第一篇：8D報告中英文版

of 2

CTV-85-001-0114 Jun 2011

Process for Approval.(CAR)Quality Engineer to set up meeting with Approval team.通過過程（糾正預(yù)防措施）質(zhì)量工程師召集通過小組，舉行會議of 2

CTV-85-001-0114 Jun 2011

第二篇：中英文開題報告

--精選公文范文--------------------------中英文開題報告

中英文開題報告

下面是一篇英語論文的開題報告，雖然不是特別好，但也反應(yīng)了開題報告的格式和寫法，有一定的借鑒價值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies.----------------精選公文范文------------------精選公文范文--------------------------

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.----------------精選公文范文------------------精選公文范文--------------------------Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation----------------精選公文范文------------------精選公文范文--------------------------approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline

Development and major concepts of DTS

此文共有3頁

----------------精選公文范文----------------

第三篇：中英文開題報告

下面是一篇英語論文的開題報告，雖然不是特別好，但也反應(yīng)了開題報告的格式和寫法，有一定的借鑒價值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies(DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS此文共有3頁 上一頁123下一頁

第四篇：十八大報告中英文對照

政府工作報告

——2013年3月5日在第十二屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議上 國務(wù)院總理 溫家寶

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT Delivered at the First Session of the Twelfth National People's Congress on March 5, 2013 Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council 各位代表：

現(xiàn)在，我代表國務(wù)院，向大會報告過去五年的政府工作，并對今年工作提出建議，請各位代表審議，并請全國政協(xié)委員提出意見。Fellow Deputies, On behalf of the State Council, I now present to you the report on the government's work of the past five years and suggestions for its work this year for your deliberation and for comments from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC).一、過去五年工作回顧

I.Review of Work in the Past Five Years

第十一屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議以來的五年，是我國發(fā)展進程中極不平凡的五年。我們有效應(yīng)對國際金融危機的嚴重沖擊，保持經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從26.6萬億元增加到51.9萬億元，躍升到世界第二位；公共財政收入從5.1萬億元增加到11.7萬億元；累計新增城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)5870萬人，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入和農(nóng)村居民人均純收入年均分別增長8.8%、9.9%；糧食產(chǎn)量實現(xiàn)“九連增”；重要領(lǐng)域改革取得新進展，開放型經(jīng)濟達到新水平；創(chuàng)新型國家建設(shè)取得新成就，載人航天、探月工程、載人深潛、北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、超級計算機、高速鐵路等實現(xiàn)重大突破，第一艘航母“遼寧艦”入列；成功舉辦北京奧運會、殘奧會和上海世博會；奪取抗擊汶川特大地震、玉樹強烈地震、舟曲特大山洪泥石流等嚴重自然災(zāi)害和災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建重大勝利。我國社會生產(chǎn)力和綜合國力顯著提高，人民生活水平和社會保障水平顯著提高，國際地位和國際影響力顯著提高。我們圓滿完成“十一五”規(guī)劃，順利實施“十二五”規(guī)劃。社會主義經(jīng)濟建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)取得重大進展，譜寫了中國特色社會主義事業(yè)新篇章。

The past five years since the First Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress were a truly extraordinary period of time in the course of China's development.We effectively countered the severe impact of the global financial crisis and maintained steady and fast economic development.China's GDP increased from 26.6 trillion yuan to 51.9 trillion yuan, and now ranks second in the world.Government revenue went up from 5.1 trillion yuan to 11.7 trillion yuan.A total of 58.7 million urban jobs were created.The per capita disposable income of urban residents rose by an annual average of 8.8%, and the per capita net income of rural residents rose by 9.9%.Grain output increased for the ninth consecutive year in 2012.Progress was made in key areas of reform;and the open economy reached a new stage of development.We made China more innovative.Breakthroughs were made in developing manned spaceflight and the lunar exploration program, building a manned deep-sea submersible, launching the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, developing supercomputers and building high-speed railways.China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, was commissioned.We successfully hosted the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and the XIII Paralympic Games in Beijing and the World Expo in Shanghai.We successfully mitigated the impact of the massive Wenchuan earthquake, the strong Yushu earthquake, the huge Zhugqu mudslide and other natural disasters and carried out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.China's productive forces and overall national strength, its living standards and social security, and its international status and influence all improved significantly.We successfully completed the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and got off to a good start in implementing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.We made significant socialist economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, and wrote a new chapter in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.The following are the main work we accomplished over the past five years and its main features: 一是有效應(yīng)對國際金融危機，促進經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展。過去五年，我們是在持續(xù)應(yīng)對國際金融危機嚴重沖擊中走過來的。這場危機來勢之猛、擴散之快、影響之深，百年罕見。我們沉著應(yīng)對，及時果斷調(diào)整宏觀調(diào)控著力點，出臺進一步擴大內(nèi)需、促進經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快增長的十項措施，全面實施一攬子計劃。兩年新增4萬億元投資，其中中央財政投資1.26萬億元，主要用于保障性安居工程、農(nóng)村民生工程、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、社會事業(yè)、生態(tài)環(huán)保、自主創(chuàng)新等方面建設(shè)和災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建。五年來，新建各類保障性住房1800多萬套，棚戶區(qū)改造住房1200多萬套；完成大中型和重點小型水庫除險加固1.8萬座，治理重點中小河流2.45萬公里，新增節(jié)水灌溉面積770萬公頃；新增鐵路里程1.97萬公里，其中高速鐵路8951公里，京滬、京廣、哈大等高鐵和一批城際鐵路相繼投入運營；新增公路60.9萬公里，其中高速公路4．2萬公里，高速公路總里程達9.56萬公里；新建機場31個；新增萬噸級港口泊位602個；一批跨江跨海大橋、連島工程相繼建成；西氣東輸、西電東送、南水北調(diào)等重大工程順利推進或建成；非化石能源快速發(fā)展，水電、風(fēng)電裝機位居世界第一；重建后的汶川、玉樹、舟曲等災(zāi)區(qū)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。這些舉世矚目的成就，對我們有效應(yīng)對國際金融危機嚴重沖擊發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用，為經(jīng)濟社會長遠發(fā)展打下了堅實基礎(chǔ)，已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)造福億萬人民。

我們始終注重處理好保持經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展、調(diào)整經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)和管理通脹預(yù)期的關(guān)系，增強宏觀政策的前瞻性、科學(xué)性、有效性，注意把握好政策的取向、力度和重點。在國際金融危機沖擊最嚴重時，果斷實施積極的財政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，綜合運用多種財政政策工具，增加政府支出，實行結(jié)構(gòu)性減稅；有效運用存款準備金率、利率等貨幣政策工具，保持貨幣信貸合理增長。根據(jù)宏觀經(jīng)濟走勢的變化，我們及時調(diào)整政策力度，適時退出刺激政策，實施積極的財政政策和穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策。在財政政策運用上，堅持統(tǒng)籌兼顧，注重綜合平衡。財政赤字占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重從2009年的2.8%降到去年的1.5%左右，赤字率和債務(wù)負擔(dān)率保持在安全水平。加強地方政府性債務(wù)全面審計和地方政府融資平臺管理，有效控制經(jīng)濟運行中的風(fēng)險隱患。在貨幣政策運用上，始終注意把握穩(wěn)增長、控物價和防風(fēng)險之間的平衡。金融體系運行穩(wěn)健，銀行業(yè)風(fēng)險抵御能力持續(xù)增強，資本充足率從2007年底的8.4%提升到去年底的13.3%，不良貸款率由6.1%下降到0.95%。堅持搞好房地產(chǎn)市場調(diào)控不動搖，遏制了房價過快上漲勢頭。2012年，在世界各大經(jīng)濟體增長全面減速、各種風(fēng)險不斷暴露的情況下，我們合理把握政策力度，保持財政預(yù)算支出規(guī)模不變，優(yōu)化支出結(jié)構(gòu)，扭轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)濟下滑趨勢，全面實現(xiàn)年初確定的主要目標(biāo)，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長7.8%，城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1266萬人，居民消費價格漲幅回落到2.6%，為今年經(jīng)濟發(fā)展打下好的基礎(chǔ)。

這五年，我國宏觀經(jīng)濟總體上保持增速平穩(wěn)較快、物價相對穩(wěn)定、就業(yè)持續(xù)增加、國際收支趨于平衡的良好態(tài)勢，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值年均增長9.3%，顯著高于同期全球和新興經(jīng)濟體的增速，通貨膨脹率遠低于其他新興經(jīng)濟體。我國經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定，充滿活力。

回首這五年，面對國際經(jīng)濟形勢復(fù)雜多變、持續(xù)低迷的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)，中央科學(xué)判斷、果斷決策，有效避免了我國現(xiàn)代化進程因巨大的外部沖擊而出現(xiàn)大的波折，實踐證明這些決策部署是完全正確的。

In the past five years, we averted the grievous consequences of the global financial crisis, whose abruptness, rapid spread and profound impact were rarely seen in the past century.We responded to the crisis calmly, made timely and decisive adjustments to the focus of macro-control, adopted ten measures to increase domestic demand and promote steady and rapid economic growth, and implemented a comprehensive package plan.In a two-year period, an additional four trillion yuan of government investment was made, with 1.26 trillion yuan from the central government, mainly for building government-subsidized housing, improving rural people's wellbeing, building infrastructure, developing social programs, improving the environment, promoting innovation, and carrying out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.Over the past five years: More than 18 million government-subsidized housing units of various types were built, and over 12 million housing units in run-down areas were upgraded.A total of 18,000 large and medium-sized and key small reservoirs were reinforced, 24,500 kilometers of key small and medium-length rivers were harnessed, and water-saving irrigated farmland was increased by 7.7 million hectares.A total of 19,700 kilometers of new rail lines were built, 8,951 kilometers of which are high-speed railways.The high-speed Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou and Harbin-Dalian railways and a number of intercity railways were opened to traffic.A total of 609,000 kilometers of new roads were built, 42,000 kilometers of which are expressways, increasing the total length of expressways in service to 95,600 kilometers.Thirty-one airports and 602 shipping berths for 10,000-ton ships were built.A number of bridges over rivers and bays and linking islands with other islands and the mainland were completed.Smooth progress was made in major projects such as those for transporting natural gas and electricity from the west to the east and diverting water from the south to the north, and some of the projects have been completed.Non-fossil energy production developed rapidly, and China now ranks first in the world in the installed capacity of both hydropower and wind power.Reconstruction of the Wenchuan, Yushu and Zhugqu disaster areas transformed them completely.These impressive achievements played a vital role in our effective response to the severe impact of the global financial crisis, and laid a solid foundation for sustaining China's economic and social development.They have benefited and will continue to benefit hundreds of millions of people.We always strove to maintain a balance between ensuring steady and rapid economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations.We made government macro policies more forward-looking, scientific and effective and implemented them with proper orientation, force and focus.When the impact of the global financial crisis was at its worst, we resolutely implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, employed a full range of financial policy tools, increased government spending and made structural tax reductions.We effectively employed monetary policy instruments such as adjusting required reserve ratios and interest rates to maintain proper growth in the money and credit supply.In response to changing macroeconomic trends, we promptly adjusted the intensity of policy implementation, reduced the force of stimulus policies at an appropriate time, and implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy.We took a holistic and balanced approach in employing fiscal policy.As a result, the government deficit dropped from 2.8% of GDP in 2009 to about 1.5% last year, and both deficit-to-GDP and debt-to-GDP ratios remained at a safe level.We strengthened comprehensive auditing of local governments' debt and management of their financing platforms, thus effectively controlling latent economic risks.In employing monetary policy, we maintained a balance between ensuring steady growth, maintaining price stability and warding off risks.The financial system functioned soundly.The banking sector became better able to avert risks.Its capital adequacy rate increased from 8.4% at the end of 2007 to 13.3% by the end of last year, and its non-performing loans dropped from 6.1% to 0.95%.We kept a firm grip on the real estate market and kept housing prices from rising too quickly.In 2012, when other major economies in the world were experiencing a slowdown in growth and constantly encountered new risks, we maintained a proper intensity in policy implementation, kept budgetary spending unchanged, improved the spending mix, and reversed the decline in economic growth.As a result, we attained all the main targets set at the beginning of the year: GDP grew by 7.8%, 12.66 million urban jobs were created, and the rise in the CPI fell to 2.6%.All this laid a good foundation for China's economic development this year.Over the past five years: China's economy as a whole maintained steady and rapid growth.Prices remained fairly stable.Employment steadily increased.The balance of payments moved toward equilibrium.GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.3%, considerably higher than the average global rate and the average rate of other emerging economies for the same period.China's inflation rate was also much lower than that of other emerging economies.The Chinese economy is stable and full of vitality.In the last five years, faced with severe challenges posed by a complex and volatile international economic environment and a sluggish global economy, the central leadership, on the basis of a scientific judgment of the situation, made resolute decisions that steered China's modernization drive clear of major pitfalls created by huge external shocks.Experience fully proves these decisions and implementing steps were entirely correct.二是加快經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，提高經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的質(zhì)量和效益。堅持實施擴大內(nèi)需戰(zhàn)略，內(nèi)需對經(jīng)濟增長的貢獻率明顯提高，經(jīng)常項目順差占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重從10.1%下降到2.6%。居民消費結(jié)構(gòu)加快升級。2012年底，城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村人均住房面積32.9平方米、37.1平方米，分別比2007年增加2.8平方米和5.5平方米；城鎮(zhèn)居民每百戶擁有家用汽車21.5輛，比2007年增加15.5輛；旅游、文化消費大幅增加。堅持走中國特色新型工業(yè)化道路，大力推進產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級。我國制造業(yè)規(guī)模躍居全球首位，高技術(shù)制造業(yè)增加值年均增長13.4%，成為國民經(jīng)濟重要先導(dǎo)性、支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)；清潔能源、節(jié)能環(huán)保、新一代信息技術(shù)、生物醫(yī)藥、高端裝備制造等一批戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量整體水平不斷提高。服務(wù)業(yè)增加值占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重提高2.7個百分點，成為吸納就業(yè)最多的產(chǎn)業(yè)。扎實推進節(jié)能減排和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護。五年累計，共淘汰落后煉鐵產(chǎn)能1.17億噸、煉鋼產(chǎn)能7800萬噸、水泥產(chǎn)能7.75億噸；新增城市污水日處理能力4600萬噸；單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗下降17.2%，化學(xué)需氧量、二氧化硫排放總量分別下降15.7%和17.5%。修訂環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準，增加細顆粒物PM2.5等監(jiān)測指標(biāo)。推進天然林保護、退耕還林、防沙治沙等重點生態(tài)工程建設(shè)，五年累計完成造林2953萬公頃，治理沙漠化、石漠化土地1196萬公頃，綜合治理水土流失面積24.6萬平方公里，整治國土面積18萬平方公里。深入實施區(qū)域發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略，頒布實施全國主體功能區(qū)規(guī)劃，制定西部大開發(fā)新十年指導(dǎo)意見和一系列區(qū)域發(fā)展規(guī)劃，加快推進西藏、新疆等地區(qū)跨越式發(fā)展，制定實施新十年農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要，將扶貧標(biāo)準提高到2300元（2010年不變價），加強集中連片特殊困難地區(qū)扶貧攻堅。中西部和東北地區(qū)主要發(fā)展指標(biāo)增速高于全國平均水平，東部地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級步伐加快，各具特色、良性互動的區(qū)域發(fā)展格局正在形成。積極穩(wěn)妥推進城鎮(zhèn)化，五年轉(zhuǎn)移農(nóng)村人口8463萬人，城鎮(zhèn)化率由45.9%提高到52.6%，城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了歷史性變化。城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域發(fā)展的協(xié)調(diào)性明顯增強。

