The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments----liturgy, literature, and law----can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children.Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse.22

21體育的起源

體育運動開始于何時如果體育運動的本質就是游戲的話，我們就可以宣稱體育運動比人類古老，因為正如我們所觀察到的，野獸也進行嬉戲。狗和貓會扭抱玩球，魚和鳥翩翩起舞，猿類會進行一些簡單的、愉快的游戲。雀躍的幼兒，捉迷藏的學童和成年摔跤者展示出人與動物界的有力的跨越世代與物種的永恒的聯(lián)系--特別是幼獸，它們翻筋斗、追逐、奔跑、扭打、模仿、嬉笑(或者看起來是)，直到愉快地精疲力盡。他們的玩耍，同我們的一樣，似乎并沒有別的目的而只是給游戲者以愉悅，暫時把我們從嚴肅生活的痛苦中拉出來。一些哲學家稱我們的嬉戲是我們本質中最崇高的部分。

依他們這些隨意性很大的見解，游戲無害而且實驗性地允許我們的創(chuàng)造力、幻想和想象發(fā)揮作用。游戲讓人們從永不間斷亦不可避免的生活悲劇-與乏匱和衰退進行的枯燥抗爭中得到一種解脫。這是一個令人興奮、給人啟發(fā)的偉大見解。這種見解的持有者宣稱，我們的最高成就如宗教典禮、文學、法律的起源可以追溯到游戲的沖動。但令人不解的是我們看到只有幼獸和小孩子才最純粹地享受著這種沖動。從這種比較豁達和非宿命的人性觀來看，我們的運動是超時代、跨物種的輝煌的創(chuàng)造。

Unit22:Collectibles Collectibles have been a part of almost every culture since ancient times.Whereas some objects have been collected for their usefulness, others have been selected for their aesthetic beauty alone.In the United States, the kinds of collectibles currently popular range from traditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to more recent items of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and comic books.Interest in collectibles has increased enormously during the past decade, in part because some collectibles have demonstrated their value as investments.Especially during cycles of high inflation, investors try to purchase tangibles that will at least retain their current market values.In general, the most traditional collectibles will be sought because they have preserved their value over the years, there is an organized auction market for them, and they are most easily sold in the event that cash is needed.Some examples of the most stable collectibles are old masters, Chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, silver, porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and period furniture.Other items of more recent interest include old photograph records, old magazines, post cards, baseball cards, art glass, dolls, classic cars, old bottles, and comic books.These relatively new kinds of collectibles may actually appreciate faster as short-term investments, but may not hold their value as long-term investments.Once a collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at a fairly steady rate, supported by an increasing number of enthusiastic collectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that become increasingly more difficult to locate.24

Unit23:Ford Although Henry Ford’s name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today’s standards.Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the time.In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts.In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted.The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants.Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts.The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions.Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing.He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced – in effect creating a market for the product.In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability.Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America.25

23亨利?福特

盡管亨利?福特的名字和大生產的概念相連，但他在勞工保護上得到同樣的贊譽，因為他早在1913年便實行了用今天的標準來衡量依然是先進的標準。安全措施得到改進，日工作時間從當時普遍的10或12小時減少到8小時。為了適應更短的日工作時間，整個工廠從雙班變成了三班。而且，病假和改善了的工傷醫(yī)療得以制度化。福特汽車公司是最早建立技術學校來培訓專門技工和為移民開設英語學校的工廠之一。公司甚至為雇傭殘疾人和有前科的人而作出了一些努力。最受廣泛稱贊的革新是實行五美元一天的最低工資。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工并阻礙工會的發(fā)展。

福特從效率和利潤分享的角度來解釋這項新的工資政策。他也提到這樣一個事實，他的員工可以買他們生產的汽車--這實際上是為其產品另開辟了一個市場。為了夠資格得到最低工資，員工必須建立一個得體的家庭并顯示出良好的個人習慣，包括節(jié)制、儉省、勤勉和可靠。雖然有人批評福特過多地干涉 了員工的私人生活，但毫無疑問，在移民們被用惡劣的方式剝削的時代，亨利?福特卻幫助了許多人在美國扎下根來。

Unit25:Movie Music Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as ―silent‖, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment;when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes.At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films;an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments.In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as ― pleasant‖, ―sad‖, ―lively‖.The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for them.The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W Griffith’s film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.27 電影插曲

