第一篇：美國(guó)社會(huì)與文化

美國(guó)社會(huì)與文化同性婚姻

美國(guó)人的婚姻觀與中國(guó)人的婚姻觀有著極大的不同。因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為：婚姻純屬個(gè)人私事，任何人不能干涉；同時(shí)婚姻不屬于道德問(wèn)題。一個(gè)人有權(quán)選擇和他或她最喜歡的人生活在一起。在他們看來(lái)：強(qiáng)迫兩個(gè)不相愛(ài)的人生活在一起是殘忍的。同樣這種觀念也適用于同性戀者們。沒(méi)有人能干涉同性戀者們婚姻的意愿。為此，我就說(shuō)說(shuō)美國(guó)的同性婚姻。

美國(guó)同性婚姻運(yùn)動(dòng)于1970年代開(kāi)始成形，自2004年以來(lái)，美國(guó)共有16個(gè)州在法律上認(rèn)可同性婚姻。

支持同性婚姻的人通常認(rèn)為，法定的婚姻及其權(quán)利不應(yīng)該對(duì)同性伴侶關(guān)閉，這種拒絕同性婚姻的做法損害了其作為美國(guó)公民的權(quán)利。

此外，在美國(guó)，支持同性婚姻的人認(rèn)為，同性戀者不能結(jié)婚使得他們不能享受超過(guò)1,049項(xiàng)權(quán)利和權(quán)益以及大量的各州法律和私有權(quán)益（例如家庭成員關(guān)系，折扣等等）。他們說(shuō)，一個(gè)從法律上否定為公民提供聯(lián)邦權(quán)利或權(quán)益的行為直接與美國(guó)憲法第14修正案相違背，這個(gè)修正案規(guī)定為公民提供平等的保護(hù)和大量的法定程序。這就意味著為一個(gè)群體提供的權(quán)利不能否認(rèn)另一個(gè)團(tuán)體享用。

在2010年12月，美國(guó)同性組織正式提出重新要求把同性婚姻合法化，并在12月18日發(fā)起游行，爭(zhēng)取他們應(yīng)有的人權(quán)及自由，認(rèn)為同性也能結(jié)合，組織家庭。他們認(rèn)為美國(guó)政府歧視他們的性取向，向平等機(jī)會(huì)委員會(huì)投訴，但沒(méi)有清楚的被告人而不了了知。在2011年3月，經(jīng)立法會(huì)仔細(xì)討論議案，美國(guó)作為自由民主的地方，理應(yīng)批準(zhǔn)同性婚姻，最后議案正式通過(guò)，在2011年7月正式實(shí)施。

2012年5月9日，奧**成為首位公開(kāi)支持同性婚姻合法化的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。此前他雖然支持同性戀，但卻反對(duì)同性結(jié)婚，2008年大選時(shí)，他曾表示反對(duì)同性婚姻，但贊成民事結(jié)合作為一種替代。奧**強(qiáng)調(diào)，這只是他個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)，他仍支持由各州的政府自行決定是否承認(rèn)同性婚姻。2012年5月9日，奧**在接受美國(guó)廣播公司新聞主播羅賓?羅伯茨（Robin Roberts）采訪時(shí)，首次表明支持同性婚姻的態(tài)度，獲得娛樂(lè)圈眾多明星的交口稱贊。

我作為一名同性戀者，理所當(dāng)然對(duì)于美國(guó)同性婚姻表示支持態(tài)度。

第二篇：美國(guó)社會(huì)與文化教學(xué)大綱

Bruce Plourdepuluowen@gmail.comAmerican History and Culture “The 1960s”China-Canada Program Cheng Gong Campus 311 Zhongshan BuildingForeign Teacher’s Office, Room 3211Individual conferences by appointment

Course Description

In this course, we will focus on the United States during the decade of the 1960s.This decade, following the “Greatest Generation” which survived the Depression and the Second World War, was a particularly tumultuous time in American history, when questions of purpose and meaning arose in response to America’s new military and economic power.If the decade of the 1950s was one of conservatism and conformity, the 1960s was a time when the old values and traditions went through a re-evaluation.Beginning with the hope of promise embodied in the youthful president, John F.Kennedy, the country witnessed a cultural divide arise between those who advocated substantive change, and those content with the status quo.Various reform groups became politicized through activities which protested the American presence in Vietnam, the lack of civil rights for minorities, and the lack of tolerance and freedom of expression which characterized American culture.The Cold War hostilities which pitted the United States against the Soviet Union became internalized, as the country advanced toward a period of extended rioting, terrorism, and assassination that threatened the fabric of national cohesion.As we proceed through the narratives of our class, you should use your written responses to develop a sense of purpose in the cultural, political, and social effects which changed during this time, taking into account such aspects as gender, race, ethnicity, class, and the many other variables which begin to account for America’s pluralism.Course Requirements