2.Accelerating adjustment of the economic structure and improving the quality and performance of economic development We adhered to the strategy of expanding domestic demand.As a result, the contribution of domestic demand to economic growth increased significantly, and the share of current account surplus in the GDP dropped from 10.1% to 2.6%.The upgrading in the mix of private consumption accelerated.--At the end of 2012, the per capita living area of urban and rural residents was 32.9 square meters and 37.1 square meters respectively, an increase of 2.8 and 5.5 over 2007.--Car ownership stood at 21.5 cars per 100 urban households, an increase of 15.5 over 2007.--Travel-and entertainment-related spending has risen substantially.We adhered to the new path of industrialization with distinctive Chinese features and promoted transformation and upgrading of industrial sectors.--China's manufacturing industry became the largest in the world.With added-value growing at an average annual rate of 13.4% during the past five years, high-tech manufacturing has become a leading pillar of the economy.--Strategic emerging industries grew rapidly, including clean energy, energy conservation, environmental protection, next-generation information and communication technology, biomedicines, and high-end equipment manufacturing.--The overall quality of manufactured goods steadily improved.--The share of value-added of the service sector in the GDP increased by 2.7 percentage points, and it now creates more jobs than any other sector.We made steady progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions, and protecting the environment.Over the past five years, the following backward production facilities were closed:--Iron works with a total output capacity of 117 million tons.--Steel mills with a capacity of 78 million tons.--Cement plants with a capacity of 775 million tons.Moreover, in the past five years:--Daily urban sewage treatment capacity increased by 46 million tons.--Energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 17.2%.--Total chemical oxygen demand fell by 15.7%.--Total sulfur dioxide emissions fell by 17.5%.--Environmental air quality standards were revised.--The air quality index for monitoring fine particulate matter(PM2.5)was added.Progress was made in major ecological projects to protect virgin forests, afforest marginal farmland, and prevent and control desertification.Over the past five years:--An additional 29.53 million hectares of land were planted with trees.--Desertification was halted on 11.96 million hectares of land.--Soil erosion on 246,000 square kilometers of land was brought under control.--A total of 180,000 square kilometers of land were improved.We implemented the master strategy for regional development, promulgated and implemented the national plan for developing functional zones, formulated new ten-year guidelines for the large-scale development of the western region and a number of regional development plans, and accelerated leapfrog development of Tibet and Xinjiang.We formulated and implemented a new ten-year program for rural poverty alleviation and development, raised the poverty line to 2,300 yuan at 2010 prices, and intensified efforts to alleviate poverty in contiguous areas with acute difficulties.Major economic indicators rose faster in the central and western regions and northeast China than the national average.Transformation and upgrading of the industrial sector in the eastern region accelerated, and a pattern of regional development is taking shape in which each region both has its distinctive strengths and draws on the strengths of other regions.We advanced urbanization actively yet prudently.Over the past five years:--A total of 84.63 million rural residents migrated to urban areas.--The urbanization level rose from 45.9% to 52.6%, marking a historic turning point in China's urban-rural population structure.Development between urban and rural areas and between regions became more balanced.三是毫不放松地抓好“三農(nóng)”工作，鞏固和加強農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)地位。我們堅持在工業(yè)化、信息化、城鎮(zhèn)化深入發(fā)展中同步推進農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化，集中力量辦成了一些關(guān)系農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村長遠發(fā)展、關(guān)系農(nóng)民切身利益的大事。加大財政投入，中央財政“三農(nóng)”累計支出4.47萬億元，年均增長23.5％。建立健全種糧農(nóng)民補貼制度和主產(chǎn)區(qū)利益補償機制，補貼標(biāo)準逐年提高，覆蓋范圍不斷擴大，補貼資金從2007年的639億元增加到2012年的1923億元。加強農(nóng)村金融服務(wù)，涉農(nóng)貸款余額從2007年末的6.12萬億元增加到2012年末的17.63萬億元。實行糧食最低收購價政策，小麥、稻谷最低收購價累計提高41.7%到86.7%。加強耕地保護，維護農(nóng)民權(quán)益，為完善農(nóng)村集體土地征收補償制度做了大量準備工作。加快推進農(nóng)業(yè)科技進步和現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)，加大對良種繁育、動植物疫病防控、基層農(nóng)技推廣的支持力度。大力興修水利，開展農(nóng)村土地整治，建設(shè)高標(biāo)準農(nóng)田，耕地面積保持在18.2億畝以上。糧食綜合生產(chǎn)能力躍上新臺階，糧食總產(chǎn)量連續(xù)6年穩(wěn)定在萬億斤以上并逐年增加。加強農(nóng)村水電路氣等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，新建改建農(nóng)村公路146.5萬公里，改造農(nóng)村危房1033萬戶，解決了3億多農(nóng)村人口的飲水安全和無電區(qū)445萬人的用電問題，農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)生活條件不斷改善。積極引導(dǎo)農(nóng)村富余勞動力轉(zhuǎn)向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，農(nóng)民人均純收入持續(xù)較快增長，2010年以來城鄉(xiāng)居民相對收入差距逐步縮小。深化農(nóng)村綜合改革。集體林權(quán)制度主體改革基本完成，全面推進農(nóng)村集體土地確權(quán)頒證工作，開展農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)登記試點。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展的好形勢，為應(yīng)對國際金融危機和各種自然災(zāi)害嚴重沖擊、穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展大局提供了重要支撐。

3.Unremittingly doing our work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers well, and consolidating and strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy We carried out agricultural modernization while deepening industrialization, application of information and communication technologies(ICT), and urbanization, and we pooled resources to accomplish a number of major tasks that are important to the long-term development of agriculture and rural areas and to the vital interests of farmers.--We increased central government spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers, which totaled 4.47 trillion yuan for the past five years and rose by an average annual rate of 23.5%.--We established a sound system for subsidizing grain farmers and a sound mechanism for subsidizing major grain-producing areas, broadened the coverage of the subsidies, and raised them every year, from 63.9 billion yuan in 2007 to 192.3 billion yuan in 2012.--We provided more rural financial services, and the outstanding balance of bank loans to agriculture, rural areas and farmers increased from 6.12 trillion yuan at the end of 2007 to 17.63 trillion yuan at the end of 2012.--We carried out the policy of minimum grain purchase prices and raised the floor prices for wheat and rice between 41.7% and 86.7%.--We intensified protection of farmland and farmers' rights and interests, and made a lot of preparations to improve the system of compensating for expropriation of rural collective land.--We made greater progress in agricultural science and technology and the development of modern agriculture, and we increased support for cultivating superior varieties and breeds, preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, and spreading agricultural technology in villages.--We built more water conservancy projects, improved rural land, developed high-grade farmland, and kept the country's total area of farmland over 121.3 million hectares.--Thanks to these efforts, China's overall grain production capacity reached a new level, and its grain output in each of the past six years increased and exceeded 500 million tons.--We strengthened rural infrastructure such as roads and water, power and methane supply capacity.We built or upgraded 1.465 million kilometers of rural roads, renovated run-down houses for 10.33 million rural households, provided safe drinking water for an additional 300 million plus rural residents, and delivered electricity to 4.45 million people in areas without power supply.This led to steady improvement in rural productivity and quality of life.--We encouraged surplus rural workers to find nonagricultural employment.The per capita net income of rural residents grew rapidly, and the relative income gap between urban and rural residents has progressively narrowed since 2010.--We deepened overall rural reform.--We basically completed the main tasks for reforming the collective forest tenure system, made comprehensive progress in determining, registering and certifying collective land ownership, and carried out trials for registering contracted rural land-use rights.Sound agricultural and rural development provided important support for China to counter the severe impact of the global financial crisis and natural disasters and maintain overall stability in economic and social development.四是堅持實施科教興國戰(zhàn)略，增強經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的核心支撐能力。我們加快實施國家中長期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，制定實施國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要、國家中長期人才發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要和國家知識產(chǎn)權(quán)戰(zhàn)略，推動科技、教育、文化事業(yè)全面發(fā)展，為國家長遠發(fā)展奠定了堅實基礎(chǔ)。

優(yōu)先發(fā)展教育事業(yè)。國家財政性教育經(jīng)費支出五年累計7.79萬億元，年均增長21.58%，2012年占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比例達到4%。教育資源重點向農(nóng)村、邊遠、民族、貧困地區(qū)傾斜，教育公平取得明顯進步。全面實現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)九年免費義務(wù)教育，惠及1.6億學(xué)生。實施學(xué)前教育三年行動計劃，“入園難”問題有所緩解。國家助學(xué)制度不斷完善，建立了家庭經(jīng)濟困難學(xué)生資助體系，實現(xiàn)從學(xué)前教育到研究生教育各個階段全覆蓋，每年資助金額近1000億元，資助學(xué)生近8000萬人次。實施中等職業(yè)教育免學(xué)費政策，覆蓋范圍包括所有農(nóng)村學(xué)生、城市涉農(nóng)專業(yè)學(xué)生和家庭經(jīng)濟困難學(xué)生。初步解決進城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女在城市接受義務(wù)教育問題，現(xiàn)有1260萬農(nóng)村戶籍孩子在城市接受義務(wù)教育。實施惠及3000多萬農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生營養(yǎng)改善計劃。完成中小學(xué)校舍安全工程。加快職業(yè)教育基礎(chǔ)能力和特殊教育基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。義務(wù)教育學(xué)校實施績效工資，在教育部直屬師范大學(xué)實行師范生免費教育，加強了農(nóng)村教師隊伍建設(shè)。全面提高教育質(zhì)量和水平，高等教育毛入學(xué)率提高到30%。國民受教育程度大幅提升，15歲以上人口平均受教育年限達到9年以上。大力推動自主創(chuàng)新。中央財政用于科技的投入五年累計8729億元，年均增長超過18%。全社會研究與試驗發(fā)展經(jīng)費支出占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重由2007年的1.4%提高到2012年的1.97%，企業(yè)研發(fā)活動支出占比超過74%。出臺深化科技體制改革加快國家創(chuàng)新體系建設(shè)的意見。深入實施國家技術(shù)創(chuàng)新工程和知識創(chuàng)新工程，扎實推進國家科技重大專項，新建一批國家工程中心、重點實驗室和企業(yè)技術(shù)中心。加強基礎(chǔ)研究和前沿探索，突破一批關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)，填補了多項重大產(chǎn)品和裝備的空白。

深入實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略。以高層次、高技能人才為重點，加強各類人才隊伍建設(shè)，專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才分別增加860萬人和880萬人，留學(xué)回國人員達到54萬人。大力加強文化建設(shè)。覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的公共文化設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系初步建成，博物館、圖書館、文化館（站）實現(xiàn)免費開放。國有經(jīng)營性文化單位轉(zhuǎn)企改制任務(wù)基本完成，公益性文化事業(yè)單位內(nèi)部機制改革不斷深化。哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)、新聞出版、廣播影視、文學(xué)藝術(shù)等更加繁榮，文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。文物保護、非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護和傳承取得重要進展。對外文化交流更加活躍。全民健身和競技體育取得新成績。

