第一篇:商務(wù)英語翻譯詞匯整理
Between..and…在..之間
Country of origin and manufacture生產(chǎn)國別和制造廠商 Time of shipment裝運期限 Port of shipment)裝運口岸 Port of destination 到貨口岸 Be liable for 對…負責(zé) On account of由于 Attribute to 造成
Take measures采取措施 Shipping mark嘜頭 Gross weight毛重 Net weight凈重
Do not stack up side down此端向上 Handle with care小心輕放
Keep away from moisture切勿受潮 Terms of payment付款條件 Payment by L/C信用證付款 Payment by collection信托付款 Payment by M/T信匯付款
In case of在情況下,以某種方式 Freight to collect運費到付
Insurance policy/certificate保險單/證明 War risk兵險
Breakage and leakage破碎滲漏 In the event of在發(fā)生
情況下if Upon arrival of在到達之時 Invoice of quintuplicate發(fā)票5份 Packing list in duplicate裝箱單2份 Certificate of quality質(zhì)量證明 Technical document技術(shù)資料 Foundation drawings基礎(chǔ)圖 Wiring instructions布線說明 Terms of shipment裝運條款 Shipping agent裝運代理人 In the matter of如有。if Be free from defects不存在缺陷
For a period of 2 years from the date of purchase自購買之日起兩年內(nèi) Warranty 保修期 Batch number批號 Forwarder 代運人 Shipment date裝運日期
Design specification設(shè)計規(guī)格 Risk assessment風(fēng)險評估
第二篇:淺談商務(wù)英語翻譯
淺談商務(wù)英語翻譯
本文圍繞商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點、提高商務(wù)英語翻譯能力的方法和商務(wù)英語翻譯應(yīng)注意的事項三個主題展開論述,以求在今后的翻譯工作中做到運用自如
1.引言
商務(wù)英語是一種包含各種商務(wù)活動內(nèi)容、滿足商業(yè)需要的專門用途英語。其內(nèi)容涉及貿(mào)易、金融、法律、廣告等諸多專業(yè),除外貿(mào)英語書信、合同等商業(yè)公文外,廣告、仿單、經(jīng)貿(mào)文章,相關(guān)法律公文等都可列入其中。因此,商務(wù)英語的語言現(xiàn)象比較復(fù)雜,文字風(fēng)格也各不相同,翻譯時是很難全憑某些程式,套語或經(jīng)驗來解決。但是就其重要性而言,商務(wù)英語的翻譯在雙方貿(mào)易中起著橋梁紐帶的作用,甚至與整個公司的命運緊密聯(lián)系在一起,所以我們在翻譯過程中應(yīng)根據(jù)某專業(yè)的特點和需要好好斟酌所選用的詞匯。商務(wù)英語翻譯的困難在于如何準(zhǔn)確而又流暢地翻譯出原語所要真正傳達的信息,而解決這一問題的關(guān)鍵是如何在理論上和實踐上加深對翻譯的認(rèn)識和了解。
馬會娟在《商務(wù)英語翻譯教程》(2004)一書中指出:商務(wù)英語翻譯教程翻譯是一種思想交流過程,它能使通曉不同語言的人通過了解原文所包含和傳達的信息來交流思想。美國翻譯理論家奈達認(rèn)為翻譯是“用最貼近而又自然的對等語言再現(xiàn)原語的信息,首先是意義,其次是文體?!币簿褪钦f,翻譯要用自然、地道的譯入語把另一種語言所表達的內(nèi)容以切合原文的文體,準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達出來。
商務(wù)英語翻譯是一種跨文化的語際交流,它要求譯者熟悉多種文化,掌握語言運用技巧,具備熟練的語言知識,從而完成具有一定語用目的的商業(yè)文化交流。提高商務(wù)英語翻譯技能就應(yīng)關(guān)注商務(wù)英語的語言文化關(guān)聯(lián),巧妙靈活的達到原語的語言運用目的。在商務(wù)英語翻譯工作中應(yīng)靈活處理因不同文化背景、語言表達習(xí)慣等因素造成的交際障礙,根據(jù)語境做必要的調(diào)整,避免語用失誤,造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達的功能對等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負面作用,但是對于商務(wù)英語翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義,尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達的功能對等原則以交際為目的,以讀者為中心,以目的語文化為歸宿,避免了文化沖突,克服了文化障礙,促進了雙方的文化交流。
2.研究現(xiàn)狀
在國際貿(mào)易日益頻繁的今天,很多企業(yè)為拓寬自己的市場,放眼國外以提高自己品牌的知名度和經(jīng)濟效益,因此商務(wù)英語翻譯越來越為人們所重視。商務(wù)英語翻譯的重要性,可以說,在一定程度上,決定了這個公司在國際上的潛力,就像一所學(xué)校的師資力量對于這所學(xué)校的發(fā)展起著決定性作用一樣。在國內(nèi),類似商務(wù)英語翻譯的書籍也應(yīng)運而生,進一步促動了中國對外貿(mào)易的進程。尤其在改革開放后,隨著國際貿(mào)易的不斷增加,越來越多的專家和學(xué)者對商務(wù)英語翻譯展開了研究,并撰寫了諸多的論文,如:段夢敏的“現(xiàn)代商務(wù)英語翻譯策略”,來東慧的“商務(wù)英語翻譯中的跨文化因素”等;此類的教材也應(yīng)運而生,如馬會娟的《商務(wù)英語翻譯教程》;周振邦的《商務(wù)英語翻譯》,葉玉龍、王文翰、段云禮合著的《商務(wù)英語漢譯教程》等。商務(wù)英語翻譯將繼續(xù)成為商務(wù)英語研討會的主題、各大院校開設(shè)的主要課程及各有關(guān)學(xué)者關(guān)注和研究的方向。
3.商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點
3.1 準(zhǔn)確性
