第一篇：整理的外文翻譯

武漢科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

Apparent Agency in the U.S.and Russia

Serjey.Budylin

Journal of Business Ethics(2009)84:165–187 _ Springer 2008 DOI 10.1007/s10551-008-9680-9，Volume 2 of 3

論美國(guó)和俄羅斯的表見(jiàn)代理

謝爾蓋.巴德林

商業(yè)倫理雜志（2009）84:165-187_斯普林格2008 分類號(hào)10.1007/s10551-008-9680-9，第3期第2卷 武漢科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

第一章 緒論

代理法對(duì)現(xiàn)代商務(wù)來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要，因?yàn)?，原因顯而易見(jiàn)，企業(yè)通常不會(huì)自己采取行動(dòng)，而往往是通過(guò)它們的代理人，這篇文章是專門對(duì)美國(guó)和俄羅斯某些代理法的比較。具體來(lái)講，它涉及在美國(guó)和俄羅斯“表見(jiàn)代理”概念是否類似的問(wèn)題。

在美國(guó)，代理是一個(gè)基本的法律概念，除了實(shí)際委托人為他代理人的行為承擔(dān)責(zé)任的關(guān)系以外，在有些情況下，委托人也要對(duì)不是他的代理人的人的行為負(fù)責(zé)，因?yàn)榈谌讼嘈潘麨橛袡?quán)代理人，這個(gè)概念就被稱為表見(jiàn)代理，也稱禁止反言(俄羅斯法律稱)。在俄羅斯法律中，該代理的范圍通常要比美國(guó)的狹窄，表見(jiàn)代理不存在單獨(dú)的法律原則。然而，俄羅斯法律里的某些條款與美國(guó)法律的有關(guān)規(guī)定是平行的。

第二章 美國(guó)的代理制度

在美國(guó)的法律體系中，代理由普通法所管轄，美國(guó)法律協(xié)會(huì)(ALI)編制的普通法納入了一系列重述，將代理法完全包括了進(jìn)去，目前有關(guān)代理的重述發(fā)布于1958年。以下是有關(guān)代理的重要條款的簡(jiǎn)短列表：代理制度里的權(quán)力是用來(lái)約束代理人的，這主要取決于代理里面代理人的行為。表見(jiàn)代理作為非代理行為中的一種權(quán)利，主要是用來(lái)束縛委托代理人的，這主要取決于代理人和第三方之間的行為。禁止反言是一個(gè)公平的概念，主要用來(lái)規(guī)定委托代理對(duì)第三人的責(zé)任，尤其在第三人善意地相信無(wú)權(quán)代理人有代理權(quán)時(shí)。禁止反言的范圍比表見(jiàn)代理的更廣：可以適用表見(jiàn)代理的地方，禁止反言的適用更具有權(quán)威；但是，有些情形可以適用禁止反言，卻不能使用表見(jiàn)代理。

第一節(jié) 代理制度

我們從重述對(duì)代理的定義開(kāi)始。代理是一種委托關(guān)系，它產(chǎn)生于一方當(dāng)事人受另一方當(dāng)事人的委托，自愿地代表另一方當(dāng)事人，并且自愿地將其行為置于對(duì)方的控制之下。雙方的合意可以促成委托人和代理人之間代理關(guān)系的建立，代理關(guān)系一旦建立，代理人就可以從委托人處獲得一些權(quán)力，于是，代理人就擁有了通過(guò)自己行為來(lái)約束委托人的權(quán)力。權(quán)力是指一個(gè)人可以這樣做或不這樣做從而達(dá)到改變既定的法律關(guān)系的能力。代理權(quán)力是指代理人可以通過(guò)自己的行為來(lái)影響他與委托人之間的法律關(guān)系的一種能力。比如我對(duì)X說(shuō)：“你可以幫我把手機(jī)賣給別人嗎？”X回答：“好的。”現(xiàn)在X就成了我的代理人，X有權(quán)與Y簽訂合同來(lái)出賣我的手機(jī)，同時(shí)也可能意味著他有權(quán)提供手機(jī)并且收錢。通常，書(shū)面委托書(shū)并不是必須的。

第二節(jié) 表面授權(quán)

但是，有的情況下某個(gè)人并不是我的代理人，也沒(méi)有從我這里獲得授權(quán)，但他仍然 武漢科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

擁有可以約束我的權(quán)力。這種情形通常被稱為“表見(jiàn)代理”或“禁止反言”。但是，這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)人們，并且重述一直避免用它。相反，人們通常稱它為“表面授權(quán)”和“禁止反言”，兩個(gè)概念都是基于同樣的想法：如果我要對(duì)相信X是我的代理人的第三人負(fù)責(zé)，那么我就應(yīng)該對(duì)X與第三人的行為負(fù)責(zé)。表面授權(quán)是一種可以改變另一個(gè)人與第三人法律關(guān)系的權(quán)力，前提是一方當(dāng)事人稱他是另一個(gè)人的代理人，該權(quán)力產(chǎn)生于一方當(dāng)事人與第三人的行為。因此，表面授權(quán)并非真正的權(quán)力，它來(lái)源于與第三人的行為而并非一個(gè)潛在的代理（這是上文所述的明示授權(quán)與與默示授權(quán)的很重要的區(qū)別）。例如X不是我的代理人，然而我對(duì)想要購(gòu)買我手機(jī)的Y說(shuō)：“去找X協(xié)商，他是我的代理人?！庇谑荵去找X，他們簽訂了一個(gè)關(guān)于買賣我手機(jī)的合同，X并沒(méi)有得到我的授權(quán)（不管是明示的還是默示的），但是他擁有了表面授權(quán)，于是依然可以約束我。那個(gè)合同是有效的，我必須要受其約束。

第三節(jié) 禁止反言

禁止反言的概念與表面權(quán)力的概念非常接近，事實(shí)上，許多法院都同等地適用這兩個(gè)條款。但是重述的作者堅(jiān)持這兩個(gè)概念還是有區(qū)別的。禁止反言的概念的范圍比表面授權(quán)的要廣，在可以適用表面授權(quán)的情形下，人們通常使用禁止反言，但是也有一些情況只能使用禁止反言而不能采用表面授權(quán)：(1)一個(gè)人如果不是交易一方當(dāng)事人，那么他無(wú)需對(duì)在自己賬戶上完成的交易行為負(fù)責(zé)，但是如果另一個(gè)人改變了了這種關(guān)系，使得他人認(rèn)為該交易行為是他完成的或者是幫他完成的，那么他就需要對(duì)他人負(fù)責(zé)。(a)他故意或不小心造成這種信念；(b)他知道這些信念，并且別人基于該信念改變了他們之間的關(guān)系，他沒(méi)有采取合理步驟知他們事實(shí)。雖然表面授權(quán)的概念源于《合同法》（我受我對(duì)合同相對(duì)人說(shuō)過(guò)的話的約束），然而禁止反言是侵權(quán)法的一個(gè)原則（保護(hù)善意的第三人）。禁止反言以一種很奇特的方式運(yùn)行著：被告不得推翻已經(jīng)承認(rèn)的事實(shí)（禁止反言）。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，代理人不得在法庭上否認(rèn)他承認(rèn)自己是無(wú)權(quán)代理人的事實(shí)，在任何情況下(a)或者(b)項(xiàng)都是正確的。禁止反言是建立在“公平原則”的基礎(chǔ)上(而不是法律上的規(guī)定)。比如，X不是我賣手機(jī)的代理人，但是(a)：我對(duì)Z說(shuō)X是我的代理人，Z又將我的話告訴Y，或者反過(guò)來(lái)；（b）我沒(méi)有對(duì)任何人說(shuō)過(guò)X是我的代理人，但是我知道Z對(duì)Y說(shuō)X是我的代理人，而我卻沒(méi)有將事實(shí)告訴Y。然后X和Y簽訂了關(guān)于我的手機(jī)買賣的合同。因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有對(duì)X或者Y任何一個(gè)人說(shuō)過(guò)，X既沒(méi)有代理權(quán)也沒(méi)有表面權(quán)力。因此，那個(gè)合同可能沒(méi)有形成。但是如果Y因?yàn)槲肄D(zhuǎn)讓手機(jī)而遭受了損失（“立場(chǎng)改變”），例如在其他地方以更高的價(jià)格購(gòu)買了電話，我就必須先于X承擔(dān)責(zé)任，因?yàn)檫@ 是我的錯(cuò)。我不能改口說(shuō)：“X不是我的代理人。”