Reading the material with a critical sense of literary and historical traditions is not enough.I will expect you to also share your insights into the readings in regular response papers, to participate actively in the class discussion, and to take both a midterm and a final exam.Response papers are not the summary of the text in question.Rather, they consist of your emotional, intellectual, and aesthetic connections to the text, and reflect your own individuality as a reader and a thinker.Responses should engage with all of the texts assigned for that week, and be at least a page in length.They should show some serious thought on the subject, curiosity, insight, or engagement with the issues and ideas.Responses which are thoughtful, inquisitive, insightful, and/or show a genuine engagement with the text receive full credit.Your responses must be your own thoughts, ideas, and feelings.If you choose to use outside sources for your responses, YOU MUST CITE EVERY SOURCE EVERY TIME YOU USE IT.If you do not cite every source every time you use it, you are stealing and lying.Such papers receive no credit.Response papers must be emailed to me on the evening before our class.Email them to me at puluowen@gmail.com.Late responses sent after class begins will receive no credit.Attendance

Regular attendance is mandatory.If you miss more than 2 class sessions, your grade will inevitably suffer.Should you miss more than 3 sessions, I will drop you from my class.Also, if you attend a different session of this class, you will be marked absent.Show up for the class you signed up for.If you know that you are going to be away from class for a valid reason, kindly inform me BEFORE you will be absent so that we can coordinate your making up the missed class.Paper TextsISBN 0-8090-1567-6

Electronic Texts

Baidu.com.“The Rise of Feminism in USA in 1960’s.”

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Biography of Lyndon Baines Johnson.<>

Biography of Richard Milhouse Nixon.Jimmy Hendrix:Live at Woodstock ’69.<>

King, Martin Luther, Jr.“Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 16 April 1963.” < >

Manifesto Club:Essay, “My Sputnik” by Zinovy Zinik

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Warrn & Silbey, “Role of the Sputnik Launch in the Cold War.”

第三篇：美國(guó)社會(huì)與文化競(jìng)賽題復(fù)習(xí)大綱

第一屆美國(guó)社會(huì)與文化知識(shí)競(jìng)賽復(fù)習(xí)大綱

1.On August 3, 1949 President Truman officially declared June 14th Flag Day.2.Houston is located in the state of Texas

3.The Ivy League is located in the Northeast of America.4.The connotation of the blue color of American national flag includes vigilance, perseverance and justice

5.The time period of American Civil war is 1861-1865

6.There are 13 colonial areas and 50 states in U.S.Of all the 50 states Alaska is the largest state in land area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland of the US, Texas, though half the size of Alaska is the largest state in the country.7.The Midwest is known as the nation's “breadbasket” because of its abundant production of oats, wheat, and corn.8.The highest peak in the Appalachians is Mount Mitchell

9.The Mississippi River is the largest river system in the United States and the largest of North America, about 2,320 miles(3,730 km).It is the most important river in the USA.After the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America, it is the world?s third longest continental river.10.Superior is also the coldest and deepest of the five Great Lakes.11.The three political departments in the United States are Legislative branch, Executive branch, and judicial branch.12.Members of the House are elected every two years and must be over 25 years of age, a U.S.citizen for at least seven years, and a resident of the state(but not necessarily the district)they represent.13.The House of Representatives is made up of 435 elected members

14.Senators must be over 30 years of age, U.S.citizens for at least nine years, and residents of the state they represent.15.All Justices are nominated by the President, confirmed by the Senate.16.The Bill of Rights was introduced by James Madison.17.(FBI)is an agency of the United States Department of Justice.18.The FBI?s motto is “Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity.19.Head Start Program provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families.20.The SAT(formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test)includes math, critical reading, and writing.21.The ACT originally abbreviation of American College Testing)has historically consisted of four tests: English, Math, Reading, and Science reasoning.22.The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University.23.In God We Trust is the official motto of the United States.It has appeared on U.S.currency since the 1860s and was adopted as the official national motto in 1956.24.The six pence can be any form of money, tucked into the bride's shoe, this to bring wealth, both in monetary means and love, to the union.25.As the couple leaves the church, they are showered with rice or wheat which is recognized as

the symbols of fertility.26.Football attracts more television viewers than baseball, due to football's significantly shorter schedule and is considered the most popular sport in the United States.27.NBA: National Basketball Association