4.Steadfastly implementing the strategy for making China strong through the development of science and education, and boosting the country's core ability to sustain economic and social development We accelerated implementation of the National Plan for Long-and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development;formulated and implemented the National Plan for Long-and Medium-Term Education Reform and Development, the National Plan for Long-and Medium-Term Development of Competent Personnel and the national strategy on intellectual property rights.This gave impetus to all-around progress in science and technology, education, and culture and laid a solid foundation for ensuring China's long-term development.We gave high priority to developing education.Government spending on education totaled 7.79 trillion yuan over the past five years, increasing at an average annual rate of 21.58% to reach 4% of GDP in 2012.We allocated educational resources, giving priority to rural, remote, poor and ethnic minority areas and made notable progress in improving fairness in education.We made free nine-year compulsory education universal across the country, benefiting 160 million students.A three-year action plan for preschool education was carried out, and the shortage of preschools was eased.We improved the system of state financial aid to students, and established a system for giving students from poor families financial aid from preschool through graduate school.We spent approximately 100 billion yuan annually for this purpose and assisted nearly 80 million students.We implemented the policy of tuition-free secondary vocational education for all rural students and all urban students who study agriculture-related majors or are from poor families.The problem of providing compulsory education to children of rural migrants working in cities was basically solved, and 12.6 million children with rural residence status are now receiving compulsory education in cities.We implemented the plan for improving nutrition of rural students receiving compulsory education to the benefit of over 30 million students.We completed the project to improve the safety of primary and secondary school buildings.We sped up development of infrastructure for vocational and special education.The pay of teachers in compulsory education is now linked to their performance.Students majoring in education at teachers universities directly under the Ministry of Education were exempted from paying tuition, and the ranks of rural teachers were strengthened.The quality and level of education in China was comprehensively raised, and the gross college enrollment rate rose to 30%.The education level of the people was raised significantly, and the average length of schooling of people over the age of 15 now exceeds nine years.We vigorously promoted innovation.The central government spent 872.9 billion yuan to develop science and technology in the past five years, with an average annual increase of over 18%.China's R&D spending accounted for 1.97% of GDP in 2012, up from 1.4% in 2007, and over 74% of this spending was made by companies.The Guidelines on Deepening Reform of the Management System for Science and Technology and Accelerating Development of a National Innovation System were adopted.We carried out a national technology innovation project and a knowledge innovation project, made solid progress in implementing major national R&D projects, and set up a number of national engineering centers, key laboratories and enterprise technology centers.We boosted basic research and research in frontier areas, made breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies, and filled in gaps in many important products and equipment.We implemented the strategy for making China strong through training competent personnel.We trained more personnel of all types, with the focus on high-level and highly skilled personnel.As a result, the number of personnel with special expertise and highly skilled personnel increased by 8.6 million and 8.8 million respectively.A total of 540,000 overseas students returned.We put greater effort into developing the cultural sector.A network of public cultural facilities covering both urban and rural areas is taking shape, and all museums, libraries and cultural centers in China are open to the public free of charge.We basically transformed state-owned for-profit cultural institutions into business enterprises, and deepened reform of internal operating mechanisms of nonprofit cultural institutions.Philosophy and the social sciences, the press and publishing, radio, television and film, and literature and art are flourishing, and cultural industries developed rapidly.We made major progress in protecting cultural relics and preserving and passing on intangible cultural heritage.Cultural exchanges with other countries increased.New progress was made in nationwide fitness activities and competitive sports.五是堅持把人民利益放在第一位，著力保障和改善民生。我們把就業(yè)作為保障和改善民生的頭等大事，實施積極的就業(yè)政策。加強重點人群就業(yè)工作，提高職業(yè)培訓(xùn)和就業(yè)服務(wù)水平，五年累計投入就業(yè)專項資金1973億元，實現(xiàn)高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)2800萬人，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)困難人員就業(yè)830萬人，保持了就業(yè)形勢總體穩(wěn)定。全面推進社會保障體系建設(shè)，建立新型農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險和城鎮(zhèn)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險制度，城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險實現(xiàn)了制度全覆蓋，各項養(yǎng)老保險參保達到7.9億人。企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金從2004年人均每月700元提高到現(xiàn)在的1721元。妥善解決關(guān)閉破產(chǎn)企業(yè)退休人員、困難企業(yè)職工、國有企業(yè)老工傷人員、未參保集體企業(yè)退休人員社會保險等問題。深化醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生體制改革，建立新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療制度和城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險制度，全民基本醫(yī)保體系初步形成，各項醫(yī)療保險參保超過13億人，加強城鄉(xiāng)基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系建設(shè)，建立基本藥物制度并在基層醫(yī)療機構(gòu)實施，公立醫(yī)院改革試點穩(wěn)步推進。國民健康水平進一步提高，人均預(yù)期壽命達到75歲。健全城鄉(xiāng)居民低保、醫(yī)療、教育、法律等救助制度，改革完善孤兒保障、流浪兒童救助保護、農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)制度。頒布實施新的中國婦女、兒童發(fā)展綱要，依法保障婦女兒童合法權(quán)益。建立健全城鎮(zhèn)保障性住房制度，覆蓋面逐步擴大，2012年底已達到12.5%。社會保障制度建設(shè)取得歷史性的巨大成就。不斷加強和創(chuàng)新社會管理，建立健全應(yīng)急管理體系，發(fā)揮城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)自治和服務(wù)功能，社會保持和諧穩(wěn)定。

5.Putting the people's interests first and striving to ensure and improve their wellbeing We made expanding employment the top priority in ensuring and improving people's wellbeing and pursued a proactive employment policy.Over the past five years, we allocated 197.3 billion yuan of employment funds to help targeted groups obtain employment and to improve vocational training and employment services.As a result, 28 million university graduates and 8.3 million urban residents having difficulty finding jobs found employment.All this kept the overall employment situation stable.We made comprehensive progress in developing the social security system: A new old-age insurance system for rural residents and an old-age insurance system for non-working urban residents were established, and the basic old-age insurance system now covers both urban and rural residents.A total of 790 million people are now covered by different old-age insurance schemes.Basic pensions for enterprise retirees rose from an average of 700 yuan per month in 2004 to 1,721 yuan at present.We extended social security coverage to retirees of closed or bankrupt enterprises, employees of enterprises with operating difficulties, employees of state-owned enterprises who suffered work-related injuries in the past, and uninsured retirees of collectively owned enterprises.We deepened reform of the medical and health care systems, established a new type of rural cooperative medical care system and a basic medical insurance scheme for non-working urban residents.A basic medical insurance system that covers the whole population is taking shape, and over 1.3 billion people are now covered by different medical insurance schemes.We improved community-level medical and health care services, and established a system for using basic drugs and implemented it in community-level medical institutions.Steady progress was made in the trial reform of public hospitals.People's health further improved, and the average life expectancy reached 75 years.The systems for aiding needy rural and urban residents with subsistence allowances, medical care, education and legal assistance were improved.We reformed and improved systems for providing social security to orphans, helping and protecting homeless children, and giving childless and infirm rural residents assistance in the form of food, clothing, medical care, housing, and burial expenses.We promulgated and implemented new programs for the development of Chinese women and children, and protected their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law.We established a sound government-subsidized urban housing system and extended it to cover 12.5% of the country's urban households by the end of 2012.Historic achievements were made in developing the social security system.We strengthened and made innovations in social management, put in place a sound emergency response system, encouraged urban and rural communities to fully play their self-governance and service roles, and maintained social harmony and stability.六是深化重要領(lǐng)域改革，增強經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的內(nèi)在活力。我們不失時機地推進改革，在一些重要領(lǐng)域取得重大進展。大力推進財稅體制改革，完善轉(zhuǎn)移支付制度，全面建立縣級基本財力保障機制，基層政府提供基本公共服務(wù)的能力有所提高；由公共財政預(yù)算、政府性基金預(yù)算、國有資本經(jīng)營預(yù)算、社會保險基金預(yù)算組成的預(yù)算體系框架基本形成，預(yù)算外資金全部納入預(yù)算管理；統(tǒng)一內(nèi)外資企業(yè)稅制，實現(xiàn)增值稅轉(zhuǎn)型，實施成品油價格和稅費改革，開展?fàn)I業(yè)稅改征增值稅試點，改革資源稅制度，財稅體制對加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式的促進作用增強。全面深化金融體制改革，國有大型商業(yè)銀行股份制改革順利完成，政策性金融機構(gòu)改革有序推進，農(nóng)村信用社改革成效明顯，銀行業(yè)新監(jiān)管標(biāo)準實施，創(chuàng)業(yè)板、股指期貨和融資融券業(yè)務(wù)相繼推出，保險業(yè)改革開放深入推進，人民幣匯率形成機制不斷完善，利率市場化和資本項目可兌換改革穩(wěn)步推進，建立宏觀審慎政策框架，擴大人民幣在跨境貿(mào)易和投資中的使用。我國銀行、證券、保險業(yè)的抗風(fēng)險能力和國際競爭力顯著提升，為成功應(yīng)對國際金融危機沖擊奠定了堅實基礎(chǔ)。國有企業(yè)改革不斷深化，素質(zhì)提高，競爭力明顯增強。制定鼓勵和引導(dǎo)民間投資健康發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見和實施細則，非公有制經(jīng)濟發(fā)展環(huán)境不斷改善。建立生態(tài)補償制度，開展排污權(quán)和碳排放權(quán)交易試點。事業(yè)單位分類改革積極推進。

6.Deepening reform in key areas and enhancing the vitality of economic and social development We lost no opportunity to carry out reform and achieved great progress in a number of key areas.We vigorously reformed the fiscal and taxation systems, improved the system of transfer payments and established a mechanism for ensuring basic funding for county-level governments across the country.County-and township-level governments became more capable of providing basic public services.We put in place the basic framework of a system of budgets for public finances, government-managed funds, state capital operations and social security funds, and all extrabudgetary funds were placed under budgetary management.We unified the corporate tax systems for domestic and overseas-funded enterprises, implemented VAT reform, reformed pricing of refined oil products and related taxes and fees, carried out pilot projects to replace business tax with VAT, and reformed the resource tax system.This strengthened the role of the fiscal and taxation systems in accelerating the change of the growth model.We comprehensively deepened reform of the financial system.Specifically, we smoothly completed the transformation of large state-owned commercial banks into joint-stock companies and carried out reform of policy-based financial institutions in an orderly way.We made notable achievements in reforming rural credit cooperatives, implemented new oversight and supervision standards in the banking industry, launched the ChiNext stock market, and introduced stock index futures and securities margin trading.We deepened reform of the insurance industry and opened it wider.We improved the mechanism for setting the RMB exchange rate, made steady progress in making interest rates more market-based and promoting the RMB's convertibility under capital accounts, established a macroprudential policy framework, and expanded the use of the RMB in cross-border trade and investment.China's banking, securities and insurance industries became significantly more resilient to risks and internationally competitive, and they underpinned our successful response to the global financial crisis.Reform of state-owned enterprises deepened, their performance improved and their competitiveness was significantly enhanced.We formulated the Guidelines on Encouraging and Guiding the Sound Development of Nongovernmental Investment and rules for their implementation, and the environment for the development of the non-public sector of the economy improved.We adopted a system for compensating for ecological damage and carried out trials for trading pollution discharge and carbon emission rights.We carried out function-based reform of public institutions.七是堅定不移擴大對外開放，全面提升開放型經(jīng)濟水平。我們積極應(yīng)對外部環(huán)境的急劇變化，及時出臺穩(wěn)定外需的政策措施，實施市場多元化戰(zhàn)略，進出口總額年均增長12.2%，從世界第三位提升到第二位，其中出口額躍居世界第一位，占國際市場份額比2007年提高2個多百分點，進出口結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化，貿(mào)易大國地位進一步鞏固。五年累計實際利用外資5528億美元，利用外資的結(jié)構(gòu)和布局明顯優(yōu)化，質(zhì)量和水平顯著提升。加快實施“走出去”戰(zhàn)略，鼓勵各類企業(yè)開展對外投資和跨國經(jīng)營，非金融類對外直接投資從2007年的248億美元上升到2012年的772億美元，年均增長25.5%，躋身對外投資大國行列。對外開放有力促進了我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化，吸收了先進技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗，增加了就業(yè)和職工收入，也為推動世界經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇作出了重要貢獻。

7.Unswervingly opening wider to the outside world and comprehensively improving the performance of the open economy We actively responded to drastic changes in the external environment, promptly introduced policies and measures to stabilize external demand, and implemented the strategy of diversifying markets.During the past five years, China's import and export volume grew by an annual average of 12.2% and rose from third to second place in the world.China has become the largest exporter in the world, and its international market share increased by over two percentage points over 2007.China's import and export mix improved, and its status as a trading power was further strengthened.Over the past five years, we utilized US$ 552.8 billion of foreign investment, considerably improved the structure and distribution of this investment, and made much better use of it.We quickened the implementation of the “go global” strategy and encouraged enterprises of various types to invest and operate overseas.Non-financial outward direct investment increased from $24.8 billion in 2007 to $77.2 billion in 2012, growing at an average annual rate of 25.5%.This turned China into a major overseas investor country.Opening up vigorously stimulated China's economic development and structural improvement, brought in advanced foreign technologies and managerial expertise, and increased employment and workers' income, and also made an important contribution to global economic recovery.八是切實加強政府自身建設(shè)，進一步深化行政體制改革。推進政府機構(gòu)改革，初步建立職能統(tǒng)一的大部門體制框架。我們始終把實行科學(xué)民主決策、堅持依法行政、推進政務(wù)公開、健全監(jiān)督制度、加強廉政建設(shè)作為政府工作的基本準則。在規(guī)范行政權(quán)力運行，建設(shè)服務(wù)政府、責(zé)任政府、法治政府和廉潔政府方面，采取了一系列新舉措，邁出了新步伐。堅持科學(xué)決策、民主決策、依法決策，健全公眾參與、專家論證、風(fēng)險評估、合法性審查和集體討論決定等政府決策程序。深化行政審批制度改革，五年中分兩輪取消和調(diào)整行政審批事項498項，國務(wù)院各部門取消和調(diào)整的審批項目總數(shù)達到2497項，占原有審批項目的69.3%。大力推動政務(wù)公開，重點推進財政預(yù)算決算公開和公務(wù)接待、公務(wù)車購置使用、因公出國出境經(jīng)費公開，讓人民群眾更加全面地了解政府工作，更加有效地監(jiān)督政府行為。審計監(jiān)督的力度越來越大，成效越來越明顯。全面加強反腐倡廉建設(shè)，加強領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部廉潔自律的監(jiān)督管理。探索建立政府績效管理制度，建立并切實執(zhí)行以行政首長為重點的行政問責(zé)制度，努力提高行政效能。