盡管我們習慣于將1927年以前的電影稱為“無聲電影”，但是就無聲這個詞完整的意義上來說，電影從未真正的無聲過，從最初開始音樂就被視為必不可少的伴奏。當盧米埃爾的電影在1896年2月美國首屆影片公映展覽上放映的時候，影片便用當時的流行曲臨場鋼琴伴奏。最初，這些音樂伴奏與電影沒有什么特別的關系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。但在很短的時間內，為一部莊重的影片演奏快活的音樂所產生的不協(xié)調感變得顯而易見，因此鋼琴家們開始注意將自己的作品與影片的情調結合起來。

隨著影劇院在數(shù)量上與重要性上的不斷增長，在一些場合，除了鋼琴師外，還要加上小提琴師，或許還有一位大提琴師。較大的影劇院里還組成了小型的管弦樂隊。在很長的時間內，為各部影片選擇配樂完全掌握在樂隊指揮或隊長手中，而通常把持這種職位的資格不是技巧或鑒賞品味，而是擁有一個大的音樂作品的個人收藏。因為直到電影上映的前一天晚上樂隊指揮才能看到影片(如果這個指揮真正有幸能夠看到影片的話)，音樂安排通常是在非常匆忙的情況下臨場進行的。為了解決以上的困難，電影發(fā)行公司開辦了為音樂伴奏印制提示單的業(yè)務。例如1909年愛迪生公司開始將一些諸如“喜悅的”、“悲傷的”、“活潑的”之類表明影片情調特征的提示與影片一起發(fā)行。

這些提示逐漸變得更加具體，并且出現(xiàn)了包括影片情調說明、適用樂曲名稱和樂曲轉換點等內容的配樂說明單。某些影片擁有專門為其創(chuàng)作的音樂。這些早期特創(chuàng)樂譜中最著名的便是為D.W.格雷夫斯1915年上映的影片《一個國家的誕生》所創(chuàng)作的音樂。

Note: 美國通俗音樂分類： 1.Jazz;1)traditional jazz----a)blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday b)ragtime(切分樂曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplin c)New Orleans jazz(= Dixieland jazz)eg: Louis Armstron d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc.e)bop(=bebop, rebop)eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc.28 2)modern jazz------a)cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士樂。Eg: Kenny G.b)third-stream jazz.Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis.c)main stream jazz.d)avant-garde jazz.e)soul jazz.Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald

f)Latin jazz.2.gospel music 福音音樂，主要源于Nero spirituals.Eg.Dolly Parker, Mahalia Jackson 3.Country and Western music.Eg.John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, etc.4.Rock music-----------a)rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US), the Beatles(UK.)

b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc.c)punk rock

d)acid rock

e)rock jazz eg: M.J.McLaughlin

f)Jurassic rock 5.Music for easy listening(i.e.light music)29 Unit26:International Business and Cross-cultural Communication The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication.Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement.It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal.It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further.The American negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position.Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator.Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals.Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits.In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.30

國際商業(yè)和跨文化交流

國際貿易和海外投資的增加產生了對具有外語知識和跨文化交流技巧的經(jīng)理的需求。然而，美國人在這兩方面未得到良好的訓練，因此沒有在國際談判中象他們的外國對手一樣成功。談判是為了達成協(xié)議而反復交流的過程。它包括說服和妥協(xié)。

但是為了去進行說服和妥協(xié)，談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說服人和怎樣達成妥協(xié)。在國外的國際商務談判中，美國人被視為富有和不帶個人情感。在外國談判者看來，似乎美國人代表著一個龐大的擁有數(shù)百萬資財?shù)拇笃髽I(yè)，不用進一步地討價還價就能出得起價錢。

美國談判者的角色變成了一個沒有個人感情的信息及現(xiàn)金的供應者。對在國外的美國談判者的研究中，我們找出了損害談判者能力的幾個特點，或許證實這個已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個特點是美國談判者的直截了當和缺乏耐心。此外，美國談判者經(jīng)常堅持實現(xiàn)短期目標，而外國的談判者會珍視建立談判者之間的聯(lián)系并愿意為長期利益投入時間。

為了鞏固這種聯(lián)系，他們會選擇非直接的交流而不計較投入用于了解對方的時間。明顯地，價值觀的不同和理解上的差異影響了談判的結果和談判者的成功與否。美國人要在國際商務談判中扮演更為有效的角色，他們就必須投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。

Unit27:Scientific Theories In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory.If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is supported.If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further.There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments.Facts by themselves are not science.As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, ―Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.‖

Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem.After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions to the problem are formulated.These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown.It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts.The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses.Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction.When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.32