第三章 俄羅斯的代理制度 武漢科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

與美國(guó)不同，俄羅斯是大陸法系國(guó)家，通常指俄羅斯所有的法律都是通過(guò)立法建立，俄羅斯私法最重要的規(guī)定是俄羅斯聯(lián)邦民法典的規(guī)定。不像美國(guó)法典（即現(xiàn)行的所有聯(lián)邦法規(guī)綜合編譯），俄羅斯的民法典不包含所有的民法的規(guī)定，它只是法規(guī)之一，但是是最重要的一個(gè)，涵蓋了所有的私法問(wèn)題。

第一節(jié) 代理合同

瀏覽民法典中的“代理”一詞，在第52章你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它，標(biāo)題叫“代理”。一位美國(guó)律師會(huì)驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，“代理”一詞在這里被理解為合同類型的一種。第1005條代理合同：在代理合同里，一方當(dāng)事人（代理人）對(duì)另一方當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行了賠償，以代理人的名義但是主要費(fèi)用由委托人支付，或者以委托人的名義并且費(fèi)用由委托人支付。上述兩項(xiàng)選擇權(quán)在美國(guó)被稱為“不公開(kāi)委托人”和“公開(kāi)委托人”的代理。在俄羅斯也有兩種合同形式，規(guī)定在第49章（授權(quán)）和第51章（委員會(huì)）中。它們是未公開(kāi)的代理合同（雖然民法典并沒(méi)有這樣說(shuō)），它們也涉及到公開(kāi)和不公開(kāi)委托代理人的情形。第52章（49章和51章）里規(guī)定了代理人和委托代理人之間的關(guān)系（補(bǔ)償，報(bào)告等），但是并沒(méi)有規(guī)定代理人和第三人之間的關(guān)系。值得注意的是第52章只包含七篇文章（俄羅斯法律里的一條，類似于美國(guó)法律里的一節(jié)）。這些都有可能給讀者一種熟悉的感覺(jué)，就是普通法傳統(tǒng)的混亂狀態(tài)猶如俄羅斯法律里的代理制度一樣。代理在俄羅斯沒(méi)有像在美國(guó)一樣作為基本法律，事實(shí)上在俄羅斯有一個(gè)與基本法更為緊密的概念，只是它叫另一個(gè)名稱而已。這就是所謂的“代表權(quán)”，在第10章里描述（代表：授權(quán)委托書(shū)）。事實(shí)上，許多作者喜歡把“代表權(quán)”翻譯成英文“代理”，但是我使用更加文字版本的翻譯“代表權(quán)”，一方面是為了避免與52章的術(shù)語(yǔ)搞混，另一方面是為了避免與美國(guó)的代理的概念搞混。

一個(gè)事物由一個(gè)人以另一個(gè)人的名義來(lái)完成，基于授權(quán)委托書(shū)，或者基于法律的規(guī)定，或者基于國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)的授權(quán)，可以直接創(chuàng)建、修改和終止與代理人方面的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。有權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)也可以在這種情況下總結(jié)出“代理權(quán)”的根本含義，而不能歸結(jié)為任何合同。（注意，與重述的528節(jié)相比較。第10章的所有內(nèi)容只包含八條）。然而，這個(gè)概念在某種意義上比美國(guó)的代理概念窄，這里沒(méi)有“不公開(kāi)委托人的代理”，委托人一直為第三方所知曉。此外，民法典對(duì)于權(quán)力在何種情形下應(yīng)明示呈開(kāi)放態(tài)度，事實(shí)上，在前面提到的案例中，明示授權(quán)或默示授權(quán)都是可以推斷出來(lái)了的。注意，默示授權(quán)并不是民法典的規(guī)定。更要重要的是，授權(quán)必須要采用書(shū)面的形式。通常，口頭上并不能產(chǎn)生授權(quán)或表面授權(quán)的效果，在美國(guó)是這樣規(guī)定的。所以美國(guó)關(guān)于代理的概念在俄羅斯被理解 為代表權(quán)而不是代理合同。只能通過(guò)名字來(lái)進(jìn)行區(qū)別。

第二節(jié) 表面授權(quán) 武漢科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

因?yàn)槭跈?quán)委托書(shū)都采用書(shū)面的形式，所以根本就沒(méi)有表面授權(quán)存在的位置。如果一個(gè)代理人超越了授權(quán)委托書(shū)的權(quán)限，那么他所超越的部分對(duì)于委托人來(lái)說(shuō)通常是無(wú)效的（不過(guò)被代表人也可以事后承認(rèn)代表人的越權(quán)操作）。但是。也有一些例外。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，假設(shè)一個(gè)人簽署了授權(quán)委托書(shū)后又將它撤銷了，但是他的代表人仍然拿著合同書(shū)以他的名義與不知情的第三方簽訂合同。在美國(guó)，這將陷入表面授權(quán)，合同將被強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。民法典并沒(méi)有引進(jìn)任何單獨(dú)的概念，但是結(jié)果是相同的。

第189條，授權(quán)委托書(shū)終止后的后果。1.一個(gè)人在簽發(fā)了授權(quán)委托書(shū)后又將它撤銷了，其有義務(wù)通知被授權(quán)人，并有義務(wù)通知知道他們之間授權(quán)委托書(shū)的第三人。2.根據(jù)授權(quán)委托書(shū)的規(guī)定，被授權(quán)人有義務(wù)立即返還授權(quán)委托書(shū)。因此，授權(quán)委托人有義務(wù)去通知第三方（他所知道的）與授權(quán)委托書(shū)被撤銷的相關(guān)事項(xiàng)，如果他沒(méi)有盡到該義務(wù)，他將承擔(dān)第三者所遭受的損失。這大致相當(dāng)于美國(guó)法律規(guī)定的承擔(dān)損害賠償責(zé)任。當(dāng)然在這種情況下，代理人將對(duì)被代理人負(fù)責(zé)，這是另外一個(gè)問(wèn)題，在這里不涉及。

法人代表所適用的規(guī)則與個(gè)人代表所適用的規(guī)則是相同的，只是有一些微小的變化（最重要的是，授權(quán)委托書(shū)由公司發(fā)行，必須經(jīng)由這家公司的印章認(rèn)證）。但是，在這一方面，俄羅斯和美國(guó)的法律有著實(shí)質(zhì)性的區(qū)別。一個(gè)俄羅斯公司的首席執(zhí)行官（也稱為獨(dú)家董事，總經(jīng)理，或總裁），通常并不認(rèn)為他是公司的代表人或代理人，而是由公司法設(shè)立的一個(gè)獨(dú)立的機(jī)構(gòu)。假設(shè)授予一個(gè)總干事超過(guò)公司附例規(guī)定的權(quán)力，如前所述，在美國(guó)，他仍然有明示的權(quán)力，代表公司執(zhí)行大部分的商業(yè)貿(mào)易。而在俄羅斯，如果交易的另一方“知道或肯定應(yīng)該知道有關(guān)附例所載的限制，那么他的種種交易行為在任何地方都是無(wú)效的。否則交易是有效的。這可以說(shuō)是美國(guó)表面權(quán)力平行的概念。然而，俄羅斯法院往往假定，任何商業(yè)伙伴“當(dāng)然應(yīng)該知道有關(guān)上述附例的限制”，這樣使得更多的交易被宣布無(wú)效，由于俄羅斯的法律未做更改，使得它在這方面的規(guī)定與美國(guó)大不相同。有趣的是，民法典中并沒(méi)有明確主席的越權(quán)行為的撤銷的可能性，而且這種批準(zhǔn)始終是得到法院的準(zhǔn)許。因此，雖然目前美國(guó)和俄羅斯在表見(jiàn)代理上并沒(méi)有直接的合作，但某些相似之處仍然存在。