翻譯是把一種語言所表達的內(nèi)容用另一種語言準(zhǔn)確地表達出來。為了使不通曉原語的讀者能夠看得明白,譯文表達應(yīng)該簡潔明了。最重要的是,翻譯的原則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)當(dāng)忠實和通順?!爸?/p>
實”主要是指譯者要準(zhǔn)確地表達原作者的意思,并且要表達全面;“通順”是指譯文語言要通順易懂,便于讀者的理解和接受。
例1:
原文:This support can be as detailed as the writing of contracts, for example, looking at shareholder structure or analyzing investment concepts.It can mean up-dating a company’s development concept, help in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution.It also means support in identifying new partners, in opening up international markets or in bringing the company to the point where it can go public or be sold.原譯文:公司提供的支持包括撰寫合同,分析股東結(jié)構(gòu)或投資理念等。這意味著更新一個公司的發(fā)展理念,使其經(jīng)營或招聘機制更趨現(xiàn)代化,改善其市場營銷和銷售策略。此外,這一支持系統(tǒng)還意味著我們能協(xié)助客戶在國際市場上找到新的合作伙伴,幫助他們上市和出售。分析:將本譯文與原文相比,可以看出譯文多處翻譯不夠準(zhǔn)確,令人費解。比如,原文說的是公司的提供的支持 “as detailed as the writing of contracts”(像撰寫合同一樣具體。)而原譯文則是“包括撰寫合同”;原文“in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution”(改善公司經(jīng)營管理,使其招聘機制、市場營銷和銷售更趨現(xiàn)代化),而原譯文則成了“使其經(jīng)營或招聘機制更趨現(xiàn)代化,改善其市場營銷和銷售策略”;原文的“identifying new partners, opening up international markets”(尋找新的合作伙伴,開拓國際市場),在原譯文中卻成了“協(xié)助客戶在國際市場上找到新的合作伙伴”!這種似是而非的翻譯,使原文信息大為失真,不僅極有可能誤導(dǎo)讀者,而且可能給公司造成很大的損失。
修改后譯文:我們提供的支持就像撰寫合同一樣具體,如:幫助分析股東結(jié)構(gòu)或投資理念,也就是說幫助更新一個公司的發(fā)展理念,改善其經(jīng)營管理,使其招聘機制、市場營銷和銷售更趨現(xiàn)代化。此外,這一支持還包含為公司尋找新的合作伙伴、開拓國際市場以及他們的上市和出售。
3.2 專業(yè)性
各行各業(yè)都有其不同的文化背景、特點及要求,并有其特定的專業(yè)術(shù)語。在翻譯過程中,如果譯者不能吃透其專業(yè)特點和掌握其專業(yè)術(shù)語,翻譯結(jié)果則可能大相徑庭。如,due diligence 在商務(wù)英語中不應(yīng)譯為“適當(dāng)盡職”,而是“盡職調(diào)查”;option plan 應(yīng)為“期權(quán)計劃”,而不是“職工購買股票計劃”等。
例2:
原文: Next, the participation agreements are negotiated and – if agreed – they are signed and certified by a lawyer.原譯文:然后,雙方就公司參與企業(yè)管理的問題進行磋商,如果達成共識,就會在協(xié)議上簽字,并由一名律師公證。
分析:律師是不能公證的,只能見證合同的簽署;公證是公證員的事。
修改后譯文:然后,雙方對提出的協(xié)議進行磋商,如果達成共識,雙方在協(xié)議上簽字。這一過程由一名律師進行見證。
例3:
原文:After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial shipments and Transshipment allowed”.原譯文:經(jīng)過仔細核對信用證,茲要求貴方做如下修改:“允許部分轉(zhuǎn)運和轉(zhuǎn)船”。分析:將“Partial shipments”譯成“部分轉(zhuǎn)運”似乎欠妥;行話應(yīng)是“分批”。
修改后譯文:經(jīng)仔細核對信用證后,茲要求貴方做如下修改:“允許分批運貨和轉(zhuǎn)船”。
3.3 文化性
由于東、西方種族、地理環(huán)境、宗教信仰等存在的差異,造成了東西方國家大相徑庭的文化體系,商務(wù)英語翻譯中也不可避免地受到文化的限制和影響。而我們所要做的就是在翻譯時,選詞要多斟酌,做到慎之又慎,以免造成“文化沖突”,引起不必要的麻煩。
例如:在美國的大商場有“rest room”,譯成中文的“休息室”就會出笑話,因為“rest room”在此指“廁所”,而并非國際機場里所指的“休息室”。
又如:在西方,“十三”被認(rèn)為是不吉利的數(shù)字,這與圣經(jīng)故事中耶穌被他的第十三個門徒猶大出賣有關(guān)。所以,在西方國家,人們通常避免使用“十三”這個數(shù)字,正如中國人避免說或用數(shù)字“四”一樣,(在中國,“四”與“死”同音)。在中國的傳統(tǒng)文化中,數(shù)字“十三”沒有這種文化含義,也就不忌諱使用了。但隨著西方文化的深入影響,近來“十三”這種隱性的含義也被國人所接受。因此,我們在做翻譯中應(yīng)特別注意類似的問題。否則我們會在無意識間傷害對方或造成誤會。
4.提高商務(wù)英語翻譯能力的方法
中國加入WTO后,越來越多的中國企業(yè)已不滿足國內(nèi)市場,他們紛紛跨出國門,走向世界去尋求業(yè)務(wù)合作。英語作為溝通語言的作用非同小可。外貿(mào)談判是一種交際活動,是拓展對外貿(mào)易的重要途徑。交際活動則必須通過語言媒介來完成。因此,如何使用語言表達意愿和要求,如何恰當(dāng)使用語言來表達談判目的,這是商務(wù)英語使用者經(jīng)常探索的問題之一。
4.1 熟悉英語相關(guān)專業(yè)知識