科學理論

在科學中，理論是對所觀察到的相關事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個虛構的模型，這個模型幫助科學家構想所觀察到的事件是如何發(fā)生的。分子運動理論便是我們能找到的一個很好的例子。在這個理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運動的小顆粒組成。一個有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過去的觀測，還有助于預測那些未被觀測到的事件。一個理論公開后，科學家們設計實驗來檢驗這個理論。如果觀察證實了科學家的預言，這個理論則得到了驗證。如果觀察不能證實科學家的預言，科學家就必須進一步的研究?；蛟S是實驗存在錯誤，或許是這個理論必須被修改或拋棄。

科學家除了收集信息和操作實驗外還需要想象能力和創(chuàng)/造性思維。事實本身并不是科學。正如數(shù)學家喬斯亨利波恩克爾所說：“科學建立在事實之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實的收集不能被稱作科學，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。

”多數(shù)科學家通過找出別的科學家在一個特定問題上的所知來開始研究。在收集了已知事實之后，科學家開始了研究中需要相當想像力的部分。他們爾后擬訂對這個問題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱為假設。

在某種意義上，任何假設都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學家的思維超越已知事實。科學家計劃實驗、計算、觀測以檢驗假定。若沒有假設，進一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。當假設被證實了，就成為理論的一部分。

Unit28:Changing Roles of Public Education One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools.In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate---every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955.Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom.The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950.The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food.The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945.Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.Therefore in the 1950’s and 1960’s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.Consequently, the ― custodial rhetoric‖ of the 1930’s and early 1940’s no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.34 公共教育的角色變化一項重要的、有可能促使人們對公共教育的角色的看法發(fā)生轉變的社會發(fā)展是本世紀五六十年代的生育高峰對學校的影響。在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大蕭條中，美國經(jīng)歷了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年齡在15歲至45歲的婦女生下大約118個存活嬰兒，1930年89.2個，1936年75.8個，1940年80個。隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人更早地結婚成家，而且比前輩養(yǎng)育更大的家庭。1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年達106%，1955年達118%。對于生育高峰，經(jīng)濟有可能是最重要的決定因素，但它并不是唯一的解釋。不斷受到重視的家庭觀念也有助于解釋出生率的上升。到40年代中期為止，這些生育高峰出生的孩子們開始源源不斷地進入小學一年級。到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。公共教育系統(tǒng)突然感到不堪重負了。由于戰(zhàn)時和戰(zhàn)后的狀況，使得學齡兒童人數(shù)增加，這些狀況使得學校面對這股洪流更加措手不及。戰(zhàn)時經(jīng)濟意味著在1940年到1950年間幾乎沒有建立新學校。而且，在戰(zhàn)時和隨后的經(jīng)濟增長時期，大量的教師離開崗位去別處從事報酬更為優(yōu)厚的工作。

因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰沖擊著陳舊而不完備的學校體系。這樣一來，30年代以及40年代早期，“監(jiān)護理論”就不再有意義了。也就是說，通過使16歲以上的年輕人留在學校不進入勞動力市場的做法再也不是教育機構的優(yōu)先考慮了。因為教育機構不再能找到場地和教師來教育那些更小的5-16歲的孩子。隨著生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士對教育的興趣和焦點，不可避免地轉向了更低的年級和基礎的學術技能和學科上。這個系統(tǒng)不再有濃厚的興趣給較年長的年輕人提供非傳統(tǒng)的新式的和額外的服務。

Unit29:Telecommuting Telecommuting--substituting the computer for the trip to the job----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts.For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily.Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer.A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two.An accountant stays home to care for her sick child;she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management too must separate the myth from the reality.Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.36

電子交通

電子交通--用電腦取代上班的往返--作為對各種各樣的辦公室工作問題的解決辦法已受到了歡迎。

對工作者來說，它承諾不受辦公室的約束，更少的時間浪費在交通上和有助于解決照看小孩的矛盾。對管理者來說，電子交通有助于挽留高效率的工作者，通過省去辦公室與家之間的來回往返，大大減少工作拖拉和曠工，給予管理者獨處的時間來完成需要高度集中精神的任務，為管理者提供靈活的時間安排。在一些地區(qū)，如南加利福尼亞和西雅圖、華盛頓，地方政府鼓勵公司開始電子交通計劃以減少交通高峰時的塞車和提高空氣質量。