第二篇：外文翻譯

當(dāng)今時(shí)代是一個(gè)自動(dòng)化時(shí)代，交通燈控制等很多行業(yè)的設(shè)備都與計(jì)算機(jī)密切相關(guān)。因此，一個(gè)好的交通燈控制系統(tǒng)，將給道路擁擠，違章控制等方面給予技術(shù)革新。隨著大規(guī)模集成電路及計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，以及人工智能在控制技術(shù)方面的廣泛運(yùn)用，智能設(shè)備有了很大的發(fā)展，是現(xiàn)代科技發(fā)展的主流方向。本文介紹了一個(gè)智能交通的系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。該智能交通燈控制系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能有：對(duì)某市區(qū)的四個(gè)主要交通路口進(jìn)行控制：個(gè)路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路擁擠時(shí)中控制中心能改變其周期：對(duì)路口違章的機(jī)動(dòng)車能夠即時(shí)拍照，并提取車牌號(hào)。在世界范圍內(nèi)，一個(gè)以微電子技術(shù)，計(jì)算機(jī)和通信技術(shù)為先導(dǎo)的，一信息技術(shù)和信息產(chǎn)業(yè)為中心的信息革命方興未艾。而計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)怎樣 與實(shí)際應(yīng)用更有效的結(jié)合并有效的發(fā)揮其作用是科學(xué)界最熱門的話題，也是當(dāng)今計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用中空前活躍的領(lǐng)域。本文主要從單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用上來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)十字路口交通燈智能化的管理，用以控制過(guò)往車輛的正常運(yùn)作。

研究交通的目的是為了優(yōu)化運(yùn)輸，人流以及貨流。由于道路使用者的不斷增加，現(xiàn)有資源和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施有限，智能交通控制將成為一個(gè)非常重要的課題。但是，智能交通控制的應(yīng)用還存在局限性。例如避免交通擁堵被認(rèn)為是對(duì)環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)都有利的，但改善交通流也可能導(dǎo)致需求增加。交通仿真有幾個(gè)不同的模型。在研究中，我們著重于微觀模型，該模型能模仿單獨(dú)車輛的行為，從而模仿動(dòng)態(tài)的車輛組。

由于低效率的交通控制，汽車在城市交通中都經(jīng)歷過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的行進(jìn)。采用先進(jìn)的傳感器和智能優(yōu)化算法來(lái)優(yōu)化交通燈控制系統(tǒng)，將會(huì)是非常有益的。優(yōu)化交通燈開(kāi)關(guān)，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信號(hào)燈控制是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的優(yōu)化問(wèn)題和幾種智能算法的融合，如模糊邏輯，進(jìn)化算法，和聚類算法已經(jīng)在使用，試圖解決這一問(wèn)題，本文提出一種基于多代理聚類算法控制交通信號(hào)燈。

在我們的方法中，聚類算法與道路使用者的價(jià)值函數(shù)是用來(lái)確定每個(gè)交通燈的最優(yōu)決策的，這項(xiàng)決定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累積投票，通過(guò)估計(jì)每輛車的好處(或收益)來(lái)確定綠燈時(shí)間增益值與總時(shí)間是有差異的，它希望在它往返的時(shí)候等待，如果燈是紅色，或者燈是綠色。等待，直到車輛到達(dá)目的地，通過(guò)有聚類算法的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，最后經(jīng)過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)車的監(jiān)測(cè)。

我們對(duì)自己的聚類算法模型和其它使用綠燈模擬器的系統(tǒng)做了比較。綠燈模擬器是一個(gè)交通模擬器，監(jiān)控交通流量統(tǒng)計(jì)，如平均等待時(shí)間，并測(cè)試不同的交通燈控制器。結(jié)果表明，在擁擠的交通條件下，聚類控制器性能優(yōu)于其它所有測(cè)試的非自適應(yīng)控制器，我們也測(cè)試?yán)碚撋系钠骄却龝r(shí)間，用以選擇車輛通過(guò)市區(qū)的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作學(xué)習(xí)的方法可避免交通瓶頸。

本文安排如下：第2部分?jǐn)⑹鋈绾谓⒔煌Ｐ?，預(yù)測(cè)交通情況和控制交通。第3部分是就相關(guān)問(wèn)題得出結(jié)論。第4部分說(shuō)明了現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)一步研究的事實(shí)，并介紹了我們的新思想。

The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has：The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.

第三篇：外文翻譯

設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)位于十字路口的智能交通燈控制系統(tǒng)

摘要：本文模型使用模糊本體的交通燈控制域，并把它應(yīng)用到控制孤立十字路口。本文最重要的目的之一是提出一個(gè)獨(dú)立的可重復(fù)使用的交通燈控制模塊。通過(guò)這種方式，增加軟件的獨(dú)立性和為其他的軟件開(kāi)發(fā)活動(dòng)如測(cè)試和維護(hù)，提供了便利。專家對(duì)本體論進(jìn)行手動(dòng)的開(kāi)發(fā)和評(píng)估。此外，交通數(shù)據(jù)提取和分類路口使用的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的圖像處理算法。根據(jù)預(yù)定義的XML架構(gòu)，這種信息轉(zhuǎn)化為XML實(shí)例映射到適合使用模糊推理引擎的模糊規(guī)則的模糊本體。把本系統(tǒng)的性能與其他類似的系統(tǒng)性能進(jìn)行比較。比較結(jié)果顯示：在所有的交通條件下，在每個(gè)周期中，對(duì)每輛車它有低得多的平均延遲時(shí)間與其他的控制系統(tǒng)相比。

關(guān)鍵詞:模糊本體,智能代理,智能交通系統(tǒng)(ITS),交通信號(hào)燈控制(TLC),孤立的十字路口,圖像處理,人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

1.引言

作為城市交通增加的結(jié)果,道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的能力有限和發(fā)展交通工具和方法的技術(shù)方面，許多實(shí)體，關(guān)系，情況和規(guī)則已經(jīng)進(jìn)入交通燈控制域和轉(zhuǎn)化成為一個(gè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域。這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的建模知識(shí)幫助交通代理和應(yīng)用有效地管理關(guān)于實(shí)時(shí)條件下的交通。全面知識(shí)建模領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)最合適的方法是使用本體概念?！氨倔w論是一個(gè)正式的、明確的一個(gè)共享的概念化的規(guī)范。以前的模型是基本的本體建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)，為下列建立一個(gè)共享的語(yǔ)義豐富的知識(shí)域。除了本體作為概念化的形式主義的重要性，它有可能超過(guò)所代表的數(shù)據(jù)。這種能力將提高有關(guān)性能的決定和其他非智能系統(tǒng)的功能特點(diǎn)。在近年來(lái)，本體論上的研究正成為一個(gè)新的熱點(diǎn)話題在不同的活動(dòng)，如人工智能，知識(shí)管理，語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)，電子商務(wù)和幾個(gè)其他應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。這些領(lǐng)域之一是智能交通系統(tǒng)。一些努力已制成這個(gè)通過(guò)展示和使用本體檢測(cè)交通領(lǐng)域擁塞，管理非城市道路氣象事件，駕駛阿德?！骼锵到y(tǒng)，共享和整合一個(gè)智能交通系統(tǒng)。本文的目的是介紹一個(gè)紅綠燈有效控制孤立交叉口這方面的知識(shí)重用的控制本體。這種新的辦法適用于智能代理使用知識(shí)決策模糊。該系統(tǒng)采用的圖像來(lái)自安裝了監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)拍攝的路口。這些圖像處理利用圖像處理算法和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方法，然后發(fā)送到一個(gè)智能代理。第2節(jié)中，我們將簡(jiǎn)要地解釋了在這項(xiàng)工作中運(yùn)用的技術(shù)包括seman-TIC網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，智能代理技術(shù)和交通的回地面光控制方法。在第3節(jié)，新的系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)是基于分層語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)。第4節(jié)介紹交通燈控制的模糊本體的建設(shè)。第五節(jié)從路口提取的圖像信息解釋。在第6節(jié)，智能系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作被完整描述，最后在第7節(jié)對(duì)所提出的方法進(jìn)行評(píng)估，對(duì)結(jié)論進(jìn)行闡述。