8.Effectively strengthening governance and deepening reform of the administrative system We proceeded with the reform of government agencies and put in place the basic institutional framework for establishing larger government departments that integrate the functions smaller ones had performed.We always observed the following basic norms in exercising governance: making policy decisions scientifically and democratically, conducting administration in accordance with the law, promoting transparency in government operations, improving the oversight system and upholding integrity.We adopted new measures and made new progress in exercising government power according to due procedures and in building a service-oriented, accountable, law-based and clean government.We took the following steps to improve government decision-making procedures: making policy decisions scientifically and democratically in accordance with the law;soliciting opinions from the public;and conducting expert evaluation, risk assessment, legality review, and collective discussion.We deepened reform of the system of review and approval by government bodies and eliminated or streamlined 498 items requiring such review and approval in two stages over the past five years.Departments of the State Council eliminated or streamlined 2,497 items requiring their review and approval, 69.3% of the original total.We took major steps to increase transparency in government operations, with the focus on government budgets and final accounts, as well as on expenditures for official hospitality, purchase and use of official cars, and overseas trips for official purposes.This made it possible for the people to learn more about how the government functions, and thus more effectively oversee its operations.Auditing oversight was intensified and became more effective.We comprehensively intensified efforts to fight corruption and build a clean government, and strengthened oversight and supervision of leading officials to ensure that they maintain personal integrity and are self-disciplined.We took steps to put in place a system of performance-based management of government officials, established and earnestly enforced the system of governance accountability focusing on leading government officials, and improved efficiency in governance.各位代表！

五年來，我們貫徹民族區(qū)域自治法，支持少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)發(fā)展的政策體系更加完善，民族團結(jié)進步事業(yè)煥發(fā)出新的蓬勃生機。

全面落實宗教信仰自由政策，宗教事務(wù)管理的法制化、規(guī)范化水平進一步提升。認真貫徹僑務(wù)政策，依法保護海外僑胞和歸僑僑眷的合法權(quán)益，僑務(wù)資源的獨特優(yōu)勢得到進一步發(fā)揮。國防和軍隊建設(shè)開創(chuàng)新局面。中國特色軍事變革取得重大成就，軍隊革命化現(xiàn)代化正規(guī)化建設(shè)協(xié)調(diào)推進、全面加強，軍事斗爭準備不斷深化，履行新世紀新階段歷史使命能力顯著增強，出色完成一系列急難險重任務(wù)。

港澳臺工作進一步加強。香港、澳門保持繁榮穩(wěn)定，同內(nèi)地交流合作提高到新水平。推動兩岸關(guān)系實現(xiàn)重大轉(zhuǎn)折，兩岸直接雙向“三通”全面實現(xiàn)，簽署實施兩岸經(jīng)濟合作框架協(xié)議，形成兩岸全方位交往格局，開創(chuàng)兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展新局面。

全方位外交取得新的重大進展。我們積極推進同各大國關(guān)系，加強與周邊鄰國的互利合作關(guān)系，順利建成中國－東盟自貿(mào)區(qū)，推動上海合作組織等區(qū)域合作機制發(fā)展，深化同廣大發(fā)展中國家的傳統(tǒng)友誼與合作，積極參與應(yīng)對國際金融危機、氣候變化等全球性問題的國際合作，推動解決國際和地區(qū)熱點問題，為我國改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定營造了有利的國際環(huán)境，為世界和平穩(wěn)定發(fā)展繁榮作出重要貢獻。Fellow Deputies, Over the past five years, we implemented the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, improved the policy system for supporting the development of ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas, and infused new vitality into the cause of promoting unity and progress of ethnic groups in China.We comprehensively carried out the policy on freedom of religious belief and managed religious affairs on a more law-and procedure-based basis.We implemented the policy on overseas Chinese affairs in both letter and spirit, protected the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese and those who have returned to China and their families;and we put their unique strengths to better use.New progress was made in strengthening national defense and the armed forces.Major achievements were made in the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics.The armed forces made coordinated and all-around progress in becoming more revolutionary, modernized and procedure-based.They deepened their military preparedness, greatly enhanced their ability to carry out their historic mission in the new stage in the new century, and accomplished a number of urgent, difficult, and hazardous tasks.We strengthened our work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.Hong Kong and Macao are thriving and stable, and their exchanges and cooperation with the mainland reached a new height.We achieved a major transition in relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits.Complete, direct and two-way links of mail service, transport and trade were established, and the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement was signed and is being implemented.This extended cross-Straits exchanges to all areas and ushered in a new stage of peaceful growth of cross-Straits relations.Major new progress was made in China's all-around diplomacy.We vigorously developed our relations with other major countries, enhanced mutually beneficial cooperation with our neighbors, and successfully established the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area.We spurred the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and other mechanisms for promoting regional cooperation, and deepened our traditional friendship and cooperation with other developing countries.We actively participated in international cooperation on global issues like the global financial crisis and climate change and helped resolve international and regional hotspot issues.We thus fostered an international environment favorable for China's reform, development and stability and made a significant contribution to world peace, stability, development and prosperity.二、今年經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的總體要求、主要預(yù)期目標(biāo)和宏觀經(jīng)濟政策

II.General Requirements, Major Targets and Macroeconomic Policies for This Year's Economic and Social Development

黨的十八大科學(xué)總結(jié)了過去五年的工作和黨的十六大以來的奮斗歷程和歷史性成就，確定了全面建成小康社會和全面深化改革開放的目標(biāo)，對進一步推進中國特色社會主義事業(yè)作出了全面部署。

2013年是全面貫徹落實黨的十八大精神的開局之年，是實施“十二五”規(guī)劃承前啟后的關(guān)鍵一年，是為全面建成小康社會奠定堅實基礎(chǔ)的重要一年。我國發(fā)展仍處于可以大有作為的重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展具備很多有利條件和積極因素，也面臨不少風(fēng)險和挑戰(zhàn)。國際金融危機深層次影響持續(xù)顯現(xiàn)，世界經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇充滿不確定性、不穩(wěn)定性。我們既要看到形勢的積極方面，堅定信心，也要看到形勢的復(fù)雜性，增強憂患意識和緊迫感，兢兢業(yè)業(yè)、扎扎實實做好工作。

今年工作的總體要求是：深入學(xué)習(xí)和全面貫徹落實黨的十八大精神，高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，以鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為指導(dǎo)，緊緊圍繞主題主線，以提高經(jīng)濟增長質(zhì)量和效益為中心，深化改革開放，實施創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動戰(zhàn)略，穩(wěn)中求進，開拓創(chuàng)新，扎實開局，全面推進社會主義經(jīng)濟建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟持續(xù)健康發(fā)展和社會和諧穩(wěn)定。

今年經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的主要預(yù)期目標(biāo)是：國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長7.5%左右，發(fā)展的協(xié)調(diào)性進一步增強；居民消費價格漲幅3.5%左右；城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)900萬人以上，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率低于4.6%；城鄉(xiāng)居民人均收入實際增長與經(jīng)濟增長同步，勞動報酬增長和勞動生產(chǎn)率提高同步；國際收支狀況進一步改善。這里，著重對經(jīng)濟增長和物價總水平兩個指標(biāo)作些說明。關(guān)于經(jīng)濟增長目標(biāo)。這是一個綜合性指標(biāo)，各方面高度關(guān)注。今年經(jīng)濟增長預(yù)期目標(biāo)定為7.5%左右，主要基于兩方面考慮：一方面，要繼續(xù)抓住機遇、促進發(fā)展。這些年，我國制造業(yè)積累了較大產(chǎn)能，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施狀況大為改善，支撐能力明顯增強，儲蓄率較高，勞動力總量仍然很大。必須優(yōu)化配置和利用生產(chǎn)要素，保持合理的增長速度，為增加就業(yè)、改善民生提供必要條件，為轉(zhuǎn)方式、調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)創(chuàng)造穩(wěn)定環(huán)境；必須使經(jīng)濟增長與潛在增長率相協(xié)調(diào)，與生產(chǎn)要素的供給能力和資源環(huán)境的承受能力相適應(yīng)。另一方面，要切實按照科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的要求，引導(dǎo)各方面把工作重心放到加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式和調(diào)整經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)上，放到提高經(jīng)濟增長的質(zhì)量和效益上，推動經(jīng)濟持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。綜合權(quán)衡，今年的經(jīng)濟增長目標(biāo)定為7.5%左右是必要的、適宜的，實現(xiàn)這個目標(biāo)需要付出艱苦努力。

關(guān)于物價總水平。保持物價總水平基本穩(wěn)定始終是宏觀調(diào)控的重要目標(biāo)。去年居民消費價格漲幅回落到2.6%，這是我們控制通貨膨脹取得的一個重要成果，也與經(jīng)濟運行整體態(tài)勢有關(guān)。今年通貨膨脹壓力仍然較大，主要是：我國土地、勞動力等要素價格，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)類價格都存在上漲壓力；主要發(fā)達國家實行寬松貨幣政策并不斷加碼，輸入性通貨膨脹壓力不容忽視；理順能源資源價格需要留出一定空間；去年價格上漲的翹尾影響約有1個百分點。把居民消費價格漲幅控制在3.5%左右，是充分考慮各方面因素后作出的選擇。要切實保障重要商品供給，搞活流通，降低物流成本，加強市場價格監(jiān)管，保持物價總水平基本穩(wěn)定。

實現(xiàn)上述目標(biāo)，必須繼續(xù)實施積極的財政政策和穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策，保持政策連續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性，增強前瞻性、針對性和靈活性。

繼續(xù)實施積極的財政政策。更好地發(fā)揮積極財政政策在穩(wěn)增長、調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、促改革、惠民生中的作用。一是適當(dāng)增加財政赤字和國債規(guī)模。今年擬安排財政赤字1.2萬億元，比去年預(yù)算增加4000億元，其中中央財政赤字8500億元，代地方發(fā)債3500億元。這主要是考慮到結(jié)構(gòu)性減稅的滯后效應(yīng)，今年財政收入增長不會太快，但財政剛性支出增加，特別是要增加保障改善民生支出，保持對經(jīng)濟增長和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的支持力度，適當(dāng)擴大財政赤字和國債規(guī)模是必要的。同時，目前我國債務(wù)負擔(dān)率相對較低，今年增加赤字后，赤字率在2%左右，總體上處于安全水平。二是結(jié)合稅制改革完善結(jié)構(gòu)性減稅政策。重點是加快推進營業(yè)稅改征增值稅試點工作，完善試點辦法，適時擴大試點地區(qū)和行業(yè)范圍。三是著力優(yōu)化財政支出結(jié)構(gòu)。繼續(xù)向教育、醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生、社會保障等民生領(lǐng)域和薄弱環(huán)節(jié)傾斜，嚴格控制行政經(jīng)費等一般性支出，勤儉辦一切事業(yè)。中央預(yù)算內(nèi)投資主要投向保障性安居工程，農(nóng)業(yè)、水利、城市管網(wǎng)等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，社會事業(yè)等民生工程，節(jié)能減排和生態(tài)環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域。四是繼續(xù)加強地方政府性債務(wù)管理。妥善處理債務(wù)償還和在建項目后續(xù)融資問題，積極推進地方政府性債務(wù)管理制度建設(shè)，合理控制地方政府性債務(wù)水平。

