第一篇：網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付知識(shí)要點(diǎn)及高分寶典

支付發(fā)展瓶頸：資金流是決定電子商務(wù)能否安全順利、方便快捷、低成本開(kāi)展的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，其流動(dòng)與處理的效率、成本高低直接關(guān)系到電子商務(wù)開(kāi)展效果。傳統(tǒng)的支付結(jié)算方式不能充分滿(mǎn)足高水平的發(fā)展要求，現(xiàn)金、紙質(zhì)支票等不但應(yīng)用范圍有限，結(jié)算速度較慢，而且不太安全，即使一些已有較為現(xiàn)代化的電子支付結(jié)束方式也只是應(yīng)用在專(zhuān)用的金融網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，不但應(yīng)用上不太方便，而且由于商務(wù)交易系統(tǒng)與支付系統(tǒng)的分離，給商務(wù)實(shí)體的運(yùn)作增加了很多不確定性和經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，影響效率，增加了企業(yè)與銀行的支付結(jié)算成本，所以也不能很好地應(yīng)用到電子商務(wù)的支付結(jié)算中。在信息流、資金流、物流信息等基本可在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行方便快捷的傳遞、處理的情況下，資金流的處理成了電子商務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)流程中的難點(diǎn)。

電子貨幣：就是在通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)或金融網(wǎng)絡(luò)中流通的“金錢(qián)”有可能是“金錢(qián)”的電子形式的代幣，也有可能是控制“金錢(qián)”流向的指令。優(yōu)點(diǎn)：使用和流通更加方便與快捷，而且安全，成本低。形態(tài)：電子貨幣的一般應(yīng)用方式，即用一定金額的現(xiàn)金或存款從電子貨幣發(fā)行機(jī)構(gòu)的營(yíng)業(yè)柜臺(tái)兌換，并獲得代表相同金額的特殊電子數(shù)據(jù)，通過(guò)使用某些電子化方法將該特殊數(shù)據(jù)直接轉(zhuǎn)移個(gè)支付對(duì)象，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)債務(wù)清償。這里的特殊電子數(shù)據(jù)本身即稱(chēng)為電子貨幣。

基本運(yùn)作流程：發(fā)行，流通，回收。特征：（1）形式方面，是一種電子符號(hào)或電子指令，其存在形式隨處理的媒體而變化。（2）技術(shù)方面，使用電子化方法并且采用了安全對(duì)策。（3）結(jié)算方式，按支付結(jié)算中資金的應(yīng)用狀況表現(xiàn)為預(yù)付型、即付型、后福型。（4）流通規(guī)律，有的只允許一次換手，即只能使用一次支付就得返回發(fā)行者處的流通形式；有的可多次換手即多次輾轉(zhuǎn)流通的形式，并不一定要求馬上返回發(fā)行者處。（5）電子化方法，“支付手段的電子化”是對(duì)貨幣價(jià)值本身進(jìn)行電子化，電子貨幣即電磁記錄本身是保有“價(jià)值”的，可以理解為“電子等價(jià)物”?！爸Ц斗椒ǖ碾娮踊笔侵钢Ц督Y(jié)算中，并不是真正的“等價(jià)物”本身在網(wǎng)上傳遞，而是使用電子化的方法將“等價(jià)物”轉(zhuǎn)移的電子指令傳遞給支付結(jié)算服務(wù)提供者以完成支付結(jié)算。分類(lèi)：“開(kāi)環(huán)型”貨幣的余額信息在個(gè)人或企業(yè)之間可以輾轉(zhuǎn)不斷地流通下去，信息的流通路徑?jīng)]有限定的終點(diǎn)，不構(gòu)成固定的流通閉合回路?！伴]環(huán)型”電子貨幣進(jìn)行支付后，一次支付的余額信息必須返回發(fā)行主體進(jìn)行結(jié)算。

電子銀行：電子化和信息化了的高效率、低運(yùn)行成本的銀行。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行：借助廉價(jià)的、互動(dòng)的internet力量，使之與銀行采用的現(xiàn)有計(jì)算機(jī)與通信技術(shù)、信息結(jié)束結(jié)合起來(lái)。

電子支付：通過(guò)電子信息化的手段實(shí)現(xiàn)交易中的價(jià)值與使用價(jià)值的交換過(guò)程，即完成支付結(jié)算的過(guò)程。網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付：以金融電子化網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)，以商用電子化工具盒各類(lèi)交易卡位媒介，采用現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)作為手段，通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)特別是internet，以電子信息傳遞形式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)資金的流通和支付。基本構(gòu)成：（1）“客戶(hù)”是指internet上與某商家或企業(yè)有商務(wù)交易關(guān)系并且存在未清償?shù)膫鶛?quán)、債務(wù)關(guān)系的一方。（2）“商家”則是擁有債權(quán)的商品交易的另一方，可以根據(jù)客戶(hù)發(fā)起的支付指令向中介的金融體系請(qǐng)求獲取貨幣給付，即請(qǐng)求結(jié)算。（3）“客戶(hù)開(kāi)戶(hù)行”是指客戶(hù)在其中又有資金賬戶(hù)的銀行，客戶(hù)所擁有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付工具主要是由開(kāi)戶(hù)銀行提供的。（4）“商家開(kāi)戶(hù)行”是商家在其中開(kāi)設(shè)資金賬戶(hù)的銀行，其賬戶(hù)是整個(gè)支付結(jié)算過(guò)程中資金流向的地方或目的地。（5）“支付網(wǎng)關(guān)”公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)和銀行內(nèi)部的金融專(zhuān)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)之間的安全接口，網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付的電子信息必須通過(guò)支付網(wǎng)關(guān)進(jìn)行處理后才能進(jìn)入安全的銀行內(nèi)部支付結(jié)算系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)而完成安全支付的授權(quán)和獲取。（6）“金融專(zhuān)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)”則是銀行內(nèi)部及銀行間進(jìn)行通信的專(zhuān)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它不對(duì)外開(kāi)放，因此具有很高的安全性。（7）“CA認(rèn)證中心”是網(wǎng)上商務(wù)的準(zhǔn)入者和市場(chǎng)的規(guī)范者，它與傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)中工商局的作用有點(diǎn)類(lèi)似，是個(gè)第三方的公正機(jī)構(gòu)?；竟δ埽海?）能夠使用數(shù)字其阿明和數(shù)字證書(shū)等實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)網(wǎng)上商務(wù)各方的認(rèn)證，以防止支付欺詐。（2）能夠使用較為尖端的加密技術(shù)，對(duì)相關(guān)支付信息流進(jìn)行加密。（3）能夠使用數(shù)字摘要算法確認(rèn)支付電子信息的真?zhèn)涡裕乐箓卧旒倜暗绕垓_行為。（4）當(dāng)網(wǎng)上交易雙方出現(xiàn)糾紛，特別是有關(guān)支付結(jié)算的糾紛時(shí)，系統(tǒng)能夠保證對(duì)相關(guān)行業(yè)或業(yè)務(wù)的不可否認(rèn)性。（5）能夠處理網(wǎng)上貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)的多邊支付問(wèn)題。（6）整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付結(jié)算過(guò)程對(duì)網(wǎng)上貿(mào)易各方，特別對(duì)客戶(hù)來(lái)講，應(yīng)該是方便易用的，手續(xù)與過(guò)程不能太繁瑣，大多數(shù)支付過(guò)程對(duì)客戶(hù)與商家來(lái)講應(yīng)是透明的。（7）能夠保證網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付結(jié)算的速度，即應(yīng)該讓商家與客戶(hù)感到快捷，這樣才能體現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)的效率，發(fā)揮網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付結(jié)算的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

防火墻，加解密：防火墻技術(shù)只能比較靜態(tài)地保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付涉及的客戶(hù)端網(wǎng)絡(luò)、商家網(wǎng)絡(luò)、銀行后臺(tái)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等安全，相當(dāng)于這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第一道防護(hù)門(mén)。加解密則涉及網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付時(shí)一些數(shù)據(jù)的機(jī)密性問(wèn)題。主要是數(shù)據(jù)的保密性問(wèn)題，即為了保證電子商務(wù)中數(shù)據(jù)、特別是與支付相關(guān)的一些隱私數(shù)據(jù)的保密性、真實(shí)性，實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用服務(wù)與信息資源的管理控制，以及對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行有效加密。

Set協(xié)議和ssl協(xié)議的比較：都采用公開(kāi)密鑰加密法、私有密鑰加密法、數(shù)字摘要等加密技術(shù)與數(shù)字證書(shū)等認(rèn)證手段。在支持技術(shù)上，兩者是一致的。對(duì)信息傳輸?shù)臋C(jī)密性來(lái)說(shuō)，功能是相同的。但ssl是基于傳輸層的，set是基于應(yīng)用層的。Ssl在建立雙方的安全通信通道之后，所有傳輸?shù)男畔⒍急患用?，而set則會(huì)有選擇地加密一部分敏感信息。Ssl協(xié)議中，商家也有數(shù)字證書(shū)，可向客戶(hù)證明資金是一家真實(shí)存在的商家。有些系統(tǒng)也向客戶(hù)發(fā)放數(shù)字證書(shū)，但這證書(shū)是發(fā)給瀏覽器軟件的，而set是與信用卡綁在一起的，更安全。Set主要針對(duì)信用卡應(yīng)用，ssl支持較多的網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付手段。Set系統(tǒng)給銀行、商家、持卡客戶(hù)帶來(lái)了更多的安全，使他們?cè)谶M(jìn)行網(wǎng)上交易時(shí)更加放心，但實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜、成本高；而ssl則相應(yīng)帝簡(jiǎn)單快捷，但存在一定的安全漏洞。電子現(xiàn)金：數(shù)字現(xiàn)金，是一種以電子數(shù)據(jù)形式流通的、能被客戶(hù)和商家普遍接受的、通過(guò)internet購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品或服務(wù)時(shí)使用的貨幣。是一種隱性貨幣，表現(xiàn)為由現(xiàn)金數(shù)值轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)的一系列電子加密序列數(shù)，通過(guò)這些加密序列數(shù)來(lái)表示現(xiàn)實(shí)中各種金額的幣值。

電子錢(qián)包：是一個(gè)客戶(hù)用來(lái)進(jìn)行安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)交易特別是安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付并且儲(chǔ)存交易記錄的特殊計(jì)算機(jī)軟件或硬件設(shè)備，能夠存放客戶(hù)的電子現(xiàn)金、信用卡號(hào)、電子零錢(qián)、個(gè)人信息等，經(jīng)過(guò)授權(quán)偶又可方便地有選擇地取出使用的新式網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付工具。

智能卡：IC卡，計(jì)算機(jī)集成電路芯片，用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)用戶(hù)的個(gè)人信息及電子貨幣的信息，且可具有進(jìn)行支付與結(jié)算等功能的消費(fèi)卡。

電子支票：E-Check，數(shù)字支票，是將傳統(tǒng)支票的全部?jī)?nèi)容電子化和數(shù)字化，形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式的電子版，借助計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)完成其在客戶(hù)之間、銀行與客戶(hù)之間以及銀行與銀行之間的傳遞與處理，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)銀行客戶(hù)間的資金支付結(jié)算。

電子匯兌：利用電子手段處理資金的匯兌業(yè)務(wù)，以提高匯兌效率，降低匯兌成本。

CNFN：就是把中國(guó)中央銀行、各商業(yè)銀行和其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)有機(jī)地連接在一起的全國(guó)性與專(zhuān)業(yè)性的金融計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)。

EDI：電子數(shù)據(jù)交換，是一種在貿(mào)易企業(yè)之間傳遞訂單、發(fā)貨通知、運(yùn)單、裝箱單、收據(jù)發(fā)票、保險(xiǎn)單、進(jìn)出口申報(bào)單、報(bào)稅單、繳款單等作業(yè)文件的電子化手段。

移動(dòng)商務(wù)：用戶(hù)在支持internet應(yīng)用的現(xiàn)代無(wú)線(xiàn)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)上，借助手機(jī)、PDA、筆記本電腦等移動(dòng)終端設(shè)備完成相應(yīng)商務(wù)產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)或消費(fèi)行為的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。

第二篇：(修改版)雅思寫(xiě)作高分寶典

雅思寫(xiě)作高分寶典（打印稿）

雅思A類(lèi)議論文寫(xiě)作

第一節(jié)——教育與學(xué)習(xí)

1、向老師還是從網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電視上學(xué)知識(shí)

Students at school and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from other sources(such as the Internet, television).To what extend do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

In the Information Age, students have more accesses to all kinds of information.Some people argue that they should grasp every means to learn rather than learn from teachers, while others hold the opposite view.Speaking for myself, I stand on the side of the former one.No doubt, it is absolutely necessary for students to learn their lessons in class with teachers at schools and universities.But, at the same time, we find some knowledge seems practically useless, and teachers are often enthusiastic to explain some theories, which are not of much use for most of the students in their future.Such lessons are not suitable for everyone.Some students may feel boring and their requests for specific knowledge cannot be met, too.Using a range of sources such as the Internet and television to learn has obviously merits.On the one hand, students can study on line efficiently.For example, modern technology has provided many powerful computer assisted language learning programs that help students with pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, reading and writing of different languages.On the other hand, students can learn practical skills which are taught on the Internet and television by using specific examples.Knowledge and art from these sources would be useful supplements to those from lessons at schools and universities.From the above mentioned analysis, we can safely draw the conclusion that other sources like the Internet and television are indispensable supplements to the traditional education forms.And students should also learn much more from the Internet and television.【高分詞匯】 ★grasp vt.抓住，抓緊

例He thought mathematics more difficult to grasp than physics.○譯他覺(jué)得數(shù)學(xué)比物理更難捉摸 ○★enthusiastic adj.熱心的，熱情的

例China has the most enthusiastic fans in the world.○譯中國(guó)有全世界最熱情的球迷 ○★be suitable for 適合……的

例 The weather is suitable for outdoor activities.○

譯天氣適合戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng) ○★practical adj.實(shí)際的、實(shí)用的

例 The plan takes on a more practical aspect.○譯這個(gè)計(jì)劃具有更切合實(shí)際的性質(zhì) ○★supplement n.補(bǔ)遺、補(bǔ)充 v.補(bǔ)充

例Try a B vitamin supplement.○譯試著補(bǔ)充些維生素B ○★indispensable adj.不可缺少的，絕對(duì)必要的

例 The computers are now an indispensable tool in many businesses ○譯目前，計(jì)算機(jī)是很多公司不可或缺的工具 ○【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.Some people argue that …, while others hold the opposite view.Speaking for myself, I stand on the side of the former one.譯文： 一些人認(rèn)為……，然而其他人持有相反的觀點(diǎn)。在我看來(lái)，我支持前者。解讀：這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)適用于第一段，引出題目中雙方的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)表明自己的立場(chǎng)，表示支持前者或后者的觀點(diǎn)。

2.From the above mentioned analysis, we can safely draw the conclusion that… 譯文： 通過(guò)上面的分析，我們可以得出結(jié)論，那就是，……

解讀：這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)適用于結(jié)尾段，承接上文，并給出結(jié)論。這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)在絕大多數(shù)的議論文結(jié)尾都可以使用。

2、出國(guó)留學(xué)的利弊

More and more students choose to go to another country for their higher education.Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems associated with it? 【Model Essay】

In order to acquire more knowledge, more and more people decided to further their study abroad.I believe that the benefits of studying abroad for higher education are far greater than problems that could be associated with it.There are many reasons supporting my view.First and foremost, students can learn advanced knowledge and management experience which can widen their horizons and minds.Then, studying abroad can provide a good language environment to students and make it easy to pick a language, which can contribute to remove language barrier and make international cooperation much easier.Besides, studying abroad can cultivate students’ ability to live independently and their characters, for they have to deal with many problems and learn how to be accustomed to a new environment and how to get along with foreign teachers and classmates.Last but not least, studying abroad is an excellent way for

students to learn about themselves and the world in which they live in.By communicating with foreign friends, they will experience the characteristics of a distinct culture and see the similarities to and differences from their own.However, studying abroad also brings about many disadvantages.Firstly, students will be confronted with so many psychological problems.They often feel lonely and helpless in a new environment.Furthermore, the tuition is very high, which is a very heavy burden to the average people.To sum up, the advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages greatly.We should encourage students study abroad.When they accomplish their curriculum, they can make more contribution to the construction of our society.【高分詞匯】

★acquire vt.獲得，學(xué)到

例The company has recently acquired new offices in central London.○譯公司最近在倫敦市中心弄到了新的辦公室 ○★further vt.促進(jìn)，推進(jìn)

例We’ll do all we can to further your plans.○譯我們將經(jīng)歷促成你們的計(jì)劃?！稹颽ssociate vt.是發(fā)生聯(lián)系，使聯(lián)合

例I don’t associate the two ideas.○譯這兩個(gè)概念我聯(lián)系不起來(lái)?！稹飄orizon vt.范圍，視野

例Go out for broaden your horizon.○譯出去開(kāi)開(kāi)眼界。○★cultivate vt.培養(yǎng)

例She cultivates her mind by reading many books.○譯她博覽群書(shū)，修身養(yǎng)性?！稹飀eal with 應(yīng)付，處理；對(duì)待

例He must deal with many difficulties.○譯他必須應(yīng)付許多困難。○★be accustomed to習(xí)慣于

例He is accustomed to loneliness.○譯他對(duì)于孤獨(dú)已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常?！稹飃et along with 與……和睦相處

例He is good-tempered;he gets along with everyone.○譯他脾氣好，和誰(shuí)都處得來(lái)?！?/p>

3、老師在信息時(shí)代的作用

Teachers used to convey information, but now with wide resources of information from the Internet, there is no role for teachers to play in modern education.Do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, the computer is growing in popularity in education for its marvelous functions.Some people, therefore, claim that teachers` roles are not significant any more in the Information Age given the convenience and efficiency of the Internet in terms of information access.As far as I am concerned, however, this point of view seems a bit partial and misleading.Most important of all, it is often the case that teachers can benefit students in many ways which computers cannot.Indeed, teachers often bring students a host of knowledge and ideas out of text books, such as ethics and such kind of things.There are plenty of vivid evidences to support the opinion that teachers are usually serving as the guide for students, a role which can never be performed by computers.For example, when I studied in high school, one of my teachers helped me with my study and taught me how to deal with difficulties in my life as well.It is impossible for computers to fulfill these actions.In addition, a more subtle point is that young students are more susceptible to the adverse influence of computers.It is a general principle that juveniles are usually lack in the sense of judgment to tell right from wrong.So they are more likely to be distracted from study by the lure that comes along with computers.Therefore, teachers are superior to computers in cultivating students.To conclude, it is all very well to suggest that teachers invariably enjoy the most crucial role in fostering young people, we should not lose sight of the dramatic benefits brought by computers as well.That is to say, teacher can never give way to computers buy they can make computers facilitate their jobs.【高分詞匯】

★convenience n.便利，方便，有益

例 The house has all the modern conveniences.○譯這棟房屋有各種現(xiàn)代化的設(shè)施。○★in terms of 就......而言，從……方面說(shuō)來(lái)

例He referred to your work in terms of high praise.○譯他對(duì)你的工作大加贊揚(yáng)?！稹飁thics n.道德規(guī)范，倫理學(xué)

例 The ethics of his profession don`t permit him to do that.○譯他的職業(yè)道德不允許他那樣做。○

★subtle adj.敏感的，微妙的

例 Her whole attitude had undergone a subtle change.○譯她的整個(gè)態(tài)度發(fā)生了微妙的變化。○★be susceptible to 對(duì)……敏感

例In his weakened condition, he is very susceptible to cold.○譯他身體很弱，因此很容易患感冒?！稹飐uperior adj.較高的，上級(jí)的，較好的

例You’re a very superior young woman.○譯你是一個(gè)非常優(yōu)秀的年輕女性?！稹飂oster vt.養(yǎng)育，撫育，培養(yǎng)

例Nowadays young couple sometimes foster.○譯現(xiàn)今年輕夫婦有時(shí)領(lǐng)養(yǎng)別人的孩子?！稹飃ive way to 讓路，讓步

例Cloudy mornings give way to clear evenings.○譯【諺】早晨云遮日，晚上星滿(mǎn)天?！稹飂acilitate vt.使便利，減輕……的困難

例Tractors facilitate farming.○譯拖拉機(jī)使耕作便利?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.As far as I am concerned, however, this point of view seems a bit partial and misleading.譯文： 在我看來(lái)，這種觀點(diǎn)有點(diǎn)偏頗并且容易令人誤解。解讀：這個(gè)句型常常用于第一段的末尾，表明作者的立場(chǎng)和觀點(diǎn)。2.Most important of all, it is often the case that … 譯文： 最重要的是，……

解讀：在這個(gè)句型中，it is often the case 一般不用翻譯，它所表述的實(shí)際內(nèi)容就是that后面的內(nèi)容。省略了it is often the case 也沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，放在這里主要是為了增加文章的語(yǔ)言色彩。

4、通過(guò)看電視學(xué)習(xí)

Some children can learn efficiently by watching TV.Therefore, they should be encouraged to watch TV both at home and at school.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

There are many ways of learning, and watching TV is one of them.Some children can learn quite well by watching TV.Hereby, some people argue that children should be encouraged to watch TV both at home and at school.As far as I am concerned, however, this point of view seems a bit absurd and ridiculous.On one hand, in spite the function of learning, TV has so many demerits.Firstly, watching TV is harmful to eyes.Staring at TV for a long time may lead to short sight.Secondly, not all the contents on the TV are suitable for children.Some of TV programs contain violence and obscenity, which are harmful to the children`s growth.Thirdly, long time sitting before TV is not good for physical growth.Staying in one position for a long time can lead to crookback.On the other hand, apart from TV, there still are other efficient ways which can help children to learn.First of all, children can comprehend considerable number of things by playing games.Traditional games do good to exploit children`s wit, and modern games help them to get a rough idea about the society.Then, telling stories is another efficient way.Encouraging children to tell stories can develop their observing abilities and language skills.Last, sightseeing is also a valid method which can help children contact close with the nature.For example, organizing children to the zoo can give them vivid images of the animals.Once you have known all the above-mentioned, you must agree with me that the idea of encouraging children to watch TV both at home and at school is absolutely insane.Watching TV is just one of many effective learning methods, but not the only one.【高分詞匯】

★absurd adj.荒謬的，可笑的

例 What an absurd suggestion!○譯多么荒唐的建議！○★ridiculous adj.荒謬的，可笑的

例It`s the most ridiculous thing I`ve ever heard in my life.○譯這是我有生以來(lái)聽(tīng)到最荒唐可笑的事?！稹飅n spite of 雖然，盡管

例I went out in spite of the rain.○譯 盡管下雨我仍然外出?！稹飐uitable…for 合適的

例 He hasn`t any suitable shoes for the wedding.○譯適合在婚禮上穿的鞋他一雙也沒(méi)有?！稹飁fficient adj.有效地，有能力的

例 She is an efficient manageress.○譯她是個(gè)有能力的經(jīng)理?！稹颿omprehend vt.領(lǐng)會(huì)，理解

例I did not comprehend his meaning.○譯我不理解他的意思。○★vivid adj.生動(dòng)的，鮮明的

例 A vivid picture is present to our eyes.○譯一幅栩栩如生的畫(huà)面出現(xiàn)在我們面前。○【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.Hereby, some people argue that… 譯文： 因此，一些人認(rèn)為……

解讀：這個(gè)句型一般用于開(kāi)頭段第二句，也就是在第一句介紹背景之后用于引出某些人的觀點(diǎn)。

2.Once you have known all the above-mentioned, you must agree with me that… 譯文： 一旦你了解了上面所提到的，你肯定會(huì)同意我的觀點(diǎn)，那就是……

解讀：這種句型一般用于最后一段第一句，對(duì)前面所論述的內(nèi)容作出總結(jié)，并進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)作者觀點(diǎn)?？忌鷳?yīng)熟練運(yùn)用這種句型。在結(jié)尾段直接用I believe…這樣的句型，雖然沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但缺少語(yǔ)言色彩。恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用上面的句型加分的機(jī)會(huì)更大。

5、各種課程對(duì)職業(yè)的重要性

Some people think that schools should concentrate on academic classes, because they are helpful for further career.But they think music and sports classes are not useful.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Recently, whether schools should concentrate on academic classes has triggered a heated discussion.Some people contend that career-oriented education for college students should be encouraged and schools should mainly provide academic classes.But there are also a majority of people suggest that personality-oriented education is necessary and music and sports classes should also be offered.Personally, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter one in the following reasons.On the one hand, if schools only taught academic classes, the school life would definitely be monotonous and boring.No one can tolerate such tough days.Most students treasure their happy years in school, because they are colorful and diversified.On the other hand, music and sports lessons are extremely important to students.To start with, sports and music can accompany one throughout his life.Some students may forget the academic knowledge learned at school, but they will not forget how to do sports and appreciate music.Furthermore, music classes can cultivate one’s mind and temperament, which are helpful in building one’s optimistic personality.Sports can help students keep fit and build up strong character.Last but not least, sports and music can raise one’s taste.People with good taste of music and sports usually keep away from bad behaviors.Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that academic classes are not as important as some people think, and music and sports classes are not useless, either.Academic classes develop one’s ability;music and sports classes improve one’s personality charm.In contemporary society, only able persons with fine character and moral win the career.【高分詞匯】