但這些益處也來之不易。要使電子交通成功需要仔細的計劃并且理解電子交通的現(xiàn)實狀況和流行的想象之間的區(qū)別。許多工作者被電子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。一位電腦程序設計員從紐約市搬到了寧靜的阿第倫達克山，用電腦保持與她辦公室之間的聯(lián)系。一位經(jīng)理一周三天到辦公室，其他兩天在家工作；一位會計師在家照顧她生病的孩子，接通電話調制解調器的接頭，在同醫(yī)生通話之余完成辦公室工作。

這些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是對現(xiàn)實有限的反映。電子交通者很快發(fā)現(xiàn)在同一時間專注工作和照看小孩幾乎是不可能的。在某個年齡之前，小孩子不可能意識到，更不可能尊重工作與家庭之間的界限。如果家長要完成工作，就必須另外照看小孩。

管理階層必須把現(xiàn)實同神話分開。雖然傳媒對電子交通投入了極大的關注，但在很大程度上，是員工的實際情況而不是技術的可能性促成電子交通的安排。這就是為什么盡管有廣泛的報導，具有在家工作項目或行動綱領的公司數(shù)目依然很少的部分原因。

Unit30:The origin of Refrigerators By the mid-nineteenth century, the term ―icebox‖ had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War(1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use.Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use.This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose.In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job.Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track.He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center.When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.38

冰箱的由來

直到19世紀中期，“冰箱”這個名詞才進入了美國語言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國普通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫(yī)院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。內戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車，同時也進入了民用。甚至在1880年前，半數(shù)在紐約、費城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進入家庭使用，因為一種新的家庭設備，冰箱，即現(xiàn)代冰箱的前身，被發(fā)明了。

制造一臺有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡單。19世紀早期，關于對冷藏科學至關重要的熱物理知識是很淺陋的。認為最好的冰箱應該防止冰的融化這樣一個普遍的觀點顯然是錯誤的，因為正是冰的融化起了制冷作用。早期為節(jié)省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來，使得冰不能發(fā)揮它的作用。直到近19世紀末，發(fā)明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環(huán)的精確平衡。

但早在1803年，一位有發(fā)明天才的馬里蘭農場主，托馬斯莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個農場，離華盛頓約20英里，那里的喬治鎮(zhèn)村莊是集市中心。當他用自己設計的冰箱運送黃油去市場時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客們會走過裝在競爭者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價更高的價格買他仍然新鮮堅硬，整齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說他的冰箱的一個好處是使得農民們不必在夜里上路去市場以保持他們產品的低溫。

Unit31:British Columbia British Columbia is the third largest Canadian provinces, both in area and population.It is nearly 1.5 times as large as Texas, and extends 800 miles(1,280km)north from the United States border.It includes Canada’s entire west coast and the islands just off the coast.Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long rugged ranges running north and south.Even the coastal islands are the remains of a mountain range that existed thousands of years ago.During the last Ice Age, this range was scoured by glaciers until most of it was beneath the sea.Its peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast.The southwestern coastal region has a humid mild marine climate.Sea winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm water that flows through the Pacific Ocean.As a result, winter temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild.These warm western winds also carry moisture from the ocean.Inland from the coast, the winds from the Pacific meet the mountain barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains.As they rise to cross the mountains, the winds are cooled, and their moisture begins to fall as rain.On some of the western slopes almost 200 inches(500cm)of rain fall each year.More than half of British Columbia is heavily forested.On mountain slopes that receive plentiful rainfall, huge Douglas firs rise in towering columns.These forest giants often grow to be as much as 300 feet(90m)tall, with diameters up to 10 feet(3m).More lumber is produced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North America.Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees found in British Columbia.40

英屬哥倫比亞

英屬哥倫比亞是加拿大的第三大省，無論是面積還是人口都是如此。它幾乎是德克薩斯的1.5倍，從美國邊境一直向北延伸了800英里(1，280公里)。它包括了加拿大整個西海岸及附近島嶼。

大部分英屬哥倫比亞多山巒。綿長而粗獷的山脈貫通南北。甚至那些沿海的島嶼都是那些存在于千萬年前的山脈的遺跡。在上一個冰河時期，這些山脈被冰河沖刷侵蝕，直到大部分山脈被淹沒在海中。它們的峰頂顯現(xiàn)為沿著海岸散布的島嶼。