繼續(xù)實施穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策。把握好促進經(jīng)濟增長、穩(wěn)定物價和防范金融風(fēng)險之間的平衡。一是健全宏觀審慎政策框架，發(fā)揮貨幣政策逆周期調(diào)節(jié)作用。廣義貨幣M2預(yù)期增長目標(biāo)擬定為13%左右。綜合運用多種貨幣政策工具，調(diào)節(jié)市場流動性，保持貨幣信貸合理增長，適當(dāng)擴大社會融資規(guī)模。完善貨幣政策傳導(dǎo)機制，加強金融監(jiān)管與貨幣政策的協(xié)調(diào)，不斷優(yōu)化監(jiān)管標(biāo)準和監(jiān)管方式。二是促進金融資源優(yōu)化配置。引導(dǎo)金融機構(gòu)加大對經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整特別是“三農(nóng)”、小微企業(yè)、戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)等的金融支持，滿足國家重點在建續(xù)建項目資金需求。拓寬實體經(jīng)濟融資渠道，降低實體經(jīng)濟融資成本。促進資本市場穩(wěn)定健康發(fā)展。三是守住不發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性和區(qū)域性金融風(fēng)險底線。引導(dǎo)金融機構(gòu)穩(wěn)健經(jīng)營，加強對局部和區(qū)域性風(fēng)險以及金融機構(gòu)表外業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險的監(jiān)管，提高金融支持經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的可持續(xù)性。At its Eighteenth National Congress, the Party scientifically reviewed its work over the previous five years and the historic achievements since its Sixteenth Congress, set forth the objectives of finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and deepening reform and opening up in an all-around way, and laid out an overall plan for advancing the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.The year 2013 is the first year for fully carrying out the guiding principles of the Party's Eighteenth National Congress, a crucial year for continuing to implement the Twelfth Five-Year Plan and an important year for laying a solid foundation for finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.China remains in an important period of strategic opportunities during which much can be accomplished.There are many favorable conditions and positive factors as well as a number of risks and challenges for China's economic and social development.The profound impact of the global financial crisis persists, and the recovery of the world economy is full of uncertainty and not yet on a stable footing.We should realize that the situation is encouraging and so remain confident;but also that it is complex and so be mindful of adversity, have a keen sense of urgency, and industriously and earnestly do our work well.The general requirements for this year's work are:--Thoroughly study and fully implement the guiding principles of the Eighteenth Party Congress.--Hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics.--Follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development.--Take developing in a scientific way as the underlying guideline and accelerating the change of the growth model as the major task.--Focus on improving the quality and performance of economic growth.--Deepen reform and opening up.--Implement the strategy of making development more innovation-driven.--Make progress while ensuring stability.--Blaze new trails in a pioneering spirit.--Get off to a good start.--Comprehensively promote socialist economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress.--Achieve sustained, healthy economic growth and social harmony and stability.The major targets for this year's economic and social development are:--Increase GDP by about 7.5%.--Better coordinate development.--Hold increases in the CPI to around 3.5%.--Add more than 9 million urban jobs.--Keep the registered urban unemployment rate at or below 4.6%.--Ensure that real per capita income for urban and rural residents increases in step with economic growth and that work remuneration rises in step with increases in labor productivity.--Further improve the balance of payments.Here, I wish to explain our targets for economic growth and overall prices.The target for economic growth: This is a general target that is followed closely by all.In setting this year's target for economic growth at about 7.5%, we have taken two factors into account.On the one hand, we need to continue to seize opportunities and promote development.Over the years, the capacity of China's manufacturing industry has increased considerably and our infrastructure has improved significantly, which means they are better able to sustain development.The rate of savings has been high, and the size of the workforce has remained large.We must better allocate and employ factors of production and maintain a proper level of economic growth in order to provide necessary conditions for creating jobs and improving people's wellbeing and to create a stable environment for changing the growth model and adjusting the economic structure.We must ensure that economic growth is in accord with the potential economic growth rate, the ability to supply factors of production, and the bearing capacity of resources and the environment.On the other hand, we should, in accordance with the Scientific Outlook on Development, guide all the people to shift the focus of their work to accelerating the change of the growth model, adjusting the economic structure and improving the quality and performance of economic growth, so as to promote sustained and healthy economic development.In light of these considerations, we deem it necessary and appropriate to set this year's target for economic growth at about 7.5%, a goal that we will have to work hard to attain.The target for overall prices: Maintaining basic stability of overall prices has always been an important macro-control target.Last year, the rise in the CPI dropped to 2.6%.This was an important result of our efforts to curb inflation, and it was also due to the overall economic performance.This year, China is still under considerable inflationary pressure.The main reasons are:--There is upward pressure on the prices of land, labor and other factors of production and the prices of farm products and services.--Major developed countries are increasingly carrying out easy monetary policies, and imported inflationary pressure cannot be overlooked.--We need to leave some room for adjusting the prices of energy and resources.--The carry-over effect of the CPI increase in 2012 will contribute roughly one percentage point to this year's CPI growth rate.Taking all these factors fully into account, we have set the target for increases in the CPI at around 3.5% for this year.We should effectively ensure the supply of major commodities, boost distribution of goods, reduce logistics costs, tighten oversight over market prices, and keep overall prices basically stable.To reach the above targets, we must continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, maintain continuity and stability of our policies, and make them more forward-looking, targeted and flexible.We will continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy.We should make our proactive fiscal policy play a bigger role in ensuring steady growth, adjusting the structure, advancing reform, and benefiting the people.First, we will increase the deficit and government debt by appropriate amounts.This year we are projecting a deficit of 1.2 trillion yuan, 400 billion more than the budgeted figure last year.This consists of a central government deficit of 850 billion yuan and 350 billion yuan in bonds to be issued on behalf of local governments.The time-lag of past structural tax cuts will make it hard for government revenue to grow fast this year, while fixed government expenditures will increase.In particular, it is necessary to increase spending to ensure and improve people's wellbeing and maintain support for economic growth and structural adjustment.Consequently, we deem it necessary to appropriately increase the deficit and government debt.It should be noted that China has a relatively low debt-to-GDP ratio, and the increase in the deficit this year will bring the deficit-to-GDP ratio to about 2%, which is overall at a safe level.Second, we will improve the structural tax cut policy as we continue to reform the tax system.The focus will be on accelerating the pilot project to replace business tax with VAT, improving the way these trials are conducted and extending them to more areas and sectors in a timely manner.Third, we will work hard to optimize the structure of government expenditures.We will continue to give priority to spending on education, medical and health care, social security and other weak areas that are important to people's wellbeing.We will strictly limit regular expenditures like administrative expenses, and practice thrift in everything we do.Investment from the central government budget will be mainly made in government-subsidized housing projects;infrastructure projects related to agriculture, water conservancy and urban utilities networks;social programs and other projects to improve people's wellbeing;and energy conservation, emissions reduction and environmental protection.Fourth, we will continue to strengthen management of local government debt.We will properly handle debt repayment and follow-up financing for ongoing projects, put in place a system for managing local government debt and keep such debt at an appropriate level.We will continue to implement a prudent monetary policy.We will maintain a balance between boosting economic growth, keeping prices stable and guarding against financial risks.First, we will improve the policy framework for exercising macro-control prudently and have monetary policy play the role of making counter-cyclic adjustments.The target for growth of the broad money supply(M2)is about 13%.We will employ a full range of monetary policy tools to control market liquidity, increase the money and credit supply at an appropriate pace, and expand the aggregate financing for the economy by an appropriate amount.We will improve the transmission mechanism for monetary policy, better coordinate financial oversight and monetary policy, and improve oversight standards and their implementation.Second, we will better allocate financial resources.We will guide financial institutions to increase financial support for structural adjustments to the economy, especially for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, small and micro businesses, and strategic emerging industries, and satisfy funding needs for key national projects under construction or expansion.We will broaden financing channels for the real economy and reduce its financing costs.We will promote steady and healthy development of the capital market.Third, we will resolutely guard against systemic and regional financial risks.We will guide financial institutions to operate prudently, and we will tighten oversight over financial risks in certain sectors and regions and risks related to the off-balance sheet activities of financial institutions, and thus make the financial sector's support for economic development more sustainable.三、對今年政府工作的建議

III.Suggestions for the Work of the Government This Year

結(jié)合過去十年特別是近五年工作的體會，對今年政府主要工作提出以下建議。

Based on an understanding of the work of the past ten years, especially of the past five years, I wish to make the following suggestions for the government's main work this year.（一）加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式，促進經(jīng)濟持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。我國社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)取得的一切成就都建立在經(jīng)濟持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)之上，經(jīng)濟不發(fā)展，什么事情都辦不成。我國仍處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段的基本國情沒有變，人民日益增長的物質(zhì)文化需要同落后的社會生產(chǎn)之間的矛盾這一社會主要矛盾沒有變，我國是世界上最大發(fā)展中國家的國際地位沒有變，發(fā)展仍是解決我國所有問題的關(guān)鍵。必須堅持以經(jīng)濟建設(shè)為中心，聚精會神搞建設(shè)，一心一意謀發(fā)展。只要我們牢牢把握發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，尊重發(fā)展規(guī)律，創(chuàng)新發(fā)展理念，破解發(fā)展難題，加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式，在發(fā)展中促轉(zhuǎn)變，在轉(zhuǎn)變中謀發(fā)展，就一定能實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。要堅定不移地把擴大內(nèi)需作為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的長期戰(zhàn)略方針，充分發(fā)揮消費的基礎(chǔ)作用和投資的關(guān)鍵作用。擴大內(nèi)需的難點和重點在消費，潛力也在消費。擴大居民消費要在提高消費能力、穩(wěn)定消費預(yù)期、增強消費意愿、改善消費環(huán)境上下功夫，不斷提高消費對經(jīng)濟增長的拉動力?，F(xiàn)階段，投資在促進經(jīng)濟增長中的作用不可低估。我國既有投資能力，又有投資需求，關(guān)鍵在于選準方向、優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)、提高投資的質(zhì)量和效益。政府投資對社會投資具有十分重要的引導(dǎo)作用，但占全社會投資的比重越來越小，必須進一步放寬民間投資市場準入，激發(fā)民間投資活力。

要大力推進轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式，加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。我國生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平具有多層次性，回旋余地很大，無論傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)還是新興產(chǎn)業(yè)、勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)還是資金密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，都有發(fā)展的空間，重要的是優(yōu)化資源配置和產(chǎn)業(yè)布局，解決產(chǎn)能過剩、核心技術(shù)缺乏、產(chǎn)品附加值低的問題，解決低水平重復(fù)建設(shè)和地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)趨同的問題。必須加快改造提升傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，大力發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和市場競爭力。要加強政策引導(dǎo)，鼓勵企業(yè)跨行業(yè)跨區(qū)域跨所有制兼并重組，利用市場倒逼機制促進優(yōu)勝劣汰。以擴大國內(nèi)市場應(yīng)用、重要關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)為重點，推動戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展。積極推動信息化和工業(yè)化融合，加快建設(shè)新一代信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，促進信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用。堅持生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)和生活性服務(wù)業(yè)并重，現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)和傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)業(yè)并舉，進一步發(fā)展壯大服務(wù)業(yè)。

要順應(yīng)人民群眾對美好生活環(huán)境的期待，大力加強生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護。生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)系人民福祉，關(guān)乎子孫后代和民族未來。要堅持節(jié)約資源和保護環(huán)境的基本國策，著力推進綠色發(fā)展、循環(huán)發(fā)展、低碳發(fā)展。大力推進能源資源節(jié)約和循環(huán)利用，重點抓好工業(yè)、交通、建筑、公共機構(gòu)等領(lǐng)域節(jié)能，控制能源消費總量，降低能耗、物耗和二氧化碳排放強度。要加快調(diào)整經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)和布局，抓緊完善標(biāo)準、制度和法規(guī)體系，采取切實的防治污染措施，促進生產(chǎn)方式和生活方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，下決心解決好關(guān)系群眾切身利益的大氣、水、土壤等突出環(huán)境污染問題，改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量，維護人民健康，用實際行動和成效讓人民看到希望。要做好氣象、地質(zhì)、地震等方面工作，提高防災(zāi)減災(zāi)能力。優(yōu)化國土空間開發(fā)格局，合理控制開發(fā)強度，調(diào)整空間結(jié)構(gòu)。加強海洋綜合管理，發(fā)展海洋經(jīng)濟，提高海洋資源開發(fā)能力，保護海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境，維護國家海洋權(quán)益。

要繼續(xù)深入實施區(qū)域發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略，促進區(qū)域經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。充分發(fā)揮各地比較優(yōu)勢，統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、分類指導(dǎo)，優(yōu)先推進西部大開發(fā)，全面振興東北地區(qū)等老工業(yè)基地，大力促進中部地區(qū)崛起，積極支持東部地區(qū)率先發(fā)展，加大對革命老區(qū)、民族地區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)、貧困地區(qū)扶持力度，深入推進集中連片特殊困難地區(qū)扶貧攻堅。