★concentrate on專(zhuān)心，把思想集中于

例 Many firms are concentrating on increasing their markets overseas ○譯許多公司正在集中精力開(kāi)拓它們的海外市場(chǎng)?！稹飉onotonous adj.單調(diào)的，無(wú)變化的

例 She thought life in the small town was monotonous.○譯她覺(jué)得小鎮(zhèn)上的生活單調(diào)而乏味。○★tolerate vt.忍受，容忍

例she cannot tolerate that rude fellow.○譯她不能容忍那個(gè)粗魯?shù)募一??！稹飔reasure vt.珍愛(ài)，珍惜

例I certainly treasure the friendship between us very much.○譯我當(dāng)然非常珍視我們之間的友誼。○★temperament n.氣質(zhì)，性情

例Success often depends on temperament.○譯成功常常取決于一個(gè)人的性格。○★keep fit保持健康

例 We work out regularly to keep fit.○譯我堅(jiān)持鍛煉以保持健康。○【萬(wàn)能句型】

3.Some people contend that …But there are also a majority of people suggest that… 譯文： 一些人主張……，但是也有許多人建議…… 解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段，介紹雙方觀點(diǎn)。

2.Personally, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter one in the following reasons.譯文：個(gè)人而言，我傾向于后者，理由如下。

解讀：這個(gè)句型結(jié)構(gòu)一般用于開(kāi)頭段最后一句，表明作者贊成的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)引起下文。

6、學(xué)習(xí)與職業(yè)發(fā)展

Some people think that studying in a college or university is the best way for students to prepare for their future career.But others think they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience.Discuss both these view and give your own opinion.【Model Essay】

Time spent in campus is not always treated with great importance.Some parents may choose other ways for their children’s post-high-school period, namely, helping them find jobs, rather than sending them to a college.I can find myself against this act for many reasons, amongst which we can figure some strongest ones as follows.My first con against this behavior is that education is not just a benefit but also one’s rights.Without education, as Gorge Orwell had once said, is to be deprived of the most precious privilege in our time as a modern man.With college education, youngsters can choose a better way of doing things correctly and efficiently.The sharp contrast between those who have received well education and those without is not just financially, but more vitally, spiritually.Admittedly, we can find cases of some people achieve without college education, but these cases are famous only because they are rare.Those people who succeed with a college degree are more common.The absence of university education is hard to imagine in our days.The prospect of those juvenile workers or businessmen would be even dimmer than ever before.For in our age, knowledge is not only the power, but also the know-how to solving problems and gaining a much larger fortune.Therefore we should always encourage kids to further education and even more, we should fund those who cannot afford their college study ,because their future is the future of our nation.【高分詞匯】

★deprive vt.剝奪，使喪失

例 She has been deprived of sight for some year.○譯她失明已有幾年了?！稹飌rivilege n.特權(quán)，特別待遇

例 We need to allow a privilege to him.○譯我們需要給他一種特權(quán)。○★prospect n.景色，前景

例 The prospect of this young team is beyond measure.○譯這支年輕隊(duì)伍前途不可限量?！?/p>

★dim vt.使暗淡，使失去光澤

例 His defection from the party dims his political career.○譯他的叛黨使得他政治前途黯淡?！稹飂urther education進(jìn)修

例What are my opportunities for additional training or further education? ○譯我有多大的深造或進(jìn)修的機(jī)會(huì)？ ○【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.I can find myself against…for many reasons, amongst which we can figure some strongest ones as follows.譯文： 我有很多理由反對(duì)…，在這些理由當(dāng)中，我們能發(fā)現(xiàn)下面一些是最具有說(shuō)服力的。解讀：這種句型一般用于第一段最后一句，表明作者的立場(chǎng)，引起下文。2.My first con against this behavior is that… 譯文： 我反對(duì)這種行為的第一個(gè)理由是，……

解讀：這種句型一般用在第二段的第一句，解釋作者反對(duì)某種行為或觀點(diǎn)的第一個(gè)原因。

第二節(jié)——經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)

7、技術(shù)與貧富差距

Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor.Do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Technology is one of the most powerful forces in society today.It is being put to use everywhere, in homes and organizations of all sizes and helps millions of people do their jobs more effectively each day.Some people, however, believe the range of technology will widen the gap between the rich and the poor.In fact, I believe that the gap between rich and poor people will narrow because of the new technologies.There are numerous reasons why I hold this opinion, and I would explore a few of the most important ones here.First and foremost, the development of technology has made the price of high-tech products less expensive, so even the poor can afford cell phones and computers, which used to be symbols of wealth.That is to say, more people than ever have the opportunity to take advantage of the new technologies, which will definitely decrease the gap between the rich and the poor.Besides, another example is from the way that people travel.We used to take a train, but presently, most people would prefer to take a flight if the destination is quite far away.Such gap between the rich and the poor is not as obvious as before.Last but not least, some poor people who are intelligent can also make good use of the technologies.There are many examples which demonstrate how some poor persons become rich by using high technologies.To conclude, wealth imbalance is not the result of technological development, but the disparity of information.The technology is just the remedy to the disparity.I believe with the range of technology available to people, the gap between the rich and the poor will keep decreasing.【高分詞匯】

★ put to use 使用，利用

例 We shall put it to good use.○譯 我們將好好利用它。○★ widen v.加寬，放寬，擴(kuò)展

例 Her outlook gradually widens ○譯 她的眼光漸漸開(kāi)闊了?！稹?gap n.缺口，差距

例 There is a wide gap between the views of the two statements.○譯 關(guān)于這點(diǎn)，兩位政治家的政見(jiàn)有很大分歧。○★ narrow vt.使變狹窄，使縮小

例 The river narrows at this point.○譯 河在這里變窄了。○★ high-tech n.高科技

例 Traditional products do not disqualify the producer from high-tech ○譯 生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品，不表示它就不是高科技?！稹?afford vt.提供，供應(yīng)得起

例 She can afford a new computer.○譯 她能買(mǎi)得起一臺(tái)新電腦?！稹?intelligent adj.聰明的，伶俐的，有才智的

例 I have not arrived at a very intelligent opinion on that matter.○譯 我對(duì)那件事還沒(méi)有高見(jiàn)?！稹?demonstrate vt.示范，證明

例 All of those demonstrated the correctness of his analysis.○譯 這一切都證明了他分析的正確性?！稹?disparity n.不同，不等

例 Rich and poop live side by side but in conditions of extraordinary disparity.○譯 富人和窮人毗鄰，但居住條件極為懸殊?！稹?remedy n.補(bǔ)救 vt.補(bǔ)救，矯正，修補(bǔ)

例 Your only remedy is to appeal to law.○譯 你的唯一補(bǔ)救辦法是訴諸法律。○★ available adj.可用到的，可利用的，有用的

例 I will send you all the periodicals available.○譯 我將把我能得到的期刊都給你寄去?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.There are numerous reasons why I hold this opinion, and I would explore a few of the most important ones here.譯文： 持這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)有若干個(gè)原因，在這里我將闡述最重要的幾個(gè)。

解讀：這種句型一般用于第一段末尾，絕大多數(shù)的議論文寫(xiě)作題目都要用到這個(gè)句型。它有承上啟下的作用：一方面用于強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)引起下文。2.Last but not least, …

譯文：最后但并非不重要，??

解讀：這個(gè)句型一般用于解釋作者反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)或行為的最后一個(gè)原因，較常見(jiàn)的是用于第四段或第二段最后一句。

8、富國(guó)對(duì)窮國(guó)的援助

Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve the poverty.So rich countries should give other types of help to the poor countries rather than the financial aid.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

It is natural for rich countries to give financial aid to poor ones.However, afflicted with famine, wars, diseases, people living in those poverty-stricken countries are struggling for survival.In face of the severe situation, it is suggested that rich countries should also give other kinds of help to them.This view is based on the propensity of the following points.Many countries are willing to afford financial aid to poor countries, which has turned out to be of high importance to boost economy of poor nations.For example, some rich countries invest large amount of capital to develop industries in poor countries, so that more job opportunities are brought and living standard are enhanced there.However, this kind of aid cannot solve the poverty by the roots.The causes of being economically humble lies in diversified aspects, such as bad education, the lack of new technologies.And diseases and epidemics could be another reason for poverty.Therefore, other sorts of assistance should also be given to the poor ones.To begin with, some advanced technologies should be

introduced to poor countries.Then the teams of teachers and doctors should be dispatched to the needy countries to effectuate the responsibilities of educational and medical aid.Furthermore, medicine and medical training courses should also be scattered to the countries which are in the agony of diseases and epidemics.To summarize, I believe rich countries are definitely duty-bound to help their poor counterparts out.That is to say, both financial aid and other varieties of help should be offered to release those poor people from poverty.And poor countries should also struggle for advance on their own, which can really make a difference.【高分詞匯】

★ financial adj.財(cái)政的，金融的

例 The company was in deep financial difficulties.○譯 該公司陷入了嚴(yán)重的財(cái)務(wù)困難。○★ aid n.幫助，援助

例 He went to the aid of the hurt man.○譯 他前去援助那些受傷的人?！稹?afflict vt.使痛苦，折磨

例 Famine and war still afflict mankind.○譯 饑餓和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)仍使人類(lèi)遭受痛苦?！稹?struggle for 為??斗爭(zhēng)

例 We should help those who are still struggling for liberation.○譯 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助那些仍在為獨(dú)立而斗爭(zhēng)的人們?！稹?turn out to be 結(jié)果是，原來(lái)是

例 He said he was a doctor, but later he turned out to be a cheat.○譯 他自稱(chēng)是個(gè)醫(yī)生，結(jié)果證明他是個(gè)騙子?！稹?boost v.推進(jìn)

例 This will be a great boost to the economy.○譯 這對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展將是一個(gè)巨大的促進(jìn)?！稹?by the roots 從根本上

例 They lost the match by the roots.○譯 他們從根本上輸了比賽。○★ effectuate vt.實(shí)行，完成

例 The disease do not prevent him from effectuating his plan.○譯 疾病并未妨礙他實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃?！稹?release from 豁免，解除

例 He released me from my torments.○譯 他解除了我的痛苦。○★ make a difference

例 That will make a vast difference.○譯 那將會(huì)有天壤之別。○【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.This view is based on the propensity of following points.譯文： 這種觀點(diǎn)基于以下幾點(diǎn)傾向。

解讀： 這種句型常常用于第一段末尾，在介紹完題目觀點(diǎn)之后，用這種句型過(guò)渡到下一段，表示接下來(lái)要分析能夠支持這種論點(diǎn)的幾個(gè)方面。過(guò)渡自然而流暢。2.However ,… can’t…The cause of… 譯文： 然而，??并不能??，理由是??

解讀： 在論述完問(wèn)題的一個(gè)方面之后，用這種句型可以繼續(xù)展開(kāi)話(huà)題。However表示轉(zhuǎn)折。

9、消費(fèi)品價(jià)格便宜的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)

Nowadays people live in the society where consumer goods are relatively cheaper to buy.Do you think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, the price of consumer goods continues to fall.This situation is pounding at people’s traditional consumption habit and life styles, using its advantages to gradually affect peoples’ lives.As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.There are several benefits for people to enjoy cheaper consumer goods.Most important of all, reducing the price of consumer goods can stimulate requirement and boost economy, which is especially important under the background of financial crisis.Besides, with the price of consumer goods less expensive, more ordinary people can afford to buy cell phones and computers , which help people do jobs more effectively each day.In addition, as far as the merchants concerned, in order to sell more, they often cut down the profit margin, which contributes to enhance the total amount of annual sales and reduce stocks.However, to this issue, some other people hold a different attitude, arguing that cheap consumer goods also bring harm and even disasters to us.For more businesses are striving for the same customers, the lower price may be the result of unfair competition and will undermine the social

order.At the same time, for the sake of profits, some merchants use inferior materials and turn out substandard products, which will ultimately do harm to the extensive consumers.Admittedly, there are some potential risks on reducing the price of consumer goods, but the law can be executed to supervise and manage dealers strictly.In fact, cheap consumer goods can benefit both the customers and the merchants.【高分詞匯】

★pound vt.猛擊；跳動(dòng)

例 Her heart is pounding so loudly.○譯她的心正怦怦直跳?！稹颽s to 至于，關(guān)于

例I have no doubts as to your ability.○譯關(guān)于你的能力我毫不懷疑?！稹飐timulate vt.刺激，激勵(lì)

例 The art course stimulated me.○譯藝術(shù)課激發(fā)了我的靈感?！稹颾oost n.促進(jìn)，改善，激勵(lì)

例 This will be a great boost to the economy.○譯這對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展將是一個(gè)巨大的促進(jìn)?！稹颿risis n.危機(jī)，危急關(guān)頭

例 When a crisis comes they have gone.○譯當(dāng)危機(jī)來(lái)臨時(shí)，他們已經(jīng)走了。○★merchant n.商人，批發(fā)商，貿(mào)易商，店主

例 The merchants of Arab are doing their things all around the world.○譯阿拉伯商人在世界各地做生意?！稹颿ut down 減少，降低

例 We were for cutting down the cost of production.○譯我們贊成降低成本?！稹颿ompetition n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，競(jìng)賽

例 There is keen competition between the two motorcar firms.○譯兩家汽車(chē)公司之間存在著激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)?！?/p>

★ undermine v.暗中破壞；逐漸削弱

例Illness undermined his strength.○譯疾病逐漸削弱了他的力氣。○★for the sake of 為了

例He argues for the sake of arguing.○譯他是為了爭(zhēng)辯而爭(zhēng)辯?！稹飐ubstandard adj.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以下的，不合規(guī)格的

例 The loss was due to the use of substandard bags for which you should be responsible.○譯該損失是由于包裝不合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所致，所以應(yīng)由貴公司負(fù)責(zé)這一損失?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology,… 譯文： 如今，隨著科技的快速發(fā)展，……

解讀：這種句型一般用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，同時(shí)引出話(huà)題。2.There are several benefits for people to … 譯文： 對(duì)于人們來(lái)說(shuō)，……有很多好處。

解讀：這種句型一般用于第二段第一句，表示開(kāi)始分析有利的方面。3.However, to this issue, some other hold a different attitude , arguing that… 譯文： 然而，對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題,另一些人有不同的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為……

解讀：這種句型一般用于第三段開(kāi)頭，表示這段開(kāi)始分析與前一段觀點(diǎn)不同的另一種觀點(diǎn)。

10、好的產(chǎn)品是否需要廣告

If a product is good or it meets people’s needs, people will buy it.So advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Good products have high prestige and quality, which can gain the love of the customers.It is true that a good product sell itself.So some people assert that advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment.Superficially, the above sounds reasonable.But when carefully weighing in the mind, we find that it goes against the fact.A number of causes account for my point.To begin with, as far as some companies such as Nintendo, Apple, etc, are concerned, it is important for them to spread their most positive and interesting products information to compete against their rivals.These companies are well-known not only for their great customer service and

reliable products, but also their advertisements.Apple is known for its humorous adverts.And Nintendo often has colorful advertising aimed towards the youth.These advertisements make people all over the world more familiar with the companies and more curious about their products.Then, in fact, advertising has proved to be a means of getting the latest product news to spread out quickly and effectively.The companies would probably find that adverts, even if entertaining, can help new products sale tremendously.Admittedly, some companies are so popular with the public that advertisements are no more than reminders to the masses that they are ever-present in daily life.Examples would be the corporations like Coca-Cola and McDonald’s which are so well-known in most countries that their adverts have stopped describing their products but focused more on the images of the companies themselves.For such companies, advertisement is an unnecessary entertainment.However, they may never have reached that status without advertising.For that reason, advertisement is surely not unnecessary.【高分詞匯】

★prestige n.聲望，威望

例 The old universities of Cambridge still have a lot of prestige.○譯歷史悠久的劍橋大學(xué)仍然享有很高的聲望?！稹飏eliable adj.可靠的，可信賴(lài)的

例 The news is reliable.○譯這消息靠得住?！稹?even if 即使

例 we should practice economy even if we are rich.○譯即使我們富裕了，也仍應(yīng)該厲行節(jié)約?！稹飏eminder n.提醒的人，暗示

例I wrote a reminder in my daily planner.○譯我在我的每日記事簿里寫(xiě)了個(gè)備忘字條?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.Superficially, the above sounds reasonable.But when carefully weighing in the mind, we find that it goes against the fact.A number of causes account for my point.譯文： 從表面上看，以上內(nèi)容聽(tīng)起來(lái)很合理，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)考慮之后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它違背事實(shí)。大量的理由說(shuō)明了我的觀點(diǎn)。

解讀：雅思寫(xiě)作考試中，有些題目給出的觀點(diǎn)在邏輯上或表面上看起來(lái)很合理，如本文中的觀點(diǎn)。但卻往往與實(shí)際情況不符。遇到這樣的情況，就可以在第一段用這個(gè)句型引出作者對(duì)題目中的觀點(diǎn)的評(píng)判，同時(shí)引起下文。

2.To begin with, as far as … are concerned, it is important for …to do … 譯文： 首先，就……而言，對(duì)于……來(lái)說(shuō)做某事很重要。

解讀：這種句型一般用于第二段第一句，闡述作者持有某種觀點(diǎn)的第一個(gè)原因。

11、企業(yè)遷出大城市的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)

The government should encourage industries and companies to move out of big cities and into regional areas.Do the advantages outweigh disadvantages? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, more industries and companies develop in large cities, which causes plenty of problems like pollution, crowdedness and traffic jam.Some people suggest that the large factories and companies should move away from densely-populated areas like some metropolis.However, others oppose to their opinion.I will discuss both sides and give my own evaluation.Opponents raise many reasons to go against the vicinity between cities and large industries.They believe that many of these industries are hazardous and even fatal to human health.The monstrous system may deprive us the vigor and potential to enjoy our life and the products they produce.Proponents come up with quite different views.They firstly point out that not all industries are perilous to human, like some fine chemistry industries and even some tertiary industries, both of which can dwell harmoniously with people and offer them both products and job opportunities.They also believe moving these companies to regional areas is expensive and uneasy to the management, which may deter them from investing in their country.Personally, I side with neither side.This thesis is just too general in the scope and definition of the concept “industries and companies”.As we all well know, not every industry is harmful and noisy to us, but some of them are.Thus, how can we treat these different companies with an identical view? Putting them together and giving any comparison is quite unreasonable at all.Before we take any proposal, we had better think twice and then give our judgment.【高分詞匯】

★metropolis n.首都，大城市

例Beijing is a metropolis in China.○譯北京是中國(guó)的一個(gè)大城市。○★go against 違背，作對(duì)

例Don't go against your father.○譯不要違背你的父親?！稹飌oint out 指出；把注意力引向......例 This guide book points out the main facts of early American history.○譯這本導(dǎo)游手冊(cè)講述了美洲早期的重要史實(shí)?！稹飀eter v.阻止；制止

例Don't let failure deter you.○

譯別讓失敗把你嚇倒?！稹颽t all 根本

例 No worry at all.○譯別擔(dān)心?！稹飔hink twice 三思，反復(fù)思考

例He told me to think twice before speaking.○譯他叫我三思而后再發(fā)言?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.I will discuss both sides and give my own evaluation.譯文：我將討論雙方的觀點(diǎn)并給出我自己的評(píng)論。

解讀：這種句型常常用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法的第一段的最后一句，引起下文，表示要分別討論雙方的觀點(diǎn)，并在最后給出自己的結(jié)論。2.Opponents raise many reasons to go against...譯文：反對(duì)者提出了很多理由反對(duì).......解讀：這種句型一般用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法的第二段的第一句，表示開(kāi)始討論反對(duì)者。3.Proponents come up with quite different views.譯文：贊成者提出完全不同的觀點(diǎn)。

解讀：這種句型一般用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法的第三段的第一句，表示開(kāi)始討論支持者的觀點(diǎn)。

12、個(gè)人為養(yǎng)老存錢(qián)

Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

No one is alienated from the rest of the world.Thus, we can see no a single person to be solely living for himself--he must be simultaneously shouldering various duties for multifarious groups of people, such as employers and government, who must at the same time in turn undertake the duty of caring for him as well.I am not here to deny the necessity of saving money for one's aged life, but to state the reasons why the above parties should give their attention to individuals.What hits me at the first thought is that employers should have the liability to their employees, for they sacrificed their youth and shed tears and sweat for them.If employers were free to take the duties of their elderly employees, then they may feel so easy and comfortable to expel any of those “used” workers randomly.No just legislation can possibly tolerate this happen.And employers should have their duty to support the aged workers for their later part of life.Another party that should also attach importance to individuals is the government.People fight for their motherland with all their energy, health and even life.So undoubtedly, the government, like employers, should provide financial aid to citizens as well.As we can happily conclude, this world is not one that goes without justice and warmth between people.We give when we can and we take when we need.Employers as well as governments are due to unshakable responsibilities to give their care to individuals who have paid their efforts for them, which would be the way things ought to be.【高分詞匯】

★alienate v.疏遠(yuǎn)

例 We'd better not alienate ourselves from the colleagues.○譯我們最好還是不要與同事們疏遠(yuǎn)。○★shoulder vt.肩負(fù)，承當(dāng)

例 You must shoulder the future of the country.○譯你們必須肩負(fù)國(guó)家未來(lái)的重任?！稹飅n turn 依次，輪流

例His policy was to beat each enemy in turn.○譯他的方針是各個(gè)擊破。○★undertake vt.承擔(dān)，擔(dān)任，許諾，保證

例He could undertake the work for the time being.○譯他暫時(shí)能承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作?！稹飈iability n.責(zé)任，義務(wù)

例 What is your liability under the insurance contract? ○譯按照保險(xiǎn)契約貴方應(yīng)負(fù)哪些責(zé)任呢？ ○★randomly adv.隨便地，未加計(jì)劃地

例 Few people are randomly violent.○譯很少有人是隨意發(fā)火的。○★attach importance to 重視

例We must attach great importance to these problems and take effective measures to solve them.○譯我們必須高度重視這些問(wèn)題，采取有力措施加以解決?！稹飖nshakable adj.不可動(dòng)搖的，堅(jiān)定不移的

例It is our unshakable policy to help them do that.○譯幫助他們發(fā)展是我們堅(jiān)定不移的政策?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1、I am not here to deny the necessity of..., but to state the reasons why...譯文：在這里我并不否認(rèn)......的必要性，我只是想說(shuō)明......的原因。

解讀：這個(gè)句型用在第一段，表示作者并不反對(duì)這種觀點(diǎn)，在本文中，作者表示并不反對(duì)題目中的觀點(diǎn)，但作者在下文主要論述的觀點(diǎn)是but之后的內(nèi)容。

2、What hits me at the first thought is that...for...譯文：我第一點(diǎn)想說(shuō)的是，??，因?yàn)??