28.Mother's Day President Woodrow Wilson made it an official national holiday in 1914.29.Halloween activities include trick-or-treating, wearing costumes and attending costume parties, carving jack-o?-lanterns(鬼節(jié)的南瓜燈), ghost tours, bonfires(篝火), apple bobbing, visiting haunted(鬧鬼的)attractions, pranks(惡作劇), telling scary stories, and watching horror films.30.In America you should pay 15% unless the server is completely incompetent or rude to you.31.Asian Americans make up the third largest minority group in the United States.32.The national flower of the United States is rose

33.The national bird of the United States is bald eagle

34.The national stone of the United States is Blue Sapphire(藍(lán)寶石）

35.The national anthem of the United States is The Star-spangled Banner

36.The present vice president of the United States is Joe Biden

37.There are 48 contiguous states in the United States in North America.38.There are mainly 4 regional divisions in the United States?

39.How many great lakes does the United States have?

40.The Missouri River is nicknamed by“Big Muddy”.41.The Mississippi River is nicknamed by the “father of water” or “Old man River”.42.The bloodiest battle in American civil war is the Battle of Gettysburg.43.The American civil war broke out in the year of 1861 and ended in the year of 1865.44.In American civil war, the northern part was called United States of America(Union)and the southern part was called Confederate States of America(Confederacy).45.The new deal is promised by Franklin D.Roosevelt

46.Because of the new deal, the recovery was rapid in all areas except unemployment

47.President Franklin D.Roosevelt is from Democraticparty.48.President John F.Kennedy is from Democratic Party.49.President Abraham Lincoln is from Republican Party.50.President Richard Nixon is from Republican Party.51.President George W.Bush is from Republican Party.52.The most important source of law is Constitution.53.Three levels of law are federal law, states law and local law.54.the two types of American law: procedural law ,substantive law.55.How many amendments does the constitution consist of? 27

56.How many amendments does the Bill of Rights consist of? 10

57.SAT stands for scholastic aptitude test/ scholastic assessment test.58.ACT stands for American College Testing.59.The possible score of SAT ranges from 600 to 2400,.60.SAT includes the test of math, critical reading, and writing

61.In February 2005, an optional writing test was added to the ACT

62.In the wedding ceremony, something new represents the couple themselves, as a ‘new’ union.63.In the wedding ceremony, something old represents the friends and family attending the

wedding.64.In the wedding ceremony, something borrowed represents something from the family that is to be returned.65.In the wedding ceremony, something blue represents the bride’s virginity

66.In the wedding ceremony, a silver six pence inside your shoe represents wealth.67.Hollywood is located in the state of California

68.By total area(land and water), the United States is, about 9,372,615 square kilometers, either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country.69.By land area only(exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, following Russia and China, and is followed by Canada.70.The term “Manifest Destiny” is closely related to which period of Westward expansion in the history of America?

71.After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 Election, eleven Southern states seceded from the union between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a new government, the Confederate States of America, on February 8, 1861.72.The War in Afghanistan is an ongoing coalition conflict which began on October 7, 2001.73.The official reason claimed by America for the invasion in Iraq 2003 included the spreading of democracy, the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and the liberation of the Iraqi people.74.Supreme court is the head of the judicial branch of America?

10.The most unique characteristic of American political system is check and balance which can prevent the over centralization of power into one branch of administration.75.Senators must be over 30 years of age, U.S.citizens for at least nine years, and residents of the state they represent.76.Members of the House of Representatives are elected every 2 years and must be over 25 years of age.77.The United States Constitution is the shortest and oldest written constitution still in use today.78.The handwritten original document was penned by Jacob Shallus

79.The grand jury is composed of not less than 12 and not more than 23 persons

80.The Constitution consists of

? a preamble

? seven original articles

? twenty-seven amendments(修正案)

? a paragraph certifying(證明)its enactment(通過(guò))by the constitutional convention.82.Head Start Program is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services

18.The current SAT, introduced in 2005, takes three hours and forty-five minutes

18.The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University

83.Christianity is the largest religious group in the United States?