1.Accelerating the change of the growth model and promoting sustained and sound economic development All the achievements we have made in China's socialist modernization are attributable to sustained and sound economic development, without which we would have accomplished nothing.China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time.This basic national condition has not changed;nor has the principal problem in our society, that is, production falls short of the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people, or China's international position as the largest developing country in the world.Development is still the key to solving all our problems.We must keep economic development as the central task and give it our undivided attention.As long as we make full use of this important period of strategic opportunities, respect the law of development, formulate new thinking on development, solve problems hindering development, accelerate the change of the growth model, spur change in the course of pursuing development, and promote development while working for change, we can certainly achieve sustained and sound economic development.We should unswervingly take expanding domestic demand as our long-term strategy for economic development, and make full use of the basic function of consumption and the key role of investment.The difficulty in and key to expanding domestic demand lie in consumption, and that is also where the potential lies.To expand individual consumption, we should enhance people's ability to consume, keep their consumption expectations stable, boost their desire to consume, improve the consumption environment and make economic growth more consumption-driven.In the current stage, the role investment plays in promoting economic growth cannot be underestimated.China has both investment capability and investment demand, but the key is to make investment in the needed sectors, optimize the structure of investment, and improve its performance and returns.Governmental investment is important in guiding nongovernmental investment, but its share of the country's total investment is decreasing, so we must further relax controls over market access for nongovernmental investment and stimulate it.We should energetically change the growth model and speed up structural adjustment of industry.China's productive forces develop on multiple levels, which gives us plenty of room to maneuver.Industries, whether traditional or emerging, labor-intensive or capital-intensive, all have room for development.The important task is to optimize resources allocation and industrial distribution, and solve the following problems: excess production capacity, the lack of core technology, products with low value-added, low-level and redundant industrial projects, and different regions having similar industrial structures.We must accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, energetically develop new-and high-tech industries, and raise product quality and competitiveness.We should strengthen policy guidance;encourage enterprise acquisitions and reorganizations across industries, regions and forms of ownership;and allow market forces to determine enterprises' success or failure.We should promote sound development of strategic emerging industries, with the focus on expanding their share in the domestic market and making breakthroughs in major and key technologies.We should promote the integration of IT application and industrialization, more quickly build next-generation information and communication infrastructure, and spread the use of information network technology.We should develop and expand the service sector, and attach equal importance to producer and consumer service industries and to modern and traditional service industries.In response to people's expectations of having a good living environment, we should greatly strengthen ecological improvement and environmental protection.The state of the ecological environment affects the level of people's wellbeing and also posterity and the future of our nation.We should adhere to the basic state policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment and endeavor to promote green, circular, and low-carbon development.We should greatly boost the conservation and reuse of energy and resources, give priority to saving energy in industry, transportation and construction and in public institutions, restrict total energy consumption, and reduce energy and materials consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.We should speed up adjusting the economic structure and distribution and upgrading related standards, practices, and laws and regulations.We should adopt effective measures to prevent and control pollution and change the way we work and live.We should resolve to solve the problems of serious air, water, and soil pollution that affect the people's vital interests;improve environmental quality, and safeguard people's health, and give the people hope through our concrete action and achievements.We should do our meteorological, geological and seismic work well and become better able to prevent and mitigate natural disasters.We should optimize development of the country's territory, carry out development at a proper pace and adjust its spatial layout.We should strengthen comprehensive marine management, develop the marine economy, become better able to exploit marine resources, protect the marine ecological environment, and safeguard China's maritime rights and interests.We should continue to fully implement the master strategy for regional development and promote balanced development between regions.We should make full use of the comparative strengths of each region, make plans comprehensively and give guidance tailored to different circumstances.We should give high priority to large-scale development of the western region, fully revitalize the old industrial bases in northeast China, spur the rise of the central region, and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development.We should increase support for old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas and alleviate poverty in contiguous areas with acute difficulties.（二）強化農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)，推動城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展一體化。近些年是我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展最快、農(nóng)村面貌變化最大、農(nóng)民得到實惠最多的時期。當(dāng)前，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展進入一個新階段，呈現(xiàn)出農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)綜合成本上升、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供求結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出、農(nóng)村社會結(jié)構(gòu)深刻變動、城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展加快融合的態(tài)勢，全面建成小康社會的重點難點仍然在農(nóng)村。必須堅持把解決好“三農(nóng)”問題作為全部工作的重中之重，這是歷史經(jīng)驗的科學(xué)總結(jié)，既管當(dāng)前，也管長遠，是長期指導(dǎo)思想。農(nóng)村土地制度關(guān)乎農(nóng)村的根本穩(wěn)定，也關(guān)乎中國的長遠發(fā)展，其核心是要保障農(nóng)民的財產(chǎn)權(quán)益，底線是嚴守18億畝耕地紅線。要堅持以家庭承包經(jīng)營為基礎(chǔ)，支持發(fā)展多種形式新型農(nóng)民合作組織和多層次的農(nóng)業(yè)社會化服務(wù)組織，逐步構(gòu)建集約化、專業(yè)化、組織化、社會化相結(jié)合的新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營體系，始終注重保護法律賦予農(nóng)民的財產(chǎn)權(quán)利，調(diào)動農(nóng)民積極性。毫不放松糧食生產(chǎn)，建設(shè)高標(biāo)準基本農(nóng)田，推廣先進技術(shù)，增強農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力，保障糧食和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的有效供給。要繼續(xù)加大“三農(nóng)”投入，加強農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和基本公共服務(wù)體系建設(shè)，推動城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展一體化，形成以工促農(nóng)、以城帶鄉(xiāng)、工農(nóng)互惠、城鄉(xiāng)一體的新型工農(nóng)、城鄉(xiāng)關(guān)系。要采取有效措施，穩(wěn)定農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營隊伍，積極培育新型農(nóng)民。

城鎮(zhèn)化是我國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的歷史任務(wù)，與農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化相輔相成。要遵循城鎮(zhèn)化的客觀規(guī)律，積極穩(wěn)妥推動城鎮(zhèn)化健康發(fā)展。堅持科學(xué)規(guī)劃、合理布局、城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌、節(jié)約用地、因地制宜、提高質(zhì)量。特大城市和大城市要合理控制規(guī)模，充分發(fā)揮輻射帶動作用；中小城市和小城鎮(zhèn)要增強產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、公共服務(wù)、吸納就業(yè)、人口集聚功能。加快推進戶籍制度、社會管理體制和相關(guān)制度改革，有序推進農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移人口市民化，逐步實現(xiàn)城鎮(zhèn)基本公共服務(wù)覆蓋常住人口，為人們自由遷徙、安居樂業(yè)創(chuàng)造公平的制度環(huán)境。村莊建設(shè)要注意保持鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)貌，營造宜居環(huán)境，使城鎮(zhèn)化和新農(nóng)村建設(shè)良性互動。

2.Strengthening the foundation for agriculture and rural development and promoting integrated urban and rural development In recent years, China's agriculture has developed faster, its rural areas have undergone more significant changes, and its rural residents have received more tangible benefits than in any other period.Agriculture and rural development in China have now entered a new stage in which overall agricultural production costs are rising, structural problems in the supply and demand of agricultural products are worsening, the rural social structure is undergoing profound changes, and integration of urban and rural development is speeding up.All the major and difficult problems that we face in finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects are in rural areas.We must make solving issues relating to agriculture, rural areas and farmers the number one priority in all our work.This is a scientific conclusion drawn from our historical experience and a long-term guiding principle applicable to both the present and the future.The rural land system is central to maintaining rural stability and ensuring China's long-term development.Its main purpose is to guarantee farmers' property rights and interests, and its main objective is to ensure that China's farmland remains at or above the red line of 120 million hectares.We should continue to make household contracts the basis of rural operations, support the development of new farmers' cooperatives of various forms and multilevel commercial organizations that provide agricultural services, and gradually establish a new type of system of intensive agricultural operations that are specialized, well organized and commercialized.We should always protect farmers' legitimate property rights and keep them motivated.We should always give high priority to grain production, develop high-yield basic farmland, spread advanced technologies, increase overall agricultural production capacity, and effectively ensure the supply of grain and other important agricultural products.We should continue to increase spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers;improve infrastructure and basic public services in rural areas;and promote integration of urban and rural development.We should build a new type of relations between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas in which industry promotes agriculture, urban areas support rural development, industry and agriculture reinforce each other, and urban development and rural development are integrated.We should take effective measures to keep the agricultural workforce stable and train a new type of farmers.Urbanization is a historical task in China's modernization drive, and urbanization and agricultural modernization complement each other.We should conform to the objective law of urbanization and carry it out actively yet prudently.We should promote sound development of urbanization by making plans scientifically, balancing geographical distribution, coordinating urban and rural development, using land economically, and tailoring measures to local conditions.Megacities and large cities should be kept at an appropriate scale and fully play their role in driving the development of their surrounding areas.Small and medium-sized cities and small towns should become better able to develop industries, provide public services, create jobs, and attract residents.We should accelerate reform of the household registration system, the social management system and related institutions;register eligible rural workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly manner;progressively expand the coverage of basic public services in urban areas to all their permanent residents;and create an equitable institutional environment for freedom of movement and for people to live and work in contentment.In improving village conditions, we should preserve their distinctive rural flavor, make their environment more livable, and ensure that urbanization and the building of a new countryside reinforce each other.（三）以保障和改善民生為重點，全面提高人民物質(zhì)文化生活水平。2003年抗擊突如其來的非典疫情給我們的重要啟示之一，就是要統(tǒng)籌經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展。這些年我們在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟的同時，更加重視保障改善民生和發(fā)展社會事業(yè)，政府工作力度之大、財政投入資金之多前所未有。經(jīng)過不懈努力，我國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的協(xié)調(diào)性明顯增強。當(dāng)前社會結(jié)構(gòu)、社會組織形式、社會利益格局發(fā)生深刻變化，社會矛盾明顯增多。我們必須把保障和改善民生作為政府一切工作的出發(fā)點和落腳點，放在更加突出的位置，著力加強社會建設(shè)。

千方百計擴大就業(yè)。堅持實施就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，通過穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟增長和調(diào)整經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)增加就業(yè)崗位，加強職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，提高勞動者就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)能力，加大投入和政策支持，完善就業(yè)服務(wù)體系，鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)，做好重點人群就業(yè)工作，促進城鄉(xiāng)居民收入持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增長。

完善社會保障制度。堅持全覆蓋、保基本、多層次、可持續(xù)方針，不斷擴大社會保障覆蓋面，提高統(tǒng)籌層次和保障水平，加強各項制度的完善和銜接，增強公平性，適應(yīng)流動性，保證可持續(xù)性。今年企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金繼續(xù)提高10%，城鄉(xiāng)低保和優(yōu)撫對象補助標(biāo)準也進一步提高。要加大對社會養(yǎng)老服務(wù)體系和兒童福利機構(gòu)建設(shè)的支持力度。深化醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生事業(yè)改革發(fā)展。鞏固完善基本藥物制度和基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)運行新機制，加快公立醫(yī)院改革，鼓勵社會辦醫(yī)。扶持中醫(yī)藥和民族醫(yī)藥事業(yè)發(fā)展。健全全民醫(yī)保體系，建立重特大疾病保障和救助機制，全面開展兒童白血病等20種重大疾病保障試點工作。今年新農(nóng)合和城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險財政補助標(biāo)準由每人每年240元提高到280元，人均基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)經(jīng)費標(biāo)準由25元提高到30元。逐步完善人口政策。堅持計劃生育基本國策，適應(yīng)我國人口總量和結(jié)構(gòu)變動趨勢，統(tǒng)籌解決好人口數(shù)量、素質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)和分布問題，促進人口長期均衡發(fā)展。重視發(fā)展老齡事業(yè)，切實保障婦女和未成年人權(quán)益，關(guān)心和支持殘疾人事業(yè)。

加強和創(chuàng)新社會管理。改進政府提供公共服務(wù)方式，加強基層社會管理和服務(wù)體系建設(shè)，完善村民自治、城市居民自治制度，保證人民群眾依法直接行使民主權(quán)利，管理基層公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)。改革社會組織管理體制，引導(dǎo)社會組織健康有序發(fā)展。建立健全維護群眾權(quán)益機制，完善人民調(diào)解、行政調(diào)解、司法調(diào)解聯(lián)動的工作體系，健全法律援助制度，推動涉法涉訴信訪工作改革，暢通和規(guī)范群眾訴求表達、利益協(xié)調(diào)、權(quán)益保障渠道，健全重大決策社會穩(wěn)定風(fēng)險評估和突發(fā)事件應(yīng)急管理機制，維護社會公共安全，促進社會和諧穩(wěn)定。食品藥品安全是人們關(guān)注的突出問題，要改革和健全食品藥品安全監(jiān)管體制，加強綜合協(xié)調(diào)聯(lián)動，落實企業(yè)主體責(zé)任，嚴格從生產(chǎn)源頭到消費的全程監(jiān)管，加快形成符合國情、科學(xué)合理的食品藥品安全體系，提升食品藥品安全保障水平。強化公共安全體系和企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)，遏制重特大安全事故。

加強房地產(chǎn)市場調(diào)控和保障性安居工程建設(shè)。堅決抑制投機、投資性需求，抓緊完善穩(wěn)定房價工作責(zé)任制和房地產(chǎn)市場調(diào)控政策體系，健全房地產(chǎn)市場穩(wěn)定健康發(fā)展長效機制。繼續(xù)抓好保障性安居工程建設(shè)和管理，讓老百姓住上放心房、滿意房。今年城鎮(zhèn)保障性住房基本建成470萬套、新開工630萬套，繼續(xù)推進農(nóng)村危房改造。

教育和科技在現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中具有基礎(chǔ)性、先導(dǎo)性、全局性作用，文化是民族的血脈和人民的精神家園，必須放在更加重要的戰(zhàn)略位置。

繼續(xù)推進教育優(yōu)先發(fā)展。目前我國財政性教育經(jīng)費支出總額已經(jīng)超過2萬億元，今后還要繼續(xù)增加，必須把這些錢用好，讓人民滿意。要進一步深化教育綜合改革，切實解決社會普遍關(guān)注的重大問題。著力推動義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展，加快發(fā)展現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育，提高各級各類教育質(zhì)量，進一步促進教育公平，為國家發(fā)展提供強大的人力資源支撐。深化科技體制改革。推動科技與經(jīng)濟緊密結(jié)合，著力構(gòu)建以企業(yè)為主體、市場為導(dǎo)向、產(chǎn)學(xué)研相結(jié)合的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系。瞄準關(guān)系全局和長遠發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略必爭領(lǐng)域，加強基礎(chǔ)研究、前沿先導(dǎo)技術(shù)研究。健全科技資源開放共享機制，完善支持科技發(fā)展和成果應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化的財稅、金融、產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)和人才政策，創(chuàng)造公平開放的創(chuàng)新環(huán)境，最大限度地調(diào)動廣大科技工作者的積極性、主動性，激發(fā)全社會的創(chuàng)新活力。