解讀：這種句型一般用于第二段第一句，解釋作者持有某種觀點(diǎn)的第一種原因。

第三節(jié)——工作生活與意識(shí)形態(tài)

13、信息技術(shù)和交通進(jìn)步對(duì)工作和生活的影響

Today, people can work and live in anywhere they want, because of the improvement of communication technology and transport.Do advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, with the rapid development of communication technology and transport, people have more opportunities to choose the places where they work and live in.This phenomenon is often brought into public focus.People from different back grounds hold different attitudes towards it.From my own perspective, there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages.The reasons are chiefly as follows.First and foremost, this development can optimize human and other resources and fuel business growth rapidly.Geographical distance is not hurdle any more to stop people from entering a flow state when they are fully absorbed.That is to say, it enables the working people to choose their ideal jobs, and at the same time, the employers can also recruit and retain right employees easily.Besides, the improvement of communication technology and transport can be a possible solution to many problems, such as traffic jams, air pollution and so on.For example, with the help of computers, the Internet, phones and other high-tech devices, people can work, shop, and study at home and fewer cars are driven on the roads.All in all, I admit the development also brings disadvantages, for example, more people rely on the modern technology and are reluctant to get in touch with others, but in many aspects, its merits obviously outweigh its drawbacks.【高分詞匯】

★communication n.信息，通信

例All communications with the north have been by snowstorm.○譯北部的一切通信均被暴風(fēng)雨所阻。○★optimize vt.使最優(yōu)化

例Design and optimize logistics solution.○譯設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化物流方案。○★fuel n.燃料

例Soot is usually the product of the imperfect combustion of fuel.○譯煤煙通常是燃料不完全燃燒的產(chǎn)物?！稹颎eographical adj.地理學(xué)的，地理的

例Pollution of geographical environment is a serious problem.○譯地理環(huán)境污染是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題?！稹飀istance n.距離，遠(yuǎn)離

例We spotted them at a distance of two hundred yards.○譯我們?cè)谙嗑?00碼處就看到了他們。○★hurdle n.障礙

例In starting a new company, many hurdles must be crossed.○譯剛創(chuàng)辦一個(gè)公司時(shí)，必須克服許多障礙?！稹飂ar away 遙遠(yuǎn)，深遠(yuǎn)

例He lives far away from us.○譯他住的地方離我們很遠(yuǎn)。○★moderate adj.中等的，適度的

例He has a room of moderate size.○譯他有一個(gè)大小適中的房間?！稹飏ely on 依賴(lài)，依靠

例You can rely on me for help.○譯你可以依靠我來(lái)幫忙?！稹飏eluctant adj.不顧的，勉強(qiáng)的

例He gives me a reluctant assistance.○

譯他很不情愿地給了我?guī)椭??！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1、People from different back grounds hold different attitudes towards it.From my own perspective, there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages.The reasons are chiefly as follows.譯文： 來(lái)自不同背景的人們對(duì)此都持有各自不同的態(tài)度。在我看來(lái)，這種現(xiàn)象的優(yōu)點(diǎn)要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大過(guò)其缺點(diǎn)。主要原因如下。

解讀：這種句型常常用在第一段，首先說(shuō)人們對(duì)這一問(wèn)題態(tài)度各異，然后說(shuō)出自己的觀點(diǎn)，并為后面繼續(xù)論述自己的觀點(diǎn)做好鋪墊和過(guò)渡。

2.All in all, I admit the development also brings disadvantages, for example,...but in many aspects, its merits obviously outweigh its drawbacks.譯文： 總之，我承認(rèn)，這種發(fā)展也帶來(lái)了一些不利因素，例如，······，但在許多方面，他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)明顯大于缺點(diǎn)。

解讀：這種句型常常用在最后一段，以讓步的方式表達(dá)與前面主體部分論述的觀點(diǎn)不同的一面，實(shí)際上是加強(qiáng)了對(duì)前面觀點(diǎn)的論述。這種論述方式主要是為了避免觀點(diǎn)偏頗。

14、體育設(shè)施與公眾健康

Some people believe that to improve public health should increase the number of sports facilities;others believe that it has little effects and need other measures to improve it.Discuss both views and give your opinion.【Model Essay】

The construction of new sports facilities are definitely needed in an environment where people's health is in a declining state.However, there are those who believe that the way to improving people's health should lie in other measures that governments have to come up with to get people to live more healthily.In many countries, the lack of sports facilities has directly led to a sharp decline in the general public's involvement in sports activities, which is the major reason for overweight nowadays.If a wider range of sports and fitness facilities(swimming pools, basketball court and gymnasiums etc.)were available, then people would be more willing to spend time taking exercise, instead of watching television, playing video games or using computers at home.However, the building of such facilities may become a waste of time and money if they are built far away from where people live or if they are too expensive to use.In these cases, the government should spend more advertising healthier lifestyle.In the first place, a well-balanced diet will provide the body with all the nutrients needed, which can help people maintain health, improve immunity and reduce effects of illness.In the second place, enough sleep and less alcoholic are vital to health.These should be widely publicized among citizens.In the third place, the

government should also attach importance to the public mental hygiene problems and make mental therapy be available to all the residents.Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that only enlarging the number of sports facilities is far from enough and a series of measures as I have listed above should also be taken to improve public health.【高分詞匯】

★come up with 提出，拿出

例I hope you can come up with a better plan than this.○譯我希望你們能提出一個(gè)比這個(gè)更好的計(jì)劃?！稹飐pend...on...把??花在??

例He doesn't spend much time on his homework.○譯他花在寫(xiě)作業(yè)上的時(shí)間不多。○★instead of(用??）代替??，（是??）而不是??

例Will you go to the party instead of me? ○譯你替我赴宴好嗎？ ○★well-balanced adj.很平衡，很均勻的，正常的，意識(shí)安全的

例We encourage and support all facets of a well-balanced work and personal life.○譯我們鼓勵(lì)和支持員工平衡好工作和個(gè)人生活的各方面?！稹飌rovide with 給??提供；以??裝備

例Sheep provide us with wool.○譯羊供給我們羊毛?！稹飅mprove v.改善，改進(jìn)，提高

例If he can keep from smoking for a month or two, his health will improve.○譯他要是一兩個(gè)月不抽煙的話(huà)，健康一定會(huì)有起色的?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.In the first place,...In the second place,...In the third place,...譯文： 首先，??其次，??其三，??

解讀：這種句型常用于論述作者支持或者反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)的三點(diǎn)理由，或者用于表示列舉。2.Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that …

譯文： 基于以上討論和分析，我們能認(rèn)識(shí)到??

解讀：這一句型常常用于文章結(jié)尾段的第一句，承上啟下，總結(jié)全文，從而得出自己的觀點(diǎn)。

15、提倡健康的生活方式還是治療病人

Some people think it is more important to spend public money promoting healthy lifestyle in order to prevent illness than to spend it on the treatment for people who are already ill.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Along with the rapid development of the society, people are attaching much importance to health.Many people think that more public funds should be spent promoting healthy lifestyles rather than on treatment for people who are already ill.After careful consideration, I, personally, stand on the side of the advocates.The reasons are presented below.First and foremost, I believe that the saying “an ounce of prevention equals a pound of cure” is true, because the most effective way to defeat something is by a preemptive strike.The amount of time and money invested in promoting a healthy lifestyle would be far less than the amount spent curing persons who were too careless about their health.In addition, the benefits of encouraging healthy living far outweigh the “benefits” of curing the sick.In fact, there are no true benefits to spending money curing the sick, which is only the result of people neglecting their health.If they took better care of their health, there would be far less illnesses to worry about.Furthermore, living a healthy lifestyle is beneficial to a person’s life and society as a whole.Healthy persons tend to be happier and think more clearly.They are also less likely to become ill, thus, saving money on health care.All in all, of course, I am not suggesting that investments for treating people who are already ill should be neglected, because some ailments are unavoidable, such as hereditary ailments like high blood pressure.However, illnesses brought about by an unhealthy lifestyle, such as Emphysema from smoking, are completely avoidable, and more should be invested in preventing avoidable illnesses.Many countries are beginning to ban smoking in public places, and have reported positive effects on public health as a result.This is just one example of how promoting healthy living which has proven to be effective.【高分詞匯】

★ preemptive adj.搶先的

例I believe this was preemptive.○我認(rèn)為這是先發(fā)制人的?！?neglect vt.忽視，疏忽

例 The government neglected industry.○政府忽視了工業(yè)。

★As a whole 整體來(lái)看，普遍說(shuō)來(lái)，一般的說(shuō)

例 There are some areas of poverty, but the country as a whole is fairly prosperous.○這個(gè)國(guó)家有些地區(qū)比較貧困，但總的來(lái)說(shuō)是相當(dāng)富裕的。★Health care 衛(wèi)生保健

例Community health care is very important.○社區(qū)的衛(wèi)生保健很重要?！?Avoidable adj.可避免的

例In fact, the mistakes are avoidable.○實(shí)際上，錯(cuò)誤是可以避免的。★As a result 結(jié)果，因此

例As a result, he had to leave.○結(jié)果，他只得離開(kāi)?！救f(wàn)能句型】

1.Along with the rapid development of the society, people are attaching much importance to??

譯文：隨著社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展，人們開(kāi)始越來(lái)越重視??

解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，同時(shí)引出話(huà)題。

2.After careful consideration, I, personally, stand on the side of the advocates.The reasons are presented below.譯文：經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真考慮，我個(gè)人支持這一觀點(diǎn)。原因如下。

解讀：這種句型常常用語(yǔ)第一段最后一句，表示贊成某種觀點(diǎn)，并引起下文。

16、明天重要還是今天重要

An American film actor once said, “Tomorrow is important and precious.” Some people think individuals and society pay more attention to the future than to the present.Do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

An American film actor once said, “Tomorrow is important and precious.” Some people also think individuals and society should attach more importance to the future than to the present.But another saying goes like this, “Yesterday is history;tomorrow is mystery;only today is a present.” So in my point of view, I would prefer to cherish today and strive for tomorrow.There are many reasons supporting my view.Most important of all, tomorrow is always a day after today and the future is abstract, which we can only imagine it in our mind.But we do know that today passes very quickly.So we must grasp it firmly and devote more efforts to work and study.If it is necessary for us to fulfill something today, let us finish it and do not leave it until tomorrow.Remember that today is more valuable and we must get hold of it rather than imagine what the future is like.Moreover, what we are doing at present decides what the tomorrow would be like.However, some people do not know the value of today, so they waste it in going to films, playing games and doing other useless things.Idleness is the thief of today which can bring us a failure future.Finally, what the actor said really means that tomorrow is hope and the hope is important and precious, which we should never give up.However, only hope cannot achieve anything.So we should grasp the present to work hard and to get near to the hope.In fact, as long as we catch hold of today firmly, tomorrow must be fantastic.【高分詞匯】

★Precious adj.寶貴的，貴重的

例○He has sent me most precious gifts.譯○他送給我極其珍貴的禮物。

★Prefer to 較喜歡；寧愿

例○I prefer country life to town life.譯○我更喜歡鄉(xiāng)村生活而不是城市生活。

★ cherish vt.珍愛(ài)，懷抱（希望等）

例○ The old lady tenderly cherished her dog.譯○老婦人十分愛(ài)她的狗。

★Strive for 奮斗，爭(zhēng)取

例○ They have strived for peace.譯○他們?yōu)橹\求Precious和平而爭(zhēng)斗。

★ firmly adv.堅(jiān)定地，穩(wěn)固地

例○ We stood firmly against expansionism.譯○我們堅(jiān)決反對(duì)擴(kuò)張主義。

★Devote vt.投入于，現(xiàn)身

例○ We should devote everything we have.譯○我們應(yīng)該奉獻(xiàn)我們的一切。

★ Idleness n.閑散，懶惰。賦閑無(wú)事

例○ Idleness rusts the mind.譯○懶惰腦筋要生銹。

★Give up 放棄；認(rèn)輸

例○I can’t answer that puzzle;I give up.譯○我猜不出這個(gè)謎語(yǔ)，我認(rèn)輸了。

★ fantastic adj.幻想的，奇異的

例 What a fantastic goal!○譯這球進(jìn)的多漂亮！○【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.But another saying goes like this，“…”

譯文：但是另外一句諺語(yǔ)是這樣說(shuō)的：“??”

解讀：這是引用諺語(yǔ)的一種句型，用諺語(yǔ)或古語(yǔ)來(lái)引出某種觀點(diǎn)，使觀點(diǎn)更有說(shuō)服力。2.So in my point of view，I would prefer to? 譯文：因此，依我看來(lái)，我寧愿??

解讀：這種句型一般用在第一段，表明作者立場(chǎng)；也可放在最后一段，總結(jié)作者的觀點(diǎn)。3.There are many reasons supporting my view.譯文：有很多理由支持我的觀點(diǎn)。

解讀：這種句型一般用在第一段最后一句，引起下文。

17、保持健康是對(duì)社會(huì)還是對(duì)個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)

People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than their personal benefits.To what extent do you agree or disagree？

【Model Essay】

The generally accepted definition of health is a state of complete physical，mental，and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.Some people maintain that people should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than their personal benefits.I agree with this position and my arguments for this point are listed as follows.On the one hand，the healthy condition of the national people is the symbol of the nation’s peace and prosperity.We can’t forget the fact, in the end of 19th century, not only the Chinese people were sneered at “oriental illness”, but also the territory was invaded and exploited.And at the contemporary age, a nation’s prosperity very much depends on the contribution made by its citizens who are in good health.Healthy people can devote to working and bring more benefits to the society.They can enhance productivity of the society and create more fortune.As a result, the entire society tends to be more wealthy and harmonious.On the other hand, health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical，nursing, and allied health professions.So we can see that people who neglect their health would impose heavy burdens on the society they live in.As mentioned above, we gradually recognized that health is a matter of everybody in practice but not an individual matter.It is a positive concept emphasizing both social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.【高分詞匯】

★ definition n.定義，釋義

例I made a definition for this word.○譯我給這個(gè)詞下了定義?！稹颽bsence n.不在，缺席，缺乏，沒(méi)有

例 A major problem is the absence of water.○★look after

照顧，照看（某人或某物）

例They don’t look after themselves very well.○譯他們沒(méi)有很好地照顧自己?！稹飌rosperity n.繁榮

例The new agreement raised hopes for conditions of prosperity and harmony.○譯新的協(xié)議喚起了人們對(duì)繁榮和和諧前景的期望?！稹飄armonious adj.和諧的，協(xié)調(diào)的，和睦的

例The advantages of harmonious relations far outweigh the disadvantages of confrontation.○譯和諧關(guān)系的好處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于沖突的壞處?！稹飌revention n.預(yù)防，防止

例Prevention is better than cure.○譯預(yù)防遠(yuǎn)勝于治療?！稹飅mpose vt.強(qiáng)加，強(qiáng)迫

例Overcrowding impose mental stains.○譯 過(guò)度擁擠使精神緊張。○【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.The generally accepted definition of …is… 譯文：被普遍接受的??的定義是??

解讀：這種句型一般運(yùn)用在第一段，用定義的方法引出話(huà)題。被定義的往往是題目中的關(guān)鍵詞。本文就是首先運(yùn)用對(duì)“健康”一詞定義，為下文展開(kāi)話(huà)題作鋪墊。2.On the one hand，? 譯文：一方面，??

解讀：這個(gè)句型一般用于論述作者贊成或反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)的一個(gè)方面的原因，如果是用于第二段開(kāi)頭，這一句的內(nèi)容就是該段的中心句，后面會(huì)包括幾個(gè)更具體的原因。3.On the other hand，? 譯文：另一方面，??

解讀：這個(gè)句型一般用于論述作者贊成或反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)的另一個(gè)方面的原因，和on the one hand配對(duì)使用。

第四節(jié)——環(huán)境與動(dòng)物保護(hù)

18、技術(shù)發(fā)展與環(huán)境問(wèn)題

Development in technology causes problems.Some people believe the solution to these problems is for everyone to live a simpler life, while others say that technology can solve these problems.Discuss both views and give your opinion.As we all know, certain developments in technology lead to environmental problems.The best example I can give for this is the industrial revolution, and manual labor was largely replaced by machines, which were operated by burning coal and fossil fuels.This is thought by many to be a major cause of pollution and other environmental problems since the waste and after–products of burning fuels are usually disposed of into the air and water.How to solve these problems? Before rendering my opinion, I think it is important to analyze the following arguments on two sides.Some people advocate that living a simpler life and less consuming lifestyle is a solution to the matter, and everyone should certainly make an effort to be less wasteful in their daily lives.However, although this method may be the most practical one, it would require an extraordinary amount of effort from everyone which perhaps a little too much to expect.And sadly, some people may not be cooperative with any steps taken to ensure such a lifestyle because they have become too comfortable in their over-consuming way of life.Others point out that technicians are working hard to find ways to keep the earth clear.For example, scientists have studied clean technologies like batteries and wind power for years because of the threat of climate change.At the same time, with the development of technology, energy companies can produce more energy while emit less carbon dioxide.Admittedly, both sides are reasonable.But they are one-sided.In my opinion, the country should build up and carry out scientific development philosophy in an all-around way and set up environment-friendly policies and systems to develop recycling economy and stick to the way of new industrialization.Moreover, we should reinforce international cooperation in terms of environmental protection and sustainable development.【高分詞匯】 ★lead to 導(dǎo)致，引起

例 In given conditions, a bad thing can lead to good results.○譯在一定條件下，壞事可以導(dǎo)致好的結(jié)果?！稹飅ndustrial revolution 工業(yè)革命

例 That country must have an industrial revolution.○譯那個(gè)國(guó)家必須進(jìn)行工業(yè)革命?！稹飉ake an effort 做出努力

例 The prisoner made an effort to escape.○譯囚犯企圖越獄?！稹飁xtraordinary adj.非常的，特別的，非凡的，額外的

例 There will be an extraordinary meeting next Wednesday to discuss the emergence resolution.○譯下星期三將會(huì)有一個(gè)額外安排的會(huì)議專(zhuān)門(mén)討論緊急決議?！稹颿ooperative with 和??合作

例Patients should be cooperative with the doctor in order to recover from the disease.○譯病人要與醫(yī)生合作，以期早日康復(fù)?！稹颿arbon dioxide n.【化】二氧化碳

例Soft drinks contain carbon dioxide.○譯軟飲料中含有二氧化碳?！稹颾uild up 逐步建立，增強(qiáng)，增進(jìn)

例 The pressure on the enemy is building up.○譯對(duì)敵人的壓力在不斷地增強(qiáng)?！稹颿arry out 執(zhí)行，貫徹

例He carried out the plan in very detail.○譯他一絲不茍地執(zhí)行哪項(xiàng)計(jì)劃?！稹颽ll-around adj.全面的，綜合性的

例 This is an all-around dictionary.○譯這是一本綜合詞典?！稹飁nvironment-friendly adj.環(huán)保的，有利于環(huán)境的

例 A new kind of bags, environment–friendly shopping bags were introduced by our ○government

譯一種新型，環(huán)保的購(gòu)物袋被我們的政府引進(jìn)了?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1、Some people advocate that? 譯文：一些人提倡??

解讀： 在分析兩方觀點(diǎn)之前，需先引出觀點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。這種句型就是用來(lái)引出題目中一方觀點(diǎn)的常用表達(dá)，放在第二段句首，表示開(kāi)始分析一方的觀點(diǎn)。

3、Others point out that…

譯文：另一些人指出??

解讀： 這種句型常常用來(lái)引出題目中另一方的觀點(diǎn)，放在第三段句首，表示開(kāi)始分析另一方面的觀點(diǎn)。

19、個(gè)人與環(huán)境保護(hù)

Some think that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve, while others think that individuals can solve these environmental problems if they take some action.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.【Model Essay】

It is true that one person alone does not have the capability to solve all environmental problems, such as pollution, deforestation and depletion of natural resources.However, this does not mean that an individual is completely powerless when it comes to protecting the environment.It is our duty as individual to try our best to deal with these problems.A good example of an individual can make sense is Al G ore, the democratic candidate for the US presidential elections for 2000,and his film An Inconvenient Truth.His film reached enormous popularity and helped gather much attention to the state of the earth and how pollution affects it.It is hard to say how much effect this had on the environment due to people’s changed attitudes, but it certainly helps arose people’s consciousness of protecting environment.Individuals can also join together and make a difference.For example, the Greenpeace Organization has also attached much attention to the cause of a cleaner environment and organized individuals to take an active part in some environmental-friendly actions.Individual’s actions can also be turned into united power when, for example, the whole neighborhood is mobilized to participate in a local campaign to oppose environmentally damaging policies.All in all, the earth is our home and each individual has responsibility to take care of it, not only for ourselves but also for our later generations.So we must work together to protect the environment and there is also a great deal that we can do alone.For example, we can save energy at home, like turning on the air conditioner only when we have to, or turning water heater down a few degrees, which is also ultimately good for the environmental.【高分詞匯】

★try one’s best 竭盡全力，盡力

例 Whatever you do, try your best.○

譯無(wú)論你做什么，都要盡力而為

○★make sense 講得通，有意義

例 This sentence doesn’t make any sense ○譯這個(gè)句子沒(méi)有意義?！稹颽rise vt.引發(fā)，激起，喚起

例 During the night a great storm has arisen ○譯夜里來(lái)了一場(chǎng)大風(fēng)暴。○★consciousness n.意識(shí)，知覺(jué)，自覺(jué)，覺(jué)悟，個(gè)人思想

例 The experience helped to change her social consciousness ○譯這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)有助于改變她的社會(huì)意識(shí)?！稹?turn into（使）變成

例 Joan is turning into quite a skilled musician ○譯瓊正在變成一個(gè)技藝精湛的音樂(lè)家?！稹?participate in 分擔(dān)，參加

例 The people are demanding a chance to participate more in government ○譯人民要求更多的參與政事的機(jī)會(huì)?！稹?work together 共同，攜手

例 Some people think that we should work together to protect the environment ○譯有些人認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該攜手共同保護(hù)環(huán)境?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.When it comes to?? 譯文：當(dāng)談到??

解讀：這種句型常用來(lái)引出觀點(diǎn)或問(wèn)題，可以用在第一段，也可以用在其他段落。本文用在第一段，引出作者的觀點(diǎn)。2.All in that…not only…but also… 譯文：總之，……這不僅僅是…，也是…

解讀：這種句型一般用于最后一段第一句，總結(jié)全文，得出結(jié)論，并進(jìn)一步解釋原因。

20、乘飛機(jī)旅行應(yīng)該更便宜還是更貴。

Many people think cheap air travel should be encouraged because it gives ordinary people freedom to travel further.However, others think this leads to environmental problems, so air travel should be more expensive in order to discourage people from having it.Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.【Model Essay】

Whether air travel should be cheaper or more expensive has become a hot topic for discussion recently.Some people contend the price should be lifted to discourage it, which can contribute to environmental protection.Nevertheless, quite a few people stand on a very different ground.Both sides of argument are well supported by sound reasons.People who support that discouraging air travel by more expensive price give some of the following reasons.For one thing, air pollution by a plane could be dozens of times as that of common vehicles.And increasing the price of air travel can prevent many people from unnecessary journeys and reduce the use of planes and fuel.Less use of air flying produces less pollution.For another thing, raising the price of air travel could encourage the use of other cheap, clean and efficient high-tech protects as communication tools, like mobile phones, the Internet and computers, which can substitute for business travel by air.However, the other side of the coin voices its strong opposition, saying that cheap air travel has obvious merits.In the first place, lower price and superb systems of air communications make it possible for modern travelers to visit far away places at a moderate cost within hours.Actually, traveling by air has so far been the best way for people to travel around the world, considering the distance covered, the number of passengers transported and travel time.Admittedly, both opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to decide which one is more valuable.From my own perspective, international traveling by air has so far been the most economical and efficient way which should not be rudely discouraged by improving the price.And the cost of air travel should sustain at a reasonable level.【高分詞匯】

★lift vt.升高，提高，舉起，空轉(zhuǎn)

例 This window will not lift.○譯這個(gè)窗戶(hù)推不上去。○★ substitute for 用??代替，（使）代替

例 Can you substitute for the singer who is ill? ○譯你能替一下那位生病的歌手嗎？ ○★superb adj.挺好的

例 They’ve designed us a superb plan.○譯他們給我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)極好的計(jì)劃。○★so far 迄今為止

例 So far ,so god ○譯到目前為止，一切順利。○

★sustain vt.支撐，撐住，維持，持續(xù)

例 We do not have enough money to sustain our campaign for long.○譯我們沒(méi)有足夠的財(cái)力是宣傳活動(dòng)長(zhǎng)期保持下去?！稹飏easonable adj.合理的，有道理的

例Fresh vegetables are reasonable in winter, too ○譯冬季新鮮蔬菜的價(jià)格也不貴?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.Both sides of argument are well supported by sound reasons.譯文： 雙方論據(jù)都有合理的理由

解讀：這個(gè)句型一般用在第一段最后一句，在提出雙方的觀點(diǎn)之后，用這個(gè)句型表示作者對(duì)雙方觀點(diǎn)的態(tài)度并引起下文，在對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法中經(jīng)常用到這個(gè)句子。

2.Admittedly, both opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to decide which one is more valuable.From my own perspective… 譯文： 無(wú)可否認(rèn)，雙方觀點(diǎn)都有一定的道理，因此很難確定哪一方更有價(jià)值。在我看來(lái)，…

解讀：這種句型一般用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法的最后一段，與第一段相呼應(yīng)，同時(shí)表明作者的立場(chǎng)。

21、個(gè)人在環(huán)境保護(hù)中的作用

Many people think it is important to protect the environment, but they make no effort on it themselves.Why is it and what your opinion? 【Model Essay】

Environment means the land, water and atmosphere we live by.However, pollution is, in fact, threatening it severely.People are also beginning to realize just how serious the whole situation is and they appeal that it is time to protect the environment.They are worrying, but do not make any effort yet.The reasons are chiefly as follows.On the one hand, many people think individual actions are too tiny to be noticed and their behaviors are indifferent to the environment.It will not get better for one`s effort, and will not worsen for one`s ignorance.On the other hand, some people think that environmental problems are too big for individual to deal with.No single person can save the environment.That is why nobody takes any action by himself.How can we protect environment at individual level? Individual actions, small as they may be, can prove more effective than we realize.We can avoid driving cars, and walk, take public transit or bicycle instead.This will reduce the use of fuel and cut pollution.Saving energy at home, like turning on the air conditioner only when we have to, or turning water heater down a few degrees, is also ultimately good for the environment.Individual`s actions can also be turned into united power when, for example, the whole neighborhood is mobilized to participate in a local campaign to oppose environmentally damaging policies.From what has been mentioned above, we can see that environmental protection is pretty complicated, which need each one`s effort and willingness.And it is the duty and responsibility of every individual to protect the environment.But the most pressing and complicated problems go far beyond an individual`s capability and so require the concerted effort of the environment as well as the global community.【高分詞匯】

★threatening adj.脅迫的，危險(xiǎn)的

例 That dog is very threatening.○譯那條狗非常嚇人?！稹颽ppeal vi.求助，訴請(qǐng)，要求

例 This job is rather appeals to me.○譯這工作對(duì)我很有吸引力?！稹?tiny adj.很少的，微小的

例 The baby put his tiny hand in mine.○譯那個(gè)嬰兒把小手放在我的手中?！稹飅ndifferent adj.無(wú)關(guān)緊要的

例 His manner was cold and indifferent.○譯他的態(tài)度既冷漠又無(wú)動(dòng)于衷?！稹颿omplicated adj.復(fù)雜的，難解的

例 This is the most complicated case I have ever handled.○譯這是我所處理過(guò)的最為復(fù)雜的案子。○★pressing adj.緊迫的，迫切的

例 Pressing business matters prevented him from taking a holiday.○譯他因生意上有緊迫事情而不能去度假?！稹颿oncerted adj.商議定的，協(xié)定的

例 He woke his audience to the need for concerted action.○譯他使聽(tīng)眾意識(shí)到有必要采取一致的行動(dòng)?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.On the one hand, … On the other hand,….譯文： 一方面??，另一方面??