商務(wù)英語的翻譯較普通英語翻譯而言,其范圍更廣,涉及的內(nèi)容也更多。如果說普通的英語翻譯注重的是文化底蘊,那么商務(wù)英語的翻譯則注重的是知識面。因此,我們在學(xué)習(xí)翻譯理論的同時,應(yīng)加強商務(wù)方面的知識,比如:國際貿(mào)易,國際兌匯,會計學(xué),運輸學(xué)等方面的知識。同時,還需要我們有比較豐富的法律知識和文化素養(yǎng)。商務(wù)英語翻譯的人員對本國和他國經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的法律法規(guī)也應(yīng)該有所了解,因為在商業(yè)活動中,一方在必要的時候,需要用合作對象國家的法律來維護自己的權(quán)利。在翻譯一些協(xié)議或合同時,還需注意到各自的法律責(zé)任,以此保證各方的經(jīng)濟行為是正當(dāng)?shù)?,不會有法律上的風(fēng)險。近些年來屢次發(fā)生的反傾銷斗爭就是實例,因此在商務(wù)英語翻譯過程中謹(jǐn)慎為上。
4.2 了解文化差異
上面提到了商務(wù)英語翻譯中的文化性原則,為了更好地遵循這個原則,我們就必須了解文化差異,以免引起不必要的文化沖突。每個民族都有著其不同的文化背景,風(fēng)土人情,而語言作為某種文化的載體,所反映出來的是一個民族的意志與底蘊。翻譯作為一種加強文化交流的手段,更加會涉及到這方面的問題。尤其是在商務(wù)英語翻譯中,稍有不慎便會引起重大損失以及尷尬。
比如:“dragon”(龍)這個詞是我們中華民族的象征,是中國的吉祥物,“龍騰虎躍、龍馬精神、龍飛鳳舞、龍吟虎嘯”等成語均體現(xiàn)了龍的精神和氣勢。而在西方國家“dragon”這個詞卻是罪惡的象征。因此在翻譯“韓國,中國臺灣,香港和新加坡亞洲四小龍”的時候,我們不用“Four Asian Dragons”,而用“Four Asian Tigers”。這就是文化差異的典型表現(xiàn)。總而言之,在翻譯中我們必須盡量了解他國的文化與差異,并做出正確的翻譯,以免造成不必要的誤解。
4.3 掌握商務(wù)英語語言技巧
目前,語言技巧在商務(wù)活動中逐漸被忽略,我們需要進一步去研究。各種語言技巧在商務(wù)英語談判中有不同的運用特點,以及語言技巧在外貿(mào)談判中的作用,進一步分析外貿(mào)談判英語語言特征,從而幫助外貿(mào)談判工作者認(rèn)識到英語語言在商務(wù)英語談判中的運用技巧,使他們能靈活運用語言技巧,取得談判成功。了解語言的特征的有助于談判員有效地使用一些技巧,這樣能更確保在談判中取得勝利。有大量的語言技巧值得我們仔細研究,掌握了這些技巧不
僅能促進談判的進程,而且在談判過程中也不會使對方感到尷尬。因此,談判順利地完成,在商務(wù)英語談判中談判員就必須注意語言交流及技巧的使用。
4.4 遵循翻譯原則
商務(wù)英語的翻譯要求做到準(zhǔn)確和專業(yè)化,這就要求翻譯者具有相當(dāng)熟練的英語水平。平時,我們必須廣泛閱讀商務(wù)英語的知識,并且注意語言與案例的結(jié)合,然后通過分析來掌握商務(wù)英語知識點。同時,商務(wù)英語翻譯并不像文學(xué)英語的翻譯那樣,需要用豐富的詞藻來描繪,它所要做到的就是“精、準(zhǔn)”。因此商務(wù)英語不需要過多、過詳細地描述某件事情,我們要做到是“精煉而又不失準(zhǔn)確”。
綜上所述,我們必須謹(jǐn)遵翻譯的原則,努力把翻譯做到精益求精。
5.商務(wù)英語翻譯應(yīng)注意的事項
5.1 注意細節(jié)問題
我們都知道,英漢對譯中的一大特點便是英語重靜態(tài),漢語重動態(tài)。在漢語的表達過程中,我們經(jīng)常運用動詞來描繪,使得句子更加生動。因此,在商務(wù)英語翻譯過程中,我們也應(yīng)該時刻注意這些細節(jié)問題。
例4:
原文:An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.譯文:交易增加,要求流通的貨幣量也增加。
分析:英文原文中用了2個“increase”的名詞形式來表達,而在中文翻譯中,則選用了動詞,尊重了漢語的特點。
古人云“一字值千金”。在商務(wù)英語中我們必須做到一個“準(zhǔn)”字,以免造成“失之毫厘,謬以千里”的結(jié)果。標(biāo)點符號亦是如此,在書寫金額時,要注意小數(shù)點(.)與分節(jié)號(,)的位置,絕對不能馬虎。在商務(wù)英語翻譯的過程中,因為涉及到商業(yè)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)則與交易利潤,這些細節(jié)上的問題需引起我們特別的注意?!凹毠?jié)”決定成敗,這句話很有道理。
5.2 不斷加強實踐能力
正所謂“實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,書本上的知識只能代表我們擁有了理論能力,但工作的能力是靠實際的鍛煉得到培養(yǎng)的。如果我們?nèi)狈崙?zhàn)經(jīng)驗,在翻譯工作中很可能會上當(dāng)受騙。例如,在外商草擬的合同草案中,我們不僅要理解其字面意思,更要弄清其潛在含義。當(dāng)買方要求賣方提供某些與設(shè)計或技術(shù)有關(guān)的資料、數(shù)據(jù)、公式時,賣方很可能會用合同上的諸如 “The seller shall submit the data concerned to the buyer if possible”(如果可能,賣方將向買方提供有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù))之類的句子推脫。因為“如果可能(possible)”在很大程度上意味著“不可能(impossible)”。總之,我們必須通過不斷的實踐來豐富自我,鍛煉自我,提高我們的判別能力和工作能力。
結(jié)論
商務(wù)英語翻譯是一種跨文化的語際交流,它要求譯者熟悉多種文化,掌握語言運用技巧,具備熟練的語言知識,從而完成具有一定語用目的的商業(yè)文化交流。提高商務(wù)英語翻譯技能就應(yīng)關(guān)注商務(wù)英語的語言文化關(guān)聯(lián),巧妙靈活的達到原語的語言運用目的。在商務(wù)英語翻譯工作中應(yīng)靈活處理因不同文化背景、語言表達習(xí)慣等因素造成的交際障礙,根據(jù)語境做必要的調(diào)整,避免語用失誤,造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達的功能對等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負面作用,但是對于商務(wù)英語翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義,尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達的功能對等原則以交際為目的,以讀者為中心,以目的語文化為歸宿,避免了文化沖突,克服了文化障礙,促進了雙方的文化交流。
可以這么說,商務(wù)英語翻譯不僅關(guān)系著個人的命運,而且也關(guān)系著公司的前途和國家的形象。