84.The U.S.Pledge of Allegiance was modified in 1954 by President Eisenhower to add the phrase ”under God".85.Overall, Asian Americans have the second lowest poverty rate and the highest educational

attainment levels

86.A newly married couple is showered with rice or wheat which is recognized as the symbols of fertility.87.The veil was originated not as decorations.88.Stay-at-home dads are not as popular in American society.89.Nuclear family structure is a traditional family support system involving two married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring.90.Baseball attracts more ticket sales than any other sport in the United States

91.Soccer is not the most popular sport in America.92.Super Bowl Sunday is the second-largest day for U.S.food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day

93.Major League Baseball

94.Black Friday is Friday after Thanksgiving Day.95.The date of Christmas is not known to be the actual birth date of Jesus.96.Halloween is an annual holiday celebrated on October 31.97.The holiday was not officially recognized until 1972, during the presidency of Richard Nixon.98.BYOB for American who is invited to a party means “bring your own beer”

99.In America you should pay at least 15% unless the server is completely incompetent or rude to you.100.Food is passed to the right in U.S.101 Which of the following statements is not the eating habit in America?

A.No elbows on table.B.Repulsive to talk with mouth full.D.Talk happily and loudly.C.Try little of everything.102.Emancipation Proclamation 奴隸解放宣言

103.The Laissez Faire Economy 自由放任經(jīng)濟(jì)

104.The Electoral College 選舉團(tuán)

105.Westward Expansion 西進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)

106.CIA 中央情報(bào)局

107.Chinese-born American 美籍華人

第四篇：俄羅斯社會(huì)與文化

建設(shè)工程學(xué)部土木工程學(xué)號(hào)：201351054姓名：馬天鴻

《俄羅斯社會(huì)與文化》這門課給我的啟示

文學(xué)與藝術(shù)與建筑

一直以來(lái)都對(duì)俄羅斯的文學(xué)藝術(shù)很感興趣，這也成了我選擇這門課的初衷。從呀呀學(xué)語(yǔ)時(shí)就知道有高爾基這個(gè)俄國(guó)的大文豪。小時(shí)候媽媽給我教高爾基名字的全稱，老是記不住，后來(lái)慢慢的接觸到他的作品，了解他的童年，他的大學(xué)。再后來(lái)又讀到更多的俄羅斯的作家的著作，看過(guò)了契科夫的短篇小說(shuō)，啃完了托爾斯泰的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)。俄羅斯的文學(xué)幾乎成了我了解俄羅斯最主要的途徑。在這門課中，在老師帶著我們對(duì)俄羅斯的一次次漫游之后，結(jié)合俄羅斯的社會(huì)環(huán)境，我對(duì)俄羅斯又有了更進(jìn)一步的了解。

俄羅斯文學(xué)無(wú)疑是俄羅斯人民完美的和清晰的創(chuàng)作天才表達(dá)，而不僅僅是居于廟堂之高的象牙塔式的文學(xué)，無(wú)論是高爾基，托爾斯泰還是普希金，盡管他們的作品形式不同但都是來(lái)源于生活，都是與當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)背景緊密相連的，都是當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)普遍道德和文化價(jià)值的表現(xiàn)。按照俄羅斯著名哲學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn), 文學(xué)也是俄羅斯哲學(xué)的體現(xiàn)。在這些大家耳熟能詳?shù)奈膶W(xué)家和文學(xué)作品出現(xiàn)之前，俄羅斯也有過(guò)文學(xué)上的薄弱期。直到18世紀(jì)在俄羅斯幾乎還沒(méi)有世俗的的文學(xué)作品出現(xiàn)。那時(shí)只有一些古俄羅斯的歷史傳記，而這些作品的作者卻無(wú)從知曉。對(duì)于這些作品我之前根本不了解，在上了這門可之后才知道俄羅斯文學(xué)的繁榮與從彼得大帝開(kāi)始之后人們接受到西方新的思想意識(shí)和當(dāng)時(shí)依然落后的農(nóng)奴制之間的矛盾不無(wú)關(guān)系。在 18世紀(jì) 俄羅斯涌現(xiàn)出了一批杰出的詩(shī)人與作家.他們中間有瓦西

里·特里季亞可夫、米海伊爾·羅曼諾索夫、作家劇作家亞力山大·蘇馬洛科夫。那時(shí)主要的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)形式是古典主義、散文。在后來(lái)就出現(xiàn)了我們今天都十分熟悉的反映了俄羅斯社會(huì)與民眾意識(shí)的作品。像我們都讀過(guò)的《死魂靈》,這些作品都對(duì)我有很大的觸動(dòng)，讀起來(lái)也很容易理解。

再說(shuō)說(shuō)歌劇，我本身對(duì)歌劇的興趣并不大，也不是很了解，但在平時(shí)的生活學(xué)習(xí)中了解到在今天這個(gè)流行音樂(lè)肆掠全球的大形勢(shì)下，俄羅斯人休閑的方式依然是去歌劇院聽(tīng)歌?。ú恢朗遣皇钦娴模┚妥阋钥闯龈鑴”旧砭薮蟮镊攘Φ??？傊鑴∈嵌砹_斯人生活不可缺少的部分，提及俄羅斯社會(huì)與文化，歌劇就不得不說(shuō)。