解讀：在論述原因或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)時(shí)，如果只有兩點(diǎn)，就可用這個(gè)句型。它可以使段落層次清晰。本文第二段就采用了這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)。類(lèi)似的表達(dá)還有For one thing,…For another thing… 一方面??另一方面?? From what has been mentioned above, we can see that… 譯文： 從上面談到的，我們可以看出??

解讀：這種句型一般用于結(jié)尾段第一句，總結(jié)全文。

22、自然資源損耗

The natural resources such as oil, forests and fresh water are being consumed at an alarming rate.What problems does it cause? How can we solve these problems? 【Model Essay】

There is nothing unusual about energy like coals and oils being consumed, principally because economic development depends on natural resources all the time.But today, energy depletion is on a massive scale and this problem is so knotty that should deserve our closer heed.Amongst the diverse factors contributing to the energy crises around the world, government`s policies and citizens` extravagant use of automobiles are probably the two most significant ones.Additionally, the amount of private cars increases at such a breakneck speed that the petroleum used amounts to an intimidating proportion of the natural resources.The consequences are undoubtedly disastrous for human beings.Although countries can boast their growth of GDP, their citizens have to endure the ever deteriorated environment with stinking gas belching from factories and vehicles, polluted water due to fuels infiltrating underground, even ultraviolet radiation in the absence of ozone layer.Therefore, their quality of life is by no means improved.Therefore, the governments must take serious steps to attack those problems.The first and foremost is that governments have to reverse their minds and no longer deem the growth of GDP their first goal.Rather, the betterment of citizens` quality of life should deserve more attention than the economic growth.Furthermore, the use of private cars should be discouraged by authorities, who must shoulder the responsibility of improving public transportation in order to facilitate people as well as release the burden of energy consumption.In conclusion, to avoid the phrase “filthy rich” added to themselves, countries must pay more heed to the efficient use of energy and the issue of environmental protection;otherwise, environmental problems and energy crisis are feared to happen all around the world.【高分詞匯】

★natural resources 天然資源

例 We must develop the natural resources of our country.○譯○我們必須開(kāi)發(fā)我們國(guó)家的天然資源。★all the time 總是；始終

例○ All the time people are seeking to prolong life.譯○人們總是在尋找延長(zhǎng)生命的方法?！飄eed n.注意，留意

例Take heed not to spill milk on the rug.○譯○當(dāng)心別把牛奶灑在地毯上?！飁xtravagant adj.浪費(fèi)的，過(guò)分的 例○Am I being extravagant? 譯我這樣是不是太奢侈？ ○★breakneck adj.要使頸骨折斷似的，非常危險(xiǎn)的 例○June worked at a breakneck pace to execute her plan.譯瓊廢寢忘食地工作以實(shí)施其計(jì)劃?！稹颾oast v.自夸，以有??而自豪

例She made a boast of her son`s talent and daughter`s beauty.○譯○她夸耀她兒子聰明，女兒漂亮。★by no means 絕不

例Theory should by no means be separated from practice.○譯○理論絕對(duì)不應(yīng)該脫離實(shí)際。

★attack vt.攻擊，抨擊，動(dòng)手處理（某事）例○We shall fight them back if they attack.譯他們?nèi)缛暨M(jìn)攻，我們必將反擊?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1.Therefore, … must take serious steps to attack those problems.譯文： 因此，……必須采取嚴(yán)厲的措施來(lái)解決這些問(wèn)題。

解讀：這個(gè)句型在問(wèn)題解決型的題目中經(jīng)常用到，這一句話(huà)是總述，接下來(lái)會(huì)提出解決問(wèn)題的具體措施。

2.In conclusion,…Otherwise,… 譯文： 總之??否則??

解讀：這種句型一般用于最后一段，用于總結(jié)全文，得出結(jié)論，otherwise 表示從反面進(jìn)一步加以論述。

第五節(jié)——媒體與藝術(shù)

23、報(bào)紙對(duì)人們的影響

Newspapers have become an enormous influence on people’s ideas and opinions.Is it a desirable or undesirable situation.【Model Essay】

Newspapers have been playing an essential role in shaping people’s thoughts on a wide range of issues.In my opinion, this complex phenomenon has both positive and negative aspects which need to be analyzed respectively.To a large extent, this situation is a desirable one with its many positive aspects.First of all, unlike works of fiction, newspapers mostly report actual occurrences.Therefore, when any opinion is expressed, whether intentional or not, they are regarded as fact along with other undisputable stories the paper presents.This is how newspapers influence the opinions of the public.In addition, many major newspapers have smoothly operated branches, seasoned correspondents and highly efficient systems to collect local news with the swiftest actions.Most importantly, their coverage and insightful comments can encourage young readers to form their own opinions on current affairs.On the other hand, people should be fully aware of the downside of the journalistic dominance.For example, newspapers tell stories that could be exaggerated or simply untrue to spur negative feelings towards a certain group.In addition, since we already know that newspapers can shape people’s opinions, it is difficult to judge whether those who believe one thing are actually holding their own opinion, or being influenced by the press.This simply means that whoever controls the press controls the opinions of the people, which results in a low variety of opinions.To sum up, newspapers have become so influential that it would be easy for people to believe that something did not happen if it was not reported.So I suggest that more privately run newspapers should be permitted to be publish, which can provide opportunities for the public to deliver their own opinions freely.【高分詞匯】

★Regard as 把??認(rèn)作 例○ Don’t regard fantasies as truth.譯 不要把幻想看成事實(shí)?！稹颯easoned adj.經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的，老練的 例 He is a seasoned traveler.○譯○ 他是一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的旅行者?！顲orrespondent n.通訊記者，通信者

例 They said foreign correspondents who stayed too long in a place went blind.○譯○ 他們說(shuō)，駐外記者在一個(gè)地方待得太久就變得不能發(fā)現(xiàn)新事物了?！顲overage n.新聞報(bào)道，報(bào)道量

例○ There’s little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.譯 報(bào)紙上幾乎沒(méi)有國(guó)外新聞報(bào)道?！稹颕nsightful adj.富有洞察力的，有深刻講解的

例○ They have a reputation for being intuitive and insightful.譯 他們既有敏銳的洞察力，又有深刻的見(jiàn)解。○★Be aware of n.知道

例 Always stay alert and be aware of your surroundings.○譯○ 隨時(shí)隨地保持警惕并意識(shí)到你四周的環(huán)境?！顲omment n.解釋?zhuān)u(píng)論，意見(jiàn) 例 Comment is needless.○譯○ 解釋是不必要的。

★Dominance n.優(yōu)勢(shì)，支配地位

例○ Their economic dominance has merely been postponed.譯 這些新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體要占據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)主導(dǎo)地位還欠火候?！稹颕nfluential adj.有影響的，有勢(shì)力的

例○ He is a very influential man in the government.譯○ 他在政府中是個(gè)很有影響的人物?！救f(wàn)能句型】

1、In my opinion, this complex phenomenon has both positive and negative aspects which need to be analyzed respectively.譯文：在我看來(lái)，這種復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象既有積極地方面，也有消極的方面，需要深入分析。解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段末尾，表明作者的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)引起下文。

2、To a large extent, this situation is a desirable one with its many positive aspects.譯文：在很大程度上，這種情況是好的，有許多積極地方面。解讀：這種句型常常用于第二段第一句，表示開(kāi)始分析積極的方面。

3、On the other hand, people should be fully aware of the downside of?? 譯文：另一方面，人們應(yīng)該充分認(rèn)識(shí)到??這種不利的方面 解讀:這種句型常常用于第三段開(kāi)頭，表示開(kāi)始分析消極的方面。

24、音樂(lè)的作用

Many people think music plays an important role in society;others, however, believe music is simply a form of entertainment for individuals.What’s your opinion? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, music is becoming increasingly prevalent at an amazing rate.As to the function of it, there is a long-running controversial debate.A majority of people contend that music is simply a form of entertainment for individuals, but others believe music plays an important role in society.Personally, I side with the latter opinion.No doubt, music is very relaxing.After a day of hard working, it is fun to listen to some music at home.You can even play a musical instrument for a while.In this way, music relieves the tension caused by the problems of a long day of work.At the same time, music plays an more important role than just entertainment.To begin with, music has the function of motivation.Exciting music can promote the morale of people.For example, when Chinese people fought against the invaders, many pieces of music were composed to encourage the spirits of the nationals.So the final victory should also credit much to the music.Then, music can act as a kind of communicating method.That is to say, people can feel the feelings in the music.Furthermore, music can raise people’s sense of art and their appreciating level, which helps them to pursue healthy hobbies and reduce their bad behaviors.Finally, music can console people from sorrows and make them feel mentally quiet.Whenever people hear music, you see them smiling and tapping their feet along with the beat.From the above analysis, we can reach the conclusion that music has various functions rather than individual entertainment.For the existence of music, the world keeps wonderful and peaceful.And we should not neglect the great importance of music.【高分詞匯】

★Prevalent adj.普遍的，流行的

例 The habit of travelling by airplane is becoming more and more prevalent.○譯○ 乘飛機(jī)旅行的習(xí)慣變得越來(lái)越盛行了。

★Side with 與（某人）站在同一邊，和(某人)持有同樣的見(jiàn)解 例○ She always sides with me.譯 她總是站在我這一邊?！稹?relieve vt.減輕，緩解

例○ The doctors did their best to relieve the patient.譯○ 醫(yī)生們盡力減輕病人的痛苦。★Morale n.士氣，斗志

例 The morale of the enemy troops is sinking lower every day.○譯○ 敵軍的士氣日益低落。

★Credit to 為??增光的人（事物）

例○ The sportsmen are determined to be a credit to their country.譯運(yùn)動(dòng)員們決心為國(guó)增光。○★Sense of art 藝術(shù)感

例○ Music can raise people’s sense of art.譯○ 音樂(lè)能提升人們的藝術(shù)感?！颬ursue vt.追趕，追求

例He began to pursue an easy and comfortable life.○譯○ 他開(kāi)始追求安逸舒適的生活?！顰long with 和??一起

例○ Tobacco is taxed in most countries, along with alcohol.譯 和酒一樣，煙草在大多數(shù)國(guó)家都要征稅?！稹救f(wàn)能句型】

1、No doubt…… 譯文：無(wú)疑，??

解讀：此句型常用在第二段開(kāi)頭，是一種讓步的說(shuō)法，表示承認(rèn)題目中某方的觀點(diǎn)，但這并不是作者主要要論述的觀點(diǎn)。

2、At the same time,??plays a more important role than just?? 譯文：同時(shí)，??有著更重要的作用，而不僅僅是??

解讀：此句型常用在第三段開(kāi)頭，這是作者支持并且要重點(diǎn)論述的觀點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)會(huì)具體說(shuō)明有哪幾點(diǎn)重要作用。

25、媒體應(yīng)否報(bào)道犯罪細(xì)節(jié)

Some people think media should not report detail of crimes to the public.To what extent do you agree or disagree ? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model Essay】

Recently, the discussion about whether the crime in the newspaper and on TV should be described at length has become a heated one.Some people assert that the media coverage of crime details should be banned while others claim that such reports have their own advantages.Before presenting my view, I seek to analyze the issue from different angles.From some people’s points of view, there are many good reasons for opposing the detailed description about the crimes in the newspaper and on TV.Firstly, the reports of criminal details often contain numerous of erotic, corrupt and provoking episodes, which may carry great risks and bring negative influence to young people.Furthermore, media reports of criminal details are unfair for the victim of crimes.The victims who have suffered greatly from these crimes would feel they were forced to experience a nightmare again.Many others, however, take a quite strong opposite attitude towards this issue.They believe the detailed descriptions about crimes should not be banned.The fundamental reason for this is that such reports keep the public alert to crimes.Should all these reports disappear from the media, it would be very hard for the public to know about the crimes occurring in society.As far as I am concern, I strongly believe that the detailed descriptions about crime in newspaper and on TV should be controlled to some extent.At the same time, we cannot deny the advantages brought by them.Therefore, we should encourage the media to inform the public about the criminal acts, but not in great detail.【高分詞匯】

★At length充分地；詳盡的

例○He went into the subject at full length.譯○他詳細(xì)地研究了這個(gè)問(wèn)題?！顲ontain vt.包含，容納，容忍

例○Whisky contains a large percentage of alcohol.譯○威士忌的酒精含量很高，★Episode 一段情節(jié)，插曲；片段 例○The episode of this film sounds good.譯○這部電影的插曲很好聽(tīng)。

★Suffer from 患（某種病）；受（某種病痛）折磨；因……而受罰（苦、損）例○Sometimes I still suffer from these weaknesses.譯○有時(shí)我還是在吃這些弱點(diǎn)的苦頭。★Nightmare夢(mèng)魘，噩夢(mèng)

例○I a had nightmare about being drowned in a lake.譯○我做了個(gè)在湖里淹死的噩夢(mèng)?！顳isappear消失，不見(jiàn)

例○The snow will soon disappear when the warm weather comes.譯○天氣變暖時(shí)，雪很快就會(huì)融化?！颫ccur 發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)

例○I hope this won’t occur again.譯○我希望不要再發(fā)生這種事情?！颰o some extent某種程度上

例○National economic growth accelerated to some extent.譯○國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度有所加快?！救f(wàn)能句型】

1.From some people’s points of view, there are many good reasons for apposing … 譯文：從一些人的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，有許多理由可以用來(lái)反對(duì)……

解讀：這種句型常常用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法第二段的第一句，是這一段的總述，接下來(lái)再?gòu)膸讉€(gè)方面分別講述。

2.Many others, however, take a quite strong opposite attitude towards this issue.譯文：然而，許多其他的人對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題持有完全相反的態(tài)度。

解讀：這種句型常常用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法第三段的第一句，是這一段的總述，接下來(lái)再?gòu)膸讉€(gè)方面分別講述。

26、老年人使用手機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)

With technology speeding up, more and more young people begin to use mobile phones and the Internet, but old people have little chance to be exposed to them.What ways could mobile phones and Internet be useful to old people? How do old people be encouraged to use these new technologies? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model essay】

New technologies such as mobile phones and the internet not only bring a lot of fun to youngsters, but also have an important effect on senior citizens who would like to keep pace with the age.However, after thorough survey, we find that unlike the youth, most old people are afraid to try these new technologies.For one thing, based on pondering on many occasions, the new technologies could be useful to old people in the following ways.Firstly, it is convenient for them to keep in touch with their children who live independently or study overseas by using mobile phones or e-mails.They could communicate with their children on line or by sending instant massages.Besides, if some of old people feel physically uncomfortable or get in danger outdoors and alone , they could immediately make an emergency call or inform their relatives or friends.For another thing, we can see that old people are reluctant to learn new technologies, so some feasible measures should be taken to encourage them to use the high-tech products.First and foremost, they should be specially designed for the old people, i.e., they should be cut down parts of the subsidiary functions and easy to operate.Moreover, the buttons and displayed characters should be extra big so that old people could see them clearly.furthermore, these products should

be cheap enough to be acceptable to the old people.Last but not least, as far as the old people concerned, they are also really supposed to be a bit more confident to make use of the new technologies.Generally, I should say that let the high-tech facilitates both young and old people’s lives, which need the technologists to make just one step forward.【高分詞匯】

★Keep pace with 并駕齊驅(qū)

例○Our theoretic work must keep pace with our revolutionary practice.譯○我們的理論工作必須和革命實(shí)踐相適應(yīng)?！颣eep in touch.保持聯(lián)絡(luò) 例○We’ll keep in touch with you.譯○我們將和你保持聯(lián)系。★Independently獨(dú)立地，自立地 例○Can you complete it independently? 譯○你能夠獨(dú)立完成嗎？

★Communicate with 與……聯(lián)系，與……交往 例○I communicate with him regularly by letter.譯○我與他定期通信?！颎et in 到達(dá)

例○What time does the rain from London get in? 譯○從倫敦來(lái)的火車(chē)何時(shí)進(jìn)站？ ★Reluctant 不顧的，勉強(qiáng)的 例○He gave me a reluctant assistance.第六節(jié)——科技

27、農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展

Some people support the development in agriculture such as factory farming and scientific creation of new type of fruits and vegetables.some people oppose it.Discuss both views and give your opinion.Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model Essay】

It is widely acknowledge that the debut of new things always accompanies debating and arguing.Some people support the development of agriculture, such as factory farming and scientific creation of fruits and vegetables, while others oppose it.Undeniablely, there are points in both sides of the argument..Those who favor the new development of agriculture give their reasons as follows.Firstly, traditional agriculture has always been slow and lack of efficiency in mass production of food.So it is necessary to introduce scientific methods to create new fruits, vegetables, ect， which can ensure the citizens have enough meat, corns, fruits and vegetables to consume.Secondly, factory farming can be very profitable since we can get rid of the impact from climatic factors and pest invasion, which can promote economic development.However, the other side of the effects cannot be ignored.First and foremost, this way of agricultural production may do harm to our health.For example, in order to make pigs grow faster, a lot of chemic ingredients are added into the feeding stuff.When we eat the meat of the animals fed up by the feeding stuff, the ingredients come into our innards.Cancers and other diseases may attack us with the accumulation of these harmful chemic ingredients.In addition, this production way can seriously pollute the environment.Tons of chemic fertilizers are spread into the fields, which will ruin the soil.After years of farming, this soil would be so barren that no plants are suitable to grow there.As far as I am concerned, I agree with the former.In modern society, traditional modes of agriculture are too slow and monotonous to fulfil the appetite of global citizens.We should grasp the opportunity to accelerate the development of agriculture.【高分詞匯】

★ debut n.初次登場(chǎng)，開(kāi)張

例○ Helen made her debut at a party when she was eighteen.譯○海倫十八歲時(shí)在一次聚會(huì)上初次進(jìn)入社交界?！?get rid of 擺脫，除去 例○ we must get rid of this bad style.譯我們必須去掉這種不良作風(fēng)?！稹?attack vt.攻擊，抨擊，動(dòng)手處理（某事）例○ We shall fight them back if they attack.譯○他們?nèi)缛暨M(jìn)攻，我們必將反擊。

★ accumulation v.加速，促進(jìn) 例○ The capitalists only care about the accumulation of weath.譯 資本界只顧積累財(cái)富。○★ accelerate v.加速，促進(jìn)

例○ We must seize all opportunities to accelerate development.譯 必須抓住一切機(jī)遇加快發(fā)展?！?/p>

【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.Undeniable，there are points in both sides of the argument.譯文：不可否認(rèn)，辯論的雙方都有道理。

解讀：這個(gè)句型一般用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法第一段的最后一句話(huà)，表示作者接下來(lái)要開(kāi)始對(duì)兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)分別進(jìn)行分析。

2.Those who favor …give their reasons as follows.譯文：那些支持??的人理由如下。

解讀：這種句型一般用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法第二段的第一句，表示開(kāi)始論證正方的觀點(diǎn)。3.However, the other side of the effects cannot be ignored.譯文：然而，另一方面的影響也不能被忽視。

解讀：這種句型一般用于對(duì)稱(chēng)式寫(xiě)法第三段的第一句，表示開(kāi)始論述反方的觀點(diǎn)。

第七節(jié)——犯罪

28、對(duì)犯罪分子的懲罰

Some people think that criminals should be given longer terms in prison, so as to reduce the crime rate.To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model Essay 】

With the incidence of crime hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.And a growing number of people have begun to insist that criminals should be given longer terms in prison, so as to reduce the crime rate.They argue that the law offenders should be punished severely.At first thought, this opinion seems to be sensible and sound.But on second thought, I find it is not often the case.The reasons are given below.The first one is that longer terms in prison may be unfair to the criminals.Punishment should match with the crime, which is a major principle and has been acknowledged by most countries.If criminals are given longer terms than they deserve, this act itself is a kind of crime which deprives the basic human rights of criminals.Besides, some of the criminals are very talented people and may be experts in some fields.So after a certain term of imprisonment, they should be set free and use their talent to serve the society.If they were detained in the prison for longer terms ,they may lose the opportunities of making good use of their skills.The third one is that if criminals were locked up in prisons longer, the government would spend more money providing them food and shelter.This is a huge waste of wealth.Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that giving criminals longer terms in prison is not the only way to prevent crimes.At the same time, the government should take some other measures to combat against crimes.For example, the government may reclaim criminals by education and teaching then skills.【高分詞匯】

★ offender n.犯罪；冒犯者

例 Reckon leniently with a first offender.○譯○ 對(duì)初犯者從寬發(fā)落。

★ punish vt.懲罰，處分

例○ The parents punished their disobedient child.譯 父母懲罰了他們不聽(tīng)話(huà)的孩子?！稹?severely adv.嚴(yán)重地，嚴(yán)格地

例 His courage was severely tired.○譯○ 他的勇氣收到了嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)。

★ sound adj.健全的，可靠的，合理的

例○ You had better establish a sound foundation for your further study.譯 你最好為將來(lái)的深造打下牢固的基礎(chǔ)?！稹?match with 使??和??相配（稱(chēng)）

例○ What you have said doesn’t match with the facts.譯○ 你所說(shuō)的跟事實(shí)不完全相符。

★ principle vt.應(yīng)得；應(yīng)受(賞、罰等)，該獎(jiǎng)[罰] 例 These machines work on the same principle.譯 這些機(jī)器按同樣的原理運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

★ deserve vt.應(yīng)得；應(yīng)受（賞、罰等），該獎(jiǎng)（罰）

例○ If you do wrong, you deserve punishment.譯 你如做錯(cuò)事，應(yīng)當(dāng)受罰?！稹?set free 釋放

例○ We pray you to set the prisoner free.譯○ 我們懇求你釋放這個(gè)囚犯。

★ Detain vt.扣留，拘留

例○ The policeman detains him as a suspect.譯○ 警察把他當(dāng)做嫌疑犯而加以拘留。

【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.With the incidence of …h(huán)overing at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.譯文：隨著??的發(fā)生率居高不下，這引起了很多人的困擾和警覺(jué)。解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，引出要討論的話(huà)題。

2.Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that 譯文：考慮到所有的這些因素，我們可以得出結(jié)論??