商務(wù)英語的重要性決定了我們必須認(rèn)真對待商務(wù)英語翻譯,而認(rèn)真對待的前提就是遵守翻譯理論中的準(zhǔn)確性、專業(yè)性、文化性這三個原則,這樣才能力求在翻譯實踐中做到少犯低級錯誤。在此基礎(chǔ)上,我們應(yīng)多學(xué)理論知識,充實自己的頭腦。機會是留給有準(zhǔn)備的人的,所以我們必須做到有所準(zhǔn)備,這樣才能在翻譯過程中做到游刃有余、左右逢源。當(dāng)然光靠理論知識是完全不夠的,正如上面提到的“實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,我們也必須抓住機遇,多參加企業(yè)的商務(wù)活動,以加強自己的實踐能力,這樣既可以提高自己的翻譯能力,也可以鍛煉自己的實踐能力。
第三篇:商務(wù)英語翻譯
Chinese-English translation
1.只要我們秉承平等與互利的原則,雙方的合作一定會進一步深化。
As long as we keep to the principle of equality and mutual benefit, trade between our two parties is sure to develop further.2.如果一方不執(zhí)行合同,另一方有權(quán)撤銷該合同。
In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract.3.關(guān)于包裝問題,我方將與廠商聯(lián)系,要求他們對此加以重視。
As to packing, we will contact our manufacturers and call their attention to the matter.4.堅固的包裝和箱內(nèi)嚴(yán)密的填充可防止木箱受震、開裂。
Solid packing and overall stuffing can prevent the cases from vibration and jarring.5.很遺憾,這是我們的低價。如果你覺得價格不可行,我們只好取消這筆交易。I'm awfully sorry.This is our floor price.If you find it unworkable, we may as well call the deal off.6.請貴方惠寄商品目錄并報價,謝謝。
I shall be glad if you will send me your catalogue together with quotations.7.我們一直在提高我們產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計水平,以滿足世界市場的要求。
We are always improving our design and patterns to conform to the world market.8.我們通常采用的付款方式是保兌不可撤銷的信用證。
The terms of payment we usually adopt are confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit.9.由于所訂貨物已備妥待運,請即開信用證,我方一收到信用證,立即裝船。As the goods ordered are ready for shipment, please expedite your L/C, we will effect shipment as soon as it reaches us.10.我們已在中國人民控股公司替上述貨物按4000美元投保了一切險。
We have covered the above shipment with PICC Holding Company against All Risks for $4,000.11.我們只投保水漬險,包括倉對倉條款,有效期為15天。
We cover only WPA including warehouse to warehouse clause valid for 15 days.12.只要在保險責(zé)任范圍內(nèi),保險公司就應(yīng)賠償。
The insurance company is responsible for the claim, as far as it is within the scope of coverage.13.貨物如果轉(zhuǎn)運,我們得多付運費。
In case of transshipment, we have to pay extra transportation charges.14.由于貴方訂貨數(shù)量太大,目前無法訂到足夠的艙位,望貴方同意分批裝運。As your order is a large one, we are not in a position to book enough shipping space, so we hope you will agree to partial shipment.15.請?zhí)顚戇@份進口貨物交運單和進口貨物包裝聲明。
Please fill out the Import Cargo Shipping Instructions and the Import Cargo Packing Declaration here.16.由于你方未能及時交貨,我方將向你方提出由此而遭受的全部損失的索賠。We shall lodge a claim for all the losses incurred as a consequence of your failure to ship our order in time.17.我方檢驗證明,貨物受損是由于包裝不當(dāng)而造成的。因此,我方不得不將此事提交你處解決。
Our investigation shows that improper packing caused damage.Therefore we have to refer this matter to you.18.考慮到我們之間的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系,我們準(zhǔn)備接受35噸短裝的索賠。
In view of our friendly business relations, we are prepared to meet your claim for the 35 tons shortage in weight.19.這是由香港一個著名實驗室提供的一份檢驗報告,證據(jù)絕對可靠。
Here’s a survey report by a well-known lab in Hong Kong, whose testimony is absolutely reliable.20.根據(jù)我們的檢驗報告,貨物破損的原因是包裝太差。
According to our survey report, the damage was caused by poor packing.