在這門課中，了解最多的恐怕就是俄羅斯的建筑與它那優(yōu)美的風(fēng)景了。老師說(shuō)過(guò)，在俄羅斯拍的每張照片都像是一張明信片。確實(shí)，透過(guò)一幅幅圖片，俄羅斯建筑的美妙絕倫和華麗的內(nèi)飾都讓我們驚嘆不已。給人印象最深刻的要數(shù)圣彼得堡建筑。圣彼得堡是一個(gè)具有濃厚的巴洛克式風(fēng)格的俄羅斯城市，是彼得大帝時(shí)期，由德國(guó) 法國(guó) 意大利設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì) 建設(shè)的，巴洛克式建筑藝術(shù)的精華，氣勢(shì)磅礴、高

建設(shè)工程學(xué)部土木工程學(xué)號(hào)：201351054姓名：馬天鴻

聳雄偉、布局對(duì)稱、裝飾富麗堂皇。雖然在上圣彼得堡那一課之前，就有一些比較充分的了解，之前在網(wǎng)上看到過(guò)一些對(duì)圣彼得堡的介紹，但是上課以后還是不由自主冒出一堆感慨，建筑風(fēng)格很吸引我的眼球，你不用走到旅游景點(diǎn)，也不用站在地標(biāo)性建筑物旁，就能感覺(jué)到濃厚巴洛克式藝術(shù)建筑風(fēng)格。在這門課中我也首次聽(tīng)到了“哥特式”建筑這個(gè)新名詞，參觀了幾個(gè)著名的哥特式風(fēng)格的教堂，尤其琥珀宮給我留下了極深的印象。

此外，俄羅斯名人墓園也非常的吸引我，在哪里是幾乎是所有俄羅斯名流的身后所在地，墓碑的造型各異，但無(wú)不反映了主人生前的性格與成就。還有托爾斯泰、普希金的故居，讓人不禁想象他們當(dāng)時(shí)生活的場(chǎng)景??

總之，這門課給我?guī)?lái)了許多以前不曾接觸過(guò)的知識(shí)。也讓我對(duì)俄羅斯有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)俄羅斯社會(huì)與文化有了更為深刻的理解。讓我們眼中不再是那個(gè)大概念的俄羅斯，帶我們走進(jìn)了一個(gè)不一樣的俄羅斯，在這門課中獲益頗深。

第五篇：德國(guó)社會(huì)與文化

論文題目：德國(guó)啤酒

學(xué)校：江蘇大學(xué) 班級(jí)：環(huán)境工程1302 學(xué)號(hào)：310903050 姓名：徐鵬

目錄

摘要........................................................1 1.簡(jiǎn)介.....................................................2 2.制作過(guò)程.................................................2 3.啤酒基本分類.............................................2 3.1 基本種類............................................3 3.2 幾種代表性的啤酒....................................3 4.慕尼黑啤酒節(jié).............................................3 4.1 起源................................................3 4.2 過(guò)程................................................4 4.3 內(nèi)容................................................4 4.4 影響................................................4 5.啤酒之都..................................................5 參考文獻(xiàn)....................................................6

摘要

德國(guó)啤酒歷史悠久，因口感純正而出名，文章就德國(guó)啤酒入手，分析了德國(guó)啤酒的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展，并就其中所包含的文化現(xiàn)象展開(kāi)研究。

關(guān)鍵詞： 德國(guó)啤酒文化 1.簡(jiǎn)介

公元1516年巴伐利亞公國(guó)的威廉四世大公頒布了「德國(guó)純啤酒令」，規(guī)定德國(guó)啤酒只能以大麥芽、啤酒花和水三種原料制作，所以近五百年來(lái)德國(guó)啤酒即成為了所謂純正啤酒的代名詞。今日的德國(guó)為世界第二大啤酒生產(chǎn)國(guó)，境內(nèi)共有一千三百家啤酒廠，生產(chǎn)的啤酒種類高達(dá)五千多種，而根據(jù)官方統(tǒng)計(jì)每個(gè)德國(guó)人平均每年喝掉138公升的啤酒，世界上再也找不到比德國(guó)人更熱愛(ài)啤酒的民族了!特別是在每年慕尼黑啤酒節(jié)(Oktoberfest)期間竟可消耗高達(dá)六百萬(wàn)公升的啤酒。多年來(lái)經(jīng)德國(guó)人培養(yǎng)形成的啤酒文化更是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。

