第一篇：2018年江蘇省專轉(zhuǎn)本英語閱讀理解題特點及技巧

英語閱讀理解題特點及技巧

一、閱讀理解題的選材與命題特點

近幾年的英語試卷保持了“穩(wěn)中有變，變中求新，立足語篇”的基本命題思路。在閱讀理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要義、理解文中具體信息、根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義、根據(jù)短文判斷和推理、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)以及理解作者的意圖與態(tài)度等方面的能力。現(xiàn)以卷I為例，談?wù)勯喿x理解題的選材及命題特點。

1.對語篇領(lǐng)悟能力的檢測仍是高考的重點和基本點

英語閱讀理解著重檢測考生對語篇的整體把握能力、根據(jù)所提供的語境進行語篇分析的能力以及綜合利用有效信息解決實際問題的能力。在近幾年的高考中，涉及較低能力要求的事實性和細節(jié)性考題的比例雖呈上升趨勢，但詞義猜測、推理判斷和主旨概括等深層次試題仍占很大比重。

2.選材更趨多樣化、現(xiàn)代化和生活化，突顯語言與文化相結(jié)合的特點

就體裁而言，閱讀材料所選擇的文段涉及敘述體、論說體和應(yīng)用體等多種文體；選材風(fēng)格保靜予連續(xù)性，既注重題材的多樣化、現(xiàn)代化和生活化，又較為綜合地反映了政治、經(jīng)濟、文化和生活的各個方面，貼近生活，貼近時代，體現(xiàn)了“語言是文化的載體”這一重要理念。

3.閱讀材料更趨于“原汁原味”，設(shè)問方式更加深入

閱讀材料基本保留了其原有的語言風(fēng)格，文章的展開不再是平鋪直敘，而是兼有倒敘、插敘等多種方式；一詞多義、熟詞生義、多種時態(tài)的混用、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句、省略句以及插入語等語言現(xiàn)象比較常見。閱讀材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文風(fēng)格更具英語語言的特點，文章的遣詞造句也更加地道，許多考生通常要反復(fù)閱讀幾遍才能讀懂。

二、閱讀理解題答案與干擾項關(guān)系的分析

正確的選項往往是命題人員把閱讀材料的內(nèi)容或信息用不同的語言形式再現(xiàn)出來。一般而言，答案項的設(shè)置有以下幾種方法：

(1)選用原文中的詞句；

(2)使用原文詞句的同義詞或相似結(jié)構(gòu)；(3)使用原文詞句的反義詞或相反結(jié)構(gòu)；(4)答案項是對生詞、長句或難旬的解釋；

(5)答案項是對原文詞句或段落的歸納、推理或演繹；

(6)使用原文的上下義結(jié)構(gòu)，如用“科學(xué)”涵蓋“計算機、航天、發(fā)明、電子”等概念。干擾項的設(shè)置通常有以下幾種方式： 1.張冠李戴

命題者把文章作者的觀點與他人的觀點混淆起來，題干問的是作者的觀點，選項中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點；或者題干問的是他人的觀點，卻把作者的觀點放到選項中去。

以題“The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City______.”為例。此題乍看C項“to pay at the cash register”和D項“to have more gas for his car”都對，因為原文中有這么一句“While I Was standing in line at the cash register，I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas”。很明顯作者是停下來付款加油時，偶遇一對老夫婦并問好，似乎選項C和D本身都沒錯，但題干問的是“作者計劃在俄克拉荷馬市逗留的原因”，如果考生沒有理解題干，就會誤選C項或D項。正確選項應(yīng)為A項“to visit a friend”。

2.偷梁換柱

干擾項用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個詞匯，造

成句意的改變。

“It can be inferred that greyhounds_______.”為例。此題乍看應(yīng)選B項“l(fā)ike staying in bed all day”，因為原文中有這么一句“especially they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around outside”.殊不知選項中加了“all day”，使意思絕對化了。正確選項應(yīng)為D項“need some exercise outdoors”。考生若注意不到此細節(jié)的變化，勢必造成失分。

3.無中生有

干擾項往往是生活的基本常識和普遍接受的觀點，但在原文中并無相關(guān)的信息支持點，這種選項的設(shè)置往往與問題的設(shè)問毫不相干。

“We may infer from the last two paragraphs that______.”為例。干擾項C項“English courses are necessary for foreign students”就是這種情況，而正確答案應(yīng)為A項“different teaching methods should be used”。解答這類考題時考生還應(yīng)注意問題中有無“In the author’s opinion”或“According to the passage”之類的限定語。

4.以偏概全

考生在做猜測文章中心思想、給文章添加標(biāo)題或判斷推理題時，往往會犯以偏概全的錯誤。產(chǎn)生這類錯誤的原因是考生受思維定勢的影響或考慮不周，以局部代替整體。其具體表現(xiàn)為合理關(guān)聯(lián)與不合理關(guān)聯(lián)、準(zhǔn)確概括與不準(zhǔn)確概括之間的錯位。

不合理關(guān)聯(lián)就是表層理解與深層理解相混淆。表層理解是對文章中客觀事實的感知和記憶，往往是文章直接表述的結(jié)論；深層理解則是對文章中的客觀事實進行邏輯推理、總結(jié)或概括后得出的結(jié)論。

例如，“What did Loftus find out from her research?”的正確答案為B項“People Can be led to believe in something false.”。而誤選C項“People tend to forget their childhood experiences.”的考生顯然是根據(jù)文中“it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences? The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured memory through leading questions”的信息得出的，但它只不過是表層信息，其對原文信息的轉(zhuǎn)述并不全面。

不準(zhǔn)確概括是指不能準(zhǔn)確地按題目要求概括或提取文中的表層或深層信息。

例如，“What is the text mainly about______.”的正確答案為D項“Life after retirement”。干擾項A項“Learning to paint in later life”與C項“An artist turned teacher”極具迷惑性，但它們只是文章中的某個細節(jié)信息?？忌绻磺宄毠?jié)信息與短文主題之間的關(guān)系，就容易犯概括不準(zhǔn)確的錯誤。

三、閱讀理解題的解題思路與技巧

解答閱讀理解題的總體思路是：單句人手。語篇突破，著眼整體，歸納推斷。一般有以下兩種閱讀順序(P＝Passage，Q＝Question)：

(1)P—Q—P：即先看文章，后看問題，再通過閱讀文章來解答問題。這是考生常用的按部就班的閱讀方式。其特點是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的態(tài)度。但采用這種閱讀方式的考生往往閱讀速度較慢，因此難以在閱讀時積極主動地預(yù)測文章內(nèi)容。

(2)Q—P—Q：即先將問題看一遍，然后帶著問題去閱讀文章，最后答題。其特點是針對性強，節(jié)省答題時間，比較適用于解答事實性和細節(jié)性的問題，但是解答主旨性和推斷性問題的效果不明顯。