扎實推進文化建設(shè)。把文化改革發(fā)展納入經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃，列入各級政府效能和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部政績考核體系，推動文化事業(yè)全面繁榮、文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。政府要履行好發(fā)展公益性文化事業(yè)的責(zé)任，加快推進重點文化惠民工程，完善公共文化服務(wù)體系。廣泛開展全民健身運動，促進群眾體育和競技體育全面發(fā)展。

大力加強社會公德、職業(yè)道德、家庭美德、個人品德教育。推動誠信體系建設(shè)，以政務(wù)誠信帶動商務(wù)誠信和社會誠信，形成良好的社會風(fēng)尚。

3.Giving high priority to ensuring and improving people's wellbeing and comprehensively improving their material and cultural lives An important lesson we learned in our response to the sudden outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)in 2003 is that economic development and social development need to be coordinated.In developing the economy in the years since then, we have placed greater importance on ensuring and improving people's wellbeing and developing social programs, and the government has made greater efforts and provided more funding in this area than ever before.These unremitting efforts have resulted in much better coordination of China's economic and social development.The structure of Chinese society, its forms of organization, and the pattern of interests in society have all undergone profound changes, and social problems have increased markedly.We must make ensuring and improving people's wellbeing the starting point and goal of all the government's work, give higher priority to it, and strive to strengthen social development.We should do all we can to increase employment.We should persevere in implementing the strategy of giving top priority to employment and adopt a more proactive employment policy.We should create more jobs by maintaining stable economic growth and adjusting the economic structure and provide better vocational skills training to help people to find jobs or start their own businesses.We should increase government spending and policy support, improve the employment services system, stimulate employment by encouraging business startups, assist target groups in finding jobs, and stimulate sustained, steady increases in urban and rural incomes.We should improve the social security system.We should continue to follow the policy of making coverage universal, ensuring basic care, and providing multilevel and sustainable social security.We should expand the coverage of social security, turn over the overall management of social security accounts to higher-level authorities, raise social security benefits, improve and coordinate all social security programs, make social security more equitable and sustainable, and facilitate the smooth transfer of social security accounts between localities.This year, basic old-age pensions for enterprise retirees should be raised by another 10%, and subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents and subsidies for entitled groups should also be further raised.Greater support should be given to developing child welfare agencies and the system of social services for the elderly.We should advance reform and development of medical and health care services, consolidate and improve the system for using basic drugs and the new operating mechanisms of community-level medical and health care institutions, speed up the reform of public hospitals, and encourage nongovernmental bodies to operate hospitals.We should support development of traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic minority medicine.We should improve the universal medical insurance system, establish a mechanism to provide insurance and aid for treating major and very serious diseases, and conduct a pilot project to insure against 20 serious diseases.(Note: They are childhood leukemia, congenital heart disease in children, uremia, breast cancer, cervical cancer, holergasia, drug-resistant tuberculosis, opportunistic AIDS and HIV infection, lung cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, hemophilia, type 1 diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and cheilopalatognathus.)This year, annual government subsidies for the new rural cooperative medical care system and basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents should be raised from 240 yuan to 280 yuan per person respectively, and the per person payment standard for basic public health services should be increased from 25 yuan to 30 yuan.We should progressively improve the government population policy.We should adhere to the basic state policy on family planning.In response to changes in the size and structure of China's total population, we should comprehensively solve problems relating to the size, health, structure and geographical distribution of the population and promote long-term, balanced population development.We should boost the development of elderly services, protect the rights and interests of women and minors, and take an interest in and support programs that benefit people with disabilities.We should strengthen and make innovations in social management.We should improve the way the government provides public services, strengthen the system of social management and services at the community level, and improve self-governance by villagers and urban residents, to ensure that the people directly exercise their democratic rights in accordance with the law by managing community-level public affairs and running public service programs.We should reform the management system for social organizations, and guide their sound and orderly development.We should establish a sound mechanism for safeguarding people's rights and interests;improve the integrated system of mediation by the people, administrative mediation and judicial mediation;strengthen the system of legal assistance;and carry out reform of the handling of people's complaints about legal and litigation-related issues.We should maintain open and regular channels for people to voice their demands, and we should coordinate the people's interests and protect their rights and interests.We should improve the mechanism for assessing potential risks major policy decisions may pose to social stability and the emergency response mechanism.The purpose of all this work is to preserve law and order and promote social harmony and stability.Food and drug safety is a prominent issue of widespread concern.We should reform and improve mechanisms for overseeing and supervising food and drug safety and strengthen overall coordination.We should require enterprises to assume primary responsibility for safety, exercise strict oversight and supervision throughout the whole process from production to consumption, and move faster to establish a scientific and effective food and drug safety system that suits China's national conditions so as to better ensure food and drug safety.We should strengthen the public safety system and improve workplace safety conditions to prevent accidents, especially major and very serious ones.We should tighten regulation of the real estate market and strengthen construction of government-subsidized housing.We need to firmly rein in speculative and investment-driven housing demand, promptly improve the accountability system for stabilizing housing prices and the policies for regulating the real estate market, and strengthen mechanisms for sustaining its steady and sound development.We should continue to build and manage government-subsidized housing for the people so they have housing they are satisfied with.This year, 4.7 million government-subsidized urban housing units should be basically completed, construction of another 6.3 million units should begin, and renovation of dilapidated rural houses should continue.Education, science and technology play a fundamental, guiding and global role in the country's modernization drive, and culture is essential for the long-term vitality of a nation and gives the people a sense of belonging.They must therefore occupy a position of greater strategic importance.We should continue to give top priority to developing education.China's annual government expenditures on education already exceed two trillion yuan and should continue to increase.We must make good use of such funding to the satisfaction of the people.We need to deepen comprehensive education reform and effectively solve major issues of public concern.We should boost balanced development of compulsory education, accelerate development of modern vocational education and raise the quality of education of all types and at all levels.This should help make education more equitable and provide strong human resources support for China's development.We should deepen reform of the management system for science and technology.We should integrate science and technology more closely with the economy, and establish a technological innovation system that is based on enterprises, guided by the market, and integrates enterprises, universities and research institutes.We should focus on priority areas of strategic importance that are vital to China's overall and long-term development, and strengthen basic research and research on frontier and leading technologies.We should improve the mechanism for openly sharing scientific and technological resources and the fiscal, taxation, banking, industrial technology and personnel policies that support scientific and technological development and industrial application of scientific and technological advances, create a fair and open environment for making innovations, keep scientists and technicians fully motivated, and unleash the creativity of the whole society.We should effectively advance development of the cultural sector.We should incorporate reform and development of the cultural sector into general plans for economic and social development, and include them in the system for evaluating the performance of governments and officials at all levels so as to promote all-around cultural prosperity and fast development of the cultural sector.The government needs to fulfill its responsibility to develop nonprofit cultural programs, accelerate key cultural projects for the people, and improve the system of public cultural services.We should extensively carry out public fitness activities and promote comprehensive development of both recreational and competitive sports.We should greatly increase education in public morality, professional ethics, family virtues, and personal integrity.We should promote a creditability system, use political integrity to improve business and public integrity, and foster healthy social conduct.（四）以更大的政治勇氣和智慧，深入推進改革開放。改革開放是國家發(fā)展進步的根本動力。只有堅持改革開放，才能把我們的事業(yè)繼續(xù)推向前進。我國改革已進入攻堅階段，必須進一步解放思想，全面深化經(jīng)濟體制改革，繼續(xù)積極穩(wěn)妥推進政治體制改革，深化文化體制改革，加快推進社會體制改革，加強生態(tài)文明制度建設(shè)，不斷把改革引向深入。要進一步完善社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制。毫不動搖地鞏固和發(fā)展公有制經(jīng)濟，毫不動搖地鼓勵、支持、引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，形成各種所有制經(jīng)濟依法平等使用生產(chǎn)要素、公平參與市場競爭、同等受到法律保護的體制環(huán)境。深化國有企業(yè)改革以及重點行業(yè)改革。加快財稅體制改革，理順中央和地方財力與事權(quán)的關(guān)系，完善財政轉(zhuǎn)移支付制度，健全公共財政體系，構(gòu)建地方稅體系，促進形成有利于結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、社會公平的稅收制度。深化金融體制改革，健全促進實體經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代金融體系，提高銀行、證券、保險等行業(yè)競爭力，加快發(fā)展多層次資本市場，積極發(fā)展債券市場，穩(wěn)步推進利率、匯率市場化改革，擴大人民幣跨境使用，逐步實現(xiàn)人民幣資本項目可兌換。深化投融資體制改革，推進價格改革，健全資源性產(chǎn)品價格形成機制和生態(tài)補償制度。繼續(xù)積極穩(wěn)妥推進事業(yè)單位分類改革。收入分配制度是經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展中一項根本性、基礎(chǔ)性的制度，是社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的重要基石。我們已經(jīng)制定了深化收入分配制度改革若干意見，要抓緊研究制定具體政策，確保制度建設(shè)到位、政策落實到位，有效解決收入分配領(lǐng)域存在的問題，縮小收入分配差距，使發(fā)展成果更多更公平地惠及全體人民。

要推進社會主義民主法治建設(shè)。堅持人民主體地位，發(fā)展更加廣泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主，保證人民依法享有廣泛權(quán)利和自由，促進人的全面發(fā)展，維護社會公平正義。堅持依法治國，充分尊重憲法和法律的權(quán)威，確保決策權(quán)、執(zhí)行權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)既相互制約又相互協(xié)調(diào)，確保國家行政機關(guān)按照法定權(quán)限和程序行使權(quán)力。堅持轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，推進政企分開、政資分開、政事分開、政社分開，建設(shè)職能科學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、廉潔高效、人民滿意的服務(wù)型政府。堅持改進工作作風(fēng)、密切聯(lián)系群眾，提倡艱苦奮斗，厲行勤儉節(jié)約，反對鋪張浪費，克服形式主義、官僚主義。堅持民主監(jiān)督、法律監(jiān)督、輿論監(jiān)督，健全權(quán)力運行制約和監(jiān)督體系，讓人民監(jiān)督權(quán)力，讓權(quán)力在陽光下運行。堅持反對腐敗，加強廉政建設(shè)，從制度上改變權(quán)力過分集中而又得不到制約的狀況，做到干部清正、政府清廉、政治清明。

國內(nèi)外形勢的深刻變化，對我國開放型經(jīng)濟發(fā)展提出了新的更高要求。要堅持對外開放的基本國策，實行更加積極主動的開放戰(zhàn)略。堅持把穩(wěn)定出口與擴大進口結(jié)合起來，推動對外貿(mào)易從規(guī)模擴張向質(zhì)量效益提高轉(zhuǎn)變、從成本和價格優(yōu)勢向綜合競爭優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)變，促進形成以技術(shù)、品牌、質(zhì)量、服務(wù)為核心的出口競爭新優(yōu)勢；堅持把利用外資與對外投資結(jié)合起來，支持企業(yè)“走出去”，拓展經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的新空間；堅持把深化沿海開放與擴大內(nèi)陸和沿邊開放結(jié)合起來，加快形成各具特色、優(yōu)勢互補、分工協(xié)作、均衡協(xié)調(diào)的區(qū)域開放格局；堅持把向發(fā)達國家開放與向發(fā)展中國家開放結(jié)合起來，擴大和深化同各方利益匯合點。4.Deepening reform and opening up with greater political courage and vision Reform and opening up are the fundamental force that drives China's development and progress.We can continue to advance our cause only by adhering to reform and opening up.China has entered a crucial stage of reform.We must further emancipate our minds, comprehensively deepen reform of the economic structure, continue to actively yet prudently carry out reform of the political structure, deepen reform of the cultural administrative system, accelerate reform of the social system, improve the system for promoting ecological progress;and constantly deepen reforms.We need to improve the socialist market economy.We should unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy and encourage, and support and guide the development of the non-public sector, so as to foster a structural environment in which economic entities under different forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, compete on a level playing field and enjoy equal legal protection.We should deepen reform of state-owned enterprises and key industries.We should quicken reform of the fiscal and taxation systems, adjust relations between the central government and local governments concerning financial resources and powers, and improve the system of transfer payments.We should improve the public finance system, institute a system of local taxation, and establish a taxation system conducive to optimizing the economic structure and enhancing social fairness.We should deepen reform of the financial system and improve the modern financial system so that it supports development of the real economy.We should raise the competitiveness of the banking, securities and insurance industries, accelerate development of a multilevel capital market, and actively develop the bond market.We should steadily carry out reforms to make interest rates and the RMB exchange rate more market-based, expand cross-border use of the RMB and gradually achieve the RMB's convertibility under capital accounts.We should deepen reform of the investment and financing systems, carry out price reform and improve the pricing mechanism for resource products and the system of compensation for ecological damage.We should continue to actively yet steadily advance function-based reform of public institutions.The income distribution system is a basic system of vital importance for economic and social development, and an important cornerstone of the socialist market economy.We have formulated guidelines on deepening reform of the income distribution system, and we now need to promptly formulate specific policies, ensure that institutions are established and policies are implemented, resolve problems in income distribution, and narrow the income gap so that the fruits of development are more equitably shared by all the people.We need to advance development of socialist democracy and the socialist rule of law.We should ensure that the people occupy the principal position, make people's democracy more extensive, fuller in scope and sounder, ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms prescribed by law, and promote people's well-rounded development and safeguard social fairness and justice.We should govern the country on the basis of the law, and fully respect the authority of the Constitution and laws.We should ensure that the powers of policy making, implementation and oversight both constrain each other and function in concert and that government bodies exercise their powers in accordance with statutory mandates and procedures.We should continue to transform government functions, separate government administration from the management of enterprises, state assets, public institutions and social organizations, and build a well-structured, clean, efficient and service-oriented government that has scientifically defined functions and that the people are satisfied with.We should improve the conduct of our work, maintain close ties with the people, advocate hard work and plain living, practice thrift, oppose extravagance and waste, and eliminate formalistic and bureaucratic practices.We should uphold democratic oversight, legal oversight and public opinion-based oversight and improve the system of checks and oversight over the exercise of power to ensure that the people oversee the exercise of power and that power is exercised in a transparent manner.We should unwaveringly combat corruption, strengthen political integrity, establish institutions to end the excessive concentration of power and lack of checks on power and ensure that officials are honest, government is clean and political affairs are handled with integrity.Profound changes in domestic and external environments place new and higher requirements on China in developing an open economy.We should adhere to the basic state policy of opening up and implement a more proactive opening up strategy.We should both keep exports stable and expand imports.We should raise the quality and returns of foreign trade rather than just increase its volume, and raise its overall competitive advantages instead of relying only on cost and price advantages.We should make China's exports more competitive in terms of technology, brand, quality and service.We should simultaneously use foreign investment in China and make Chinese investment overseas, and support Chinese enterprises in going global, to create new space for economic development.We should simultaneously deepen opening up in coastal areas and open inland and border areas wider so as to foster a balanced and coordinated pattern of opening up in which all regions have their own distinctive features, draw on each other's strengths, have a clear division of work, and cooperate with each other.We should continue to open up to both developed and developing countries and expand and deepen common interests with all other parties.