2.制作過(guò)程

啤酒的成分是大麥芽，啤酒花，水(90%以上)和酵母。無(wú)氧呼吸作用：“大麥經(jīng)過(guò)發(fā)芽，加熱以后經(jīng)過(guò)過(guò)濾，加上啤酒花再加熱，成為濃縮啤酒液。冷卻后的濃縮液再被加上水和酵母，裝入發(fā)酵瓶中。等待五至八天，新鮮啤酒就制成了”。最后鮮啤被裝入酒瓶，還需幾個(gè)星期才能完全發(fā)酵成熟。啤酒花能使啤酒清澈，延長(zhǎng)啤酒的保質(zhì)期，使它具有典型的苦味和香味。啤酒花加得越多，酒味越苦。啤酒上的厚厚泡沫(德國(guó)人稱之為泡沫皇冠)也是啤酒花起的作用。

3.啤酒基本分類 3.1基本種類

大致上德國(guó)啤酒可以分為白啤酒，清啤酒，黑啤酒[1]，科什啤酒，出口啤酒和無(wú)酒精啤酒這六大類。

白啤酒(Weissbier)是把小麥芽和大麥芽混合后釀制的，所以它們也叫小麥啤酒(Weizenbier)。它的特點(diǎn)是液體較濃厚，口味不太苦，喝上去口感潤(rùn)滑，是典型的液體面包。著名的品種有巴伐利亞白啤酒(Bayerischer Weissbier)，柏林白啤酒(Berliner Weisse)和萊比錫白啤酒(Leipziger Gose)等等。巴伐利亞白啤酒中有我們熟知的牌子Tucher，Paulaner等等。柏林的Berliner Kindl也是很出名的牌子。柏林人喝它時(shí)還常常加入覆盆子糖漿(Himbeersirup)或香車葉草糖漿(Waldmeistersirup)，使她成為紅色(Rot)或綠色(Grün)的混合飲料。清啤酒(Pils)主要流行于北德地區(qū)，是當(dāng)?shù)厝耸走x的啤酒品種。清啤酒品質(zhì)清冽，呈透明的淺黃色。它是德國(guó)啤酒中苦味最重 的一種。因?yàn)椴捎枚伟l(fā)酵的工藝，酒中所含的糖份少，不容易使人醉酒，清啤酒很適合大量飲用。最知名的代表品牌是弗倫斯堡(Flensburg)，在當(dāng)?shù)丶矣鲬魰浴?/p>

此種就采用推蓋設(shè)計(jì)，開(kāi)瓶時(shí)不需要起子，并可以發(fā)出香檳似的開(kāi)瓶聲音。黑啤酒(Schwarzbier)的家鄉(xiāng)在杜塞爾多夫和魯爾區(qū)。它的顏色相當(dāng)深，有著淡咖啡般的棕色。黑啤酒不象清啤酒那樣苦，口感上稍帶甜味，和愛(ài)爾蘭的基尼斯啤酒(Guinness)有點(diǎn)相似的地方，只是濃度稍微淡一些。科什啤酒(K?lsch)是科隆的特產(chǎn)。科什啤酒(K?lsch)的酒質(zhì)非常清淡，有著比清啤酒還要淺的顏色，苦味也少。喝科什啤酒一般用典型的0.2立升的細(xì)長(zhǎng)玻璃杯。會(huì)喝酒的人可以一連喝上十杯二十杯都面不改色。

出口啤酒(Exprotbier)是專門供出口的德國(guó)啤酒，象著名的貝克啤酒(Beck’s)等等。它的酒精含量比清啤酒高些，但苦味較少，總的口味比較清淡，在國(guó)際上很受歡迎。魯爾區(qū)的多特蒙德是出口啤酒產(chǎn)量最高的城市。

無(wú)酒精啤酒(Alkohofreies Bier)也是啤酒，口味和清啤酒差不多，只是不含酒精，最適宜駕駛車輛的人飲用。

3.2幾種代表性的啤酒

比爾森啤酒(Pelsen)，原產(chǎn)于捷克斯落伐克，是目前世界上飲用人數(shù)最多的一種啤酒，是世界上啤酒的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品。它為一種下面發(fā)酵的淡色啤酒，特點(diǎn)為色澤淺，泡沫豐富，酒花香味濃，苦味重但不長(zhǎng)，口味純爽。