P—Q—P方式或Q—P—Q方式的采用因人而異，無優(yōu)劣之分。當(dāng)然，題型不同，解題的方法也應(yīng)有所不同。

常用的解題技巧有以下幾種： 1.正選法與排除法

正選法即根據(jù)所讀材料內(nèi)容從正面選擇最佳答案。如果在有些情況下從正面選擇答案有困難，考生則可以考慮選用排除法，即排除四個選項中的三個錯誤選項，那么剩下的選項即為正確答案。排除法是解答閱讀理解題的常用方法，對于那些不合情理或荒謬的選項、與短文內(nèi)容相反的選項、與短文內(nèi)容不相關(guān)的選項、雖在短文中出現(xiàn)但答非所問的選項，以及不是問題的主要因素的選項等，都可以采用排除法。

考生可以遵循如下“三級思考”的方法排除干擾項：

(1)如果干擾項明顯與文章相矛盾，即為“誤”，可以直接排除。

將難題化解。

請看題：

What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both________.A.popular all their fives B.famous actresses C.successful when very young D.rich and kind-hearted 根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，考生可以列出以下四個相同的信息點(見下表)：

Information 1 When she started in National Velvet--the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous home race.(短文首句)Information 2 Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress.(第一段末句)Information 3 After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult roles and won twice for Best Actress.(第二段)Information 4 Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky: she has beauty, fame and wealth.(末段第二句)Conclusion They were both successful when very young.通過此表，考生可以清楚地得出本題的答案為C項。4.概括法與推理法

概括法指根據(jù)所讀材料概括文章主題、要點、標(biāo)題和中心思想等；而推理法則指根據(jù)所讀材料的字面意思，通過語篇的邏輯關(guān)系以及各個細節(jié)的信息和暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音?？忌谶\用推理法時首先要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索；然后再對文字的表面信息進行挖掘和加工，由表及里，由淺人深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、綜合和判斷等思維活動對文章進行深層處理以及合乎邏輯的推理。此時切忌就事論事、以偏概全，也不能主觀臆想、隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。

請看題：

According to White, why were the women surveyed more likely to use old computers? A.Most office workers use old computers.B.They do some of their work with computers.C.Dealing with new equipment can cause anxiety.D.They are easier to be satisfied with new technology.文章最后兩段提到，接受調(diào)查的三個國家的婦女更有可能使用舊電腦，而英國比法國和德國使用up—to-date computers的人更多，最后一段分析了其中的原因“continually having to deal with new technology can also be a source of worry?the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be，a main cause of dissatisfaction”。由此可以推斷，不斷更新的技術(shù)也會使人產(chǎn)生焦慮，導(dǎo)致負(fù)面情緒的產(chǎn)生，所以被調(diào)查的婦女更喜歡使用舊電腦。

5.常識法與背景法

常識法是考生利用已有的常識進行識別和判斷的方法。背景法與常識法相似，指考生充分運用所讀材料的信息答題。請看題：

To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is all example of_____.A.separating the fire B.reducing the heat C.removing the fuel D.cutting off the oxygen 本題為一道常識題，考生根據(jù)自己學(xué)過的化學(xué)知識可知，燃燒要具備三要素：可燃物、氧氣和溫度，這有助于理解第二段首句“Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire”的意思；另外，通過第三段內(nèi)容“Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen.This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things.”可以推斷出：用cover的方法來滅火屬于cutting off the oxygen的范疇。

在閱讀過程中，為了既迅速又準(zhǔn)確地理解文章的含義，利用信號詞預(yù)測非常重要。信號詞可以揭示句子內(nèi)在關(guān)系或文章各部分之間的關(guān)系(見下表)。特別是在快速閱讀時，它能幫助考生預(yù)測文章信息，提高閱讀速度。

部分信號詞及其所預(yù)示的信息 信號詞 預(yù)示的信息

however, on the contrary, although等 信號詞引出的內(nèi)容是與上文相反的論述，或作者不同的觀點

similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words等 下文與前面所講內(nèi)容相同或相似

for example, for instance等 具體例證，說明上文中的論點 for one thing, on the other hand等 下文還有另外一方面 in a word, in short等 后面的句子是對上文的總結(jié)

actually, in fact, the point is ?, a study survey found/ showed/proved that ?等 后面的句子往往是作者想要表達和強調(diào)的內(nèi)容或觀點

此外，在利用信號詞進行預(yù)測時，考生還需注意以下三點：

(1)遇到預(yù)示前后內(nèi)容相同或相近，或者補充說明的信號詞時，可以適當(dāng)加快閱讀速度，或借此推測生詞的詞義。

(2)文中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高的實詞可以幫助考生確定文章的主旨大意。

(3)出現(xiàn)代詞I, we, my, our, 轉(zhuǎn)折詞but, however, yet，情態(tài)動詞must, should, ought to, 連詞although, though。其后所述內(nèi)容與剛提到的內(nèi)容相反，或暗示作者的觀點和態(tài)度等信號詞時，要放慢閱讀速度，因為其附近的信息往往是命題和答題的主要線索或依據(jù)。

第二篇：江蘇省專轉(zhuǎn)本英語考試大綱

江蘇省專轉(zhuǎn)本英語考試大綱

考試內(nèi)容： 專轉(zhuǎn)本英語考試包括五個部分：閱讀理解、詞語用法與語法結(jié)構(gòu)、完形填空、翻譯、作文。

試卷分為第Ⅰ卷（客觀題）和第Ⅱ卷（主觀題）兩部分。兩卷滿分150分?？荚嚂r間為120分鐘。

第Ⅰ卷（客觀題）：（100分）

第一部分：閱讀理解(Part Ⅰ：Reading Comprehension)

第二部分：詞語用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)(Part Ⅱ：Vocabulary and Structure)

第三部分：完形填空(Part Ⅲ ：Cloze)第Ⅱ卷（主觀題）：（50分）

第四部分：翻譯(Part Ⅳ：Translation)

第五部分：寫作(Part Ⅴ：Writing)第一部分：閱讀理解(Part Ⅰ：Reading Comprehension)：（共20題，每小題2分，共40分）

要求考生閱讀4篇短文，每篇閱讀量不超過300詞。每篇短文后有5個問題，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從每題四個選擇項中選出一個最佳答案。選材的原則是：

1、題材廣泛，可以包括人物傳記、社會、文化、日常知識、科普常識等，但是所涉及的背景知識應(yīng)能為學(xué)生所理解；

2、體裁多樣，可以包括敘述文、說明文、議論文等；

3、文章的語言難度中等，無法猜測而又影響理解的關(guān)鍵詞會用漢語注明詞義。

閱讀理解部分主要測試下述能力：

1、掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；

2、了解說明主旨和大意的事實和細節(jié)；

3、既理解字面的意思，也能根據(jù)所讀材料進行一定的判斷和推論；

4、既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。

閱讀理解部分的目的是測試學(xué)生通過閱讀獲取信息的能力，既要求準(zhǔn)確，也要求有一定速度。

第二部分：詞語用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)(Part Ⅱ：Vocabulary and Structure)：（共40題，每小題1分，共40分）