解讀：這種句型常常用于結(jié)尾段第一句，承接上文，得出結(jié)論。

29、預(yù)防犯罪的措施

Many people are afraid to leave home because of crime.Some believe that more actions should be taken to prevent crimes, but others feel little can be done.What’s your view? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, the incidence of crime is growing at a staggering rate, which leads to some people are afraid to leave home.Such a grave situation merits our careful attention.Some suggest that more effective measures should be taken to guard against crimes, while others feel nothing can make sense.From my part, I totally consent to the former point of view.We should take effective measures to solve the problem.The basic way to stop so many crimes is the serious punishment and actions taken by the government.We should put more police force to protect the public security, especially in some high-crime ratio areas.And the police force should be armed with the most advanced equipment for their better performance in their daily work, With the help of the latest technologies, such as the surveillance skill, computer skill and etc, the work of policemen will become efficient and the rate of crime will decrease gradually.And for common people, what they need to do is to keep alert, try best to avoid any possible crimes.At the same time, learn some basic skills to defend crimes.For instance, do not walk along the dark footpath at night when you get back home from work;put your bag to the front instead of at back when walking in the crowded throng.In a word, do not give any chance to the criminals.So in my opinion, it is totally unnecessary for people to stay at home because of the crimes.Many things can be done to prevent crimes, If you have fully preparation, it will become relatively easy for you to treat with the crime.And even you encounter, you can reduce your lost to its minimum.【高分詞匯】

★staggering adj.蹣跚的，搖晃的，令人驚愕的

例○He was half in the bag and staggering slightly.譯○他已半醉，走路有點(diǎn)搖搖晃晃。

★guard against 提防，預(yù)防

例○ We should take measures to guard against accidents.譯○我們應(yīng)該采取措施防止事故發(fā)生。

★arm with 用……武裝起來(lái)，裝備有……的

例○ The government was armed with many facts and figures.譯○政府以許多事實(shí)及數(shù)字作為武器。

★surveillance n.監(jiān)視，監(jiān)督

例○ We must keep these people under close surveillance.譯○對(duì)這些人我們要嚴(yán)密監(jiān)視。

★encounter v.遭遇，遇到，相遇 n.遭遇，遭遇戰(zhàn)

例○ It seems probable(that)we might encounter some unexpected troubles.譯○我們很可能會(huì)遭遇到一些意向不到的麻煩。

【萬(wàn)能句型】

1.Nowadays, the incidence of … is growing at a staggering rate, which lead to some people … 譯文：如今，……以驚人的速度增長(zhǎng)，使得一些人…… 解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，引出話(huà)題。2.So in my opinion, it is totally unnecessary for … to … 譯文：因此在我看來(lái)，因?yàn)椤瓕?shí)在沒(méi)有必要。

解讀：這種句型一般用于結(jié)尾段第一句，總結(jié)全文，提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。

第八節(jié)——文化與旅游

30、特殊日期的意義

Nowadays many charities and other organizations publicize their activities by giving a name to a particular day every year, like National Non-smoking, National Children’s Day, etc.Why do these organizations do this? How effective can these special days be? 【Model Essay】

第三篇：事業(yè)單位面試技巧：面試高分寶典

事業(yè)單位面試技巧：面試高分寶典

秘籍一：“知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)百勝”

考生要在第一時(shí)間全方位了解自己所報(bào)考的崗位職責(zé)、崗位性質(zhì)、工作內(nèi)容、特殊屬性等，充分了解后要建立自己與崗位之間的匹配性，所謂自身與崗位之間的匹配性就是考生自身的現(xiàn)實(shí)性需求(戶(hù)口、專(zhuān)業(yè)、住房、家庭需要)、職業(yè)興趣(社會(huì)型、現(xiàn)實(shí)型)、對(duì)組織文化的認(rèn)同(政府組織文化、基層組織文化)、成就動(dòng)機(jī)(認(rèn)知需要、自我實(shí)現(xiàn))等，通過(guò)自身建立條件與崗位之間的高度匹配性，讓考官認(rèn)為你就是最適合這個(gè)崗位的人，從而選擇你。秘籍二：“積累素材，厚積薄發(fā)”

考生在準(zhǔn)備考試的過(guò)程中需要積累和搜集關(guān)于報(bào)考崗位相關(guān)的政策、文件、熱點(diǎn)新聞、以及工作中遇到的問(wèn)題，通過(guò)對(duì)崗位工作的全方位了解和學(xué)習(xí)，在面試的過(guò)程中就可以做到有備無(wú)患，隨機(jī)應(yīng)變。不打無(wú)準(zhǔn)備之戰(zhàn)，要想在面試中脫穎而出，考生就需要有專(zhuān)業(yè)化的水準(zhǔn)、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)的思維、獨(dú)特的論證角度，這樣才能在眾多考生中成為佼佼者。秘籍三：“擺正心態(tài)，泰然處之”

我們常說(shuō)對(duì)待事物我們要做到得之泰然、失之淡然。在面試的考場(chǎng)上有眾多考生因?yàn)椴荒軕?zhàn)勝自己，在心理上就敗下陣來(lái)，由于考場(chǎng)設(shè)置本身就會(huì)讓考生產(chǎn)生一種緊張與壓迫的感覺(jué)，這也是對(duì)考生心里素質(zhì)的一種考驗(yàn)，加之面對(duì)考三官提出的三道或者四道問(wèn)題，部分考生就會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)出現(xiàn)大腦短路的情況，導(dǎo)致考生答題邏輯混亂、內(nèi)容空洞、語(yǔ)言粗糙的情況出現(xiàn)，所以作為考生戰(zhàn)勝對(duì)手首先要戰(zhàn)勝自己，要擁有一顆強(qiáng)大的內(nèi)心、培養(yǎng)良好的心理素質(zhì)。考生在答題的過(guò)程中，千萬(wàn)不要想自己是否能夠答好，或者答不好怎么辦的問(wèn)題，這樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致過(guò)度關(guān)注結(jié)果為失掉過(guò)程的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，掌控好自己在考場(chǎng)上能夠掌控好的東西，做到心無(wú)旁騖、泰然處之。

第四篇：支付相關(guān)要點(diǎn)說(shuō)明

什么是支付賬戶(hù)、備付金、網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付、銀行卡清算、貸記卡、代扣、代付....支付機(jī)構(gòu)：是指取得《支付業(yè)務(wù)許可證》,獲準(zhǔn)辦理“預(yù)付卡發(fā)行與受理”業(yè)務(wù)的發(fā)卡機(jī)構(gòu)和獲準(zhǔn)辦理“預(yù)付卡受理”業(yè)務(wù)的受理機(jī)構(gòu)。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)付卡業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

支付機(jī)構(gòu)特定自有資金賬戶(hù)：是支付機(jī)構(gòu)在備付金存管銀行開(kāi)立的自有資金賬戶(hù)，用于現(xiàn)金形式為客戶(hù)辦理備付金贖回、結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)支付業(yè)務(wù)手續(xù)費(fèi)收入等業(yè)務(wù)。支付機(jī)構(gòu)只能確定一個(gè)特定自有資金賬戶(hù)，并按照規(guī)定向我營(yíng)業(yè)管理部備案。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

支付賬戶(hù)：是指支付機(jī)構(gòu)根據(jù)客戶(hù)申請(qǐng)，為客戶(hù)開(kāi)立的具有記錄客戶(hù)資金交易資金余額功能的電子賬簿。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)支付業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法(征求意見(jiàn)稿))

中國(guó)人民銀行分支機(jī)構(gòu)：是指中國(guó)人民銀行副省級(jí)城市中心支行以上的分支機(jī)構(gòu)(非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法)?；蛑钢袊?guó)人民銀行上海總部，各分行、營(yíng)業(yè)管理部、省會(huì)(首府)城市中心支行、副省級(jí)城市中心支行。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)付卡業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

收單機(jī)構(gòu)：包括從事銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)的銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)，獲得銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)許可、為實(shí)體特約商戶(hù)提供銀行卡受理并完成資金結(jié)算服務(wù)的支付機(jī)構(gòu)，以及獲得網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付業(yè)務(wù)許可、為網(wǎng)絡(luò)特約商戶(hù)提供銀行卡受理并完成資金結(jié)算服務(wù)的支付機(jī)構(gòu)。(銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

收單機(jī)構(gòu)的特約商戶(hù)：是指與收單機(jī)構(gòu)簽約并同意使用銀行卡進(jìn)行資金結(jié)算的法人、個(gè)體工商戶(hù)或其他組織。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)反洗錢(qián)和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

受理終端：是指通過(guò)銀行卡信息(磁條、芯片或銀行卡賬戶(hù)信息)讀取、采集或錄入裝置生成銀行卡交易指令，能夠保證銀行卡交易信息處理安全的各類(lèi)實(shí)體支付終端。(銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

特約商戶(hù)：是指與收單機(jī)構(gòu)簽訂銀行卡受理協(xié)議、按約定受理銀行卡并委托收單機(jī)構(gòu)為其完成交易資金結(jié)算的企事業(yè)單位、個(gè)體工商戶(hù)或其他組織，以及按照國(guó)家工商行政管理機(jī)關(guān)有關(guān)規(guī)定，開(kāi)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)商品交易等經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的自然人。(銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

主要出資人：包括擁有申請(qǐng)人實(shí)際控制權(quán)的出資人和持有申請(qǐng)人10%以上股權(quán)的出資人。(非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法)

備付金存管銀行：是指可以為支付機(jī)構(gòu)辦理客戶(hù)備付金的跨行收付業(yè)務(wù)，并負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)支付機(jī)構(gòu)存放在所有備付金銀行的客戶(hù)備付金信息進(jìn)行歸集、核對(duì)與監(jiān)督的備付金銀行。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

備付金存管賬戶(hù)：是支付機(jī)構(gòu)在備付金銀行開(kāi)立的，可以以現(xiàn)金形式接收客戶(hù)備付金、以銀行轉(zhuǎn)賬方式辦理客戶(hù)備付金收取和支取業(yè)務(wù)的專(zhuān)用存款賬戶(hù)。支付機(jī)構(gòu)在備付金存管授權(quán)行或其轄屬機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)立的備付金存管賬戶(hù)稱(chēng)為備付金主存管賬戶(hù)。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

備付金合作銀行：是指可以為支付機(jī)構(gòu)辦理客戶(hù)備付金的收取和本銀行支取業(yè)務(wù)，并負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)支付機(jī)構(gòu)存放在本銀行的客戶(hù)備付金進(jìn)行監(jiān)督的備付金銀行。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

備付金匯繳賬戶(hù)：是支付機(jī)構(gòu)在備付金銀行開(kāi)立的可以以現(xiàn)金形式接收或以本銀行資金內(nèi)部劃轉(zhuǎn)方式接收客戶(hù)備付金的專(zhuān)用存款賬戶(hù)。備付金銀行應(yīng)當(dāng)于每日營(yíng)業(yè)終了前，將備付金匯繳賬戶(hù)內(nèi)的資金全額劃轉(zhuǎn)至支付機(jī)構(gòu)的備付金存管賬戶(hù)或在同一備付金合作銀行開(kāi)立備付金收付賬戶(hù)。支付機(jī)構(gòu)可以通過(guò)備付金匯繳賬戶(hù)將客戶(hù)備付金直接退回至原資金轉(zhuǎn)出賬戶(hù)。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

備付金收付賬戶(hù)：是支付機(jī)構(gòu)在備付金合作銀行開(kāi)立的，可以以現(xiàn)金形式或以銀行轉(zhuǎn)賬方式接收客戶(hù)備付金、以銀行資金內(nèi)部劃轉(zhuǎn)方式辦理客戶(hù)備付金支取業(yè)務(wù)的專(zhuān)用存款賬戶(hù)。支付機(jī)構(gòu)備付金收付賬戶(hù)應(yīng)該開(kāi)立在備付金合作授權(quán)行。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

備付金協(xié)議：是指支付機(jī)構(gòu)與備付金銀行或其授權(quán)的一個(gè)境內(nèi)分支機(jī)構(gòu)簽訂的，約定雙方的權(quán)利、義務(wù)和責(zé)任的協(xié)議。該協(xié)議應(yīng)當(dāng)約定支付機(jī)構(gòu)從備付金銀行劃轉(zhuǎn)客戶(hù)備付金的支付指令，以及客戶(hù)備付金發(fā)生損失時(shí)雙方應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的償付責(zé)任和相關(guān)償付方式。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

不記名預(yù)付卡：是指預(yù)付卡業(yè)務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)中不記載持卡人身份信息的預(yù)付卡。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)付卡業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

單位客戶(hù)：包括法人、其他組織和個(gè)體工商戶(hù)。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)反洗錢(qián)和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)準(zhǔn)備金專(zhuān)用存款賬戶(hù)：是支付機(jī)構(gòu)在備付金存管銀行或其授權(quán)分支機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)立的專(zhuān)用存款賬戶(hù)，用于支付機(jī)構(gòu)按季計(jì)提的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)準(zhǔn)備金。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)特約商戶(hù)：是指基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息系統(tǒng)直接向消費(fèi)者銷(xiāo)售商品或提供服務(wù)，并接受支付機(jī)構(gòu)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)支付服務(wù)完成資金結(jié)算的法人、其他組織或自然人。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)支付業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法(征求意見(jiàn)稿))

記名預(yù)付卡：是指預(yù)付卡業(yè)務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)中記載持卡人身份信息的預(yù)付卡。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)付卡業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

金融機(jī)構(gòu)：是指依法設(shè)立的從事金融業(yè)務(wù)的政策性銀行、商業(yè)銀行、信用合作社、郵政儲(chǔ)匯機(jī)構(gòu)、信托投資公司、證券公司、期貨經(jīng)紀(jì)公司、保險(xiǎn)公司以及國(guó)務(wù)院反洗錢(qián)行政主管部門(mén)確定并公布的從事金融業(yè)務(wù)的其他機(jī)構(gòu)。(中華人民共和國(guó)反洗錢(qián)法)

客戶(hù)備付金：是指支付機(jī)構(gòu)為辦理客戶(hù)委托的支付業(yè)務(wù)而實(shí)際收到的預(yù)收待付貨幣資金。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)客戶(hù)備付金存管辦法)

客戶(hù)備付金日均余額：是指?jìng)涓督鸫婀茔y行的法人機(jī)構(gòu)根據(jù)最近90日內(nèi)支付機(jī)構(gòu)每日日終的客戶(hù)備付金總量計(jì)算的平均值。(非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法)

實(shí)體特約商戶(hù)：是指通過(guò)實(shí)體經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所提供商品或服務(wù)的特約商戶(hù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)特約商戶(hù)，是指基于公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息系統(tǒng)提供商品或服務(wù)的特約商戶(hù)。(銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付：是指依托公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)或?qū)Ｓ镁W(wǎng)絡(luò)在首付款人之間轉(zhuǎn)移貨幣資金的行為，包括貨幣匯兌、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)支付、移動(dòng)電話(huà)支付、固定電話(huà)支付數(shù)字電視支付等。(非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付機(jī)構(gòu)，是指從事《非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法》規(guī)定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付業(yè)務(wù)的支付機(jī)構(gòu)。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)反洗錢(qián)和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付機(jī)構(gòu)的特約商戶(hù)：是指基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息系統(tǒng)直接向消費(fèi)者銷(xiāo)售商品或提供服務(wù)，并接受網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付機(jī)構(gòu)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)支付服務(wù)完成資金結(jié)算的法人、個(gè)體工商戶(hù)、其他組織或自然人。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)反洗錢(qián)和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付接口：是指收單機(jī)構(gòu)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)特約商戶(hù)基于約定的業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則，用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付數(shù)據(jù)交換的規(guī)范和技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。(銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

銀行卡清算機(jī)構(gòu)：是指經(jīng)中國(guó)人民銀行批準(zhǔn)，通過(guò)設(shè)立銀行卡清算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則，運(yùn)營(yíng)銀行卡業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)，為發(fā)卡機(jī)構(gòu)和收單機(jī)構(gòu)提供銀行卡交易處理，協(xié)助完成資金結(jié)算服務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu)。(銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

銀行卡收單：指通過(guò)銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)(POS)終端等為銀行卡特約商戶(hù)代收貨幣資金的行為。(非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法)

銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)：是指收單機(jī)構(gòu)與特約商戶(hù)簽訂銀行卡受理協(xié)議，在特約商戶(hù)按約定受理銀行卡并與持卡人達(dá)成交易后，為特約商戶(hù)提供交易資金結(jié)算服務(wù)的行為。(銀行卡收單業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法)

預(yù)付卡：是指以營(yíng)利為目的發(fā)行的、在發(fā)行機(jī)構(gòu)之外購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品或服務(wù)的預(yù)付價(jià)值，包括采取磁條、芯片等技術(shù)以卡片、密碼等形式發(fā)行的預(yù)付卡。(非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法)

預(yù)付卡機(jī)構(gòu)，是指從事《非金融機(jī)構(gòu)支付服務(wù)管理辦法》規(guī)定的預(yù)付卡發(fā)行與受理業(yè)務(wù)或預(yù)付卡受理業(yè)務(wù)的支付機(jī)構(gòu)。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)反洗錢(qián)和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

預(yù)付卡機(jī)構(gòu)的特約商戶(hù)：是指與預(yù)付卡機(jī)構(gòu)簽約并同意使用預(yù)付卡進(jìn)行資金結(jié)算的法人、個(gè)體工商戶(hù)或其他組織。(支付機(jī)構(gòu)反洗錢(qián)和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

支付業(yè)務(wù)名詞及釋義大全

偽卡：偽卡是指不是持卡本人所使用的銀行卡而是不法份子通過(guò)其技術(shù)手段復(fù)制出原卡信息進(jìn)行違法刷卡套現(xiàn)的卡。銀行卡是靠卡片上的磁條記錄持卡人的資料代碼，另外還有一組識(shí)別碼。如果與刷卡機(jī)連線(xiàn)，或是用一臺(tái)有記憶儲(chǔ)存設(shè)備的讀卡機(jī)(側(cè)錄器)，將銀行卡在上面刷一下，就能將真卡的數(shù)字全部記錄下來(lái)。

AA收款: “AA收款”是微信內(nèi)一個(gè)基于微信支付的一項(xiàng)應(yīng)用。與“紅包”不同的是，它能以某種名義(如聚餐、活動(dòng)、班費(fèi)等)來(lái)AA收款。

API接口支付: 是整合市面所有的支付通道，全力給合作方提供多途徑通道，實(shí)現(xiàn)資源共享、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)的全新網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付程序。

B2B網(wǎng)銀支付:B2B在線(xiàn)支付是銀行專(zhuān)門(mén)為電子商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的賣(mài)方和買(mǎi)方提供的安全、快捷、方便的在線(xiàn)支付中介服務(wù)，從而連接電子商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的賣(mài)方和買(mǎi)方，保障資金流的暢通，加速賣(mài)方資金回籠，方便買(mǎi)方購(gòu)物支付。

T+0 POS機(jī)：是指POS機(jī)上的當(dāng)天所有成功交易，于銀當(dāng)日將POS機(jī)結(jié)算資金劃入指定的結(jié)算賬戶(hù)，并收取相關(guān)服務(wù)費(fèi)用的特殊結(jié)算處理業(yè)務(wù)。目前市場(chǎng)上比較流行的T+0 POS機(jī)均是由支付公司作為墊付方，在當(dāng)日進(jìn)行資金墊付，并會(huì)相應(yīng)收取高額的手續(xù)費(fèi)用。

T+1 POS機(jī)：就是當(dāng)日發(fā)生的POS機(jī)交易均延順到下一個(gè)交易日進(jìn)行結(jié)算，這種結(jié)算方式符合了銀聯(lián)對(duì)資金結(jié)算的方式，安全性、穩(wěn)定性均有很大保障。

T+1: T+1是一種股票交易制度，即當(dāng)日買(mǎi)進(jìn)的股票，要到下一個(gè)交易日才能賣(mài)出?！癟”指交易登記日，“T+1”指登記日的次日。我國(guó)上海證券交易所和深圳證券交易所對(duì)股票和基金交易實(shí)行“T+1”的交易方式，中國(guó)股市實(shí)行“T+1”交易制度，當(dāng)日買(mǎi)進(jìn)的股票，要到下一個(gè)交易日才能賣(mài)出。

IVR支付: 即IVR電話(huà)支付，是一種通用的可脫離互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的可移動(dòng)式支付方式，幾乎適用于所有類(lèi)型的商品交易，特別適用于接收消費(fèi)者打入客服或銷(xiāo)售熱線(xiàn)訂購(gòu)商品的商家。消費(fèi)者可以在網(wǎng)站或者熱線(xiàn)電話(huà)里先下訂單，后選擇電話(huà)支付，商家會(huì)將您的訂單情況下達(dá)到銀行系統(tǒng)或第三方支付平臺(tái)。如果是電話(huà)下單的，可以由商家直接轉(zhuǎn)到銀行或者支付平臺(tái)的支付熱線(xiàn)進(jìn)行電話(huà)支付;如果是網(wǎng)站或其他方式下單的，這時(shí)就可通過(guò)手機(jī)、小靈通或固定電話(huà)，根據(jù)自己所擁有的銀行卡撥打電話(huà)銀行或者支付平臺(tái)熱線(xiàn)，根據(jù)預(yù)定提示完成付款。

MCC碼：也稱(chēng)商戶(hù)類(lèi)別碼。由收單機(jī)構(gòu)為特約商戶(hù)設(shè)置，用于標(biāo)明銀聯(lián)卡交易環(huán)境、所在商戶(hù)的主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)范圍和行業(yè)歸屬，判斷境內(nèi)跨行交易商戶(hù)結(jié)算手續(xù)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要依據(jù);也是開(kāi)展銀聯(lián)卡交易行業(yè)分析和報(bào)告，銀聯(lián)卡業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和控制的重要基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)之一。銀行卡收單管理辦法規(guī)定，商戶(hù)號(hào)為15位：機(jī)構(gòu)代碼(3位)+地區(qū)代碼(4位)+商戶(hù)類(lèi)型(4位)+商戶(hù)順序號(hào)(4位)。

mPOS：是新型支付產(chǎn)品，與手機(jī)、平板電腦等通用智能移動(dòng)設(shè)備進(jìn)行連接，通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行信息傳輸，外接設(shè)備完成卡片讀取、PIN輸入、數(shù)據(jù)加解密、提示信息顯示等操作，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)支付功能的應(yīng)用。

NFC支付：是指消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品或服務(wù)時(shí)，即時(shí)采用NFC技術(shù)(Near Field Communication)通過(guò)手機(jī)等手持設(shè)備完成支付，是新興的一種移動(dòng)支付方式。支付的處理在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行，并且在線(xiàn)下進(jìn)行，不需要使用移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而是使用NFC射頻通道實(shí)現(xiàn)與POS收款機(jī)或自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)等設(shè)備的本地通訊。NFC近距離無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊是近場(chǎng)支付的主流技術(shù)，它是一種短距離的高頻無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊技術(shù)，允許電子設(shè)備之間進(jìn)行非接觸式點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸交換數(shù)據(jù)。

POS(銷(xiāo)售終端)：銷(xiāo)售終端--POS(point of sale)是一種多功能終端，把它安裝在信用卡的特約商戶(hù)和受理網(wǎng)點(diǎn)中與計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)成網(wǎng)絡(luò)，就能實(shí)現(xiàn)電子資金自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)賬，它具有支持消費(fèi)、預(yù)授權(quán)、余額查詢(xún)和轉(zhuǎn)賬等功能，使用起來(lái)安全、快捷、可靠。

POS一清機(jī)：銀行或者有收單資質(zhì)的第三方支付公司直接結(jié)算到用戶(hù)綁定的銀行卡。一清，就是指“一次清算”。

POS二清機(jī)：指支付公司或銀行先將POS機(jī)的結(jié)算款支付給某一個(gè)人或某一家未取得收單資質(zhì)的公司，再由這家公司或個(gè)人結(jié)算給商戶(hù)。

POS機(jī)非法移機(jī)：商戶(hù)未經(jīng)收單機(jī)構(gòu)許可擅自將pos機(jī)從登記的經(jīng)營(yíng)地址轉(zhuǎn)移至另一地址，包括但不限于以下行為：商戶(hù)將pos機(jī)變更登記的經(jīng)營(yíng)地址后，使用pos機(jī)具;同一商戶(hù)在多家分支機(jī)構(gòu)間自行調(diào)換POS機(jī)具，使用固定pos機(jī)具，上門(mén)或流動(dòng)收款業(yè)務(wù)等。

POS簽購(gòu)單：在日常消費(fèi)刷卡后，特約商戶(hù)要求簽字確認(rèn)的簽購(gòu)單，是持卡人確認(rèn)此筆消費(fèi)的憑證。在日常刷卡消費(fèi)后，簽購(gòu)單都是一式兩份，持卡人保留一份，商戶(hù)回收保留一份。簽購(gòu)單上注明銀聯(lián)特約商戶(hù)名稱(chēng)及其編號(hào)、POS機(jī)機(jī)號(hào)、消費(fèi)時(shí)間和金額等。

POS專(zhuān)業(yè)化辦事公司：指經(jīng)銀行同行公會(huì)、某人民銀行、或中國(guó)銀聯(lián)及其分支機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)定的具有POS專(zhuān)業(yè)化辦事資質(zhì)的公司。

TSM平臺(tái)：字面意思是可信服務(wù)管理，銀聯(lián)TSM是基于“一卡多應(yīng)用”技術(shù)建立的一套完整的“空中發(fā)卡”和應(yīng)用管理體系。通過(guò)TSM平臺(tái)，發(fā)卡機(jī)構(gòu)可安全、高效地將多張金融智能卡信息集中在手機(jī)或IC卡上，既方便用戶(hù)攜帶、使用，又便于自身發(fā)卡和管理。

USB 電子密鑰 一種USB接口的硬件設(shè)備。內(nèi)置智能芯片，存儲(chǔ)用戶(hù)的私鑰和數(shù)字證書(shū)，并確保存儲(chǔ)的內(nèi)容無(wú)法被拷貝出來(lái)，利用其中內(nèi)置的公鑰算法實(shí)現(xiàn)身份認(rèn)證。