西南海岸地區(qū)有著潮濕溫和的海洋性氣候。從太平洋來的溫暖的洋流使得從西吹過內陸的海風變得溫暖。因此這兒冬天平均氣溫在零上而且夏天也不會酷熱。這些溫暖的西風同樣也從海洋帶來了濕氣。來自太平洋的、從海岸向內陸的風遇到海岸山脈和落基山脈這些山脈屏障。當氣流升高跨越這些山脈時，風的溫度就降低了，風中的水分形成降雨。在一些朝西山坡區(qū)域每年大約有200英寸(500厘米)的降水。

大部分英屬哥倫比亞密布著森林。在有充足降水的斜坡，巨大的道格拉斯樅樹高聳入云。這些森林巨人常常長到高達300英尺(90米)，直徑粗達10英尺(3米)。這些樹產出了比北美其他任何樹都多的木材。鐵杉、紅香椿、香脂冷杉樅都是發(fā)現(xiàn)于英屬哥倫比亞的其它樹種。

Unit32:Botany Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights.It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.This is logical.Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants.They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes.Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of ― knowledge‖ at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid.When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken.Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.42

植物學

植物學，即對植物的研究，在人類知識的歷史中占據(jù)了特殊的地位。這是人類幾千年來超越模糊的認知而真正有所了解的領域之一。我們今天不可能知道新石器時代的祖先們對植物到底了解多少，但我們在至今仍存在的前工業(yè)化社會觀察到：人類對植物及其特性的詳細了解應該是非常古老的。這是理所當然的。植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔的基礎。它們對人們的生活至關重要，不僅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、藥物、住所和許許多多其他的用途上。至今仍生活在亞馬遜河叢林中的部落確實能夠辨識幾百種植物并知道每一種的許多特性。對他們來說，植物學沒有專門的名稱，甚至可能根本未被認為是一種專門知識。

不幸的是，工業(yè)化的程度越高，我們距直接與植物接觸就越遠，我們的植物學知識的增加也就越微不足道。然而每個人在不知不覺中擁有大量的植物學知識，很少有人認不出玫瑰、蘋果或蘭花。大約一萬年前居住在中東的新時代的祖先們發(fā)現(xiàn)某些草能被收獲，它們的種子下一季耕種會收獲更多時，人類就邁出了人和植物之間的新關系第一大步。谷子被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，農業(yè)的奇跡從此誕生：這就是可栽培的谷物。從那時起，人類越來越依賴少數(shù)可控制的作物生存，而不再是從眾多的野生種類中這里獲取一點，那里獲取一點。這樣在千萬年中對于野生植物的經(jīng)驗和密切聯(lián)系中積累起來的知識就開始消失了。

Unit33:Plankton

Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton.Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see.They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one.In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses.One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea’s plankton generates more than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land.Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea’s resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population.No one yet has seriously suggested that ― plankton-burgers‖ may soon become popular around the world.As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill.Growing to two or three inches long, krill provides the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth.Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.44

浮游生物

浮游生物數(shù)十億噸的被稱為“浮游生物”的小動物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。這些小的動、植物大多太小而難以被人眼看到。它們隨波逐流，為許多較大的動物提供了基本的食物。

浮游生物曾被描述為生長在大陸陸地上的各種草類的海洋對應物。這種比喻是恰當?shù)?。然而就潛在的食物價值而言，浮游生物遠勝于草類。一位科學家曾經(jīng)估計，世界上的草類每年生產大約490億噸有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生產的碳水化合物多于此數(shù)的兩倍。

盡管浮游生物具備巨大的食物潛能，但直到最近人們還很少象種植草類那樣付出努力養(yǎng)殖浮游生物?，F(xiàn)在，海洋科學家們至少已開始研究這種可能性。全球人口不斷擴張，海洋資源作為食品的重要性日益突出。

現(xiàn)在還沒有人認真說過“浮游生物漢堡”會很快在世界上流行起來。然而，作為一種可能養(yǎng)殖的補充性食物資源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科學家們相當大的興趣。

一種似乎具有很大收獲可能性的微小的蝦狀浮游生物被稱為鱗蝦。鱗蝦長至2～3英寸長時即成為地球上曾居住過的最大動物--藍鯨的主要食物。成熟的藍鯨可以達到100英尺長，150噸重，所以每頭鯨每天吞食1噸多的鱗蝦一點也不讓人吃驚。

Unit34:Raising Oysters In the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes-by transplanting them.First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about.Next, they ‖planted‖ fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae.The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom.There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat.The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food.Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs.But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance.The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food.So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work.But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs.They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae.And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions.They failed, but they doggedly kept at it.Finally, in the 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring.Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat.Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures.In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!46