題目為詞和短語的用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)。要求考生從每題四個選擇項中選出一個最佳答案。試題主要相關(guān)于謂語動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、it作形式主語或形式賓語、強調(diào)句、倒裝句、從句引導(dǎo)詞、虛擬語氣等。

詞語用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)部分的目的是測試學(xué)生運用詞匯、短語及語法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。

第三部分：完形填空(Part Ⅲ ：Cloze)：（共20題，每小題1分，共20分）

在一篇或兩篇題材熟悉、難度適中的短文(約200詞)中留有20個空白，每個空白為一題，每題有四個選擇項，要求考生在全面理解內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上選擇一個最佳答案，使短文的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)完整。填空的詞項包括結(jié)構(gòu)詞和實譯詞。

形填空部分的目的是測試學(xué)生綜合運用語言的能力，包括語法概念、詞匯運用、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解等綜合能力。

第四部分：翻譯(Part Ⅳ：Translation)：（共10題，共35分）

一般為英譯漢、漢譯英各一半。兩種翻譯雖然在形式上不同，但就其本質(zhì)，就是在諳熟兩種語言內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上自由轉(zhuǎn)換。在英譯漢過程中有通過之前文章理解全文基 2 礎(chǔ)的上進行翻譯的趨勢。

英譯漢的能力主要取決于對英文的理解能力，漢譯英的能力主要取決于用英語的表達能力。

第五部分：寫作(Part Ⅴ：Writing)：15分

要求考生寫出一篇120詞以上的短文，試卷上可能給出題目，或規(guī)定情景，或要求看圖作文，或給出段首句要求續(xù)寫;或給出關(guān)鍵詞要求寫成短文。要求能夠正確表達思想，意義連貫，無重大語法錯誤。寫作的內(nèi)容包括大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活以及廣受關(guān)注的一些社會熱點問題。在功能上，主要涉及事件陳述、現(xiàn)象描述、問題概括、舉例論證、利弊分析、因果分析、觀點闡述、觀點總結(jié)。

短文寫作部分的目的是測試學(xué)生運用英語書面表達思想的初步能力?？荚嚂r間： 150 分鐘。

第三篇：江蘇省專轉(zhuǎn)本考試大綱

江蘇省專轉(zhuǎn)本《大學(xué)語文》考試大綱

發(fā)布時間：2011-12-28 14:34:10 瀏覽：110

一、考核目標(biāo)

主要考核學(xué)生的語文基礎(chǔ)知識和運用馬克思主義的立場、觀點和方法閱讀、分析淺近文言文、一般語體文的能力以及寫作常用文體的能力。

二、考核內(nèi)容

考核內(nèi)容分為四個部分：語言知識、文學(xué)常識、閱讀分析、基礎(chǔ)寫作。

（一）語言知識

1、識別古今意義有所不同的詞語；了解文言詞語一詞多義現(xiàn)象；注意掌握現(xiàn)代漢語中仍然在運用的文言詞語。識別通假字和古今字，理解其含義。

2、了解常用文言虛字之、其、者、所、諸、焉、則、而、于、以、且、乃等的用法和同一個文言虛字在不同語言環(huán)境中的不同含義。

3、理解文言文中與現(xiàn)代漢語不同的語法現(xiàn)象和句式，如使動用法、意動用法、名詞作狀語、名詞用作動詞、賓語前置、判斷句、被動句等，并能正確地翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語。

4、理解古今作品中比喻、比擬、對偶、排比、夸張、層遞、反復(fù)、設(shè)問、反詰等修辭格。

（二）文學(xué)常識

文學(xué)常識主要包括古今各種文體知識；中國古代和現(xiàn)當(dāng)代重要作家及其主要作品；作家的朝代、字號、文學(xué)成就、詩文集名稱、代表作、在文學(xué)史學(xué)上的地位；重要作品的作者、出處及名句；各種文學(xué)流派和文學(xué)現(xiàn)象。

（三）閱讀分析

對于古代、現(xiàn)代文學(xué)作品的內(nèi)容大意，段落層次，主旨或中心論點，哲理內(nèi)涵，人物形象，故事情節(jié)，作者的思想觀點、感情態(tài)度，作品所用的表現(xiàn)手法（對比、襯托、比興、白描、象征等），修辭手法（比喻、比擬、對偶、排比、夸張、層遞、反復(fù)、設(shè)問、反詰、引用等）能進行準(zhǔn)確深刻的欣賞分析。

（四）基礎(chǔ)寫作

基礎(chǔ)寫作包括兩方面的內(nèi)容：一是正確理解應(yīng)用文寫作知識，并會具體運用寫作知識進行寫作實踐，具體掌握書信、通知、通告、通報、請假條、感謝信、慰問信、倡議書、總結(jié)、調(diào)查報告、廣告、合同、申請書、產(chǎn)品說明書等的寫作；二是根據(jù)所給題目或材料，撰寫議論文或記敘文。要求中心明確，思想健康，內(nèi)容充實，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，條理清楚，文字通順，標(biāo)點準(zhǔn)確，書寫整潔，不少于 800 字。

“專轉(zhuǎn)本”英語考試大綱

發(fā)布時間：2012-2-20 18:21:44 瀏覽：618

考試內(nèi)容：

專轉(zhuǎn)本考試包括五個部分：閱讀理解、詞語用法與語法結(jié)構(gòu)、完形填空、翻譯、作文。

試卷分為第Ⅰ卷（客觀題）和第Ⅱ卷（主觀題）兩部分。兩卷滿分150分?？荚嚂r間為120分鐘。

第Ⅰ卷（客觀題）：（100分）

第一部分：閱讀理解(Part Ⅰ：Reading Comprehension)第二部分：詞語用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)(Part Ⅱ：Vocabulary and Structure)第三部分：完形填空(Part Ⅲ ：Cloze)第四部分：翻譯(Part Ⅳ：Translation)第五部分：寫作(Part Ⅴ：Writing)

第一部分：閱讀理解(Part Ⅰ：Reading Comprehension)：（共20題，每小題2分，共40分）

要求考生閱讀4篇短文，每篇閱讀量不超過300詞。每篇短文后有5個問題，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從每題四個選擇項中選出一個最佳答案。

選材的原則是：

1、題材廣泛，可以包括人物傳記、社會、文化、日常知識、科普常識等，但是所涉及的背景知識應(yīng)能為學(xué)生所理解；

2、體裁多樣，可以包括敘述文、說明文、議論文等；

3、文章的語言難度中等，無法猜測而又影響理解的關(guān)鍵詞會用漢語注明詞義。

閱讀理解部分主要測試下述能力：

1、掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；

2、了解說明主旨和大意的事實和細節(jié)；

3、既理解字面的意思，也能根據(jù)所讀材料進行一定的判斷和推論；

4、既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。

閱讀理解部分的目的是測試學(xué)生通過閱讀獲取信息的能力，既要求準(zhǔn)確，也要求有一定速度。

第二部分：詞語用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)(Part Ⅱ：Vocabulary and Structure)：（共40題，每小題1分，共40分）