多特蒙德啤酒(Dortmunder beer)是一種淡色的下面發(fā)酵啤酒，原產(chǎn)于德國(guó)的多特蒙德。該啤酒顏色較淺，苦味較輕，酒精含量較高，口味甘淡。慕尼黑啤酒(Mumich dark beer)是一種下面發(fā)酵的濃色啤酒，原產(chǎn)于德國(guó)的慕尼黑。色澤較深，有濃郁的麥芽焦香味，口味濃醇而不甜，苦味較輕。博克啤酒(Bock beer)是一種下面發(fā)酵的烈性啤酒，棕紅色，原產(chǎn)地也為德國(guó)。發(fā)酵度極低，有醇厚的麥芽香氣，口感柔和醇厚，泡沫持久。

德力士小麥王(delurll beer)具有獨(dú)特口味的渾濁型小麥白啤，濃香宜人，入口清新，給您帶來(lái)獨(dú)特的來(lái)自德國(guó)拜仁洲的啤酒享受;酵母的二次發(fā)酵工藝讓您在飲用的同時(shí)更能幫助消化;微酸的口味是在佐餐時(shí)最好的伴侶。獨(dú)具德國(guó)拜仁洲風(fēng)味的啤酒，德力士小麥王代表了德國(guó)啤酒的最高品質(zhì)。

4.慕尼黑啤酒節(jié)

4.1起源

1810年巴伐利亞加冕王子路德維希和特蕾瑟公主于當(dāng)年10月完婚，官方的慶祝活動(dòng)持續(xù)了5天。人們聚集到慕尼黑城外的大草坪上，唱歌、跳舞、觀看賽馬和痛飲啤酒。從此，這個(gè)深受歡迎的活動(dòng)便被延續(xù)下來(lái)，流傳至今，每年9月的第三個(gè)星期六至10月第一個(gè)星期日就固定成為啤酒節(jié)。截至到2004年，除因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和霍亂中斷外，慕尼黑啤酒節(jié)已整整舉辦了170屆。4.2過(guò)程

節(jié)日的第一天上午，來(lái)自巴伐利亞、德國(guó)其他州以及奧地利、瑞士、法國(guó)的游行隊(duì)伍聚集在一起，人們身穿艷麗多彩的民族服裝及傳統(tǒng)古裝在慕尼黑市長(zhǎng)及酒廠老板乘坐的富麗堂皇、花團(tuán)錦簇的馬車引領(lǐng)下，浩浩蕩蕩、威武雄壯地涌向黛麗絲草場(chǎng)。中午12時(shí)，隨著禮炮12響，頓時(shí)鼓樂(lè)齊奏、彩旗飛揚(yáng)、人聲沸騰。市長(zhǎng)在作簡(jiǎn)短致辭后，打開(kāi)第一桶啤酒，啤酒節(jié)便在沸騰的歡呼聲中揭開(kāi)了序幕。這時(shí)身穿傳統(tǒng)服裝的啤酒女郎用單耳大酒杯將新鮮啤酒不斷地送到迫不及待的飲客面前。許多身穿鹿皮短褲、背心等民族服裝的巴伐利亞人手舉啤酒杯穿行在大街上，他們逢人便高喊“干杯”，氣氛十分熱鬧。

4.3內(nèi)容

人們坐在傳統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)板凳上及長(zhǎng)木桌前，享受著舉世聞名的德國(guó)啤酒和具有當(dāng)?shù)靥厣目矩i腿，除了喝酒之外，街頭張燈結(jié)彩，市內(nèi)7家大酒廠組成的游行隊(duì)伍也紛紛上街載歌載舞。還有許多民俗活動(dòng)，如音樂(lè)會(huì)、馬戲團(tuán)表演，也有許多販賣站與游樂(lè)設(shè)施，如旋轉(zhuǎn)馬與摩天輪等。啤酒一直供應(yīng)到晚上10點(diǎn)半，這時(shí)樂(lè)隊(duì)齊奏催促人們回家的曲子，在泰瑞莎廣場(chǎng)上的活動(dòng)則在晚上11時(shí)結(jié)束，可是不少游客卻還是意猶未盡，流連忘返，許多人仍會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)至通宵開(kāi)放的酒館續(xù)攤。