2.背景

本節(jié)說(shuō)明在這項(xiàng)工作中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)包括語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，特別本體和模糊本體。此外，國(guó)家的交通燈控制的藝術(shù)方法是簡(jiǎn)要介紹。2.1.語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)

語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)被定義為當(dāng)前Wed的延伸，這些網(wǎng)站的信息都給出明確的含義;使電腦與人更好的合作。有幾層語(yǔ)義Web的建議源自伯納斯滯后階段。在此類別中的所有規(guī)則如表1所示。圖.4顯示輸出模式的示意圖。本次評(píng)選有助于智能系統(tǒng)，以確定下一步的階段測(cè)序。

另一種模糊的規(guī)則類別涉及估計(jì)優(yōu)化周期時(shí)間。這些規(guī)則的模糊變量是天氣條件，時(shí)間，每天平均車輛擁堵情況。出于這個(gè)原因，60個(gè)模糊規(guī)則被定義了。從氣象研究所取得氣象條件。日期和時(shí)間也是在交通專家的知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上以模糊變量形式預(yù)先定義的。圖5顯示日期，時(shí)間和周期時(shí)間的隸屬函數(shù)。當(dāng)天的參數(shù)是在日歷基礎(chǔ)上基于假期和正常的一天與周期時(shí)間量的關(guān)系預(yù)定義的。例如，假期期間的周期時(shí)間是較平日少。因此，平日的隸屬度比假期多。

例如一個(gè)階段選型的模糊規(guī)則如下所述：“如果一個(gè)路口的類型是四的方式，平均車輛擁堵低，平均行人擁堵是中等，然后相類型是簡(jiǎn)單的兩階段”。此外，為周期時(shí)間估計(jì)的模糊規(guī)則表示如下：“如果天氣條件是晴天，時(shí)間是早晨，天是正常的，平均車輛擁堵是低，則周期時(shí)間短”。在此類別中的所有規(guī)則都列在附錄A。

在此步驟結(jié)束時(shí)，應(yīng)該對(duì)交通燈邏輯控制的項(xiàng)目的有效性進(jìn)行評(píng)估。此功能是使用專家的意見(jiàn)。評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程的主要目的是顯示發(fā)展的本體和其相關(guān)的軟件環(huán)境的用處。雖然所有的信息，尤其是交通燈控制規(guī)則已提取國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和科學(xué)交通文學(xué)，專家的知識(shí)優(yōu)勢(shì)是他們最后的正確性驗(yàn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所有模糊規(guī)則，包括優(yōu)化周期時(shí)間和相位類型的規(guī)則，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，準(zhǔn)備以調(diào)查問(wèn)卷形式和展現(xiàn)給一些專家包括從德黑蘭警察局交通上校和兩名來(lái)自德黑蘭的交通組織工程師。由于德?tīng)柗茖＜业囊庖?jiàn)，約有84％的淘汰型規(guī)則和優(yōu)化周期時(shí)間的87％被接受。此外，所有交通邏輯控制的元素包括概念，關(guān)系，屬性和公理都被這些專家進(jìn)行了評(píng)估和驗(yàn)證。我們?cè)u(píng)估邏輯交通控制是基于理論知識(shí)的。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中進(jìn)行了兩項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，包括檢查的要求和能力的問(wèn)題，并在目標(biāo)應(yīng)用環(huán)境測(cè)試本體。由于邏輯交通控制已建成的基礎(chǔ)上，如指定要求優(yōu)化循環(huán)時(shí)間，逐步淘汰型，交通的移動(dòng)和優(yōu)化綠燈時(shí)間，每個(gè)階段的序列中，第一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)是最好的結(jié)果。邏輯交通控制滿足所有的交通燈控制的需求，并能回答的能力問(wèn)題?？?jī)效評(píng)估機(jī)制，可以支持這種說(shuō)法。在部分實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果我們驗(yàn)證了這一過(guò)程。

第四篇：外文翻譯

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)

原文出處：傳感器文摘 布拉福德：1993年第13頁(yè)

摘要：超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)技校在工業(yè)場(chǎng)車輛導(dǎo)航水聲工程等領(lǐng)域都具有了廣泛的應(yīng)用價(jià)值，目前已應(yīng)用于物理測(cè)量，機(jī)器人自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航以及空氣中與水下的目標(biāo)探測(cè)、識(shí)別定位等場(chǎng)合，因此，深入研究超聲的探測(cè)理論和方法具有重要的實(shí)踐意義，為了進(jìn)一步提高測(cè)量的精確度，滿足工程人員對(duì)測(cè)量精度測(cè)距量程和測(cè)距儀使用的要求，本文研制了一套基于單片機(jī)的使拱式超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)。關(guān)鍵詞：超聲波 測(cè)距儀 單片機(jī)

1、前言

隨著科技的發(fā)展，人們生活水平的提高，城市發(fā)展建設(shè)加快，城市給排水系統(tǒng)也有較大發(fā)展，其狀況不斷改善，但是，由于歷史原因合成時(shí)間性的許多不可預(yù)見(jiàn)因素，城市給排水系統(tǒng)，特別是排水系統(tǒng)往往落后于城市建設(shè)，因此，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)開(kāi)挖已經(jīng)建設(shè)好的建筑設(shè)施來(lái)改造排水系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)象。城市污水給人們帶來(lái)的困擾，因此箱的排污疏通對(duì)大城市給排水系統(tǒng)污水理，人們生活舒適顯得非常重要。而設(shè)計(jì)研制箱涵排水疏通移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)，保證機(jī)器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱涵排水系統(tǒng)疏通機(jī)器人的設(shè)計(jì)研制的核心部分，控制系統(tǒng)核心部分就是超聲波測(cè)儀的研制。因此，設(shè)計(jì)好的超聲波測(cè)距儀就顯得非常重要了。

1.1課題背景

隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展與汽車科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，公路交通呈現(xiàn)出行駛高速化、車流密集化和駕駛員非職業(yè)化的趨勢(shì)。同時(shí)，隨著汽車工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展，汽車的產(chǎn)量和保有量都在急劇增加。但公路發(fā)展、交通管理卻相對(duì)落后，導(dǎo)致了交通事故與日劇增，城市里尤其突出。智能交通系統(tǒng)ITS是目前世界上交通運(yùn)輸科學(xué)技術(shù)的前沿技術(shù)，它在充分發(fā)揮現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的潛力，提高運(yùn)輸效率，保障交通安全，緩解交通賭塞，改善城市環(huán)境等方面的卓越效能，已得到各國(guó)政府的廣泛關(guān)注。中國(guó)政府也高度重視智能交通系統(tǒng)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)與推廣應(yīng)用。汽車防撞系統(tǒng)作為ITS 發(fā)展的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)，它的成功與否對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)有著很大的作用。從傳統(tǒng)上說(shuō)，汽車的安全可以分為兩個(gè)主要研究方向:一是主動(dòng)式安全技術(shù)，即防止事故的發(fā)生，該種方式是目前汽車安全研究的最終目的;二是被動(dòng)式安全技術(shù)，即事故發(fā)生后的乘員保護(hù)。目前汽車安全領(lǐng)域被動(dòng)安全研究較多，主要從安全氣囊、ABS(防抱死系統(tǒng))和懸架等方面著手，以保證駕乘人員的安全。從經(jīng)濟(jì)性和安全性兩方面來(lái)說(shuō)，中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