題目為詞和短語的用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)。要求考生從每題四個選擇項中選出一個最佳答案。試題主要相關(guān)于謂語動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、it作形式主語或形式賓語、強調(diào)句、倒裝句、從句引導(dǎo)詞、虛擬語氣等。

詞語用法和語法結(jié)構(gòu)部分的目的是測試學(xué)生運用詞匯、短語及語法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。

第三部分：完形填空(Part Ⅲ ：Cloze)：（共20題，每小題1分，共20分）

在一篇或兩篇題材熟悉、難度適中的短文(約200詞)中留有20個空白，每個空白為一題，每題有四個選擇項，要求考生在全面理解內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上選擇一個最佳答案，使短文的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)完整。填空的詞項包括結(jié)構(gòu)詞和實譯詞。

完形填空部分的目的是測試學(xué)生綜合運用語言的能力，包括語法概念、詞匯運用、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解等綜合能力。

第四部分：翻譯(Part Ⅳ：Translation)：（共10題，共35分）

一般為英譯漢、漢譯英各一半。兩種翻譯雖然在形式上不同，但就其本質(zhì)，就是在諳熟兩種語言內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上自由轉(zhuǎn)換。在英譯漢過程中有通過之前文章理解全文基礎(chǔ)的上進行翻譯的趨勢。

英譯漢的能力主要取決于對英文的理解能力，漢譯英的能力主要取決于用英語的表達能力

第五部分：寫作(Part Ⅴ：Writing)：15分

要求考生寫出一篇120詞以上的短文，試卷上可能給出題目，或規(guī)定情景，或要求看圖作文，或給出段首句要求續(xù)寫;或給出關(guān)鍵詞要求寫成短文。要求能夠正確表達思想，意義連貫，無重大語法錯誤。寫作的內(nèi)容包括大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活以及廣受關(guān)注的一些社會熱點問題。在功能上，主要涉及事件陳述、現(xiàn)象描述、問題概括、舉例論證、利弊分析、因果分析、觀點闡述、觀點總結(jié)。

短文寫作部分的目的是測試學(xué)生運用英語書面表達思想的初步能力?？荚嚂r間： 150 分鐘?！皩＾D(zhuǎn)本”計算機考試大綱

作者：發(fā)布時間：2011-8-1 16:59:24 瀏覽：646

考試大綱

（一）信息技術(shù)概述 1．信息和信息技術(shù)

(1)信息特性及定義，數(shù)據(jù)、信息、知識，信息處理系統(tǒng)。（了解）(2)信息分類及信息處理，信息技術(shù)內(nèi)容。（熟悉）2．微電子技術(shù)

(1)集成電路的概念，集成電路發(fā)展與分類，IC卡。（了解）(2)集成電路制造封裝形式，Moore定律。（熟悉）3．通信技術(shù)

(1)通信系統(tǒng)基本原理，信道、信源、信宿，模擬信號，數(shù)字信號，全光網(wǎng)。（了解）(2)信道的傳輸模式，信道的帶寬，信道的傳輸速率，多路復(fù)用技術(shù)，交換技術(shù)。(熟悉)(3)有線傳輸，無線傳輸，有線載波通信，傳輸介質(zhì)，光纖通信。（熟悉）(4)無線電通信，微波通信，衛(wèi)星通信，紅外線通信，移動通信。（了解）4．?dāng)?shù)字技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)

(1)信息表示單位，常用進制數(shù)，BCD編碼，傳輸速率單位。（了解）

(2)整數(shù)編碼表示，原碼，補碼，反碼，實數(shù)編碼表示，機器數(shù)，真值，數(shù)據(jù)溢出。（熟悉）

(3)比特位邏輯運算，進制數(shù)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，進制數(shù)的運算，原碼、反碼與補碼之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，原碼和補碼表示數(shù)的范圍。（掌握）

（二）計算機硬件 1．計算機基本原理

(1)計算機發(fā)展及分類，軟件概述，硬件概述。（了解）

(2)常見的輸入設(shè)備，常見的輸出設(shè)備，中央處理器概述，奔騰處理器特點。（了解）(3)計算機分類，內(nèi)存儲器、外存儲器概述，系統(tǒng)總線，I/O總線。（理解）

(4)微處理器發(fā)展、字長、處理速度，指令與指令系統(tǒng)，客戶機、服務(wù)器概述。（理解）

2．PC機組成

(1)主板、芯片組、BIOS、內(nèi)存儲器概述，I/O總線和I/O接口。（了解）(2)BIOS組成及運行過程，內(nèi)存儲器RAM和ROM各種類型。（理解）

(3)當(dāng)前流行的SDRAM、DDRSDRAM、RDRAM各項參數(shù)，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率計算，內(nèi)存條封裝形式。（理解）(4)I/O總線，I/O操作方式，常用的幾類I/O設(shè)備接口，I/O總線帶寬計算。（理解）3．常用輸入設(shè)備

(1)鍵盤，鼠標(biāo)，筆輸入設(shè)備，掃描儀，數(shù)碼相機概述。（了解）

(2)鍵盤，鼠標(biāo)的分類，工作原理，基本操作，采用的接口類型。（了解）4．常用輸出設(shè)備

(1)常用輸出設(shè)備的工作原理，主要分類，特點。（了解）

(2)常用輸出設(shè)備的主要性能參數(shù)，采用的接口類型。（理解）5．外存儲器

(1)常用幾類外存儲器的工作原理，組成，分類情況，接口類型。（了解）(2)存儲器存儲結(jié)構(gòu)，各項性能參數(shù)設(shè)置，數(shù)據(jù)分布，容量計算。（理解）

（三）計算機軟件 1．軟件基本概念

(1)軟件的定義。（熟悉）(2)軟件的分類。（掌握）2．操作系統(tǒng)(1)操作系統(tǒng)的概念、作用。（掌握）(2)操作系統(tǒng)的類型、特征。（熟悉）(3)操作系統(tǒng)的功能。（掌握）(4)常用操作系統(tǒng)介紹。（了解）3．程序設(shè)計語言和處理系統(tǒng)

(1)程序設(shè)計語言的分類。（掌握）

(2)程序設(shè)計語言的數(shù)據(jù)成分和控制成分。（掌握）(3)程序設(shè)計語言處理系統(tǒng)。（熟悉）(4)主要程序設(shè)計語言介紹。（了解）4．算法和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)

(1)算法的概念、性質(zhì)、評價。（掌握）(2)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的概念。（熟悉）

(3)軟件工程的概念、生命周期。（熟悉）

（四）計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)與因特網(wǎng) 1．計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)

(1)計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)的定義，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的組成，分類。（掌握）

(2)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)分類，網(wǎng)絡(luò)軟件，網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用軟件。（了解）2．計算機局域網(wǎng)

(1)局域網(wǎng)的特點、組成、分類，以及常用局域網(wǎng)。（掌握）(2)局域網(wǎng)的擴展，中繼器，網(wǎng)橋。（了解）3．計算機廣域網(wǎng)