第四篇:商務(wù)英語翻譯
(加黑部分重點掌握,其余部分只做了解。)
1.Please accept our thanks for the trouble you have taken.有勞貴方,不勝感激。
2.We are obliged to thank you for your kind attention in this matter.不勝感激貴方對此事的關(guān)照。
3.We tender you our sincere thanks for your generous treatment of us in this affair.對貴方在此事中的慷慨之舉,深表感謝。
4.Allow us to thank you for the kindness extended to us.對貴方之盛情,不勝感謝。
7.We should be grateful for your furnishing us details of your requirements.如承賜示具體要求,不勝感激。
8.It will be greatly appreciated if you will kindly send us your samples.如承惠寄樣品,則不勝感激。
9.We shall appreciate it very much if you will give our bid your favorable consideration.如承優(yōu)惠考慮報價,不勝感激。
10.We are greatly obliged for your bulk order(大宗訂貨,in bulk 大量的)just received.收到貴方大宗訂貨,不勝感激。
14.We spare no efforts in endeavoring to be of service to you.我方將不遺余力為貴方效勞。
15.We shall be very glad to handle for you at very low commission charges.我方將很愉快與貴方合作,收費低廉。
18.We are always in a position to quote you the most advantageous prices for higher quality merchandise.我們始終能向貴方提供品質(zhì)最佳的產(chǎn)品,報價最為優(yōu)惠。
19.This places our dealers in a highly competitive position and also enable them to enjoy a maximum profit.這樣可以使我方經(jīng)營者具有很強的競爭力,還可獲得最大的利潤。
1.Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor's office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in..., we now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations by a start of some Practical transactions.從中華人民共和國駐……大使館商務(wù)參贊處獲悉貴公司名稱和地址,現(xiàn)借此機會與貴方通信,意在達成一些實際交易為開端,以建立業(yè)務(wù)系。
5.We learn from...that your firm specializes in..., and would like to establish business relationship with you.從……獲悉你公司專門經(jīng)營……,現(xiàn)愿與你公司建立業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。
承……的介紹,獲悉你們是……有代表性的進口商之一。
承貴地……銀行通知,你們是……的主要進口商(出口商),并有意與中國進行這些方面的貿(mào)易。
8.The...Bank in your city has been kind enough to inform us that you are one of the leading importers(exporters)of...and are interested in trading with China in these lines...據(jù)了解,你們是中國……(商品)有潛力的買主,而該商品正屬我們的業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營范圍。
9.We are given to understand that you are potential buyers of Chinese...,which comes within the frame of our business activities.Autonomous company 具有自主經(jīng)營權(quán)的公司 availability 可銷售能力 Award 裁決、判給 award dinner 頒獎宴會 Back 支持、資助、贊助 Backer 資助人 Backlog 積壓
Back pay 補發(fā)工資(常為追補的加薪金額)
Bad debt 壞帳,呆帳,倒賬(無法收回的應(yīng)收賬款)Bad publicity 負面影響
Baggage allowance 行李重量限額
Bagstuffer 公告?zhèn)鲉?,小型宣傳品,通常在街頭散發(fā)或在付款臺前塞進顧客購物袋。Balance 余額,平衡
balance of payment 國際收支,簡稱BOP Bancassurance 銀行保險業(yè), 亦作bankassurance Bank charges 銀行手續(xù)費
Banking business 金融業(yè),銀行業(yè)
Banner towing 條幅廣告
Bar chart 矩形圖,條形圖,直方圖 也稱bar graph or histogram(是以寬度相同的長條,按其長短或高低來表示指標(biāo)或數(shù)值大小的一種圖形。有單式。復(fù)式和分段式三種。其中縱軸線稱為vertical axis,橫軸線稱為horizontal axis.)
Bar code(打印在商品上,與電腦系統(tǒng)連接可讀出商品價格和參考數(shù)據(jù)的)條形碼,條碼 Bar graph 矩形圖,條形圖,直方圖,也稱bar chart 或histogram Base pay 基本工資
base rate 基本利率,基礎(chǔ)利率 Batch 成批的產(chǎn)品
Bear market 熊市(通常指股市、匯市等金融市場價格下跌或疲軟)Benchmark 基價,基準(zhǔn)尺度 Beneficiary 受益人
Benefit premium.(基本工資之外的)福利津貼
Benefits package 一攬子福利,福利套餐(指工資以外的福利,如健康保險,住房或股票等等)
best selling author 暢銷書作家 Bill 要求……支付
Billboard 露天大廣告牌 Bill of entry 報關(guān)單 Bill of lading 提單
Binding machine 裝訂機
Black Friday(尤指經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域內(nèi)災(zāi)難性的)黑色星期五,災(zāi)難性的一天 Black Monday(股市狂跌的)黑色星期一 Blockbuster 大力促銷,生意興隆 Blue chip 1 藍籌股, 績優(yōu)股
accounts 1 賬目例:The financial director was accused of falsifying the company accounts.accounts 2 會計部門 即 accounts department 例: She works in accounts.ccounts manager 會計部經(jīng)理 accounts payable 應(yīng)付賬款例: Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.advance 預(yù)付款, 墊款例: I asked for an advance on my salary.advanced orders 預(yù)訂貨量例: The development of the game has taken two years but advanced orders are impressive.after-sales warranty 售后保單
against all risks 保全險例:These are goods insured against all risks.agency 代理行,經(jīng)銷處,公眾服務(wù)機構(gòu),代理公司,中介公司例:The firm has agencies all over the world.agency recruitment通過職業(yè)介紹所招聘例:Recruitment in the UK is divided into agency recruitment, advertising or executive search.agenda 議程例:An agenda is a list of things to discuss at a meeting.agent 1 代理商,代理人例:He is an authorized agent for a large insurance company.airlines 航空公司(多用于航空公司名稱中)例: English Royal Dutch Airlines(均大寫)all-risk policy 全險,綜合險,全險保單例: We have taken out an all-risk policy on the electronic equipment.annual general meeting 股東大會(根據(jù)法律規(guī)定每年舉行,出席的包括公司成員,股東和董事),簡稱AGM.口語里也稱the yearly shareholders' meeting.例: The financial results will be announced at the annual general meeting.as of 自......起,等于as from 例:I would like to inform you that as of September 6, 2001,the new name for our company will be Sunrise.Certificate of Origin certificate of origin of China showing
中國產(chǎn)地證明書 stating 證明 evidencing specifying 說明 indicating 表明 declaration of 聲明
certificate of Chinese origin
中國產(chǎn)地證明書
Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 產(chǎn)地證,不允許裝運……的產(chǎn)品
packing list detailing…
詳注……的裝箱單
packing list showing in detail…
注明……細節(jié)的裝箱單 weight list 重量單
weight notes 磅碼單(重量單)detailed weight list 明細重量單 parcel post receipt 郵包收
certificate customs invoice on form 59A combined certificate of value and origin for developing countries 適用于發(fā)展中國家的包括價值和產(chǎn)地證明書的格式59A海關(guān)發(fā)票證明書 pure foods certificate 純食品證書
combined certificate of value and Chinese origin
價值和中國產(chǎn)地聯(lián)合證明書
loading port and destinaltion
裝運港與目的港 date of shipment 裝船期
partial shipments and transhipment 分運與轉(zhuǎn)運