這些被動(dòng)安全措施是在事故發(fā)生時(shí)刻對(duì)車輛和人員進(jìn)行保護(hù)，有很大的局限性，因而車輛的主動(dòng)安全研究尤為重要，引出了本文研究的基于單片機(jī)的超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是一種可向司機(jī)預(yù)先發(fā)出視聽(tīng)語(yǔ)音信號(hào)的探測(cè)裝置。它安裝在汽車上，能探測(cè)企圖接近車身的行人、車輛或周圍障礙物;能向司機(jī)及乘員提前發(fā)出即將發(fā)生撞車危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)，促使司機(jī)采取應(yīng)急措施來(lái)應(yīng)付特殊險(xiǎn)情，避免損失。

1.2 課題設(shè)計(jì)的意義

隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)工業(yè)化程的發(fā)展，汽車這一交通工具正為越來(lái)越多的人所用，但是隨之而來(lái)的問(wèn)題也顯而易見(jiàn)，那就是隨著車輛的增多，交通事故的頻繁發(fā)生，由此導(dǎo)致的人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失數(shù)目驚人。對(duì)于公路交通事故的分析表明，80%以上的車禍?zhǔn)掠捎隈{駛員反應(yīng)不及所引起的，超過(guò)65%的車輛相撞屬于追尾相撞，其余則屬于側(cè)面相撞。奔馳汽車公司對(duì)各類交通事故的研究表明：若駕駛員能夠提早1S 意識(shí)到有事故危險(xiǎn)并采取相應(yīng)的正確措施，則絕大多數(shù)的交通事故都可以避免。因此，大力研究開(kāi)發(fā)如汽車防撞裝置等主動(dòng)式汽車輔助安全裝置，減少駕駛員的負(fù)擔(dān)和判斷錯(cuò)誤，對(duì)于提高交通安全將起到重要的作用。顯然，此類產(chǎn)品的研究開(kāi)發(fā)具有極大的實(shí)現(xiàn)意義和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

1.3超聲波測(cè)距在汽車上應(yīng)用的介紹

超聲波倒車測(cè)距儀(俗稱電子眼)是汽車倒車防撞安全輔助裝置，能以聲音或者更為直觀的數(shù)字形式動(dòng)態(tài)顯示周圍障礙物的情況。其較早的產(chǎn)品是用蜂鳴器報(bào)警，蜂鳴聲越急，表示車輛離障礙物越近。后繼的產(chǎn)品可以顯示車后障礙物離車體的距離。其大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品探測(cè)范圍在0.4～1.5m，有的產(chǎn)品能達(dá)到0.35～2.5m，并有距離顯示、聲響報(bào)警、區(qū)域警示和方位指示，有些產(chǎn)品還具備開(kāi)機(jī)自檢功能。目前市場(chǎng)上還出現(xiàn)了具有語(yǔ)音報(bào)警功能的產(chǎn)品。這些產(chǎn)品存在的主要問(wèn)題是測(cè)量盲區(qū)大，報(bào)警滯后，未考慮汽車制動(dòng)時(shí)的慣性因素，使駕駛者制動(dòng)滯后，抗干擾能力不強(qiáng)，誤報(bào)也較多。汽車防撞雷達(dá)之所以能實(shí)現(xiàn)防撞報(bào)警功能，主要有超聲波這把無(wú)形尺子, 它測(cè)量最近障礙物的距離, 并告訴給車主。其實(shí)超聲測(cè)距原理簡(jiǎn)單: 它發(fā)射超聲波并接收反射回波, 通過(guò)單片機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)器獲得兩者時(shí)間差t, 利用公式S=Ct/2計(jì)算距離, 其中S為汽車與障礙物之間的距離, C為聲波在介質(zhì)中的傳播速度。

本文介紹的超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)共有2只超聲波換能器(俗稱探頭),分別布置在汽車的后左、后右2個(gè)位置上。能檢測(cè)前進(jìn)和倒車方向障礙物距離, 通過(guò)后視鏡內(nèi)置的

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

顯示單元顯示距離和方位, 發(fā)出一定的聲響, 起到提示和警戒的作用。系統(tǒng)采用一片STC89C52單片機(jī)對(duì)兩路超聲波信號(hào)進(jìn)行循環(huán)采集。超聲波是指頻率高于20HHZ的機(jī)械波。為了以超聲波作為檢測(cè)手段，必須產(chǎn)生超生波和接收超聲波。完成這種功能的裝置就是超聲波傳感器，習(xí)慣上稱為超聲波換能器或超聲波探頭。超聲波傳感器有發(fā)送器和接收器，但一個(gè)超聲波傳感器也可具有發(fā)送和接收聲波的雙重作用。超聲波傳感器是利用壓電效應(yīng)的原理將電能和超聲波相互轉(zhuǎn)化，即在發(fā)射超聲波的時(shí)候，將電能轉(zhuǎn)換，發(fā)射超聲波；而在收到回波的時(shí)候，則將超聲振動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)。超聲波測(cè)距的原理一般采用渡越時(shí)間法。首先測(cè)出超聲波從發(fā)射到遇到障礙物返回所經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間，再乘以超聲波的速度就得到二倍的聲源與障礙物之間的距離。測(cè)量距離的方法有很多種，短距離的可以用尺，遠(yuǎn)距離的有激光測(cè)距等，超聲波測(cè)距適用于高精度的中長(zhǎng)距離測(cè)量。因?yàn)槌暡ㄔ跇?biāo)準(zhǔn)空氣中的傳播速度為331.45米/秒，由單片機(jī)負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)時(shí)，單片機(jī)使用12.0M晶振，所以此系統(tǒng)的測(cè)量精度理論上可以達(dá)到毫米級(jí)。由于超聲波指向性強(qiáng)，能量消耗緩慢，在介質(zhì)中傳播距離遠(yuǎn)，因而超聲波可以用于距離的測(cè)量。利用超聲波檢測(cè)距離，設(shè)計(jì)比較方便，計(jì)算處理也較簡(jiǎn)單，并且在測(cè)量精度方面也能達(dá)到要求。超聲波發(fā)生器可以分為兩類：一類是用電氣方式產(chǎn)生超聲波，一類是用機(jī)械方式產(chǎn)生超聲波。本設(shè)計(jì)屬于近距離測(cè)量，可以采用常用的壓電式超聲波換能器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)觸發(fā)單元。

利用超聲波測(cè)距的工作，就可以根據(jù)測(cè)量發(fā)射波與反射波之間的時(shí)間間隔，從而達(dá)到測(cè)量距離的作用。其主要有三種測(cè)距方法：

（1）相位檢測(cè)法，相位檢測(cè)法雖然精度高，但檢測(cè)范圍有限；

（2）聲波幅值檢測(cè)法，聲波幅值檢測(cè)法易受反射波的影響；

（3）渡越時(shí)間檢測(cè)法，渡越時(shí)間檢測(cè)法的工作方式簡(jiǎn)單，直觀，在硬件控制和軟件設(shè)計(jì)上都非常容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。其原理為：檢測(cè)從發(fā)射傳感器發(fā)射超聲波，經(jīng)氣體介質(zhì)傳播到接收傳感器的時(shí)間，這個(gè)時(shí)間就是渡越時(shí)間。本設(shè)計(jì)的超聲波測(cè)距就是使用了渡越時(shí)間檢測(cè)法。在移動(dòng)車輛中應(yīng)用的超聲波傳感器，是利用超聲波在空氣中的定向傳播和固體反射特性（縱波），通過(guò)接收自身發(fā)射的超聲波反射信號(hào)，根據(jù)超聲波發(fā)出及回波接收的時(shí)間差和傳播速度，計(jì)算傳播距離，從而得到障礙物到車輛的距離。