第五篇：中英文比較

文化差異與英語詞匯、句法

一、引言

英語詞匯知識、句法知識是英語學(xué)習(xí)者聽說讀寫譯各項能力中的必要技能，也是英語教學(xué)不可或缺的重要組成部分。目前，語言教學(xué)過程中文化導(dǎo)入的重要性在國內(nèi)外外語教學(xué)界已獲得普遍認可。本文所嘗試探討的是在詞匯與句法教學(xué)中文化導(dǎo)入的內(nèi)容。本文共分兩個部分,第一部分論述詞匯教學(xué)中文化教學(xué)內(nèi)容的滲透；第二部分著重討論句法教學(xué)中文化教學(xué)的體現(xiàn)。

二、文化差異與詞匯教學(xué)

正因為詞匯知識是英語能力中的必要技能，因此，目前英語教學(xué)中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生達到對詞匯層次的適當(dāng)理解是必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。而詞語是文化信息的載體,各種文化特征都將在該語言的詞匯里留下它的印記。因此，在進行詞匯教學(xué)時，教師應(yīng)當(dāng)在講解詞匯基本含義與用法的基礎(chǔ)上向?qū)W生介紹其由于文化差異所賦予詞匯的不同特征。具體講授思路可以從以下幾個方面入手：

（一）由于文化差異對詞的理性意義產(chǎn)生的影響

1.詞義概念范圍大小不同

概括性是詞義最重要的特點之一。詞義的概括性是在使用語言的集團內(nèi)部長期地、歷史地形成的，是指人們在了解、掌握一個詞的意義時，舍棄了客觀事物的個性而把握了它的一般特征。英漢有些同義詞事實上詞義概念范圍是不同的，有些漢語釋義縮小英語詞義的概念范圍，有些漢語釋義擴大了英語單詞的概念范圍。譬如：漢語的“工程師”是比較高級的技術(shù)職稱，一般指受過大學(xué)教育并有若干年工作經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)國家認定的技術(shù)人員，但英語的engineer 含義五花八門，按《新英漢詞典》的釋義，它既指工程師、技師，也指火車司機、輪機員、工兵，乃至倒垃圾的工人sanitary engineer，這就與中國的“工程師”的含義相差甚遠了。

2.語意輕重不同

例如：The conflict spread everywhere，intovillages，as well as intocities.根據(jù)英漢綜合大詞典對as well as 的釋義：（1）不亞于；與……相同；（2）又，也，此外。如果簡單地把例句理解成“沖突到處蔓延，蔓延到了農(nóng)村，也蔓延到了城市”，則把原文的語意輕重關(guān)系給弄顛倒了。在原文中as well as 的前項為語義重點，而在上面的中譯文中卻把as well as 的后項變?yōu)檎Z義重點了。因此，上面的英文應(yīng)當(dāng)理解成：沖突到處蔓延，蔓延到了城市，也蔓延到了農(nóng)村。

3.詞義著重點不同

一個民族的文化以及思維模式的形成是在該民族長期的地理位置、哲學(xué)背景、文化傳統(tǒng)影響之下逐步形成的。因此，不同民族、不同文化下的英漢兩種語言對同一事物的理解與表達著重點會不同。例如，“大雪”heavy snow比big snow更符合英語習(xí)慣，“紅茶”英語習(xí)慣的表達為black tea 而不是red tea，“濃湯”thick soup 而不是strong soup。

（二）由于文化差異對詞的色彩意義產(chǎn)生的影響

1.感情色彩不同

詞語的感情色彩，是指附加在某些詞語上的褒揚、喜愛、肯定、尊敬或者貶斥、厭惡、否定、鄙視等感情。如英文中的“propaganda”與漢語的詞匯“宣傳”；“capitalism”與“資本主義”；“individualism”與“個人主義”。

2.形象色彩不同

詞語的形象色彩是詞語指稱的對象在人們意識中生動具體的反映。比如，中英詞匯中有關(guān)顏色、動植物、吉慶語與忌諱語方面的文化差異就能夠凸顯出中英語言中形象色彩的不同。

以白色為例，在中文中與喪事有關(guān)，治喪人家穿白衣、帶白幄、掛白幡都是久遠的民俗；而英語中white 表示純潔無瑕、幸運吉利，white day(吉日)，days marked with awhite stone(幸福的日子)，white Christmas(潔白的圣誕)。

3.語體色彩不同

語體色彩是指說某個領(lǐng)域里使用的語言的特點。從詞匯分類來分，一般分為書面語色彩和口語色彩兩大類。例如在下邊的對話中

Brad:What’s the damage?

Lucy: It’s 12 dollars and 80 cents altogether.Brad:(to the waiter)Check, please.在這段對話中“What’s the damage?”中“damage”具有相當(dāng)強烈的口語色彩，是口語中詢問“該付多少錢”時的幽默問法。在教學(xué)的過程中要根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)的題材讓學(xué)生了解由于詞匯的語體色彩的限制其使用在某些領(lǐng)域是恰當(dāng)?shù)?，如法律英語、科技英語、文學(xué)作品等題材的內(nèi)容所使用的詞匯就具有不同的語體色彩。

（三）由于文化差異對詞的用法產(chǎn)生影響的詞匯

主要指搭配對象、詞性、句法功能、構(gòu)詞能力和構(gòu)形變化，搭配意義不同的詞。以搭配對象為例，有些英語詞匯和漢語詞匯雖然所表示的意義相同，但搭配能力卻不同。例如英語中的relax 和漢語中的對應(yīng)詞“放松”：它們都表示放松的含義，都既可以當(dāng)及物動詞也可以做非及物動詞。但在，在漢語中可以說“周末我只想好好放松下自己”，而英語中說A hot bath should help to relax you.能夠被接受，但I just want to relax myself卻違背英語語言習(xí)慣。

（四）中英兩種語言由于文化差異所造成的范疇、內(nèi)涵非對應(yīng)或零對應(yīng)詞

一個民族有關(guān)宗教、神話、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)、歷史的詞匯大都屬內(nèi)涵非對應(yīng)或零對應(yīng)詞。如英語中的boycott；Achilles’heel；throw in the towel等詞匯，若不從文化的角度加以講解，學(xué)生對該詞匯的全面認識與理解便無從談起。

三、文化差異與句法教學(xué)

儒家文化和基督教文化, 在中西文化中各自占據(jù)著十分重要的地位。以基督教文化為基礎(chǔ)的英語國家側(cè)重抽象思維和邏輯分析，以儒家文化為主體的中國傳統(tǒng)文化則側(cè)重形象思維，這種思維模式和價值觀念等內(nèi)隱文化的差異會導(dǎo)致英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)的不同。這種不同被學(xué)術(shù)界稱之為“句型文化”,申小龍亦著有《中國句型文化》一書。因此,在進行句法教學(xué)時，教師應(yīng)當(dāng)在講解句型所涉及的語法知識之外，還應(yīng)該向?qū)W生介紹中英兩種語言不同的句型文化。具體的講授思路可以從以下幾個方面入手：

（一）形合與意合試比較以下的兩個句子：

①If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

②冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎？

在句①中，If 從句的使用讓兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系一目了然。在句②中，從句之間未使用連接手段，句子間的邏輯關(guān)系沒有句①明顯。由此我們不難看出，英語句型體系是一種相當(dāng)嚴密的句型體系。西方人擅長邏輯思維，其句子的核心在于“形式”，或者說成分是否完整，句式具有較強的邏輯性，無論句子多長、多復(fù)雜也能進行分析。簡言之，英語以形合為主。漢語句子的核心構(gòu)架遠不如英語那樣清晰。中國傳統(tǒng)文化側(cè)重形象思維，其句子的核心在于“意”，或者說信息是否表達完整。漢語句式的特點是重視句子不太重視語法,要求達意即可，句子利于領(lǐng)悟而不利于層層分析。簡言之，漢語以意合為主。

（二）客觀與主觀

英美文化注重事物對人的作用和影響, 自然界被置于與人對立的位置,成為被改造和征服的對象。而中國傳統(tǒng)文化把自然與人看成是一個整體，思維往往以“人”為中心，認為只有

人才能做出有意識的動作。因此, 英語趨向于使用客觀視角，重物稱，而漢語趨向于使用主觀視角，重人稱。如It must be admitted that（必須承認），It is always stressed that（人們總是強調(diào)），It is imagined that（人們認為）。再如: As it is imagined bymany that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.如果被理解成“許多人認為，普通人的思維活動根本無法與科學(xué)家的思維活動相比，并且這些思維活動必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握?！眲t更加符合漢語習(xí)慣。

（三）首重心與尾重心

由于西方文化直線型的思維方式，在表達邏輯思維時，英語往往是開門見山，判斷或結(jié)論等在前，事實或描寫等在后，以謂語動詞為核心，借助反映形式關(guān)系的連詞、介詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、非謂語動詞等構(gòu)建句子結(jié)構(gòu)，把各個分句有機地結(jié)合起來, 即呈現(xiàn)首重心的特點。

而中國是螺旋型的思維方式，漢語則是常常借助動詞，按時間順序、邏輯順序、因果順序，由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實到結(jié)論，層層鋪開，即呈現(xiàn)尾重心的特點。

如There is no agreement whether method ology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.同樣的意義表達，在中文中如果被理解成“方法論究竟是指一般歷史研究中獨有的概念，還是指歷史研究中適合各個分支的研究方法，人們對此還沒有一致意見?！眲t更加符合中國文化與漢語的語用習(xí)慣。

四、結(jié)語

本文的重點在于說明,語言與文化有著深刻的歷史聯(lián)系,無論是詞匯還是句法都能反映不同社會文化現(xiàn)象；在英語實際教學(xué)中，言語環(huán)境中的文化因素應(yīng)受到重視，在詞匯教學(xué)以及句法教學(xué)中要恰當(dāng)?shù)匾肟缥幕逃兴槍Φ亟榻B其中所包涵的文化因素，這樣才能使語言“鮮活”起來，防止學(xué)生按母語形式來運用目的語，進而掌握以詞匯、句法為載體的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容所體現(xiàn)的文化內(nèi)涵，提高學(xué)習(xí)者的興趣與英語能力。

I’ve worked in the factories surrounding my hometown every summer since I graduated from high school, but making the transition（轉(zhuǎn)變）between school and full-time blue-collar work during the break never gets any easier.For a student like me who considers any class before noon to be uncivilized, getting to a factory by 6 o’clock each morning is torture.My friends never seem to understand why I’m so relieved to be back at school or that my

summer vacation has been anything but a vacation.There’re few people as self-confident as a college student who has never been out in the real world.People of my age always seem to overestimate the value of their time and knowledge.In fact, all the classes did not prepare me for my battles with the machine 1 ran in the plant, which would jam whenever I absent-mindedly put in a part backward or upside down.The most stressful thing about blue-collar life is knowing your job could disappear overnight.Issues like downsizing（裁員）and overseas relocation had always seemed distant to me until my co-workers told me that the unit I was working in would shut down within six months and move to Mexico, where people would work for 60 cents an hour.After working 12-hour shifts in a factory, the other options have become only too clear.When I’m back at the university, skipping classes and turning in lazy re-writes seems too irresponsible after seeing what I would be doing without school.All the advice and public-service announcements about the value of an education that used to sound stale now ring true.These lessons I'm learning, however valuable, are always tinged（帶有）with a sense of guilt.Many people pass their lives in the places I briefly work, spending 30 years where I spend only two

months at a time.“This job pays well, but it's hell on the body,” said one co-worker.“Study hard and keep reading,” she adde.