(1)廣域網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)知識，廣域網(wǎng)接入技術(shù)。（了解）(2)分組交換與路由。（掌握）(3)常用廣域網(wǎng)。（了解）4．因特網(wǎng)及應(yīng)用

(1)我國因特網(wǎng)發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)與TCP/IP協(xié)議。（了解）(2)IP地址，IP數(shù)據(jù)報，域名。（掌握）(3)路由器。（了解）

(4)因特網(wǎng)提供的服務(wù)。（掌握）5．網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息安全

(1)網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息安全概述，信息安全內(nèi)容，信息安全級別劃分。（了解）(2)數(shù)據(jù)加密，數(shù)字簽名，身份鑒別與訪問控制。（了解）(3)包過濾與防火墻，計算機病毒。（了解）

（五）數(shù)字媒體及應(yīng)用 1．文本與文本處理

(1)文本，文本處理，文本輸入方法。（了解）(2)文本的表示與字符編碼。（掌握）

(3)文本的保存與文本文件的類型。（了解）

(4)文本的編輯處理，檢索與文本的展現(xiàn)。（了解）2．圖像與圖形及應(yīng)用

(1)色彩產(chǎn)生，色彩的表達方法，色彩空間。（了解）(2)數(shù)字圖像的獲取與重現(xiàn)。（了解）(3)模擬圖像的數(shù)字化過程。（掌握）

(4)數(shù)字圖像的表示，壓縮編碼，數(shù)字圖像的性能指標(biāo)。（掌握）(5)常用圖像文件格式，數(shù)字圖像處理及應(yīng)用，常用軟件。（了解）(6)計算機合成圖像，合成過程，優(yōu)點，常見的繪圖軟件。（了解）3．波形聲音的獲取與播放

(1)模擬聲音信號的數(shù)字化。（掌握）

(2)波形聲音的獲取設(shè)備，波形聲音的表示，壓縮編碼和編輯。（了解）(3)計算機合成聲音的制作與播放。（了解）4．?dāng)?shù)字視頻及應(yīng)用(1)視頻信號的組成，原理，彩色電視的三種制式。（了解）(2)數(shù)字視頻的獲取，播放，視頻信號的數(shù)字化。（掌握）(3)數(shù)字視頻的壓縮編碼，編輯和應(yīng)用。（了解）(4)計算機合成數(shù)字視頻。（了解）(5)流媒體。（了解）

（六）信息系統(tǒng)與數(shù)據(jù)庫 1．計算機信息系統(tǒng)

(1)計算機信息系統(tǒng)的含義及特點。（掌握）(2)計算機信息系統(tǒng)的類型。（熟悉）(3)計算機信息系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。（了解）

(4)計算機信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢。（了解）2．典型信息系統(tǒng)介紹

(1)制造業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)。（熟悉）(2)電子商務(wù)。（熟悉）(3)電子政務(wù)。（了解）

(4)地理信息系統(tǒng)和數(shù)字地球。（了解）(5)遠程教育。（了解）(6)遠程醫(yī)療。（了解）(7)數(shù)字圖書館。（了解）3．關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)

(1)數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的組成和特點。（掌握）(2)數(shù)據(jù)模型的基本概念及類型。（熟悉）(3)關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)模型。（掌握）(4)關(guān)系運算。（掌握）

(5)關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫語言SQL。（掌握）

(6)數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)及應(yīng)用新技術(shù)。（了解）4．信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)與管理

(1)軟件工程與信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)概述。（熟悉）(2)系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃與分析。（了解）(3)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。（了解）

(4)系統(tǒng)實施與運行維護。（了解）

（七）windows 1．鍵盤與鼠標(biāo)

(1)鍵盤的使用，常用功能鍵、快捷鍵。（了解）(2)鼠標(biāo)的使用，鼠標(biāo)形狀及含義。（熟悉）2．Windows基本概念

(1)啟動、關(guān)閉系統(tǒng)。（了解）

(2)桌面元素介紹，任務(wù)欄，桌面圖標(biāo)，快捷方式。（掌握）(3)窗口和菜單操作。（掌握）3．文件和文件夾

(1)基本概念。（了解）

(2)命名規(guī)則和通配符。（掌握）(3)文件和文件夾操作。（熟悉）4．Windows應(yīng)用工具

(1)我的電腦和資源管理器。（掌握）(2)回收站和剪貼板。（掌握）

(3)控制面板和鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)、顯示器的設(shè)置。（了解）(4)常用系統(tǒng)工具。（了解）

（八）word 1．Word的運行及其工作窗口

(1)運行及退出Word的方法。（熟悉）(2)Word窗口基本組件，菜單欄，工具欄，標(biāo)尺，狀態(tài)欄。（了解）(3)工具欄設(shè)置，常用的兩類工具欄。（掌握）(4)主要菜單欄介紹。（熟悉）

(5)幾類視圖的特性及切換。（掌握）(6)多窗口和多文檔編輯。（熟悉）2．建立、保存文檔的基本操作(1)建立文檔。（掌握）

(2)建立特殊文檔。（了解）

(3)保存文檔，第一次保存操作，以后保存操作。（掌握）(4)自動保存設(shè)置。（熟悉）

(5)保護文檔免受未經(jīng)授權(quán)的更改。（掌握）3．編輯文本（掌握）(1)文本的輸入。

(2)自動圖文集的輸入。(3)審閱文本。

(4)拼寫和語法檢查。

(5)選定文本，選定單個、一行、一段、整篇。(6)插入和改寫，查找和替換。

(7)刪除文本，移動文本，復(fù)制文本，校對文本。(8)撤消操作／重復(fù)操作。4．簡單排版（掌握）

(1)字體設(shè)置，字體顏色設(shè)置，字符間距和字符縮放，字符位置設(shè)置。

(2)段落對齊方式設(shè)置，首行縮進，懸掛縮進，行間距，段前／段后間距。(3)項目符號和編號，首字下沉，邊框和底紋。(4)分欄設(shè)置，分隔符設(shè)置。(5)節(jié)格式設(shè)置，頁面格式。(6)紙型設(shè)置，版式設(shè)置。(7)樣式設(shè)置。(8)格式刷使用。

5．表格處理（熟悉）(1)建立表格。

(2)編輯表格，表格合并，拆分。

(3)表格邊框設(shè)置，底紋設(shè)置，顏色設(shè)置。(4)單元格格式的設(shè)置。(5)表格公式對象使用。6．高級排版（掌握）(1)繪制圖形，文本框。

(2)藝術(shù)字，圖表，剪貼畫，圖片等在文檔中的使用、設(shè)置。(3)文件插入，域。

(4)Word文檔打印設(shè)置。

（九）Excel 1．Excel基本操作

(1)Excel的基本功能。（了解）(2)啟動及退出Excel。（熟悉）

(3)Excel窗口,常用工具欄,主要菜單欄,狀態(tài)欄,網(wǎng)格線的顯隱,顏色設(shè)置。(4)工作簿文件，新建、打開、保存工作簿。（掌握）(5)工作簿的關(guān)閉、保護。（熟悉）2．工作表的基本操作