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文 超聲波測(cè)距原理

2.1 壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器原理

壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器實(shí)際上是利用壓電晶體的諧振來(lái)工作的。超聲波發(fā)生器內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，它有兩個(gè)壓電晶片和一個(gè)共振板。當(dāng)它的兩極外加脈沖信號(hào)，其頻率等于壓電晶片的固有振蕩頻率時(shí)，壓電晶片將會(huì)發(fā)生共振，并帶動(dòng)共振板振動(dòng)，便產(chǎn)生超聲波。反之，如果兩極板間未加電壓，當(dāng)共振板接收到超聲波時(shí)，將壓迫壓電晶片做振動(dòng)，將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換為電信號(hào)，這是它就成為超聲波接收器了。

測(cè)量脈沖到達(dá)時(shí)間的傳統(tǒng)方法是以擁有固定參數(shù)的接收信號(hào)開(kāi)端為基礎(chǔ)的。這個(gè)信號(hào)恰恰選于噪音水平之上，然而脈沖到達(dá)時(shí)間被定義為脈沖信號(hào)剛好超過(guò)界限的第一時(shí)刻。一個(gè)物體的脈沖強(qiáng)度很大程度上取決于這個(gè)物體的自然屬性尺寸還有它與傳感器的距離。進(jìn)一步說(shuō)，從脈沖起始點(diǎn)到剛好超過(guò)界限之間的時(shí)間段隨著脈沖的強(qiáng)度而改變。結(jié)果，一種錯(cuò)誤便出現(xiàn)了——兩個(gè)擁有不同強(qiáng)度的脈沖在不同時(shí)間超過(guò)界限卻在同一時(shí)刻到達(dá)。強(qiáng)度較強(qiáng)的脈沖會(huì)比強(qiáng)度較弱的脈沖超過(guò)界限的時(shí)間早點(diǎn)，因此我們會(huì)認(rèn)為強(qiáng)度較強(qiáng)的脈沖屬于較近的物體。

2.2 超聲波測(cè)距原理

超聲波發(fā)射器向某一方向發(fā)射超聲波，在發(fā)射時(shí)刻的同時(shí)開(kāi)始計(jì)時(shí)，超聲波在空氣中傳播，途中碰到障礙物就立即返回來(lái)，超聲波接收器收到反射波就立即停止計(jì)時(shí)。超聲波在空氣中的傳播速度為340m/s，根據(jù)計(jì)時(shí)器記錄的時(shí)間t，就可以計(jì)算出發(fā)射點(diǎn)距離障礙物的距離(s)，即：s=340t/2

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

3、超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的電路設(shè)計(jì)

系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是利用單片機(jī)控制超聲波的發(fā)射和超聲波自發(fā)射至接受往返時(shí)間的計(jì)時(shí)，單片機(jī)選用C51，經(jīng)濟(jì)易用，且片內(nèi)有4K的ROM，便于編程。電路的原理如圖1所示。

圖1 電路原理圖

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

3.1 40kHz脈沖的產(chǎn)生與超聲波發(fā)射

測(cè)距系統(tǒng)中的超聲波傳感器采用UCM40的壓電陶瓷，它的工作電壓是40kHz的脈沖信號(hào)，這由單片機(jī)執(zhí)行下面的程序來(lái)產(chǎn)生。puzel：mov 14h，#12h

here： cp1.0；

nop；

nop；

nop；

djnz 14h，here；

Ret

前方測(cè)距電路的輸出端接單片機(jī)P1.0端口，單片機(jī)執(zhí)行上面的程序后，在P1.0端口輸出一個(gè)40khz的脈沖信號(hào)，經(jīng)過(guò)三極管T放大，驅(qū)動(dòng)超聲波發(fā)射頭UCM40T，發(fā)出40khz的脈沖超聲波，且持續(xù)發(fā)射200ms。右側(cè)合作側(cè)測(cè)距電路的輸入端分別接P1.1和P1.2端口，工作原理和前方測(cè)距電路相同。

超聲波發(fā)射持續(xù)200ms 輸出40kHz方波

3.2 超聲波的接收與處理

接收頭采用與發(fā)射頭配對(duì)的UCM40R，將超聲波調(diào)制脈沖變?yōu)殡妷盒盘?hào)，經(jīng)運(yùn)算放大器ic1a和ic1b兩級(jí)放大后加至IC2,。IC2是帶有鎖定環(huán)的音頻譯碼集成塊LM567，內(nèi)部壓控振蕩器的中心頻率f0=1/1.1R8C3，電容C4決定其帶寬。調(diào)節(jié)R8在發(fā)射的載頻上，則LM567輸入信號(hào)大于25mv，輸出端8腳由5由高電平躍變?yōu)榈碗娖剑鳛橹袛嗾?qǐng)求信號(hào)，送至單片機(jī)處理。

前方測(cè)距電路的輸出端接至單片機(jī)INT0端口，中斷優(yōu)先級(jí)最高，左、右測(cè)距電路的輸出通過(guò)與門IC3A的輸出接單片機(jī)的INT1端口，同時(shí)單片機(jī)P1.3和P1.4接到IC3A的輸入端，中斷源的識(shí)別由程序查詢來(lái)處理，中斷優(yōu)先級(jí)為先右后左。部分源程序如下： receive1：push psw

push acc

clr ex1；關(guān)中斷源1

jnb p1.1，right;P1.1引腳為0，轉(zhuǎn)至右側(cè)距電路中斷服務(wù)程序

jnb p1.2,left;P1.2 引腳為0，轉(zhuǎn)至左測(cè)距中斷電路服務(wù)程序 returne：SETB EX1；

開(kāi)外部中斷1

pop acc

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

pop psw

reti right：

...；

右測(cè)距電路中斷服務(wù)程序入口

ajmp return

left：

...；

左測(cè)距電路中斷服務(wù)程序入口

ajmp return

3.3 計(jì)算超聲波傳播時(shí)間

在啟動(dòng)發(fā)射電路的同時(shí)啟動(dòng)單片機(jī)內(nèi)部的定時(shí)器T0，利用定時(shí)器的計(jì)數(shù)功能，記錄超聲波發(fā)射的時(shí)間和受到反射波的時(shí)間。當(dāng)收到超聲波反射波時(shí)，接受電路輸出端產(chǎn)生一個(gè)負(fù)跳變，在INT0或INT1端產(chǎn)生一個(gè)中斷請(qǐng)求信號(hào)，單片機(jī)響應(yīng)外部中斷請(qǐng)求，執(zhí)行外部中斷服務(wù)子程序，讀取時(shí)間差，計(jì)算距離。其部分源程序如下：

RECEIVEO: PUSH PSW

PUSH ACC CLR EX0;

關(guān)外部中斷0 讀取時(shí)間值

MOV R7,TH0;MOV R6,TL0 CLR C MOV A,R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;MOV 31H,A;MOV A,R7 SUBB A,#3CH MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;POP ACC

POP PSW

RETI 對(duì)于一個(gè)平坦的目標(biāo)，測(cè)量距離包括兩個(gè)階段：粗糙的測(cè)量和精細(xì)的測(cè)量。第一步：脈沖的傳送產(chǎn)生一種簡(jiǎn)單的超聲波

第二步：根據(jù)公式改變回波放大器的獲得量直到回?fù)鼙粰z測(cè)到。第三步：檢測(cè)兩種回波的振幅與過(guò)零時(shí)間。

計(jì)算時(shí)間值 存儲(chǔ)結(jié)果

開(kāi)外部中斷0

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

第四步：設(shè)置回波放大器的所得規(guī)格輸出，假定是3v。通過(guò)脈沖的周期設(shè)置下一個(gè)脈沖。根據(jù)第二部的數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)定時(shí)間窗。

第五步：發(fā)射兩竄脈沖產(chǎn)生干擾波。測(cè)量過(guò)零時(shí)間與回波振幅。如果逆向發(fā)生在回波中，決定要不通過(guò)在低氣壓插入振幅。

第六步：通過(guò)公式計(jì)算距離y。

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

4、超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)