安全策略：規(guī)定或管理一個(gè)系統(tǒng)或組織如何提供安全服務(wù)來(lái)保護(hù)敏感和關(guān)鍵的系統(tǒng)資源的一系列規(guī)則和慣例。

安全超文本傳輸協(xié)議(HTTPS)：HTTP協(xié)議的一種安全的形式。建立一個(gè)信息傳輸安全通道，保證數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)耐暾院蜋C(jī)密性。

安全控制信息：與安全相關(guān)的控制信息，用戶(hù)標(biāo)識(shí)密文的類(lèi)型。

報(bào)文鑒別碼：MAC(message authentication code)是用來(lái)完成消息來(lái)源正確性鑒別，防止數(shù)據(jù)被篡改或非法用戶(hù)竊入的數(shù)據(jù)。

本代本收單：即發(fā)卡行與收單行為同一銀行，交易不走銀聯(lián)交換網(wǎng)絡(luò);

本代他收單：即發(fā)卡行與收單行為不同銀行，交易必須走銀聯(lián)交換網(wǎng)絡(luò);

補(bǔ)單：發(fā)生掉單，下單發(fā)起方通過(guò)其他補(bǔ)救機(jī)制獲得正確支付結(jié)果信息，將訂單的支付狀態(tài)修正為與支付服務(wù)提供方一致的操作。

參考號(hào)：POS中心為交易分配的流水號(hào)，在響應(yīng)報(bào)文中下傳給POS終端作為對(duì)賬參考號(hào)，并用于事后查證。

側(cè)錄：側(cè)錄器是一種具有記憶儲(chǔ)存設(shè)備的讀卡機(jī)，能將持卡人的資料以及磁卡的磁條代碼全部讀出并記錄儲(chǔ)存下來(lái)。

差錯(cuò)：是指由于機(jī)具、通信線(xiàn)路、系統(tǒng)處理、終端操作及其他原因引起，需要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的賬務(wù)調(diào)整的交易。

差錯(cuò)管理: 是在數(shù)字通信中利用編碼方法對(duì)傳輸中產(chǎn)生的差錯(cuò)進(jìn)行管理，以提高數(shù)字消息傳輸?shù)臏?zhǔn)確性。

撤單：在下單成功后，對(duì)于未支付的電子支付訂單進(jìn)行撤銷(xiāo)的操作。

持卡人：卡的合法持有者，即與卡對(duì)應(yīng)的銀行賬戶(hù)相聯(lián)系的客戶(hù)。

沖正交易：即一筆交易在終端已經(jīng)置為成功標(biāo)志，但是發(fā)送到主機(jī)的賬務(wù)交易包沒(méi)有得到響應(yīng)，即終端交易超時(shí)。所以不確定該筆交易是否在主機(jī)端也成功完成，為了確保用戶(hù)的利益，終端重新向主機(jī)發(fā)送請(qǐng)求，請(qǐng)求取消該筆交易的流水，如果主機(jī)端已經(jīng)交易成功，則回滾交易，否則不處理，然后將處理結(jié)果返回給終端。

代付：指各商業(yè)銀行利用自身的結(jié)算便利，接受客戶(hù)的委托代為辦理指定款項(xiàng)的收付事宜的業(yè)務(wù)。

代扣：用戶(hù)和商戶(hù)簽訂過(guò)一些代為扣款的協(xié)議后，系統(tǒng)會(huì)根據(jù)協(xié)議按時(shí)從客戶(hù)簽訂協(xié)議的賬戶(hù)中扣除協(xié)定的金額，明細(xì)備注中就顯示“代扣”

貸記卡：指銀行發(fā)行的、并給予持卡人一定信用額度、持卡人可在信用額度內(nèi)先消費(fèi)后還款的信用卡。

擔(dān)保支付：指針對(duì)電子商務(wù)中，賣(mài)家與買(mǎi)家的交易安全問(wèn)題而首先由支付寶率先提出的交易模式。它有效的解決了電子商務(wù)交易中的信用問(wèn)題，即買(mǎi)家擔(dān)心付款后，收不到貨物，而同時(shí)賣(mài)家也擔(dān)心發(fā)出貨物后，收不到錢(qián)?，F(xiàn)實(shí)中國(guó)人在商品交易中，普遍習(xí)慣一手交錢(qián)一手交貨的交易模式，對(duì)于電子商務(wù)的付款和發(fā)貨相分離不熟悉。支付寶在推出擔(dān)保交易后，大大促進(jìn)了電子商務(wù)的成功率。

盜卡：當(dāng)銀行卡或者信用卡卡號(hào)和密碼被非法竊取，被做了一張復(fù)制卡。

電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)：商業(yè)銀行等銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)利用面向社會(huì)公眾開(kāi)放的通訊通道或開(kāi)放型公眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及銀行為特定自助服務(wù)設(shè)施或客戶(hù)建立的專(zhuān)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)，向客戶(hù)提供的銀行服務(wù)。

電子賬戶(hù)：專(zhuān)業(yè)化支付服務(wù)提供方為用戶(hù)提供的實(shí)現(xiàn)交易資金的收付和暫存管理的支付賬戶(hù)，一般可以通過(guò)銀行賬戶(hù)進(jìn)行資金的充值或提取。交易資金的收付既可以通過(guò)電子賬戶(hù)之間完成，也可在電子賬戶(hù)與銀行賬戶(hù)之間完成。

電子支付：?jiǎn)挝?、個(gè)人直接或授權(quán)他人通過(guò)電子終端發(fā)出支付指令，實(shí)現(xiàn)貨幣支付與資金轉(zhuǎn)移的行為。

電子支付安全評(píng)估：開(kāi)展電子支付業(yè)務(wù)過(guò)程中，對(duì)支付服務(wù)提供方的安全策略、內(nèi)控制度、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理、系統(tǒng)安全、用戶(hù)保護(hù)等方面進(jìn)行的安全測(cè)試和管控能力的考察與評(píng)價(jià)。

電子支付訂單 ：包含訂單編號(hào)、訂單金額等支付信息的電子數(shù)據(jù)。

電子支付對(duì)賬：對(duì)前一個(gè)結(jié)算周期的交易信息進(jìn)行核對(duì)，以確認(rèn)交易信息的一致性和正確性的過(guò)程。

電子支付風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估：對(duì)電子支付所面臨的威脅、存在的弱點(diǎn)、造成的影響以及三者綜合作用所帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可能性評(píng)估。

電子支付交易監(jiān)控：支付服務(wù)提供方在電子支付過(guò)程中，對(duì)交易行為進(jìn)行監(jiān)控。

電子支付接口：基于約定的業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則，用于電子支付數(shù)據(jù)交換的規(guī)范和技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

電子支付結(jié)算：支付服務(wù)提供方對(duì)交易記錄進(jìn)行匯總、計(jì)算以及資金劃轉(zhuǎn)的全過(guò)程。

電子支付平臺(tái)：實(shí)現(xiàn)電子支付的業(yè)務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)。

電子支付渠道：支付服務(wù)提供方為用戶(hù)提供的完成電子支付的交易通道，如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、WAP、呼叫中心等。

電子支付終端：用戶(hù)可用以發(fā)起電子支付指令的計(jì)算機(jī)、電話(huà)、銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)終端、自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)、移動(dòng)通訊工具或其他電子設(shè)備。

釣魚(yú)網(wǎng)站：偽裝成銀行及電子商務(wù)等網(wǎng)站，用于竊取私密信息。

調(diào)單：指的是調(diào)取交易簽購(gòu)單及憑證，確認(rèn)交易真實(shí)性。一般由銀聯(lián)、發(fā)卡行或收單機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)起，服務(wù)商也可以進(jìn)行發(fā)起。

掉單：由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)、系統(tǒng)等不確定因素的影響，支付服務(wù)方未把支付結(jié)果信息返回給下單發(fā)起方。

動(dòng)態(tài)口令：也稱(chēng)一次性密碼，它指在認(rèn)證過(guò)程中只使用一次，下次認(rèn)證時(shí)則更換使用另一個(gè)口令，每個(gè)密碼只使用一次。動(dòng)態(tài)口令身份認(rèn)證目前主要有基于時(shí)間同步機(jī)制的、基于事件同步機(jī)制的和基于挑戰(zhàn)/應(yīng)答(異步)機(jī)制三種技術(shù)模式。

短信支付：通過(guò)短信發(fā)送支付指令的方式。

對(duì)稱(chēng)加密：使用相同密鑰進(jìn)行加密和解密的過(guò)程。

對(duì)賬：是對(duì)前一個(gè)清算周期的交易信息進(jìn)行核對(duì)，以確認(rèn)交易信息的一致性和正確性的過(guò)程。

對(duì)賬文件：確認(rèn)交易信息一致性和正確性所用到的文件。

多因子認(rèn)證 ：需要由兩個(gè)以上不同類(lèi)別的因素組合進(jìn)行的身份認(rèn)證。

二維碼支付：是一種基于賬戶(hù)體系搭起來(lái)的新一代無(wú)線(xiàn)支付方案。在該支付方案下，商家可把賬號(hào)、商品價(jià)格等交易信息匯編成一個(gè)二維碼，并印刷在各種報(bào)紙、雜志、廣告、圖書(shū)等載體上發(fā)布。用戶(hù)通過(guò)手機(jī)客戶(hù)端掃拍二維碼，便可實(shí)現(xiàn)與商家支付寶賬戶(hù)的支付結(jié)算。

發(fā)卡行：發(fā)行銀行卡，維護(hù)與卡關(guān)聯(lián)的賬戶(hù)，并與持卡人在這兩方面具有協(xié)議關(guān)系的機(jī)構(gòu)。

非對(duì)稱(chēng)加密：存在兩個(gè)密鑰，即公鑰和私鑰，使用其中一個(gè)密鑰加密的數(shù)據(jù)，只有用另一個(gè)密鑰解密，而且這兩個(gè)密鑰不能夠通過(guò)其中一個(gè)密鑰推理得到另一個(gè)密鑰。

非接支付：指銀行卡/客戶(hù)終端通過(guò)內(nèi)置芯片與受理端機(jī)具產(chǎn)生無(wú)線(xiàn)信號(hào)連接，受理端機(jī)具讀出客戶(hù)信息，處理支付交易，以公交卡、高速公路非現(xiàn)金收費(fèi)(ETC)為常見(jiàn)。

分單：是指同一張銀聯(lián)卡在同一家商戶(hù)同一終端購(gòu)買(mǎi)同一商品(或服務(wù))而發(fā)生連續(xù)兩次(含)以上交易的支付行為。

分賬：業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)生主體與業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系方之間進(jìn)行的相關(guān)利益和支出的劃分分賬，一般指的是媒體分賬合作的一種營(yíng)銷(xiāo)模式

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保證金:在期貨市場(chǎng)上，交易者只需按期貨合約價(jià)格的一定比率交納少量資金作為履行期貨合約的財(cái)力擔(dān)保，便可參加與期貨合約的買(mǎi)賣(mài)，這種資金就是期貨保證金。在我國(guó)，期貨保證金(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)保證金)按性質(zhì)與作用的不同可分為結(jié)算準(zhǔn)備金和交易保證金兩大類(lèi)。結(jié)算準(zhǔn)備金一般由會(huì)由單位按固定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)向交易所繳納，為交易結(jié)算預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備的資金。交易保證金是會(huì)員單位或客戶(hù)在期貨交易中因持有期貨合約而實(shí)際支付的保證金，它又分為初始保證金和追加保證金兩類(lèi)。

否認(rèn)交易：主要是一些無(wú)良的“持卡人”通過(guò)分單、套現(xiàn)、虛假簽名等手段進(jìn)行POS交易。

服務(wù)器證書(shū) ：用來(lái)表明服務(wù)器身份的數(shù)字證書(shū)。

付款方：在支付交易中支付資金的一方。

附加身份認(rèn)證：用戶(hù)持有、保管并使用可實(shí)現(xiàn)其他身份認(rèn)證方式的信息(物理介質(zhì)或電子設(shè)備等)。附加身份認(rèn)證信息應(yīng)不易被復(fù)制、修改和破解。

公鑰基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(PKI)：一種遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的利用公鑰加密技術(shù)為電子商務(wù)的開(kāi)展提供一套安全基礎(chǔ)平臺(tái)的技術(shù)和規(guī)范，是支持鑒別、加密、完整性和抗抵賴(lài)性服務(wù)的公鑰管理的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。

供應(yīng)鏈融資：銀行圍繞核心企業(yè)，管理上下游中小企業(yè)的資金流和物流，并把單個(gè)企業(yè)的不可控風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣?yīng)鏈企業(yè)整體的可控風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，通過(guò)立體獲取各類(lèi)信息，將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制在最低的金融服務(wù)。

機(jī)密性：通過(guò)加密手段來(lái)防止未經(jīng)授權(quán)的一方獲得數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容的一種機(jī)制。

集中收銀：在具有眾多商家的商場(chǎng)，為了發(fā)展會(huì)員，制定各種會(huì)員政策，培養(yǎng)穩(wěn)定的客戶(hù)群通過(guò)統(tǒng)一收銀，可以開(kāi)展各類(lèi)促銷(xiāo)活動(dòng)，以刺激銷(xiāo)費(fèi)者的購(gòu)買(mǎi)需求，提升市場(chǎng)人氣，帶動(dòng)市場(chǎng)發(fā)展。商家約定在一個(gè)地方繳納貨款。

加密 ：基于某種加密算法對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)作可逆的變換從而生成密文的過(guò)程。

間連POS：指POS終端連接到提供機(jī)具的商業(yè)銀行主機(jī)系統(tǒng)，當(dāng)發(fā)生跨行銀行消費(fèi)交易時(shí)，消費(fèi)交易信息先送提供機(jī)具的商業(yè)銀行主機(jī)系統(tǒng)，判斷為跨行信息后送銀聯(lián)主機(jī)系統(tǒng)，由銀聯(lián)系統(tǒng)分選判斷后再送相關(guān)的發(fā)卡銀行，然后信息再沿路返回。

鑒權(quán): 是指驗(yàn)證用戶(hù)是否擁有訪(fǎng)問(wèn)系統(tǒng)的權(quán)利。鑒權(quán)包括兩個(gè)方面：用戶(hù)鑒權(quán)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)用戶(hù)進(jìn)行鑒權(quán)，防止非法用戶(hù)占用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源;網(wǎng)絡(luò)鑒權(quán)，用戶(hù)對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行鑒權(quán)，防止用戶(hù)接入了非法的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，被騙取關(guān)鍵信息。

交易保證金：防止交易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，要求交易參與方在指定賬戶(hù)存放并凍結(jié)的資金。

交易批次號(hào)：POS從簽到起至結(jié)算、簽退為止的交易為宜批次，交易批次號(hào)標(biāo)識(shí)一批交易。

結(jié)算：指把某一時(shí)期內(nèi)的所有收支情況進(jìn)行總結(jié)、核算。

結(jié)算周期：指每次貨款計(jì)算涵蓋的交易時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。由于實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中存在大量頻繁的交易，如有些企業(yè)實(shí)行JIT生產(chǎn)，每天都要交很多次貨，如果每次到貨都要結(jié)算、開(kāi)票、付款，增加交易雙方的成本，因此通常情況下會(huì)約定一個(gè)結(jié)算周期。

解密 ：對(duì)應(yīng)加密過(guò)程的逆操作。

借貸分離：所謂借貸分離，簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，就是持卡人在消費(fèi)時(shí)，刷“信用卡”與刷“借記卡”，商戶(hù)需要繳納不同的手續(xù)費(fèi)。

借記卡：是指先存款后消費(fèi)(或取現(xiàn))沒(méi)有透支功能的銀行卡。按其功能的不同，可分為轉(zhuǎn)賬卡(含儲(chǔ)蓄卡)、專(zhuān)用卡及儲(chǔ)值卡。借記卡是一種具有轉(zhuǎn)賬結(jié)算、存取現(xiàn)金、購(gòu)物消費(fèi)等功能的信用工具。借記卡不能透支。轉(zhuǎn)賬卡具有轉(zhuǎn)賬、存取現(xiàn)金和消費(fèi)功能。

借記卡快捷：只需將第三方支付賬戶(hù)關(guān)聯(lián)您的儲(chǔ)蓄卡或者信用卡，每次付款時(shí)只需輸入第三方支付賬戶(hù)的支付密碼即可完成付款。

借記卡一鍵支付: 是指用戶(hù)把在商戶(hù)網(wǎng)站注冊(cè)的賬號(hào)和借記卡賬戶(hù)進(jìn)行綁定，在商戶(hù)網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行消費(fèi)時(shí)，通過(guò)主動(dòng)發(fā)起扣款的方式，借助支付寶賬戶(hù)余額、卡通、快捷支付資金渠道，僅需手機(jī)短信確認(rèn)即可完成服務(wù)購(gòu)買(mǎi)的一種支付方式，流程相似于游戲內(nèi)支付的代扣。

近場(chǎng)支付：指消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品或服務(wù)時(shí)，即時(shí)通過(guò)手機(jī)向商家進(jìn)行支付，支付的處理在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行，使用手機(jī)射頻(NFC)、紅外、藍(lán)牙等通道，實(shí)現(xiàn)與自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)以及POS機(jī)的本地通訊。NFC(Near Field Communication)近距離無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊是目前近場(chǎng)支付的主流技術(shù)，它是一種短距離的高頻無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊技術(shù)，允許電子設(shè)備之間進(jìn)行非接觸式點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸交換數(shù)據(jù)。該技術(shù)由RFID射頻識(shí)別演變而來(lái)，并兼容RFID技術(shù)，其最早由飛利浦、諾基亞、索尼主推，主要用于手機(jī)等手持設(shè)備中。

拒付：付款方通過(guò)信用類(lèi)支付方式付款給收款方后，由于某種原因拒絕支付貨款的行為(如黑卡、盜卡、惡意支付等)。

抗抵賴(lài)性：防止電子支付交易中涉及到的實(shí)體，不承認(rèn)全部或部分交易內(nèi)容的一種機(jī)制。

快捷支付：指用戶(hù)購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品時(shí)，不需開(kāi)通網(wǎng)銀，只需提供銀行卡卡號(hào)、戶(hù)名、手機(jī)號(hào)碼等信息，銀行驗(yàn)證手機(jī)號(hào)碼正確性后，第三方支付發(fā)送手機(jī)動(dòng)態(tài)口令到用戶(hù)手機(jī)號(hào)上，用戶(hù)輸入正確的手機(jī)動(dòng)態(tài)口令，即可完成支付。

聯(lián)機(jī)交易：指銀行工作日，非工作日期間柜臺(tái)單筆的，以及由自助設(shè)備發(fā)起和各種渠道接入的需要及時(shí)響應(yīng)的交易。比如柜臺(tái)存取款，貸款，ATM取款，大小額等渠道的交易。一般情況下，聯(lián)機(jī)交易的輸出是各種傳票、回單等等。聯(lián)機(jī)交易的參與需要主機(jī)，前置，自助設(shè)備，渠道等等。

密文 ：加密運(yùn)算的結(jié)果。

密鑰加密密鑰：POS終端工作時(shí)對(duì)工作密鑰進(jìn)行加密的密鑰，由銀行人員設(shè)置并保持在系統(tǒng)硬件中，只能使用，不能讀取，該密鑰必須與加密算法放在同一加密芯片里。

明文：未被加密的信息。

明細(xì)賬：按明細(xì)分類(lèi)賬戶(hù)登記的賬簿叫做明細(xì)分類(lèi)賬，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“明細(xì)賬”。明細(xì)賬也稱(chēng)明細(xì)分類(lèi)賬，是根據(jù)總賬科目所屬的明細(xì)科目設(shè)置的，用于分類(lèi)登記某一類(lèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)事項(xiàng)，提供有關(guān)明細(xì)核算資料。

內(nèi)扣: 是指在發(fā)生一筆交易時(shí)，所繳納的手續(xù)費(fèi)從這筆金額內(nèi)扣除，區(qū)別于外收。

清分：是清算的數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備階段, 主要是將當(dāng)日的全部網(wǎng)絡(luò)交易數(shù)據(jù)按照各成員行之間本代他、他代本、貸記、借記、筆數(shù)、金額、軋差凈額等進(jìn)行匯總、整理、分類(lèi)。是指對(duì)交易記錄匯總分類(lèi)并計(jì)算出相互結(jié)算金額的過(guò)程。

區(qū)塊鏈：是比特幣的一個(gè)重要概念，本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)去中心化的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，同時(shí)作為比特幣的底層技術(shù)。區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)且淮褂妹艽a學(xué)方法相關(guān)聯(lián)產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)塊，每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)塊中包含了一次比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)交易的信息，用于驗(yàn)證其信息的有效性(防偽)和生成下一個(gè)區(qū)塊。

認(rèn)證支付：是由連連支付為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融行業(yè)打造的一款支持實(shí)名認(rèn)證的新型支付產(chǎn)品。相比以往的網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付方式，認(rèn)證支付能夠確?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)金融行業(yè)的高安全要求，實(shí)現(xiàn)了投資人與持卡人的身份的識(shí)別，確保了交易安全。

實(shí)時(shí)打款:指在交易過(guò)程中將款項(xiàng)交付給交易對(duì)方。

實(shí)時(shí)清分結(jié)算：清分是清算的數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備階段, 主要是將當(dāng)日的全部網(wǎng)絡(luò)交易數(shù)據(jù)按照各成員行之間本代他、他代本、貸記、借記、筆數(shù)、金額、軋差凈額等進(jìn)行匯總、整理、分類(lèi)。結(jié)算時(shí)指指把某一時(shí)期內(nèi)的所有收支情況進(jìn)行總結(jié)、核算。

收單代理：具有資質(zhì)的第三方支付機(jī)構(gòu)通過(guò)渠道代理方式拓展商戶(hù)。通俗的講，就是通過(guò)與代理商簽約，將POS機(jī)使用的商戶(hù)拓展、資格審查等權(quán)力下放。

收單非焦點(diǎn)業(yè)務(wù)：收單非焦點(diǎn)業(yè)務(wù)包羅但不限于商戶(hù)拓展與辦事、終端布放與維護(hù)及生意業(yè)務(wù)接入等。

收單機(jī)構(gòu)：與商戶(hù)簽有協(xié)議或?yàn)槌挚ㄈ颂峁┓?wù)，直接或間接憑交易單據(jù)(包括電子單據(jù)或紙質(zhì)單據(jù))參加交換的清算會(huì)員單位。

收單行：指跨行交易中兌付現(xiàn)金或與商戶(hù)簽約進(jìn)行跨行交易資金結(jié)算，并且直接或間接地使交易達(dá)成轉(zhuǎn)接的銀行。

收款方：在支付交易中接收資金的一方。

數(shù)字電視支付：就是在家中用遙控器操作電視機(jī)上的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)行銀行卡支付。比如繳納水電煤等公用事業(yè)費(fèi)用或者對(duì)電視購(gòu)物進(jìn)行支付，甚至可以進(jìn)行影視點(diǎn)播業(yè)務(wù)。

數(shù)字簽名：對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的一種非對(duì)稱(chēng)加密變換。該變換可以使數(shù)據(jù)接收方確認(rèn)數(shù)據(jù)的來(lái)源和完整性，保護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送方發(fā)出和接收方收到的數(shù)據(jù)不被第三方篡改，也保護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送方發(fā)出的數(shù)據(jù)不被接收方篡改。

數(shù)字證書(shū)：數(shù)字證書(shū)是一段經(jīng)證書(shū)認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)(CA)數(shù)字簽名的包含用戶(hù)身份信息、用戶(hù)公鑰信息以及身份驗(yàn)證機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)字簽名的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)字證書(shū)是各類(lèi)終端實(shí)體和最終用戶(hù)進(jìn)行信息交流及商務(wù)活動(dòng)的身份證明。

雙重身份認(rèn)證：基本身份認(rèn)證和附加身份認(rèn)證的組合。

套現(xiàn)：套取現(xiàn)金的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)，一般是指用違法或虛假的手段交換取得現(xiàn)金利益。多用于信用卡套現(xiàn)、公積金套現(xiàn)、證券套現(xiàn)等。

特約商戶(hù)：是指與收單機(jī)構(gòu)簽訂銀行卡受理協(xié)議、按約定受理銀行卡并委托收單機(jī)構(gòu)為其完成交易資金結(jié)算的企事業(yè)單位、個(gè)體工商戶(hù)或其他組織，以及按照國(guó)家工商行政管理機(jī)關(guān)有關(guān)規(guī)定，開(kāi)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)商品交易等經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的自然人。

同卡進(jìn)出：為保障用戶(hù)資金安全，使用快捷支付的用戶(hù)需遵循同卡進(jìn)出的規(guī)則。同卡進(jìn)出是指使用快捷支付的用戶(hù)，充值的本金提現(xiàn)時(shí)將返回到原卡。

退貨：指商戶(hù)應(yīng)持卡人要求或主動(dòng)將商品收回或服務(wù)取消，通過(guò)聯(lián)機(jī)POS 終端等受理機(jī)具或者手工方式，將已扣款項(xiàng)通過(guò)收單銀行退還給持卡人原扣款的過(guò)程。