(1)工作表特性：幾行，幾列，最大行數(shù)，最大列名。（熟悉）(2)工作表的選定、插入、刪除、移動和復(fù)制。（掌握）(3)工作表的重命名。（掌握）

（熟悉）(4)工作表的保護。（熟悉）(5)工作表的打印。（熟悉）3．單元格的基本操作

(1)Excel中主要的幾種數(shù)據(jù)類型。（熟悉）

(2)單元格數(shù)據(jù)（字符、數(shù)值、日期時間、邏輯值）的輸入。（掌握）(3)相對引用，絕對引用概念，含義及狀態(tài)切換。（掌握）(4)單元格中公式的使用，常用的幾種運算符。（掌握）(5)單元格中插入函數(shù)，常見的幾類函數(shù)的使用。（掌握）(6)單元格的插入、選定、刪除。（掌握）

(7)移動單元格，填充單元格（單元格中包含公式及不包含公式）。（掌握）(8)選擇性粘貼。（掌握）

(9)修改／清除單元格中文字。（掌握）(10)查找／替換單元格中的文字。（掌握）(11)合并／拆分單元格。（掌握）

(12)數(shù)據(jù)輸入的幾種方式，引用另外的單元格實現(xiàn)輸入，使用Word文件輸入Excel中，文本文件，數(shù)據(jù)庫文件。（熟悉）(13)常見錯誤信息含義。（熟悉）4．格式化工作表

(1)編輯行／列。（熟悉）

(2)設(shè)置字體、字型、字號和顏色。（掌握）

(3)設(shè)置對齊方式，單元格邊框、底紋。（熟悉）(4)自動套用格式。（熟悉）5．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)分析

(1)數(shù)據(jù)清單。（了解）(2)數(shù)據(jù)排序。（掌握）(3)分類匯總。（掌握）(4)數(shù)據(jù)篩選。（掌握）(5)數(shù)據(jù)透視表。（熟悉）(6)圖表。（掌握）

（十）PowerPoint 1．PowerPoint的運行、查看、新建、打開、保存及關(guān)閉。（熟悉）(1)PowerPoint的啟動與退出。(2)PowerPoint窗口及其視圖。(3)新建演示文稿。

(4)打開已有的演示文稿。(5)保存演示文稿。

2．幻燈片的編輯操作。（掌握）

(1)幻燈片的選擇、插入、刪除、復(fù)制、移動和編輯。

(2)幻燈片中對象（文本框、圖片、剪貼畫、動作按鈕、藝術(shù)字）的編輯操作。(3)對象動作設(shè)置，超級鏈接。3．設(shè)置幻燈片外觀。（掌握）(1)幻燈片母版設(shè)置。(2)幻燈片版式設(shè)置。(3)配色方案定義。(4)幻燈片背景設(shè)置。

(5)幻燈片頁眉／頁腳設(shè)置。(6)選擇應(yīng)用設(shè)計模板。

4．演示文稿的放映。（掌握）

(1)演示操作，定位幻燈片，改變鼠標(biāo)形狀，幻燈片播放方式。(2)設(shè)置幻燈片的放映方式。(3)幻燈片間切換效果制作。(4)幻燈片內(nèi)動畫設(shè)置。

5．演示文稿的打印。（了解）

6．演示文稿的打包與發(fā)布。（了解）(1)演示文稿的打包。(2)演示文稿的發(fā)布。

第四篇：專轉(zhuǎn)本材料

文科（英語、日語類）、藝術(shù)類考試科目：語文（150分）、英語（日語）（150分）、計算機（100分）；理工科考試科目：數(shù)學(xué)（150分）、英語（150分）、計算機（100分）。今年是4月23號考試~~~,希望對你有幫助，你上的是大專吧，專轉(zhuǎn)本大約在12月分報名，3月份培訓(xùn)，4月份考試；培訓(xùn)科目由學(xué)校來定。

報名條件：

最好不要掛科

1、“專轉(zhuǎn)本”

列入國家普通招生計劃，經(jīng)省招生部門按規(guī)定程序正式錄取.在本省各類普通高校的?？贫昙?、三年級在籍學(xué)生可以報名參加“專轉(zhuǎn)本”考試?？忌虾罂蛇M入大三學(xué)習(xí)。

2、專升本

國民教育系列的應(yīng)屆或往屆畢業(yè)生通過全國成人高考，進入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)兩年（脫產(chǎn)）或三年（業(yè)余），電子注冊，國家承認(rèn)學(xué)歷。但畢業(yè)證書及學(xué)士學(xué)位證書均注明“成人”字樣。報名時間一般為每年的8月底或9月初；考試時間為10月中旬；錄取時間為當(dāng)年年底，第二年的春節(jié)后各高校錄取的成人高考學(xué)生開始報到上課。

3、專接本

通過自學(xué)考試的途徑，獲取自考本科文憑。畢業(yè)證書由教育部高等教育自考辦監(jiān)制，江蘇省

高等教育自學(xué)考試委員會和主辦特色自考的學(xué)校聯(lián)合署章，全國電子注冊，國家承認(rèn)學(xué)歷。

專轉(zhuǎn)本的文憑硬

具體你到大二考什么，要看你報考的學(xué)校而定的，如果你報考的學(xué)校招收你這個專業(yè)的，又要求考理科，那你就是要考理科。

先直接到教務(wù)處，問你們學(xué)校的老師，咨詢一下，你的專業(yè)屬于哪個類別的，代碼是多少，然后去查2010年的各個學(xué)校的招生計劃，這部分可以在江蘇招生考試網(wǎng)上查到。非常方便，這個最好你盡快查詢一下。

如果能專轉(zhuǎn)本，最好就專轉(zhuǎn)本走

自考的貓膩太多了，你進去就知道了，文憑出來沒用的。。

相關(guān)的資料和一些輔導(dǎo)班課程，你可以考慮網(wǎng)上找一些。

“江蘇教育考試書店網(wǎng)上書城 專比較全的有“江蘇教育考試書店”網(wǎng)上商城。自己google下：

轉(zhuǎn)本”

第五篇：2018年江蘇省專轉(zhuǎn)本英語押題作文

1.心理健康問題往往是導(dǎo)致疾病的原因

2.分析人們產(chǎn)生心理健康問題的原因(可從失業(yè)、壓力過重、缺少支持、缺乏人際關(guān)系等方面加以分析)3.你認(rèn)為人們?nèi)绾伪３中睦斫】?/p>

How to Keep Psychologically Healthy?