partial shipments are(not)permitted
(不)允許分運 partial shipments(are)allowed(prohibited)
準(zhǔn)許(不準(zhǔn))分運 without transhipment
不允許轉(zhuǎn)運
transhipment at Hongkong allowed
允許在香港轉(zhuǎn)船
partial shipments are permissible,transhipment is allowed except at…
允許分運,除在……外允許轉(zhuǎn)運
partial/prorate shipments are perimtted
允許分運/按比例裝運 valid in…for negotiation until…
在……議付至……止
draft(s)must be presented to the negotiating(or drawee)bank not later than…
匯票不得遲于……交議付行(受票行)
expiry date for presention of documents…
交單滿期日
draft(s)must be negotiated not later than…
匯票要不遲于……議付
this L/C is valid for negotiation in China(or your port)until 15th,July 1977
本證于1977年7月15日止在中國議付有效
bills of exchange must be negotiated within 15 days from the date of bills of lading but not later than August 8,1977
匯票須在提單日起15天內(nèi)議付,但不得遲于1977年8月8日.this credit remains valid in China until 23rd May,1977(inclusive)
本證到1977年5月23日為止,包括當(dāng)日在內(nèi)在中國有效 expiry date August 15,1977 in country of beneficiary for negotiation
于1977年8月15日在受益人國家議付期滿
expiry date 15th August,1977 in the country of the beneficiary unless otherwise
除非另有規(guī)定,(本證)于1977年8月15日受益人國家滿期 draft(s)drawn under this credit must be negotiation in China on or before August 12,1977 after which date this credit expires
憑本證項下開具的匯票要在1977年8月12日或該日以前在中國議付,該日以后本證失效
expiry(expiring)date…
滿期日……(有效期).…if negotiation on or before…
在……日或該日以前議付
negoation must be on or before the 15th day of shipment
自裝船日起15天或之前議付 this credit shall remain in force until 15th August 197 in China
本證到1977年8月15日為止在中國有效
the credit is available for negotiation or payment abroad until…
本證在國外議付或付款的日期到……為止
the amount and date of negotiation of each draft must be endorsed on reverse hereof by the negotiation bank
每份匯票的議付金額和日期必須由議付行在本證背面簽注
this copy of credit is for your own file,please deliver the attached original to the beneficaries
本證副本供你行存檔,請將隨附之正本遞交給受益人 without you confirmation thereon
(本證)無需你行保兌
documents must be sent by consecutive airmails
單據(jù)須分別由連續(xù)航次郵寄(注:即不要將兩套或數(shù)套單據(jù)同一航次寄出)
all original documents are to be forwarded to us by air mail and duplicate documents by sea-mail
全部單據(jù)的正本須用航郵,副本用平郵寄交我行
please despatch the first set of documents including three copies of commercial invoices direct to us by registered airmail and the second set by following airmail
請將包括3份商業(yè)發(fā)票在內(nèi)的第一套單據(jù)用掛號航郵經(jīng)寄我行,第二套單據(jù)在下一次航郵寄出
original documents must be snet by Registered airmail,and duplicate by subsequent airmail
單據(jù)的正本須用掛號航郵寄送,副本在下一班航郵寄送 documents must by sent by successive(or succeeding)airmails
單據(jù)要由連續(xù)航郵寄送
all documents made out in English must be sent to out bank in one lot
用英文繕制的所有單據(jù)須一次寄交我行 method of reimbursement 索償辦法
available by your draft at sight payable by us in London on the basis to sight draft on New York
憑你行開具之即期匯票向我行在倫敦的機構(gòu)索回票款,票款在紐約即期兌付
in reimbursement,please claim from our RMB¥ account held with your banking department Bank of China Head Office Beijing with the amount of your negotiation
償付辦法,請在北京總行我人民幣帳戶中索回你行議付之款項
upon presentation of the documents to us,we shall authorize your head office backing department by airmail to debit the proceeds to our foreign business department account
一俟向我行提交單證,我行將用航郵授權(quán)你總行借記我行國外營業(yè)部帳戶
after negotiation,you may reimburse yourselves by debiting our RMB¥ account with you,please forward all relative documents in one lot to us by airmail
議付后請借記我行在你行開立的人民幣帳戶,并將全部有關(guān)單據(jù)用航郵一次寄給我行
all bank charges outside U.K.are for our principals account,but must claimed at the time of presentation of documents
在英國境外發(fā)生的所有銀行費用,應(yīng)由開證人負擔(dān),但須在提交單據(jù)是索取
negotiating bank may claim reimbursement by T.T.on the…bank certifying that the credit terms have been complied with
議付行須證明本證條款已旅行,并按電匯條款向……銀行索回貨款 abandonment clause: 委付條款 act of god: 不可抗力 actuary: 保險精算師
all-risks policy:一切險保單 Assignment clause: 轉(zhuǎn)讓條款 Average: 海損、海損分?jǐn)?Average adjuster: 海損理算人
Average clause: 共同海損分擔(dān)條款 Certificate of insurance: 保險證明書 Claim: 索賠
Claim assessor: 索賠人 Damage: 損壞賠償金
Damage certificate: 損壞證明書 Damage claim: 損壞索賠 Endorsement: 簽注
Endowment policy: 人壽定期保險單 Faa(free of all average): 全損賠償 Fpa(free of particular average): 單獨海損不賠 Free of average: 全損賠償 Insurance broker: 保險經(jīng)紀(jì)人 Insurance policy: 保險單 Insurance premium: 保險費 Jettison: 投棄
Knock-for-knock agreement: 互撞免賠協(xié)議 Liability insurance: 責(zé)任保險 Life assured: 人壽保險投保人 Life fund: 人壽保險基金 Loading: 人壽保險附加費 Loss adjuster: 損失理算人 Loss ratio: 賠付率
Marine insurance: 海上運輸保險
Mortality tables: 死亡率表(用于計算保險風(fēng)險)Motor insurance: 汽車保險
Mutual insurance company: 互助保險公司 No-claims bonus: 無索償獎金 Reinsurance: 再保險;轉(zhuǎn)保 Renewal: 續(xù)保;延期 Renewal premium: 續(xù)保費
Salvage value: 殘值;獲救貨物或船舶的價值 Third party insurance: 第三方保險 Time policy: 定期保險單 Unvalued policy: 不定值保單 U/w(underwriter): 承保人
第五篇:商務(wù)英語翻譯
Abstract:
This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development.Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services.For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed;for the last two types, development trends are discussed.Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society;with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications.It will then be possible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.摘要:
本文介紹了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的服務(wù)和發(fā)展和分析這種發(fā)展背后的推動力和障礙。尋找在應(yīng)用程序類型和不同發(fā)展階段的物聯(lián)網(wǎng),這篇文章總結(jié)為四種類型的服務(wù):身份相關(guān)服務(wù),信息聚合服務(wù),協(xié)作感知的服務(wù)和無處不在服務(wù)。對于前兩種類型的服務(wù),對應(yīng)用程序和系統(tǒng)框架進行了討論,對于最后兩個類型,對發(fā)展趨勢進行了討論。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供的服務(wù)將逐步融入人類的生活和社會;隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展,應(yīng)用程序會從相對簡單的身份到有關(guān)的信息聚合到協(xié)作感知相關(guān)的應(yīng)用發(fā)展,并最終成為無處不在的應(yīng)用。然后,它將充分結(jié)合互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Development of the Internet of Things
The concept“Internet of Things”was coined by Kevin Ashton of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the Internet via sensing devices such as Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)to achieve intelligent
identification and management.Early in 1995, the book The Power to Predict [1] first described application scenarios of the Internet of Things.In recent times, the Internet of Things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the USA, Europe, Japan, and
South Korea.IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare projects.The EU has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of Information and
Communication Technologies(ICT)through widespread use of these technologies.In Japan, the i-Japan strategy is based on E-Japan and U-Japan.South Korea has also proposed a new project for the Internet of Things.In China, Prime Minister Wen Jiabo presented the concept
of“Experiencing China”in August 2009.Driven by the Chinese Government, the Internet of Things industry has developed rapidly in China.1、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的因素
由凱文·阿什頓的美國麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)于1999年提出的“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”的概念,定義如下:所有的東西都連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng),如射頻識別(RFID)傳感裝置,以實現(xiàn)智能化識別和管理。早在1995年,這本書的動力預(yù)測首先介紹了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用場景。
在最近幾年,隨著物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和全球化的迅速發(fā)展,越來越多的政府和企業(yè)在美國,歐洲,日本,韓國等地區(qū)進行項目的投資。IBM的智慧地球倡議,將在智能電網(wǎng)和數(shù)字醫(yī)療保健項目中得到3億美元的投資。歐盟已經(jīng)提出了一個2010年的政策框架,其目的是提高經(jīng)濟效率和促進通過這些技術(shù)的廣泛使用使信息和通信技術(shù)(ICT)得到發(fā)展。在日本,他的戰(zhàn)略是基于E-日本和U-日本。韓國也提出了關(guān)于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的新項目。2009年8月,中國總理溫家寶提出的“體驗中國”的概念。在中國政府的推動下,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)在中國發(fā)展迅速。
1.1 Driving Forces for Development of the Internet of Things
First, the development of the Internet of Things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve society.On the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and financing.On the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and services.With a general belief that
information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of living.Second, the Internet of Things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many
governments.The Information Superhighway Plan implemented by the Clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the USA.Now, the Obama administration has put forward“Smarter Earth,”which probably has relations with the Information Superhighway Plan.In China, the Internet of Things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote industrialization.In regions such as Europe, Japan, and South Korea, government plays an important role in Internet of Things planning.Third, with its businesses reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the Internet of Things as a new breakthrough.In many European countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.As a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the agenda.The Internet of Things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展動力
首先,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展,符合在使用信息技術(shù)下可以更好地為社會服務(wù)的趨勢。一方面,現(xiàn)代社會發(fā)展遭受瓶頸,包括能源,運輸,物流和融資等領(lǐng)域。另一方面,人有直接的需求在衛(wèi)生,醫(yī)療和服務(wù)方面。智慧型終端將更廣泛的應(yīng)用于網(wǎng)絡(luò),與其他技術(shù)相比,可以更好的服務(wù)于信息技術(shù),可以用來解決在社會和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中遇到的問題和提高人民生活水平。第二,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)被許多國家的政府視為一個新的經(jīng)濟增長源??肆诸D政府實施的“信息高速公路計劃購買美國10年來經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展。現(xiàn)在,奧巴馬政府已提出“智慧地球”,這可能與信息高速公路計劃的關(guān)系。在中國,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)被視為利用信息技術(shù)推動工業(yè)化的方法。在歐洲,日本和韓國等地區(qū),政府在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)規(guī)劃中起著重要的作用。
第三,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè)務(wù)達到飽和點,電信業(yè)也被視為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的一個新的突破點。在歐洲許多國家,移動電話普及率已達100%。因此,人對事物和事物對事物通信已被提上議事日程。因此,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展代表電信業(yè)發(fā)展的一個新階段。Services of the Internet of Things
There are a large number of applications that can be included as Internet of Things services, and these can be classified according to different criteria.According to technical features, Internet of Things services can be divided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information
aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].It is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the Internet of Things will be its
development from information aggregation to collaborative awareness and ubiquitous
convergence, and that not all services of the Internet of Things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous convergence.Many applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.2聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)
物聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)包括了大量的應(yīng)用,而這些應(yīng)用可以根據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類。根據(jù)技術(shù)特點,就互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)可分為4種類型:[1]身份相關(guān)的服務(wù)[2],聚合信息服務(wù),[3]協(xié)同感知的服務(wù),和[4]無處不在的服務(wù)。