退款：針對(duì)原交易進(jìn)行的，將全部或部分支付款項(xiàng)退回到付款方賬戶(hù)的操作。

脫機(jī)交易：使用閃付/Quick Pass支付時(shí)可以脫機(jī)交易，脫機(jī)交易指的是扣取電子現(xiàn)金賬戶(hù)/UP Cash的余額，不驗(yàn)證密碼也不需要簽名。

外部評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)：是指由中國(guó)銀聯(lián)業(yè)務(wù)辦理委員會(huì)授權(quán)同意，為收單第三方機(jī)構(gòu)提供體系寧?kù)o狀態(tài)及技能支持本領(lǐng)、賬戶(hù)信息寧?kù)o等方面認(rèn)證評(píng)估辦事的專(zhuān)業(yè)化機(jī)構(gòu)。

外卡DCC收單：動(dòng)態(tài)貨幣轉(zhuǎn)換(DCC：Dynamic Currency Conversion)其主要功能是收單行在受理外卡收單消費(fèi)業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)，持卡人可以選用外卡賬戶(hù)的幣種(非人民幣)進(jìn)行結(jié)算。與傳統(tǒng)外卡收單業(yè)務(wù)相比，它不但兼容前者。而且更具有匯率調(diào)節(jié)等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

外收:是指在發(fā)生一筆交易時(shí)，所繳納的手續(xù)費(fèi)從這筆金額外收取，區(qū)別于內(nèi)扣。

完整性：保證數(shù)據(jù)沒(méi)有遭受以非授權(quán)方式篡改或破壞的一種機(jī)制。

網(wǎng)關(guān)支付: 是銀行金融網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)和Internet網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間的接口，是由銀行操作的將Internet上傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為金融機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)的一組服務(wù)器設(shè)備，或由指派的第三方處理商家支付信息和顧客的支付指令。

網(wǎng)上支付：通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)送支付指令的方式。

危害違規(guī)舉動(dòng)：指套現(xiàn)、虛偽申請(qǐng)、側(cè)錄、泄漏賬戶(hù)及生意業(yè)務(wù)信息、洗單、惡意倒閉、虛偽生意業(yè)務(wù)、偽冒生意業(yè)務(wù)凌駕肯定比例、名義謀劃范疇與現(xiàn)實(shí)謀劃內(nèi)容不符、已被其他銀行卡構(gòu)造認(rèn)定為“高危害商戶(hù)”、其他危害緣故原由;

未達(dá)帳(項(xiàng))：是指由于企業(yè)與銀行取得憑證的實(shí)際時(shí)間不同，導(dǎo)致記賬時(shí)間不一致，而發(fā)生的一方已取得結(jié)算憑證且已登記入賬，而另一方未取得結(jié)算憑證尚未入賬的款項(xiàng);不包括遺失結(jié)算憑證、發(fā)現(xiàn)的待補(bǔ)結(jié)算憑證。企業(yè)銀行存款帳余額應(yīng)以銀行對(duì)賬單上的余額為準(zhǔn)。

無(wú)卡支付：是指消費(fèi)者只需要提交信用卡卡號(hào)和有效期等信息，不用刷卡，無(wú)需當(dāng)面交易，即可完成付款的產(chǎn)品。

下單：將電子支付訂單發(fā)送給支付服務(wù)提供方處理的操作。

消費(fèi)：指持卡人在特約商戶(hù)購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品或服務(wù)時(shí)，通過(guò)POS聯(lián)機(jī)付款的交易類(lèi)型。

消費(fèi)撤銷(xiāo)：指商戶(hù)由于各種原因?qū)σ呀?jīng)通過(guò)聯(lián)機(jī)POS終端等受理機(jī)具或者手工方式完成的成功交易，于當(dāng)日當(dāng)批主動(dòng)發(fā)起取消的過(guò)程。

小額免密支付：在發(fā)生第三方支付交易時(shí)，如果交易額度不大(一般是低于1000元)，可以直接支付而不用輸入密碼。

信用卡拒付：指的是持卡人在支付后一定期限內(nèi)(一般為180天，某些支付機(jī)構(gòu)可能規(guī)定更長(zhǎng)的期限)，可以向銀行申請(qǐng)拒付賬單上的某筆交易。

信用卡快捷：快捷支付只要綁定信用卡開(kāi)通快捷支付后，買(mǎi)東西只需要輸入支付寶的支付密碼就可以了。

信用卡偽卡：是指不是信用卡本人所使用的信用卡而是不法份子通過(guò)其技術(shù)手段復(fù)制出原卡信息進(jìn)行違法刷卡套現(xiàn)的卡

壓卡：所謂“壓卡”其實(shí)應(yīng)該叫“離線(xiàn)交易”，就是把卡號(hào)印在購(gòu)物單上。簽購(gòu)時(shí)有專(zhuān)門(mén)的壓卡機(jī)器，將卡號(hào)拓印到無(wú)碳復(fù)寫(xiě)、一式三聯(lián)或四聯(lián)五聯(lián)的簽購(gòu)單上，內(nèi)容包括商戶(hù)留存、持卡人存根聯(lián)、銀行存根、收單行存根等。持卡人在相應(yīng)位置簽名，然后商戶(hù)根據(jù)金額向銀行索要授權(quán)或者查止付(查卡是否有效)，然后在金額欄手工填寫(xiě)金額。之后，商戶(hù)將卡單銀行聯(lián)送到銀行，銀行撥款給商戶(hù)。銀行將壓卡單據(jù)稱(chēng)為“直接簽購(gòu)單”。

移動(dòng)POS機(jī)：移動(dòng)pos機(jī)，又叫移動(dòng)的銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)、手持POS機(jī)、無(wú)線(xiàn)POS機(jī)、批處理POS機(jī)，應(yīng)用各個(gè)行業(yè)的移動(dòng)銷(xiāo)售。移動(dòng)POS機(jī)是一種RF-SIM卡終端閱讀器。閱讀器終端機(jī)通過(guò)CDMA;GPRS;TCP/IP等方式與數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)器連接。

異常交易：是指商戶(hù)在使用乙方支付服務(wù)過(guò)程中發(fā)生的退單、持卡人拒付、發(fā)卡機(jī)構(gòu)拒付資金、偽卡、盜卡、非持卡人授權(quán)交易、無(wú)真實(shí)交易背景或與真實(shí)交易背景不相符等交易行為以及發(fā)生的洗錢(qián)、套現(xiàn)、惡意欺詐、涉黃、涉賭等涉嫌違法違規(guī)行為。

銀行呼叫中心支付：通過(guò)電話(huà)線(xiàn)路接入銀行呼叫中心，以自動(dòng)應(yīng)答或人工響應(yīng)完成支付的方式。

銀行賬戶(hù)支付: 通過(guò)銀行賬號(hào)與手機(jī)號(hào)碼之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，持有銀行活期儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶(hù)(含卡、折)或信用卡賬戶(hù)的客戶(hù)，無(wú)需開(kāi)通網(wǎng)上銀行，直接輸入“銀行賬號(hào)+手機(jī)短信驗(yàn)證碼”，即可進(jìn)行網(wǎng)上小額支付。

預(yù)授權(quán)：預(yù)授權(quán)指特約商戶(hù)通過(guò)POS或其他方式，就持卡人預(yù)計(jì)支付金額向發(fā)卡行索取付款承諾的過(guò)程。

預(yù)授權(quán)撤銷(xiāo)：預(yù)授權(quán)撤銷(xiāo)指特約商戶(hù)由于各種原因通過(guò)POS或其他方式通知發(fā)卡行取消付款承諾的過(guò)程。

預(yù)授權(quán)完成：預(yù)授權(quán)完成指持卡人對(duì)已取得預(yù)授權(quán)的交易，在預(yù)授權(quán)金額或超出預(yù)授權(quán)金額一定比例的范圍內(nèi)，做支付結(jié)算。

預(yù)授權(quán)完成撤銷(xiāo)：預(yù)授權(quán)完成撤銷(xiāo)指特約商戶(hù)由于各種的原因?qū)Τ挚ㄈ艘呀?jīng)完成的預(yù)授權(quán)完成交易，主動(dòng)發(fā)起的預(yù)授權(quán)完成交易的取消。

遠(yuǎn)程支付：通過(guò)發(fā)送支付指令(如網(wǎng)銀、電話(huà)銀行、手機(jī)支付等)或借助支付工具(如通過(guò)郵寄、匯款)進(jìn)行的支付方式。對(duì)照現(xiàn)場(chǎng)支付。

軋差：是指利用抵消、合同更新等法律制度，最終取得一方對(duì)另一方的一個(gè)數(shù)額的凈債權(quán)或凈債務(wù)，如市場(chǎng)交易者之間，可能互有內(nèi)容相同，方向相反的多筆交易，在結(jié)算或結(jié)束交易時(shí)，可以將各方債權(quán)在相等數(shù)額內(nèi)抵消，僅支付余額。

賬務(wù)處理: 指從審核原始憑證、編制記賬憑證開(kāi)始，通過(guò)記賬、對(duì)賬、結(jié)賬等一系列會(huì)計(jì)處理，到編制出會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的過(guò)程。

支付服務(wù)方：在支付交易中提供資金收、付服務(wù)的銀行和專(zhuān)業(yè)化支付服務(wù)提供方。

支付工具：資金轉(zhuǎn)移的載體。

支付網(wǎng)關(guān) ：支付服務(wù)提供方用于處理支付指令的系統(tǒng)。

直連POS：指POS終端直接與銀聯(lián)系統(tǒng)相連接，當(dāng)發(fā)生POS消費(fèi)時(shí)，此交易信息先送至銀聯(lián)主機(jī)系統(tǒng)，由銀聯(lián)系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)判斷后直接送相關(guān)的發(fā)卡銀行，然后信息再沿路返回。

智能POS：一個(gè)基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的商戶(hù)智能終端,一個(gè)幫商戶(hù)實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)化,大數(shù)據(jù)化經(jīng)營(yíng)的全新POS。擁有融合收款、卡券營(yíng)銷(xiāo)、微商城、消息管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析等多項(xiàng)功能。

中國(guó)銀聯(lián)：是指中國(guó)的銀行卡聯(lián)合組織，通過(guò)銀聯(lián)跨行交易清算系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)銀行系統(tǒng)間的互聯(lián)互通和資源共享，保證銀行卡跨行、跨地區(qū)和跨境的使用。銀聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)遍布中國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)，并已延伸至亞洲、歐洲、美洲、大洋洲、非洲等境外170個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。

專(zhuān)業(yè)化支付服務(wù)提供方：獨(dú)立于交易雙方和銀行，為交易過(guò)程中的付款方和收款方提供電子支付服務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu)。

專(zhuān)用支付賬戶(hù)：銀行為客戶(hù)提供的實(shí)現(xiàn)交易資金的收付和暫存管理的支付賬戶(hù)。

準(zhǔn)貸記卡：指銀行發(fā)行的，持卡人按要求交存一定金額的備用金，當(dāng)備用金賬戶(hù)余額不足支付時(shí)，可在規(guī)定的信用額度內(nèi)透支的準(zhǔn)貸記卡。

資金歸集：是指將集團(tuán)公司中所有下屬公司指定賬戶(hù)上的資金歸集到總公司指定的賬戶(hù)的服務(wù)，也稱(chēng)資金清掃。

總賬：也稱(chēng)總分類(lèi)賬。是根據(jù)總分類(lèi)科目開(kāi)設(shè)賬戶(hù)，用來(lái)登記全部經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)，進(jìn)行總分類(lèi)核算，提供總括核算資料的分類(lèi)賬簿。總分類(lèi)賬所提供的核算資料，是編制會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的主要依據(jù)，任何單位都必須設(shè)置總分類(lèi)賬。

第五篇：教師面試高分寶典：教師招聘面試心得集錦

教師招聘面試成功與否，歸根結(jié)底還是取決于一個(gè)人是否具備成為優(yōu)秀教師的綜合素質(zhì)。教師公開(kāi)招 聘考試面試測(cè)查的重點(diǎn)是應(yīng)試者的授課水平和能力，包括考查應(yīng)試者是否具備教師的基本素質(zhì)以及應(yīng)試者的形象、氣質(zhì)是否符合教師的基本要求。雖然各種教師招聘面試的類(lèi)型風(fēng) 格有所不同，但考查的內(nèi)容都大體一致。下面我們把歷屆應(yīng)試者和個(gè)別考官在經(jīng)歷教師招聘面試后總結(jié)的一些體會(huì)與心得呈現(xiàn)給大家。

一、教師招聘面試評(píng)委心得

在教師公開(kāi)招聘面試過(guò)程中最大的一點(diǎn)感受就是教師的能力有高低，原有的每一份努力與準(zhǔn)備在面試過(guò)程中都會(huì)發(fā)揮它應(yīng)有的能量。通過(guò)參加本次招聘面試，我總結(jié)出以下啟示：

啟示之一：必須有謙虛的品格。其實(shí)，能夠來(lái)參加面試的應(yīng)試者，絕大多數(shù)都很優(yōu)秀，所以自信心都很強(qiáng)，都有一種唯我獨(dú)尊、舍我其 誰(shuí)的自信心。如果能擺正心態(tài)、認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備、謙虛面試，那么實(shí)力加上良好的表現(xiàn)，錄取的可能性就會(huì)大增。在面試的時(shí)候，由于心理學(xué)上的第一印象效應(yīng)，個(gè)別的應(yīng)試者可能已經(jīng) 遭到淘汰了。你可能是很優(yōu)秀的，你也可能是很有希望被錄取的，但如果給人一種目空一切、誰(shuí)都不在你眼里的獨(dú)大心態(tài)，那你前面的努力可能都已經(jīng)白費(fèi)了。因?yàn)樽鳛閷W(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，肯定要從學(xué)校持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度出發(fā)來(lái)考慮教師選配的，誰(shuí)都不愿意招一個(gè)想在學(xué)校里面特立獨(dú)行、另立山頭的“害群之馬”。謙虛是應(yīng)試者在想進(jìn)入所要去的單位之前就必須抱 有的心態(tài)，并需要其在面試時(shí)用行動(dòng)表示出來(lái)。

啟示之二：必須有細(xì)致的作風(fēng)。面試前必須細(xì)讀招聘簡(jiǎn)章和招聘方案，把要求和需要準(zhǔn)備的材料及復(fù)印件準(zhǔn)備 好。在本次招聘過(guò)程中，有個(gè)別應(yīng)試者由于提供的材料不全，又沒(méi)及時(shí)補(bǔ)足材料，所以沒(méi)有通過(guò)第一關(guān)的審核。等到錄取名單公布后他才后悔地告訴我們，其實(shí)還有材料沒(méi)來(lái)得及 在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)上交，而錯(cuò)過(guò)了面試的機(jī)會(huì)。所以，細(xì)致地準(zhǔn)備、精心地參與、認(rèn)真地對(duì)待每一個(gè)小的步驟，是獲得成功不可或缺的一步。

啟示之三：必須有精 心的準(zhǔn)備。面試前，我們把面試所用的教材、面試的時(shí)間、10分鐘的說(shuō)課、3分鐘評(píng)委提問(wèn)都已告知。知道進(jìn)入面試程序了，就要認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備，盡管不知道是哪一個(gè)內(nèi)容，但適當(dāng)?shù)臏?zhǔn) 備還是必要的。例如可以了解一下說(shuō)課的程序，同時(shí)選一內(nèi)容，大致地說(shuō)一下過(guò)程，合理安排時(shí)間進(jìn)程。好多應(yīng)試者，連說(shuō)課的幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都沒(méi)有，直接把教學(xué)內(nèi)容和盤(pán)托出；還有 相當(dāng)多的人，只是說(shuō)了大體的框架，只說(shuō)自己準(zhǔn)備用什么方法、用什么理念來(lái)教學(xué)這節(jié)課，這樣太簡(jiǎn)單而且空虛。作為評(píng)委想聽(tīng)的應(yīng)該是你對(duì)這節(jié)課的獨(dú)到理解，并如何借助說(shuō)課，把教學(xué)意圖在教學(xué)過(guò)程中充分展示出來(lái)。也有的應(yīng)試者對(duì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容所處的地位等說(shuō)得太多，用了五六分鐘，真的留給課堂教學(xué)過(guò)程預(yù)設(shè)的時(shí)間只有三四分鐘，根本講不完，肯定 影響成績(jī)。有一位教師心情很迫切，時(shí)間到時(shí)評(píng)委喊停，她感覺(jué)自己沒(méi)有說(shuō)完、沒(méi)有充分展示自己的設(shè)計(jì)，所以要求繼續(xù)說(shuō)下去，一說(shuō)就多說(shuō)了十多分鐘。心情能夠理解，但一般 而言，評(píng)委打分在前五分鐘實(shí)際上已經(jīng)有分?jǐn)?shù)出來(lái)了，因此多說(shuō)只能是在原有的分?jǐn)?shù)上再往下減分。另外極大部分的教師，沒(méi)有板書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)，這十分可惜。個(gè)別的說(shuō)課中甚至出現(xiàn)了 科學(xué)性錯(cuò)誤，這也不應(yīng)該。

啟示之四：必須有良好的臺(tái)風(fēng)。說(shuō)課時(shí)，臺(tái)風(fēng)很重要，所謂行家一出手，便知有沒(méi)有。一口響亮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的普通話(huà)，不緊不慢地?cái)⒄f(shuō)，對(duì)教材有獨(dú)到而不偏頗的理解，都能讓評(píng)委打出高分。比如，在說(shuō)人教版五年級(jí)觀察位置內(nèi)容時(shí)，大部分的教師把難點(diǎn)定為在不同的方向能正確地描述出物體的位置關(guān)系。有兩位 教師有自己的理解：其一，認(rèn)為通過(guò)自己教學(xué)過(guò)程中的體會(huì)，學(xué)生看物體時(shí)往往看到的是三個(gè)面、兩個(gè)面，而不是一個(gè)面，所以難點(diǎn)定位為：通過(guò)對(duì)大物體，如大的建筑物的一個(gè) 面的觀察，從垂直方向體會(huì)看到一個(gè)面，并能運(yùn)用到對(duì)小的物體的觀察中去。因此，該應(yīng)試者絕大部分的時(shí)間都花在對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的處理上。理解是獨(dú)到了，但不符合生活的實(shí)際及 課程的要求。而另一位教師，把難點(diǎn)定位成：觀察圓柱體平面圖的表示。這樣比較具體，而富有操作性。整個(gè)的說(shuō)課過(guò)程，也顯示出兩人教學(xué)功力差距甚遠(yuǎn)。個(gè)別教師，說(shuō)課時(shí)用 本地方言，經(jīng)評(píng)委提示后如夢(mèng)方醒；個(gè)別教師聲音細(xì)小，明顯缺少底氣和自信；個(gè)別教師準(zhǔn)備不足，邊翻書(shū)、邊舉例、邊說(shuō)課，幾分鐘時(shí)間糾纏于一個(gè)問(wèn)題，且婆婆媽媽?zhuān)罱K沒(méi) 有圓滿(mǎn)解決問(wèn)題；個(gè)別教師可能十分緊張，抖腳、目光呆滯、不斷重復(fù)、板書(shū)字跡如天書(shū)一般，等等，都不能得到好的分?jǐn)?shù)。

很多學(xué)生總來(lái)問(wèn)我怎么準(zhǔn)備面試，我認(rèn)為重中之重是要換位思考，站在考官的角度稍稍想想就知道面試的本質(zhì)只不過(guò)是考官充分了解應(yīng)試者的過(guò)程，考官提問(wèn)題的目的不是為難應(yīng)試者，而是想更多地了解應(yīng)試者，應(yīng)試者不用太多思考問(wèn)題的本身，并且不能孤立地看待這些問(wèn)題，而要想到這些回答全部指向一個(gè)目的－－最大限度地展現(xiàn)自身的水平。所謂知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆。面試之前，你一定要廣泛收集各方面的資料與信息。有了充分的資料準(zhǔn)備，即便“臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮”也會(huì)是相當(dāng)精彩和出色的。

二、教育技術(shù)專(zhuān)業(yè)應(yīng)試者面試心得

為了讓理想變成現(xiàn)實(shí)，面試前，我做足了功課。當(dāng)然努力是有回報(bào)的，我的準(zhǔn)備讓我在復(fù)試中有了出色的發(fā)揮，并最終超越了前面的人，以總分第二名的成績(jī)簽到了這份工 作。在這里和諸位還在為教師招聘考試奔波的朋友們分享一下我的面試心得，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

1．熟悉教材。一般面試前都會(huì)公布試講或者說(shuō)課的內(nèi)容，這時(shí)候，準(zhǔn)備一本指定的教材是必須的，而不是只從網(wǎng)上下載單獨(dú)一課的內(nèi)容。因?yàn)槟阒挥辛私庹窘滩牡慕Y(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于這本教材的風(fēng)格、所講內(nèi)容在全書(shū)的地位才能夠有一個(gè)比 較準(zhǔn)確的把握。我當(dāng)時(shí)為了買(mǎi)到指定的教材跑了大半個(gè)濟(jì)南市，但事后證明這絕對(duì)是值得的。

2．準(zhǔn)備好一些常用的教育理論。說(shuō)課時(shí)要說(shuō)一些教學(xué)方法的教 育理論依據(jù)，所以一些比較流行的方法比如任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法、探究式教學(xué)法等，要提前背過(guò)相關(guān)的理論。我用的是任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法，這是建構(gòu)主義理論中的一種方法，所以關(guān)于什么是建構(gòu) 主義，任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法的具體應(yīng)用步驟、注意事項(xiàng)、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)等等我都背過(guò)，以備不時(shí)之需。

3．寫(xiě)一個(gè)寬泛的教案。這是針對(duì)我自身的情況而講的。我的語(yǔ)言表達(dá) 能力算是比較強(qiáng)，所以提示幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的關(guān)鍵詞我就能順暢地講下去。如果你對(duì)自己沒(méi)自信，那就不要偷懶，逐字逐句寫(xiě)好教案稿吧。辛苦一點(diǎn)，對(duì)試講是有幫助的。

4．得體的儀表。儀表對(duì)于教師這個(gè)職業(yè)是很重要的，面試時(shí)這一部分占了很大的分?jǐn)?shù)。首先，你要準(zhǔn)備一套得體的衣服。不一定是套裝，因?yàn)榇蠹叶际菍W(xué)生，穿上西裝不 一定好看。干凈、簡(jiǎn)潔的設(shè)計(jì)很適合面試。我當(dāng)時(shí)選了一件白色的小西裝外套，搭了一條直筒褲，因?yàn)槲冶容^矮，所以鞋子選得比較高。其次，女士要化淡妝。不化妝和濃妝艷抹 都是忌諱的，適當(dāng)?shù)恼阼?、?huà)唇彩、眼線(xiàn)能讓你看起來(lái)更加精神。另外，隱形眼鏡也能為近視的你加分不少。相比之下，有一些人面試的時(shí)候灰頭土臉的，怎么會(huì)贏得評(píng)委的好感 呢？

5．言談舉止要有自信。說(shuō)話(huà)的聲音要洪亮，音調(diào)適當(dāng)壓低一些，這樣顯得比較有自信。講課時(shí)手勢(shì)不要太多，注意克服一些小動(dòng)作和口頭語(yǔ)。例如我平時(shí)想不起詞時(shí)喜歡說(shuō)“然后呢”，這次就特別注意克服。

6．最后說(shuō)一下我這次面試的必勝法寶－－交互式說(shuō)課法。教師面試分為說(shuō)課和講課兩種，二者的區(qū) 別是：講課是課堂的復(fù)現(xiàn)，講給學(xué)生聽(tīng)；說(shuō)課是說(shuō)一節(jié)課該怎么講，講給老師聽(tīng)。有很多人把說(shuō)課說(shuō)得很枯燥，沒(méi)有新意。而我說(shuō)課的時(shí)候，在教學(xué)過(guò)程這一環(huán)節(jié)，我的語(yǔ)言繪聲 繪色，就像在課堂上跟學(xué)生對(duì)話(huà)一樣（雖然是自問(wèn)自答），既說(shuō)教師，也說(shuō)學(xué)生。自己創(chuàng)造一個(gè)情境，自己要充分融入其中。所以我的說(shuō)課很生動(dòng)，自然贏得了高分。記住，這是 目前流行的一種模式，大家要多加練習(xí)。

就是這樣充分的準(zhǔn)備，讓我有了精彩的發(fā)揮。沒(méi)有托關(guān)系、找熟人，我完全憑借自己的能力，得到了一份穩(wěn)定的教師 工作。