One in four people will experience some kind of mental health problem in the course of a year.When you fail to manage to control these problems, they are likely to cause various mental illnesses and, as a result of physiological imbalance, physical illnesses.You may not be able to live a normal life, let alone a fulfilling one.The causes of mental health problems often vary a lot from one case to another.In today’ society, a good number of people are suffering from heavy pressure.Others are lacking in communication skills and feel they are living in an isolated world.In addition, a lot of people are ignorant of psychological knowledge about how to keep mentally fit.There are a lot of ways to curb mental health problems and keep psychologically healthy.Firstly, find the real cause of your mental health problem and see whether you can do something to make a change.Secondly, learn to relax yourself and take exercise to release the pressure.After all, your health is what counts most.Lastly, you may find it helpful to talk to your partner, a relative or a friend about your problems, or seek support and advice from a psychological consultant.2

1.現(xiàn)在大學(xué)校園里，遲到、早退、曠課是常見的現(xiàn)象

2.保證學(xué)生的出勤率對大學(xué)教育的重要性 3.作為一個大學(xué)生應(yīng)該怎樣做 Attend Your Classes Regularly Nowadays it is a very common phenomenon that some university students are late for or even absent from classes.And still there are some students who slip out of the classroom before the class is over.Class attendance has become a thorny problem to both the students and teachers.In fact, it is very important for the students to attend their classes regularly.First, it will ensure you to catch up with the teachers in your learning.That is very helpful to you if you want to do a good job in your study.Second, attending classes regularly is a way of showing respect to your teachers too.Your teachers will feel bad if the students do not attend their classes, which, in turn, will affect their teaching and be no good for the students.Third, attending classes regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is of great importance for the students to do a good job in the future.Therefore, we university students should form the good habit of attending our classes regularly from now on.And some day we’ll benefit from it.3

1.這是我在大學(xué)的第一天

2.大學(xué)生活與中學(xué)生活有何不同

3.我理想中的大學(xué)生活應(yīng)是...My First Impression in College

On the very first day in college, I was surprised to find the campus was so large.Believe it or not, I even lost my way to the dormitory when I returned from the dining hall.At first, I had difficulty adapting myself to college life.In college, we had more free time than in middle school.In the evening, we were not required to study in the classroom.Instead, we could go anywhere and do what we want.I was at a loss on how to make use of so much free time.Then I borrowed a number of books from the library and most of them were novels, which I had no chance to read in middle school.Besides reading books in my spare time, I played table tennis for fun and made enormous progress.In my opinion, study should be the priority of our college life.Besides, we can take part in sports activities and have fun.Of course, we may take part-time jobs to improve our skills.In all, college life should be colorful and meaningful.4.1.中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日受到冷遇，西方節(jié)日日益升溫已成為趨勢

2.形成這種現(xiàn)象的原因

3.你對這種現(xiàn)象的態(tài)度來源： The Prevalence of Western Holidays

It is noticeable that western holidays are becoming increasingly popular day by day, while Chinese traditional holidays are being somewhat neglected.Old people often complain that Chinese New Year has lost its real meaning.To their astonishment, young people in China, ignorant about Chinese traditional holidays, are crazy about Christmas or Valentine Day.There are several possible reasons for this phenomenon.First, western nations, such as the United States and Britain, are powerful and dominant in every aspect.Everything in these countries is assumed to be superior and adored by some modern young people.Second, the prevalence of English as a world language and the development of globalization enable western culture to flood in China.Overwhelmed by such a trend, Chinese unconsciously get involved in western culture.Last but not least, some Chinese people have blind faith in foreign things while dismiss our own possessions with contempt.I am critical of this trend.China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions.In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted.But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition.On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a supposedly more modern culture.If this trend is allowed to continue, the priceless heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions.Nobody expects such a consequence.So let join hand in hand to protect Chinese tradition.5 1． 有人認(rèn)為大學(xué)里應(yīng)獨自生活 2． 另一些認(rèn)為大學(xué)里應(yīng)與別人同住 3． 你的看法

Living alone or Living with Roommates Nowadays, there has appeared a heated discussion among the college students as to whether they should live alone outside the campus or live together with other roommates in the students’ dormitory.Opinions are divided over the matter.Those who are in favor of living alone maintain that it is very convenient to live by themselves.They can enjoy absolute freedom in a room of their own.They can have their own timetable without disturbing others.They are also free to equip the room with a personal computer so that they can have easy access to the Internet.But others argue that living with roommates has attractions of its own.With several students sharing the same room, each person’s experiences can be greatly enriched.They can learn a lot from talking to one another.By learning to tolerate the differences between individuals, they can become more mature.As far as I’m concerned, I prefer to live with roommates because I love the feeling of belonging.Besides, it is a lot cheaper to live in a dorm than to rent a apartment outside the campus.6 １．在現(xiàn)代社會，城市交通問題變得越來越嚴(yán)重 ２．城市交通問題的表現(xiàn)以及對人們生活的影響 ３．解決的方法與措施 Traffic Jam There is no doubt that traffic congestion becomes a growing worry for the residents of most urban areas.Some major roads are regularly choked with traffic in rush hours.The limited transport capacity contributes largely to the vexing problem.How to solve the headache?.The existing solutions to traffic jam mainly aim at creating metro bus systems and broadening major roads.Widening the existing roads can solve traffic snarls on some level.Soaring car ownership compounds the chronic annoying problem, so we must sharply reduce the heavy reliance on cars and drive a shift to the mass transportation.It is a cheap and good way.We can create a system of customized bus routes and highlight the development of subways, trolleys and light rail.The effective combination of these solutions will enable the urban areas to possess a smooth traffic.水資源短缺 On Water Shortage

No one can have failed to notice the fact that water shortage is a grave problem with which the whole world is confronted.Actually, it has become so widespread that it has severely affected people’s daily life and hindered the development of the global economy.A number of factors could account for the problem, but the following might be the critical ones.First, with the development of agriculture and industry, an increasing amount of water is needed.Secondly, the ever-increasing population is another leading cause of water shortage.Besides, the global tendency of warming up also contributes to the problem.What’s worse, pollution and waste of fresh water aggravate the situation.In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse.First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to protect water resources.Secondly, people should enhance their awareness of saving water.With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to expect a brighter future.8大學(xué)生使用信用卡現(xiàn)象 On Credit Card At present, a wide variety of credit cards issued by major banks and shopping malls are thriving in colleges and universities across the nation, with a multitude of college students making up a growing population of card holders.Indeed, one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit card, and the figure is expected to be on the steady increase, the latest data published by Yangtze Evening Post suggests.Like anything prior to the emergence of this small piece of plastic, the increasing popularity of credit card on campus has both bright and dark sides.On the one hand, young adults in college, free from the trouble of pocketing a considerable sum of cash, could enjoy the convenience of credit cards and purchase expensive goods by installments.On the other hand, however, the irresponsible and excessive use of the cards by these youngsters, the majority of whom are fresh out of middle school incapable of budgeting their money, can make them heavily in debt which will take them years to pay off.On my personal level, while enjoying a host of conveniences the credit card may bring, we couldn’t afford to ignore a conspicuous fact: in most cases, parents are our sole financial sources.Instead of spending without any restrict, we are supposed to put studies on the top of our agenda and move ourselves beyond heavy dependence upon our parents.1)現(xiàn)在有一些大學(xué)生沉迷于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，家長和學(xué)校對此憂心忡忡 2)但有人認(rèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲并不是一無是處 3)你對此的看法是…… Online Games As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become very popular among college students.Many students have enjoyed great pleasure and satisfaction from these games.But as we see, some students lacking self-discipline are too much indulged in these games so that their health and academic performances are affected.This phenomenon has caused much worry from the teachers and parents。