飼養(yǎng)牡蠣

過去人們飼養(yǎng)牡蠣的方式很大程度上類似于田地里的農夫種植蕃茄--通過移植來飼養(yǎng)它們。首先，農夫選好牡蠣苗床，清除底部的舊殼和其它雜物，然后四處撒播干凈的殼。接著，他們“栽種”已受精的牡蠣卵。這些卵在2～3周內會孵化成幼貝。幼貝一直漂流直到粘在苗床底部干凈的殼上為止。它們會呆在那兒并逐漸長成小牡蠣。我們稱之為種子或貝苗。貝苗吸進海水中的微小生物作為食物從而越長越大。不久之后，農夫將這些小牡蠣收集起來，把它們移種進其他的水域加快其生長，然后再次將它們移種進另外的水域以使其肥壯起來。

直到最近，野生的以及人工飼養(yǎng)的牡蠣完全能夠滿足人們的需要。但是今天這種可口的海味已不再大量存在。這個問題已經(jīng)變得如此嚴重以至于一些牡蠣苗床已完全消失。幸運的是，早在20世紀初期海洋生物學家們就意識到如果不采取新的措施，牡蠣將會滅絕或至少會變?yōu)橐环N奢侈的食品。因此他們建造了裝備良好的孵卵場所并開始工作。但是他們尚沒有適當?shù)难b臵或技術來處理牡蠣卵。他們不知道何時、用什么以及如何喂養(yǎng)幼貝。他們對捕食數(shù)百萬幼小牡蠣的動物天敵也所知無幾。他們失敗了，但他們頑強地堅持了下來。終于，在20世紀40年代，一個重要的突破性的進展產生了。

海洋生物學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，升高水溫能夠誘導牡蠣不僅在夏季也在秋季、冬季和春季里產卵。后來他們發(fā)展了一項技術來喂養(yǎng)幼貝至其長成貝苗。他們進一步成功地培養(yǎng)出了新的品種，可以抵抗疾病、長得更快、更大并且在不同的鹽度和溫度的水中都能茁壯生長。此外，這些培殖出的牡蠣口感更佳!

U 47

nit35:Oil Refining An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war.Crude oil, or petroleum – a dark, thick ooze from the earth – had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it ― Drake’s Folly‖.But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for ― black gold‖ all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.48

煉油

一種重要的新興工業(yè)--煉油業(yè)在國內戰(zhàn)爭后成長起來。未加工的石油，或原油--一種深色的地下的稠漿--數(shù)百年來一直為大眾所知，但是人們卻很少使用過它。在十九世紀五十年代，薩繆爾M科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位制造商，開始從當?shù)氐囊绯鑫镏惺占筒⑺鼰挸擅河?。與冶煉礦石一樣，石油提煉是一個從未加工的原料中除去雜質的過程。

煤油被用來點燈。它是鯨油的一種便宜的替代品，而鯨油正變得越來越難以獲得。不久就產生了對煤油的大量需求。人們開始尋找新的石油供應。

第一口油井為EL瑞克，一個退休的火車檢票員所鉆得。1859年他開始在賓西法尼亞的泰特斯維爾鉆井。整個的這項冒險事業(yè)看起來是如此不現(xiàn)實和愚蠢以致旁觀者稱之為“鴨子的蠢行”。(譯者注：Drake'sFolly,drake在這里意含雙關，即指瑞克的名字，又指該詞的本義即鴨子。)但當瑞克往下鉆至70英尺(21米)的時候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。他的油井從此每天生產20桶原油。

瑞克成功的消息將石油勘探者們吸引到現(xiàn)場。截止到19世紀60年代早期，這些冒險者為尋找“黑色的金子”鉆探遍了整個賓西法尼亞西部。這項繁榮的事業(yè)在刺激性和粗獷的西部氣氛上可與1848年的加州淘金熱相媲美，而且它為勘探者帶來了遠超過淘金潮的財富。

原油能被提煉成許多產品。多年以來煤油一直是主要的一種產品。它在雜貨店中出售由人挨戶推銷。19世紀八十九十年代煉油者們懂得了生產其它石油產品，如蠟和潤滑油。那時石油還沒有被用來制造汽油或采暖裝臵用油。

Unit36:Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle.The lithosphere(n.[地]巖石圈)is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another.A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from below.As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere.The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone.There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle.Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different.The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics.In its original version, in the early 1960’s, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates.The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust.As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field.When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock.Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift.The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently;the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.50