三、語(yǔ)文專(zhuān)業(yè)應(yīng)試者面試心得

不論是考上還是沒(méi)考上的，希望大家都調(diào)整好心態(tài)，沒(méi)有考上并不能說(shuō)自己失敗了，只是自己還有 差距，要更加努力，不能在一次失敗面前氣餒，一定要把握好每次機(jī)會(huì)，相信和我一起在教師招聘之路上前行的人都能夠獲得成功！前三次考試我均以失敗告終，得到的教訓(xùn)就是 毛主席說(shuō)的那句話(huà)“抓而不緊等于不抓”。面試答辯每個(gè)應(yīng)試者有8分鐘的時(shí)間，都是同樣的三道題。我覺(jué)得面試答辯最重要的是聲音一定要大，跟考官要有目光交流，語(yǔ)速要慢，坐直，微笑，這樣會(huì)顯得很自信，即使心里不是很有底！最想給所有的應(yīng)試者們說(shuō)：好好準(zhǔn)備，就會(huì)有好結(jié)果！背不下去的時(shí)候，咬咬牙就過(guò)去了！現(xiàn)在主要說(shuō)一下試講的注意 事項(xiàng)：

首先，叫到你的時(shí)候會(huì)給你20分鐘準(zhǔn)備課文時(shí)間，進(jìn)去一個(gè)屋子而且只能拿新的教材，那個(gè)教室有老師拿著表看著時(shí)間。20分鐘的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間我感覺(jué)需 要做的事情是：

1．先讀兩遍課文做到心中有數(shù)。

2．花10分鐘構(gòu)建一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)框架，也就是從開(kāi)始到結(jié)尾。然后注意每自然段的銜接詞 語(yǔ)要準(zhǔn)備好。

3．在心里默讀兩遍整體框架并感知一下重難點(diǎn)，然后設(shè)計(jì)板書(shū)，板書(shū)不需要多，關(guān)鍵是要有結(jié)構(gòu)，突出重點(diǎn)和層次。

4． 設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)之后一般就已經(jīng)過(guò)去15分鐘了，剩下5分鐘考慮一下答辯題目，把想到的答案要點(diǎn)寫(xiě)到紙上，答辯的時(shí)候可以看一下，關(guān)鍵是言之成理。

試講備課的時(shí) 候可以向工作人員要紙，把自己列的提綱和答辯要點(diǎn)記上去，試講的時(shí)候可以帶著那張紙進(jìn)去。準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間過(guò)后就是試講，大概有10個(gè)以上的評(píng)委，進(jìn)門(mén)之前先深呼吸，平復(fù)心情，然后敲門(mén)進(jìn)入，先向評(píng)委問(wèn)好，說(shuō)自己是幾號(hào)，不能作自我介紹，直接開(kāi)始試講。試講的要求是必須有板書(shū)，下面雖然說(shuō)沒(méi)有學(xué)生，但是你一定要感覺(jué)下面是一屋子的學(xué)生在聽(tīng)你 講課，導(dǎo)入的時(shí)候可以復(fù)習(xí)導(dǎo)入也可采用別的方法導(dǎo)入，導(dǎo)入要有激情。多讓學(xué)生讀課文，用不同的形式讀，多創(chuàng)設(shè)問(wèn)題情境和互動(dòng)，多提問(wèn)，學(xué)生回答完后要評(píng)價(jià)一下，評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ) 最好不要重復(fù)。15分鐘的試講時(shí)間要規(guī)劃好，做到心中有數(shù)。重點(diǎn)把握重難點(diǎn)。講到重難點(diǎn)的時(shí)候板書(shū)。講課的過(guò)程要注意聯(lián)系實(shí)際。調(diào)動(dòng)課堂氣氛，甚至要假裝管理一下課堂秩 序。不要看著天花板或者是地板，要用眼神和評(píng)委交流。課講完了，布置作業(yè)。作業(yè)最好是讓學(xué)生自己動(dòng)手收集或思考問(wèn)題。在講課的過(guò)程中可以下講臺(tái)巡視，緩解心中緊張的情 緒，同時(shí)梳理思路。

在答辯過(guò)程中要注意的是把握重點(diǎn)，最好能總結(jié)出個(gè)三條五條的，顯得比較專(zhuān)業(yè)，然后自圓其說(shuō)，言之成理就行了。答辯完后謝謝評(píng)委，擦黑板，鞠躬，關(guān)門(mén)離開(kāi)。去休息室等候成績(jī)。面試過(guò)程心態(tài)一定要放平，發(fā)揮出自己的水平就好，著裝要簡(jiǎn)單大方，最重要的是要穩(wěn)重些，但是也要突出年輕人的朝氣。

四、化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)應(yīng)試者面試心得

我參加的教師招聘面試分三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，分別是候考、備考、試講和答辯。候考有專(zhuān)門(mén)的監(jiān)考老師，只能帶準(zhǔn)考 證、身份證進(jìn)去，連上廁所都有人跟著。在候考室里抽簽，等待叫號(hào)備考。備考三個(gè)題目抽一個(gè)，上面有試講內(nèi)容，注意事項(xiàng)，課本對(duì)應(yīng)的哪一頁(yè)，還有答辯題目（二選一），時(shí) 間是30分鐘，從你坐下開(kāi)始備課起計(jì)時(shí)。試講10分鐘，答辯3分鐘，試講時(shí)間一到計(jì)時(shí)員會(huì)喊停，然后你就可以開(kāi)始對(duì)所選問(wèn)題進(jìn)行答辯了。

我認(rèn)為面試有幾 個(gè)竅門(mén)：

1．衣著得體，清新淡雅就可以，沒(méi)必要扮成熟。上身淺色，下身略深，既顯得有層次，又不沉悶。女孩子不要帶任何飾品，甚至是手表，不穿高跟 鞋，涼鞋最好不露趾，不化濃妝，不涂指甲油，長(zhǎng)頭發(fā)的最好束起來(lái)，干凈利落。有一年考后報(bào)紙上就登出說(shuō)這些都是扣分點(diǎn)。但是最好化一點(diǎn)淡妝，比如鋪一點(diǎn)粉底，描下眉毛 和眼線(xiàn)，這樣顯得有精神。

2．試講時(shí)，要有條理，思路清晰。我認(rèn)為自己面試有幾個(gè)制勝法寶：普通話(huà)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；導(dǎo)入新穎而且入題快，我常用一句話(huà)提出一個(gè) 問(wèn)題做導(dǎo)入，而問(wèn)題都是與實(shí)際生活相聯(lián)系的；板書(shū)有條有理，配合講解，我本身粉筆字寫(xiě)得也很好；講課過(guò)程中重點(diǎn)突出，我一般配合板書(shū)邊講邊總結(jié)邊重復(fù)；注意和聽(tīng)課的人 的交流，不管是老師還是學(xué)生，注意講解板書(shū)內(nèi)容時(shí)要側(cè)身，不要擋住黑板，同時(shí)用眼神跟他們交流，不要害怕。有人說(shuō)短短幾分鐘怎么能注意這么多細(xì)節(jié)，我覺(jué)得習(xí)慣成自然。從教育實(shí)習(xí)開(kāi)始老師就這樣要求我們了，所以面試的時(shí)候會(huì)注意自覺(jué)。

3．講禮貌是不可少的，答辯完向考官致謝，如果需要，記得擦了黑板再走。

4．課講不完不要緊，本來(lái)知識(shí)就是可以擴(kuò)展的，他們給你的考題一般都是一個(gè)課時(shí)的內(nèi)容。其實(shí)觀察兩三分鐘那些專(zhuān)業(yè)人士就能看出你的能力了。

五、英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)應(yīng)試者面試心得

我是在株洲參加英語(yǔ)說(shuō)課的應(yīng)試者，在請(qǐng)教別人后，把說(shuō)課經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)和大家分享一下，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

1．說(shuō)課稿。當(dāng)時(shí)要求把說(shuō)課稿交一份給考官，有不少人因?yàn)檎f(shuō)課稿不通過(guò)而功敗垂成。說(shuō)課稿在準(zhǔn)備時(shí)最好多參考一下有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師的。主要是看別人說(shuō)課稿的邏輯和編 排方式，怎么樣組織課堂等。不要照抄，大家知道，如果說(shuō)課稿都一樣的話(huà)，會(huì)影響考官們對(duì)你的印象。如果說(shuō)課稿編排得不好，會(huì)被刷下來(lái)的。尤其是英語(yǔ)的 Important and difficult points，Aims to the teaching這樣的標(biāo)語(yǔ)千萬(wàn)不要弄錯(cuò)，最好不要自己翻譯。另外排版要條理清楚緊湊，每部分內(nèi)部可以用特殊符號(hào)來(lái)代替枯燥的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，既醒 目又有條理。

有的地方不讓準(zhǔn)備，那么在面試之前準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)候，要找好一個(gè)課文做一個(gè)完整的說(shuō)課稿，再多拿幾篇套進(jìn)來(lái)試試，這樣現(xiàn)場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)條理才會(huì)清 晰。

2．說(shuō)課。一定要背熟自己的說(shuō)課稿，要背得完全不打梗！這很重要。最好找同學(xué)或朋友旁聽(tīng)試講，可以鍛煉自己的膽子也可以讓人幫忙找找自己的不足，還可以用手機(jī)等錄下來(lái)自己聽(tīng)聽(tīng)。我就是這樣做的。一開(kāi)始自己以為準(zhǔn)備得不錯(cuò)了，錄下來(lái)一聽(tīng)就傻眼了，趕緊再練，直到聽(tīng)著還可以了、比較流暢了。在說(shuō)課時(shí)考官還要看你 的表情、手勢(shì)等，如果你背得比較流暢，在考官那里就容易過(guò)關(guān)了。

說(shuō)課時(shí)板書(shū)不要太多，最好控制在10個(gè)單詞，也就是寫(xiě)寫(xiě)說(shuō)課的題目，自己的姓名，以 及你認(rèn)為在最出彩的或最重要的部分的簡(jiǎn)單標(biāo)題。

說(shuō)課時(shí)聲音要洪亮，最好能配上手勢(shì)。我就是把那份說(shuō)課稿一卷做教桿用，手里有東西比較不緊張。

最好面帶微笑，記不起來(lái)的時(shí)候要微笑，停留最好不超過(guò)5秒，還想不起來(lái)就直接說(shuō)下面自己想得起來(lái)的。沒(méi)有必要完全一字不差地背說(shuō)課稿。我的一個(gè)同學(xué)在 開(kāi)始導(dǎo)入的時(shí)候就是背了段美文，效果還不錯(cuò)。走之前擦黑板，考官不讓擦就算了；如果你進(jìn)去時(shí)黑板有字最好擦一下。

3．回答問(wèn)題。這個(gè)培訓(xùn)老師都講 過(guò)，聽(tīng)不清的不要重復(fù)問(wèn)第3遍。第2遍聽(tīng)不清也要回答。記得我有一問(wèn)題問(wèn)完第二遍還沒(méi)聽(tīng)清，我就回答，我沒(méi)有很理解您的意思，但是我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該是……答完，那個(gè)考官就笑了，顯然答得不對(duì)，但是她對(duì)我的印象還是比較好?；卮饐?wèn)題一定要看著問(wèn)你的考官，掃視其他考官。面帶微笑，一定要記得說(shuō)謝謝。沒(méi)必要每一個(gè)問(wèn)題回答時(shí)都說(shuō)謝謝，但是第一 個(gè)問(wèn)題回答前最好要說(shuō)，最后一個(gè)回答完也要說(shuō)。

關(guān)于教學(xué)教法記住愛(ài)生、敬業(yè)、專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)扎實(shí)，讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮特長(zhǎng)這一點(diǎn)也很重要。教育的關(guān)鍵是教會(huì)學(xué)生 如何學(xué)習(xí)，讓學(xué)生全面發(fā)展?；卮鸬狞c(diǎn)基本都要圍繞這些框框發(fā)揮，而且記住答題最好要分1、2、3……

六、小學(xué)語(yǔ)文專(zhuān)業(yè)應(yīng)試者面試心得

（一）備課和講課時(shí)間都是20分鐘，面試前需要準(zhǔn)備一套正裝和一雙中跟皮鞋，顏色以素凈為主，款式大方。我去面試時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多同學(xué)都是很隨便地穿著牛仔褲和涼鞋就去了，這 在面試教師這一職業(yè)時(shí)是非常吃虧的，穿著正裝是對(duì)于這一職業(yè)的尊重，也容易爭(zhēng)得評(píng)委的高分。備課時(shí)可以和工作人員要草稿紙，因?yàn)樽约旱募埵遣辉试S帶進(jìn)試講室的，你可以 把自己的教案提綱寫(xiě)在草稿紙上，在試講忘詞的時(shí)候可以看一看，自己也可以不那么緊張。以下是幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)：

1．進(jìn)門(mén)和出門(mén)都要鞠躬，向評(píng)委老師問(wèn)好，進(jìn)門(mén)要敲門(mén)，出門(mén)前要把黑板擦了，出門(mén)時(shí)把門(mén)輕輕帶上。這些都是基本禮儀，會(huì)給評(píng)委留個(gè)好印象。

2．由于是試講，沒(méi)有學(xué)生，還要模擬課堂，我們就 要自問(wèn)自答，對(duì)于很多人來(lái)說(shuō)覺(jué)得挺尷尬，但是我要說(shuō)：不要覺(jué)得難為情。你一定要把學(xué)生的回答用某種方式表達(dá)給評(píng)委，然后對(duì)學(xué)生的回答還要評(píng)價(jià)！新課程改革中非常注重“ 評(píng)價(jià)”！評(píng)價(jià)最好不要重復(fù)，所以大家可以去網(wǎng)上搜一些教師評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)，背幾個(gè)，會(huì)有很大的幫助！

3．將微笑從頭堅(jiān)持到尾！因?yàn)閮x態(tài)分?jǐn)?shù)占挺大的比例，要 做一名親切的老師，特別對(duì)于小學(xué)老師來(lái)說(shuō)更重要。聲音要洪亮清脆，作為教師，聲音洪亮清晰是最基本的！

4．在教案中多設(shè)計(jì)朗讀和感悟部分?。ㄖ贿m用 于語(yǔ)文科目）可以輪讀、賽讀、分角色讀等等，新課程中很重視學(xué)生朗讀能力的培養(yǎng)。還可多設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)和討論部分，也就是新課程中所說(shuō)的：合作、探究。．最后一點(diǎn)，我要說(shuō)的就是千萬(wàn)不要在乎評(píng)委老師的態(tài)度！因?yàn)楹芏嘣u(píng)委一個(gè)下午要聽(tīng)4個(gè)小時(shí)的課，真的很累，很多評(píng)委都會(huì)趴著，斜眼看你等等，千萬(wàn)不要因?yàn)樵u(píng)委的態(tài)度而影 響你的情緒和發(fā)揮，就當(dāng)評(píng)委是透明的，自己好好發(fā)揮就行！

七、小學(xué)語(yǔ)文應(yīng)試者面試心得

（二）1．關(guān)于面試，相信很多人已經(jīng)查到許 多帖子都在說(shuō)面試的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我就在這里再多說(shuō)幾句。首先是著裝，應(yīng)該說(shuō)一個(gè)光鮮整潔的門(mén)面能給人留下好的第一印象。這點(diǎn)不能忽略。我面試時(shí)就是穿著白色的連衣裙，因?yàn)榈?一次見(jiàn)面白色能給人留下深刻的印象，所以在面試前一定要先選好一件得體的衣服，才能事半功倍。

2．在得知面試的范圍后，要馬上在網(wǎng)上找到最好的教案，打印整理出來(lái)，根據(jù)說(shuō)課形式和片段教學(xué)在家里模擬訓(xùn)練，剛畢業(yè)的師范生可以先在家里找?guī)讉€(gè)親戚朋友練習(xí)，鍛煉膽量。

3．建議一些師范畢業(yè)生在實(shí)習(xí)期間就要熟悉當(dāng)?shù)匕姹镜男W(xué)或初中的教材，這樣到面試時(shí)才能做到無(wú)論看到哪篇課文都能把握住其重難點(diǎn)。再根據(jù)各個(gè)科目，總結(jié)出一個(gè)說(shuō)課的模板，比如語(yǔ)文的第一課時(shí)，一 般就是要說(shuō)生字詞、詞組意思，課文中心思想，劃分段落。而在說(shuō)課時(shí)比較精彩的往往是第二課時(shí)，所以就看到時(shí)你的臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮了。

4．我們這里是公布面試 內(nèi)容范圍的，因?yàn)槊嬖嚨姆秶窃谠嚽?天左右公布的，而且又是在晚上，我看到的時(shí)候點(diǎn)擊率還不到十個(gè)人，也就是說(shuō)你要時(shí)刻關(guān)注著任何與考試有關(guān)的網(wǎng)站信息?？吹娇荚嚪秶?后我就馬上上網(wǎng)整理教案，第二天打印，然后來(lái)不及全部都看，于是只看第二課時(shí)。大家都知道，一篇課文的兩個(gè)課時(shí)之間都是有聯(lián)系的，建議如果來(lái)不及的話(huà)，大家可以選擇重 點(diǎn)來(lái)記，比如語(yǔ)文，就以第二課時(shí)為主。

5．最關(guān)鍵的一招也是最重要的，要看看網(wǎng)上面試的視頻，很多人，包括之前我面試了很多次，也不知道怎么去說(shuō)課 和片段教學(xué)，學(xué)校老師也沒(méi)教，只有看了真實(shí)面試視頻你才會(huì)恍然大悟，原來(lái)要這么說(shuō)課。

6．要熟背說(shuō)課稿。有個(gè)剛畢業(yè)的師范生在面試時(shí)是拿著教案紙照 念的，這樣做分?jǐn)?shù)肯定不會(huì)高。之所以要面試就是要看你這個(gè)人的精神面貌，在面試時(shí)首先要做到的是鎮(zhèn)定大方，其次就是要很熟練地把課文重難點(diǎn)和教學(xué)片段說(shuō)好，再有就是看 你的細(xì)節(jié)之處，舉止是否文明禮貌。

7．面試時(shí)要把最精彩的一面呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。很多人以為15分鐘很長(zhǎng)，其實(shí)當(dāng)你站到臺(tái)上，看著下面的評(píng)委時(shí)，可能很快你就 會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你還沒(méi)呈現(xiàn)最精彩的片段，時(shí)間就結(jié)束了。我這次面試也是這樣，還沒(méi)說(shuō)到重點(diǎn)，只是導(dǎo)入了一下課題，卻被告知時(shí)間到了，那一瞬間就想哭出來(lái)了。幸好有位評(píng)委告訴我 這樣就可以了，已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)得不錯(cuò)了，我才一臉茫然地走下講臺(tái)，后來(lái)分?jǐn)?shù)出來(lái)才知道考了第一。經(jīng)過(guò)這次面試我覺(jué)得我還可以發(fā)揮得更好，所以建議應(yīng)試者們?cè)诩依镒约壕毩?xí)時(shí)，掐算好時(shí)間，爭(zhēng)取做得更完美。

8．面試的細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題，在進(jìn)入面試考場(chǎng)前，要對(duì)評(píng)委鞠躬，面試時(shí)，要看著評(píng)委的眼睛說(shuō)話(huà)，面試結(jié)束時(shí)要對(duì)評(píng)委致謝。講課 時(shí)最好加些動(dòng)作，顯得大方自然。

9．在一些帖子里看到比較關(guān)鍵的內(nèi)容，譬如寫(xiě)粉筆字時(shí)身體最好側(cè)在一邊，不能完全擋住，字跡要工整清秀，避免錯(cuò)誤再 進(jìn)行擦拭。聲音要洪亮，表達(dá)要清晰，要面帶微笑，這點(diǎn)很關(guān)鍵，忘記下面要說(shuō)什么時(shí)，只要笑笑，不要慌張，想起什么就直接說(shuō)什么，不要拼命回憶接下去的內(nèi)容。

10．其實(shí)，面試的人數(shù)很多，評(píng)委們也很辛苦，要想取得高分，就要爭(zhēng)取在15分鐘內(nèi)把你最優(yōu)秀的一面呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)，避免和別人相似。這次我參加的面試就是同樣一篇課 文，大家都去說(shuō)，但是我就刻意避免和別人一樣的開(kāi)頭，這樣就能在多數(shù)人中求新取勝。尤其是小學(xué)生，課程的設(shè)計(jì)一定要活潑有趣，吸引學(xué)生的注意。

說(shuō)了 這么多，如果你有耐心把它看完，我相信你一定會(huì)有所收獲。我感覺(jué)我還是比較幸運(yùn)的，但在總結(jié)這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí)，我又覺(jué)得有些事情，如果有方法去針對(duì)，就能事半功倍?？纯次抑?圍的同學(xué)，有些都參加了三四次教師招聘考試，我想不是他們沒(méi)有資格當(dāng)老師，而是缺少方法或選錯(cuò)教材。所以我把在這次教師招聘考試中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)出來(lái)，希望大家都能得到一 些收獲。

最后，祝愿大家都能夢(mèng)想成真，在面試中超常發(fā)揮，取得好成績(jī)。

八、音樂(lè)專(zhuān)業(yè)應(yīng)試者面試心得

對(duì)于音樂(lè) 專(zhuān)業(yè)的應(yīng)試者來(lái)說(shuō)試講是最重要的環(huán)節(jié)，拿到課題之后一定要看好它是欣賞課還是教唱課，兩種課有不同的教學(xué)流程和方法。開(kāi)始我抽到的課題是五年級(jí)下冊(cè)《綠葉對(duì)根的情意》，這是欣賞課，可我當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)注意，加上沒(méi)有教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，就把它上成了教唱課，上得很吃力而且效果還不是很好。像這樣的欣賞課很能體現(xiàn)教師的綜合能力，以及教師對(duì)音樂(lè)新教材 改革的理解的。教師在課上主要是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維，由綠葉對(duì)根的情意可以發(fā)散到對(duì)父母之愛(ài)、朋友之愛(ài)、祖國(guó)之愛(ài)等。這讓我體會(huì)到，新時(shí)代了，音樂(lè)教師的思想也要與時(shí) 俱進(jìn)，像我們小的時(shí)候音樂(lè)教師那種教課方式已經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在的發(fā)展了，那時(shí)候就是單純地教一首歌，不利于學(xué)生創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng)。建議以后想考音樂(lè)教師的應(yīng)試者多看看音樂(lè) 新教程改革。對(duì)于應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生來(lái)說(shuō)教課的經(jīng)驗(yàn)還是太欠缺了。

然后是考視唱，這是在意料之外的，這里居然沒(méi)考鋼琴伴奏，而考的是視唱，兩條譜子，五線(xiàn)譜，一個(gè)是降B調(diào)，一個(gè)是G調(diào)。應(yīng)變能力很重要，因?yàn)橥蝗幻鎸?duì)這樣的考題我就沒(méi)有應(yīng)變好。下來(lái)考官會(huì)有提問(wèn)：簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下自己。（后來(lái)我才知道每個(gè)應(yīng)試者被問(wèn)的問(wèn)題都是一 樣的）

考完這些之后就是特長(zhǎng)展示，這沒(méi)什么好說(shuō)的，有什么展示什么就行了。我展示了三項(xiàng)，自我感覺(jué)還好。我覺(jué)得還是試講重要，因?yàn)樘亻L(zhǎng)展示大家都是 有備而來(lái)，而試講的話(huà)只是在之前有一個(gè)小時(shí)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間，還是有一些教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)比較好，至少要懂一些音樂(lè)教學(xué)方法。此外臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮能力和應(yīng)變能力也很重要。試講是對(duì)評(píng)委講的，沒(méi)有學(xué)生，第一次面對(duì)這樣的場(chǎng)合，我還是頗為緊張的，因?yàn)榻?jīng)驗(yàn)太少。這次自己的收獲是：還得加油。

九、落榜應(yīng)試者面試教訓(xùn)

這 次我失敗在一進(jìn)考場(chǎng)就開(kāi)始緊張。不緊張是不可能的！不論你之前準(zhǔn)備得有多好，我排練的時(shí)候找請(qǐng)幾個(gè)老師指導(dǎo)，一點(diǎn)也不緊張，但一進(jìn)考場(chǎng)就傻眼了，心里真像揣了個(gè)兔子似 的，咚咚咚地跳個(gè)不停。結(jié)果總成績(jī)差了一點(diǎn)。我自己總結(jié)教訓(xùn)：面試前不如多試想面試當(dāng)天的情景，每天想一遍，到時(shí)候可能會(huì)緩解一些壓力。面試時(shí)盡管緊張，也要盡量穩(wěn)住 心情，臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮很重要，可能評(píng)委也能理解你的緊張，所以也不必太在意，把你排練的水平發(fā)揮個(gè)七八成就成功了。再說(shuō)面試?yán)蠋熀苄量?，他們也沒(méi)心情來(lái)欣賞你的緊張，這樣想 大概也就不緊張了。

請(qǐng)注意：一定要注意細(xì)節(jié)！講完后鞠躬、擦黑板、不慌不忙地走出考場(chǎng)！細(xì)節(jié)不一定決定成敗，但沒(méi)有細(xì)節(jié)一定會(huì)失??！