軟件分為倆部分，主程序和中斷服務(wù)程序。主程序完成初始化工作、各路超聲波發(fā)射和接收順序的控制。定時(shí)中斷服務(wù)子程序完成三方向超聲波的輪流發(fā)射，外部中斷服務(wù)子程序主要完成時(shí)間值的讀取、距離計(jì)算、結(jié)果的輸出等工作。

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

5、結(jié)論

對(duì)所要求測(cè)量范圍30cm-200cm內(nèi)的平面物體做了多次測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn)，其最大誤差為1.5cm，且重復(fù)性好?？梢?jiàn)基于單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)具有硬件結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、工作可靠、測(cè)量誤差小等特點(diǎn)。因此，它不僅可用于移動(dòng)機(jī)器人，還可以用在其他檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)中。

思考：至于為什么不用接收管做放大電路，因?yàn)榉糯蟊稊?shù)搞不好，集成放大電路，還帶自動(dòng)電平增益控制，放大倍數(shù)為76db，中心頻率是38k到40k，剛好是超聲波傳感器的諧振頻率。

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參考文獻(xiàn)

1.Fox，J.D.，Khuri-Yakub，B.T.and Kino，G.S.，“High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air”，in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium，October 31-2 November，1983，Atlanta，GA，pp.581-4.2.Martin Abreu，J.M.，Ceres,R.And Freire,T.,“Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy”,Sensor Review, Vol.12 No.1,1992,pp.17-21.3.Parrilla， M., Anaya,J.J and Fritsch C.,‖Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurement:,IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and Measurement.Vol.40 No.4, August 1991,pp.750-63.4.Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., ―A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proxinmity Measurement‖, IEEE Trasaction on Industry Electronics, Vol, IE-29 No.4,1982, pp.336-41.5.Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., ‖Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Themal Correction‖, Sensor Review, Vol, 9 No.3, 1989,pp.153-5.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

Ultrasonic ranging system design Publication title: Sensor Review.Bradford:1993.Vol.13 ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many field, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering.Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification ,location and so on.So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply.To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personal for the precision,the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound r, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor

1.Introductive With the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city.Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving.However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system.In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction.Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon.It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Confort is very important to people’s lives.Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core.Control System is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder.Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.1.1 subject background

With the development of economy and car scientific and technological progress, highway traffic presents driving fast pace, traffic dense is changed and the driver not professional trend.At the same time, along with the rapid development of auto industry, automobile yield and quantities are increased dramatically.But road development，中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

transportation management is relatively backward, leading to a large number of traffic accidents in some cities, especially prominent.Intelligent transportation system in the world, ITS transportation science and technology of advanced technology, ITS exerting existing infrastructure of potential, enhance the transport efficiency, safeguard traffic safety and ease traffic wager plug, improving urban environment aspects of outstanding performance, has received the governments of widespread concern.The Chinese government is also highly intelligent transportation system of the development and popularization applications.The automotive anti-collision system as ITS development of a base, ITS success to the whole system has a very significant role.Traditionally, auto safety said can be divided into two main research direction: first,it is active safety technology, including the prevention of accidents, the way is now automotive safety research ultimate purpose;second, it is passive safety technique, namely the occupant protection after the accident.Now automotive safety field passive safety more research, mainly from the airbag, ABS(antilock brakes)and suspension from the aspects such as to ensure safety of personnel rides.From the economic and safety two ways, these passive safety measures is the accident of vehicle and personnel moments protection, with great limitations, thus vehicle active safety research is particularly important, leads to a of this study is based on single chip ultrasonic ranging system.This system is a kind of can advance to the driver issued audio-visual speech signal detection devices.It is installed in cars that can detect trying to approach the body of a car pedestrians and vehicles or around obstacles, Can send to the driver and crew imminent danger ahead of the signal, prompting a crash drivers take emergency measures to cope with special danger, avoid the loss.1.2 question design significance

Along with the development of modern society industrialization process, car this traffic tools are used for more and more people, but any problem has obvious that along with the increase in vehicles, traffic accident, which led to the frequent occurrence of casualties and property losses number astonishing.For highway traffic accident analysis showed that more than 80% of the accident due to the driver reaction inferior things, caused more than 65% of vehicle collision, the rest belongs to tracing cauda collided belongs to the side collision.Mercedes-benz Automobile Company for all kinds of traffic accident research shows that: if the driver can early 1S are aware

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

that a accident risk and take the appropriate corrective measures, the overwhelming majority of traffic accidents can be avoided.Therefore, vigorously research and development as the automotive anti-collision device etc active car auxiliary safe device, reduce the burden and misjudgments drivers to improve the traffic safety will play an important role.Obviously, this kind of product research and development has great realize meaning and broad application prospects.1.3 Ultrasonic ranging in automotive applications introduced

Ultrasonic back-draft rangefinder(known as electron optics)automotive anti-collision reversing device, can safe adjunct to sound or more intuitive digital form the dynamic display of around obstacles.Its earlier products is to use buzzer alarm, hum more anxious, and says vehicles from obstructions closer.Subsequent product can display the car from the body after the obstacles distance.Most of its products detection range in 0.4 ~ 1.5 m, some product can achieve 0.35 ~ 2.5 m, and have distance display, sound alarm, area-warning and azimuth instructions, some products also has the boot self-checking function.Still appeared on the market at present with voice alarm function of products.These products are the main problem is big, alarm measuring blind area lags behind, without considering the automobile braking inertial factors and make drivers brake lag, the anti-interference ability is not strong, misstatement or more.The automotive anti-collision radar is able to realize impact-proof alarm functions, basically have ultrasonic this intangible ruler, it recently obstacles distance measurement, and told to the owner.Actually ultrasonic range-finding principle simple: it emit ultrasonic echo, and receive reflected by microcontroller counter obtain both lag using formula S = t, Ct / 2 calculating distances, including S for cars and obstacles, C for the distance between the sound wave propagation in the medium speed.This paper introduces the ultrasonic ranging system only have 2 ultrasonic transducer(known as probe)respectively, decorate in cars left and right after after 2 position.Capable of detecting forward and reverse direction obstacle distance, the rearview mirror built-in display element display distance and direction, issued must be sound, plays the role of hints and alert.System USES a STC89C52 SCM two way ultrasonic signal cyclicly acquisition.Ultrasonic refers to the 20HHZ wave frequency is over.In order to use the ultrasonic detection means, must generate as ultrasonic wave and receiving damnation.Complete the functions of the device is called the

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

ultrasonic sensor, habit, ultrasonic transducer or ultrasonic probe.Ultrasonic sensors have both transmitters and receivers, but a ultrasonic sensors can also has the sending and receiving the sound waves of the dual role.Ultrasonic sensors is using the principle of piezoelectric effect and ultrasonic energy conversion, be in namely emit ultrasonic, energy conversion, launch ultrasonic, And in the stockades, received echo ultrasonic vibration into electrical signal.Ultrasonic ranging principle generally USES the time method for the crossing.First measured ultrasonic from the launch to meet obstacles returns experience of time, again multiply ultrasonic speed of get twice the distance between the sound source and obstacles.Measuring distance a variety of ways, short can use ruler, long-range laser displacement etc, are suitable for high accuracy of ultrasonic ranging in long distance measurement.Because of ultrasound in standard air of propagation speed 331.45 meters per second, by single-chip microcomputer is responsible for timing, SCM use 12.0 M crystals, so the system of measurement precision theory can achieve mm level.Because of ultrasonic directivity strong, energy consumption is slow, in a medium transmission distance, thus ultrasonic can be used for distance measurement.Using ultrasonic detection distance, the design is more convenient, computing procese also relatively simple, and the measurement precision can also meet the requirements.Ultrasonic generator can be divided into two kinds: one kind is to use electrical means producing ultrasonic, one kind is with mechanical approach to producing ultrasonic.This design belongs to nearly distance measurement, can use commonly used the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer to achieve trigger unit.Using ultrasonic ranging work, can according to measuring launch reflection wave wave and the time interval between the measured distance, so as to achieve the effect.It mainly have three ranging methods:

(1)phase assay, phase assays high precision, but detection though limited range，(2)sound amplitude assay, acoustic amplitude assay vulnerable reflection wave influence;

(3)ferrying more time assay, crossing the time assay way of working is simple, intuitive, in hardware control and software design are very easy to implement.Its principle is: from the launch emit ultrasonic detection sensor, the gas medium spread to receive sensor of time, this time is crossing the more time.This design is the use of ultrasonic ranging the crossing the time assay.In the mobile vehicles of the application 15

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

of ultrasonic sensor is the use of ultrasound in air of directional spread and solid reflective characteristics(p-wave)and by receiving their launch ultrasonic reflecting signal, according to the ultrasonic issued and echo receiving the Windows and propagation speed, calculate transmission distance, thus obtains the obstacles to vehicle distance.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

2.A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement

2.1 the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator

Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work.Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate.When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated.Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference.The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold.The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor.Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the different intensities arriving exactly at the same tome will surpass the threshold at different moments.The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurement Ultrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstracles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave wave received by the reveiver immediately stop the clock.Ultrasonic in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is:s=340t/2

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

3.Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit Design

System is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751,economic-to –use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 circuit principle diagram

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launch

Ranging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.Puzel:mov 14h,# 12h;ultrasonic firing continued 200ms here:cpl pl.0;output 40 kHz square wave

nop;

nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;ret Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulze output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms.Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonic

Used to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2.IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth.R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25Mv, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gete IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source code is as follows: receivel:

push psw

push ace

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

cir ex1: related external interrupt 1

jnb p1.1, right;P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service rountine circuit

jnb p1.2, left;P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit

interrupt service routine return:SETB EX1;open external interrupt 1

pop

acc pop

psw reti right:…;right location entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return left:…;left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return

3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation time

When you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time when you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance.Some of its source is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0;related external interrupt 0 MOV R7, TH0;read the time value MOV R6, TL0 CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;calculate the tome difference MOV 31H, A;storage results MOV A, R7 SUBB A,#3CH

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;open external interrupt 0 POP ACC POP PAW RETI For a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and, a fine measurement: Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic

Wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation，until the echo is detected.Step 3:detection of te amplitudes anf zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4:setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts.Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes.Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5:sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave.Testing the zero-crossing in the echo,detemine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough.Derive t sub ml and t sub m2.Step6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

4.The ultrasonic ranging system software design

Software is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine.Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Tnterrupt service routines from time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to resd the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

5.Conclusions

Required measuring range of 30cm~200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility.Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error.Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

REFERENCES 1.Fox,J.D.,Khuri-Yakub, B.T.and Kino, G.S., ‖High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air‖, in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium, October 31-2 November, 1983, Atlanta, GA, pp.581-4.2.Martin Abreu,J.M.,Ceres,R.and Freire, T.,‖Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy‖, Sensor Review, Vol.12No.1,1992, pp.17-21.3.Parrilla， M., Anaya,J.J and Fritsch C.,‖Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurement:,IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and Measurement.Vol.40 No.4, August 1991,pp.750-63.4.Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., ―A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proxinmity Measurement‖, IEEE Trasaction on Industry Electronics, Vol, IE-29 No.4,1982, pp.336-41.5.Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., ‖Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Themal Correction‖, Sensor Review, Vol, 9 No.3, 1989,pp.153-5.24

第五篇：外文翻譯

Low Voltage Flyback DC-DC Converter For

Power Supply Applications Hangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X.Wu1, Issa Batarseh1

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA Advanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA Abstract ：In this paper, we design a low voltage DC-DC converter with a flyback transformer.The converter will be used as a biased power supply to drive IGBTs.The flyback transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software.Besides, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology has been chosen for converter control.Finally, the converter modeling and simulation are presented and PCB layout is designed.Keywords：Flyback, anLT3574IC, PCB

I.INTRODUCTION The goal of this project is to develop and build a prototype of a high-efficiency, high-temperature isolated DC-DC converter to be used as a biased power supply for driving a complementary IGBT pair.It is important that the converter can deliver the required power at an ambient temperature of up to 100℃;therefore it has to be efficient so that its components do not exceed their maximum temperature ratings.The final converter will be completely sealed and potted in a metal case.The input voltage range for this converter is from 9V to 36V.The output sides have two terminals, one is﹢16V and the other one is﹣6V.In order to get the desired performance, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology is used.The key to this design is the flyback transformer.The transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software.Finally, the PCB layout of the converter will be presented.II.KEY DESIGN OUTLINE For this flyback topology, the output voltage can be determined by both the transformer turns ratio and the flyback loop resistor pairs.Therefore, at the initial design stage, we can choose a convenient turn’s ratio for the transformer, and modify it later on if necessary to make sure the output performance is desirable and the transformer will not saturate [1].The relationship between transformers turns ratio and duty cycle can be found as

Where n is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle, VO` is the sum of the output voltage plus the rectifier drop voltage, VIN is the input voltage of the transformer.The value of feedback resistor can be calculated as

Where RREF is the reference resistor, whose value is typically 6.04k?;α is a constant of 0.986;VBG is the internal band gap reference voltage, 1.23V;and VTC is normally 0.55V [1].With a specific IC chosen, the converter circuit can be designed based on a demo circuit and some parameters may need to be modified if necessary to optimize the performance.Furthermore, in LT Spice, a large number of simulations need to be done with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels.It is important to make sure that the output voltage can be regulated well with all these different conditions.The most critical part of the design is the flyback transformer.With high switching frequency, the AC resistance can only be estimated based on some traditional methods such as Dowell’s curve rule [2].In order to get more accurate values of AC resistance values;we propose to use finite element electromagnetic software ANSYS PExprt to do the design [3].At the initial design stage, key parameters such as the worst-case input voltage, frequency, material, inductance values will be decided.After that, these data will be imported to the software, from which an optimized solution will be generated.III.CONVERTER SIMULATION RESULTS We choose LT3574 chip in this design.From the simulation results in Figure 1 and Table 1, it clearly shows that the output voltages which are﹢16V and-6V respectively can be regulated pretty well with the input voltage range from 9V to 36V.The voltage tolerance ranges are from ﹢15V to ﹢19V and-12V toDC converter for low voltage power supply application has been designed.The modeling and simulation results are presented.Based on the design specifications, a suitable IC from Linear Technology is chosen.A large amount of circuit simulations with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels are presented to get the desirable output voltage and current performance.The transformer has been designed including electrical, mechanical and thermal properties.With all the specific components decided, the PCB layout of the converter has been designed as well.REFERENCE

[1] Linear Technology Application Notes , Datasheet of Isolated Flyback Converter Without an Opto-Coupler, http://cds.linear.com/docs /Datasheet/3574f.pdf.[2] P.L.Dowell, “Effect of eddy currents in transformer windings” Proceedings of the IEE, NO.8 PP.1387-1394, Aug 1966.[3] S.Xiao, “Planar Magnetics Design for Low-Voltage DC-DC Converters” MS, 2004.[4] ANSYS Application Notes, PEmag Getting Started: A Transformer Design Example, http://004km.cn/download/ EDA/Maxwell9/planarGS0601.pdf.[5] K.Zhang;T.X.Wu;H.Hu;Z.Qian;F.Chen.;K.Rustom;N.Kutkut;J.Shen;I.Batarseh;“Analysis and design of distributed transformers for solar power conversion” 2011 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC), v l., no., pp.1692-1697, 6-11 March 2011.[6] Zhang.;T.X.Wu.;N.Kutkut;J.Shen;D.Woodburn;L.Chow;W.Wu;H.Mustain;I.Batarseh;,“Modeling and design optimization of planar power transformer for aerospace applic ation,” Proceedings of the IEEE 2009 National, Aerospace & Electronics Conference(NAECON), vol., no., pp.116-120, 21-23 July 2009.[7] Ferroxcube Application Notes, Design of Planar Power Transformer,