走近慕尼黑啤酒棚的會(huì)場(chǎng)中，會(huì)看到十余座由各家知名啤酒公司及餐廳合開(kāi)的大型啤酒屋帳篷(Beer tent)，而雖名為帳篷但每個(gè)帳篷都宛如小巨蛋，因?yàn)楣こ毯拼蟾w房子沒(méi)兩樣，為容納每晚數(shù)千至數(shù)萬(wàn)人，各家啤酒屋可是挖盡了心思來(lái)滿足不同游客的需求，從7月中就開(kāi)始撘建巨型棚子，而棚內(nèi)外，都布置得各具特色。十幾個(gè)啤酒棚共可容納9萬(wàn)多個(gè)座位，每個(gè)啤酒生產(chǎn)商會(huì)在帳篷內(nèi)展示屬于他們的啤酒，大家在啤酒棚內(nèi)唱歌、跳舞，吃烤雞、烤魚(yú)及巨無(wú)霸德國(guó)面包 Pret-zel。另外有不少的啤酒棚里也設(shè)有樂(lè)隊(duì)表演的舞臺(tái)，每晚都會(huì)有樂(lè)團(tuán)表演一些耳熟能響的德國(guó)歌曲，還有身著中古世紀(jì)服裝的游行與傳統(tǒng)的歌舞。不過(guò)最吸引人的還是啤酒棚外許多各式各樣適合全家大小玩樂(lè)的游樂(lè)設(shè)施，如旋轉(zhuǎn)木馬、海盜船、旋轉(zhuǎn)啤酒筒、大型摩天輪、旋轉(zhuǎn)秋千、過(guò)山車、鬼屋等游樂(lè)設(shè)施，還有提供游客德意志帝國(guó)美食的小攤位，好讓任何年齡的人士都會(huì)在啤酒節(jié)玩得開(kāi)開(kāi)心心!除此之外，到了夜晚，五光十色的燈光，照亮了整個(gè)會(huì)場(chǎng)，更能感受慕尼黑越夜越美麗，而巨型的摩天輪，則是俯瞰啤酒節(jié)會(huì)場(chǎng)的最佳地點(diǎn)。4.4影響

這場(chǎng)譽(yù)為全球最大的節(jié)慶活動(dòng)之一，每年都會(huì)吸引了超過(guò)700萬(wàn)名的觀光客，足足喝掉600萬(wàn)公升以上的啤酒!沒(méi)想到印象中一板一眼的德國(guó)人，其實(shí)也有如此熱情好客的一面。連續(xù)16天的啤酒節(jié)，每年在特里薩廣場(chǎng)上架起可容納數(shù)萬(wàn)個(gè)座位的大帳棚，提供游客啤酒、德國(guó)美食;帳棚外則豎立著摩天輪之類的游樂(lè)設(shè)施，會(huì)場(chǎng)中不時(shí)穿插身著中古世紀(jì)服裝的游行與民俗活動(dòng)。2003年就約有六百萬(wàn)人萬(wàn)人擠進(jìn)約31公頃大草地上的14座帳篷里，飲盡約570萬(wàn)公升(一百五十萬(wàn)加侖)的德國(guó)啤酒。而在泰瑞莎廣場(chǎng)上的所有的啤酒大棚都是臨時(shí)搭建的，每個(gè)大棚都有2000平方公尺左右，都有獨(dú)立的舞臺(tái)和啤酒銷售柜臺(tái)。

5.啤酒之都

事實(shí)上，多特蒙德才是德國(guó)真正的啤酒之都，6大啤酒廠年產(chǎn)啤酒超過(guò)了6億公升，在世界上也僅次于美國(guó)的米爾沃基排名第二，原產(chǎn)于多特蒙德的多特蒙德啤酒(Dortmunder Beer)更是球迷們不可錯(cuò)過(guò)的佳釀。鋼鐵與啤酒是多特蒙德的象征，啤酒是普通市民最喜歡的飲料。據(jù)說(shuō)，1700多年以前，啤酒釀造業(yè)就在這里興起。如今該市年產(chǎn)啤酒75萬(wàn)千升，是歐洲首屈一指的啤酒城，也是世界著名的啤酒產(chǎn)地。

在多特蒙德大街上，啤酒店依然隨處可見(jiàn)，估計(jì)有六七百家之多，滿城洋溢著啤酒的芳香。德國(guó)人喜歡在啤酒店相聚，就像中國(guó)人愛(ài)坐茶館一樣。因此，多特蒙德不僅是個(gè)盛產(chǎn)啤酒的城市，也是個(gè)啤酒消費(fèi)量頗高的城市，其啤酒人均年消費(fèi)量是歐洲人均水平的4倍左右，不愧“啤酒桶中的城市”。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 蔡玳燕.德國(guó)飲食文化[M].暨南大學(xué)出版社，2011.[2] 魯成文.德意志之在：游思德意志民族文化性格[M].世界圖書(shū)出版公司，2010.[3]中國(guó)論文網(wǎng)，德國(guó)的啤酒文化與德意志民族性格分析，2014.07.09