However, some others argue that online games are not always harmful.They can train the ability of youngsters to respond to things quickly.Moreover, they can stimulate their imagination and their interest in computer science.More importantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their pressure greatly。

From my point of view, online games are a wonderful entertainment if you play them in a clever way.When they interfere too much with your study, it is better for you to give them up at once.But if you have enough self-control over them, you can certainly obtain real pleasure and benefit a lot from them。限制使用一次性塑料袋

Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags Disposable plastic bags were once widely used in China.When we went shopping at supermarkets and departments stores，shopping assistants often provided free plastic bags for our convenience.For a while，life without them seemed However，disposable plastic bags do bring severe damage to our environment.Costumers usually threw them away after use，and because they are thin and hard to decompose，these plastic products will exist for a long time.This is an immediate threat to our earth and water.Nowadays，the government has passed relevant regulations for limiting the use of disposable plastic bags： they are not free any more.In some shopping places，in order to invoke the public awareness of environmental protection，plastic bags are offered in a much higher price.As a result，people are changing their behavior： paper and clothing bags that vanished for a long time come back to our daily life.It is true that by limiting its usage，everyone in this society contributes some effort to the improvement of the environment.旅游

1）有的人喜歡獨自旅行，有的人喜歡與別人結(jié)伴而行 2）兩種旅行方式的好處

3）你更喜歡哪種旅行方式，為什么？

Travel Alone or Travel with a Companion？ When it comes to traveling way，different people will offer different opinions.Some people like to travel alone，while others prefer to travel with a companion.Of course，everyone has his consideration for his preference.Traveling alone，one can enjoy more freedom.The traveler can arrange his tour as he wishes without the trouble of humoring others.Moreover，traveling alone tend to bring the traveler unexpected surprise，such as making a new friend and enjoying a different scenery.Compared with traveling alone，traveling with a companion has also its advantages.For one thing，the group members can help and look after each other in the journey.For another，traveling with others who have same interest with，you u can share costs and experiences with them.As to me，I prefer to travel with a companion.Firstly，we can deal with the possible problems and difficulties in the journey.Secondly，I like to share the pleasure of traveling with others.In sum，both traveling alone and traveling with a companion have their attractions，and you can find the pleasure from either one.12 1.近年來網(wǎng)絡(luò)上謠言盛行

2.這種現(xiàn)象造成的危害

3.如何解決這一問題 My View on Internet Rumors

No one can have failed to notice the fact that Internet rumors have been a grave problem confronting us.Groundless allegations flood the Internet.Taking a look around, we can find examples too many to enumerate: scandals of both famous and unknown people, fake forecast of earthquakes and the like.Internet rumors will definitely result in severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them.First and foremost, made-up scandals directly infringe upon citizens' rights, affecting their daily life and ruining their public image.Besides, the dissemination of such rumors as those about social or natural disasters causes panic and disorder among society.Last but not least, the spread of rumors on the Internet will undermine the credibility of the net to such a degree that people will no longer trust it in the future.Given the seriousness of this problem, effective steps must be adopted before the situation deteriorates.First, it is imperative that laws and regulations be enacted and executed to stop the production and transmission of Internet rumors.For instance, real-name system should be introduced as soon as possible.Secondly, people should be educated to identify and reject groundless allegations.With severe laws and a conscious public, it will only be a matter of time for Internet rumors to be eradicated.13

A Letter of Condolence慰問信

中國青海玉樹大地震災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重，已造成***多萬人無家可歸。請你代表 我校寫一封慰問信向災(zāi)區(qū)人民 表示關(guān)懷和慰問。

1.簡要描述災(zāi)區(qū)的情況

2.對災(zāi)區(qū)人民表示關(guān)懷和慰問

3.表達災(zāi)后重建家園的信心

Dear Sir or madam，A powerful earthquake hit your hometown, Yushu in Qinghai province month ago.It is also a terrible natural disaster for our whole nation.It has caused both financial and life loss.Until now, approximately seventy thousand people lost their lives due to the earthquake and much more were injured seriously.Six million people have no homes to return as the majority of the buildings were collapsed。

These days we keep watching the staggering deathroll and hearing the heart-wrenching stories from the Yushu earthquake.We are so much saddened that many children lost their parents and many couples lost their lovers.I could not help but cry when hearing of the moving stories that happened during the disaster.And we are so much touched by the true outpouring of effort and emotion from all over the country.You are not alone and you won’t feel lonely.Our whole nation is a big family, and every member would like to give a helping hand by all means, such as donating money, time, energy and blood to the people in the stricken area.We, 1.3 billion Chinese people shed the same tear sharing the same hopes.A series of actions has been taken since the earthquake happened.A majority of Chinese people are doing whatever they can to lend a hand.I believe, with the assistance of people in all walks of life, your after-disaster reconstruction will be dealt with at a fantastic speed.The stricken area will soon be restored.And I hope you can pull yourself together and muster up courage to face the future.We will overcome any difficulty, because we are Chinese.Ten thousand people beat everything with a single undying heart"。

Try to look on the bright side of things.The future will be bright, cheer up!Yours sincerely, 14 感恩

On college campuses across the nation, there is a noticeable phenomenon that we cannot afford to ignore: far too many young college students lack the sense of gratitude, one of the countless traditional virtues of this ancient land with a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years.These young adults were not and are not aware of the huge importance of expressing gratitude to those who once helped them, from teachers to parents and so forth.Personally, I deem that the root cause of students without a graceful heart is that they receive an education not valuing the moral sphere.I strongly believe that joint efforts from folks across society are the final remedy for this social headache.As young university students of the new era, we should make our own contributions to this cause.Imagine a world without the sense of gratitude.This kind of world is doomed to failure.Simply put, we should join our hands to heighten our awareness of fostering a graceful heart.Only in this way can we build our society into a harmonious one.My fellow students, I beg you to act from now on。15.Mental Health

Students' mental health has been playing an increasingly important role in our everyday campus life.Indeed, it is widely accepted that metal health has gained growing popularity among persons in all walks of life.There is a general discussion today about the issue of disorder in brains。

Obviously, it is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent problems.Authorities in universities play a critical role in the situation.To begin with, schools, such as colleges or universities, can provide chances for the young men to ease their attention.What's more, some are physically strong, but psychological problems are able to bring potential threats.Teaches may have a chance to find them in advance.Besides, specialists in this field are to be required to make full preparation for cases in time.Facing the crisis, experts can deal with it in a professional way, which means they have more or better opportunities to save us than others.From the factors mentioned above, we may safely draw the conclusion that we can free ourselves from mental illness by taking certain precautions.For example, if you have pains or puzzles in mind, finding a friend to express these is a good way to release pressure.Certainly, there is little doubt that further attention will be paid to the issue.