人們普遍認(rèn)為,一個必然的趨勢物聯(lián)網(wǎng)將是其發(fā)展的信息聚合協(xié)作意識和無處不在的收斂,并非所有的聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)將無處不在的融洽。很多應(yīng)用和服務(wù)的發(fā)展階段,只需要信息聚合,不用于無處不在收斂的信息是封閉的,保密和適用只有一小群。
2.1 Identity-Related Services
Identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as RFID, two-dimensional code, and barcode.Figure 1 lists some identity-related services.According to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be divided into two categories: active and passive.They can also be classified by served objects(enterprise or individual): personal applications or enterprise services.The implementation of different applications may vary.Figure 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition services.The general procedure for such services is as
follows: first, an RFID tag is attached to a thing.Then, a read device accesses the information in the RFID tag(including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the Internet of Things.In this way, it may obtain the Uniform Resource Identifier(URI)of the thing.Finally, the read device obtains further information from the URI.2.1身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)
身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)采用身份的技術(shù),如RFID,二維碼和條碼。圖1列出了一些身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)。
根據(jù)終端識別模式,身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)可分為兩個類別:主動和被動。它們也可以被列為服務(wù)對象(企業(yè)或個人):個人申請或企業(yè)不同的應(yīng)用服務(wù)。
實施可能會有所不同。圖2顯示了基于標(biāo)簽的信息獲取服務(wù)的基本原則。一般程序這樣的服務(wù)如下:首先,RFID標(biāo)簽連接到一件事。然后,讀取設(shè)備的訪問,在RFID標(biāo)簽的信息(包括身份信息的事情),使得聯(lián)網(wǎng)名稱解析服務(wù)器的請求。在這種方式,它可以得到的東西的統(tǒng)一資源標(biāo)識符(URI)。最后,讀取裝置從URI取得進一步的信息。Key Technologies for the Internet of Things
The above discussion shows that implementation of services in the Internet of Things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the Internet of Things platform, and integrated technologies.The sensor is used to collect information in the Internet of Things;it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and applications.However, due to the diversity of sensors(there are temperature, pressure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary widely.This is the greatest challenge for mass production of Internet of Things terminals.Much research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network layer.But sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].Typical sensor network-related communication technologies include Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association(IrDA), Wireless
Fidelity(Wi-Fi), ZigBee, RFID, Ultra-Wide Band(UWB), Near Filed Communication(NFC), and WirelessHart.Sensor networks will evolve to next generation IP networks(e.g.IPv6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become smarter.The intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its IP technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual maintenance.Communication networks provide the data transmission channel for the Internet of Things.Current research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the Internet of Things(e.g.low data rate, low mobility).The Internet of Things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various applications.In terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cross-sector, unified information services.In particular, when the Internet of Things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name address, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.3.物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)
上述討論表明,在實施物聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)時將主要涉及傳感器、傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò),基于傳感器的溝通交流、網(wǎng)絡(luò)溝通、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺和綜合技術(shù)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
該傳感器是用來收集在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中的信息,它是實現(xiàn)感知現(xiàn)實世界這一功能的基本組成部分并提供服務(wù)和應(yīng)用。然而,由于傳感器的多樣性(比如溫度,壓力,速度,濕度,高度,視頻,圖像,位置傳感器),這些傳感器的信息接口的千差萬別。這也成為了眾多物聯(lián)網(wǎng)終端最大的挑戰(zhàn)。
許多研究已經(jīng)針對傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)展開,并完成了一整套物理層,鏈路層和網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的規(guī)格規(guī)范。但傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)仍尚未投入大規(guī)模的應(yīng)用。典型傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)通訊技術(shù)包括藍牙、紅外通訊(IrDA)、無線保真(Wi-Fi的)、ZigBee、RFID、超寬帶(UWB)、近場通信技術(shù)(NFC)和WirelessHART的。傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)將發(fā)展為下一代IP網(wǎng)絡(luò)(例如IPv6網(wǎng)絡(luò)),傳感器終端將會變得更加聰明。傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的智能主要體現(xiàn)在它的IP技術(shù)、低功耗、體積小、信息雙向傳輸和自動維護上。
通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供了數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸通道。目前關(guān)于通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的研究集中在如何增強現(xiàn)有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)以滿足物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的服務(wù)需求(例如低數(shù)據(jù)率,低流動性)。
物聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺和終端相兼容,也擁有在脫離網(wǎng)絡(luò)和系統(tǒng)的情況下提供的各種應(yīng)用的能力。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系架構(gòu)中,一個統(tǒng)一的適合多個行業(yè)應(yīng)用的服務(wù)平臺將需要跨部門,統(tǒng)一的信息服務(wù)的支持。特別是當(dāng)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展成為協(xié)同感知,甚至變成無處不在的服務(wù)的階段,將需要制定更有效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)框架、姓名、地址、路由。