第一篇：在職碩士研究生英語《讀寫佳境》-練習(xí)答案(新教材)

Unit One Text A Warming-up

B.1.armchair travelers

2.budget travelers

3.family travelers

4.business travelers

5.adventure travelers

6.luxury travelers Comprehension

B.1-f

2-c

3-d

4-a

5-e

6-b Vocabulary & Structure A.1.inhibitions

2.incredulous

3.endemic

4.eerie

5.exhilarated

6.lucid

7.decked out

8.awe-inspiring

9.plummeted 10.gracious Translation A.在一切生物中，要算蜂鳥體形最優(yōu)美、顏色最鮮艷。經(jīng)過工藝加工的各種寶石和金屬是無法跟這個(gè)大自然的珍寶媲美的。大自然按照鳥類的大小把它列為最小號，真是“最小的絕妙珍品”。這種小蜂鳥是大自然的杰作；大自然把其他鳥類只能分有其中一部分的種種天賦全部慷慨地給了它。這個(gè)小寵兒具有輕盈、敏捷、靈活、優(yōu)雅以及羽毛絢麗等一切妙處。那翠綠的、艷紅的、嫩黃色的羽毛閃閃發(fā)光。蜂鳥從不讓它的羽毛沾染塵土，它生活在天空中，一刻也不碰到草皮。它總是在空中飛翔，從花叢飛向花叢；它像花一樣鮮艷，又像花一樣艷麗。蜂鳥靠花蜜為生，它只生活在四季鮮花盛開的地方。B.1.After climbing up to the top of the mountain and looking afar from the vantage point, I saw laid out before me a spectacular view, which was one of the most awe-inspiring view I have ever beheld;but equally exhilarating was the fact that some distance away a hawk was soaring high, and then, for an instant, it suddenly plummeted down into the canyon.2.My fondest memory is of spending a few days with a family in a mountain village, dinnering with them and enjoying various dishes endemic to the region.It is of mellow sweetness to have watched them, decked out in their traditional garb, moving around the house.Of course, a stay there for some more days involves some degree of ?roughing-it?.Writing 1

… Paragraph 1 introduces the trip by describing the author?s initial venture into the park.Paragraph 2 comments on the absence of tourists in the area through which the tour was passing.Paragraph 3 provides a few reasons why there were so few tourists, including the remoteness of the area and the effect involved in getting there.Paragraph 4 discusses the approach used by the eco-tour company and their focus on the culture, people, and customs.Paragraph 5 describes the hospitality of the traveler? hosts, the Pemon Indians, and some of the activities in which they participated.Paragraph 6 reflects on the education and understanding that the tourists gained about the area and the culture.Paragraph 7 discusses the system of spirituality and beliefs of the Pemon tribe and the rare ?energy meridians? of the area.Paragraph 8 concludes by stating that, while the trip was exciting for those who took it, the eco-tour style of traveling may not be for everyone.Unit Two Text A Comprehension 1.C

2.C

3.D

4.C

5.A

6.D Vocabulary & Structure A.1.elaborate 2.prosecution 3.controversial 4.ammunition 5.compassion

6.response 7.hospitalized 8.surged

9.moderately

10.zeal C.1.incurably ill 2.bring about

3.grown fast into 4.winning an advantage

5.given

6.hidden, stealthy

7.struggled with

8.mild, not harsh Translation B.1.Quite a few terminally ill patients would often like their doctors to administer lethal drugs to them to be relieved of suffering;there are also some of their families who would prefer that doctors withdraw any life-prolonging treatment since there is no hope of effecting an ultimate cure.This problem has lately boiled over into a fierce public debate in some European countries.2.Those who are opposed to ?Euthanasia? believe that it is no different from murder and that it is unethical, while the pro-euthanasists contend that since the incurably ill consider their existence more of a torment and suffering, why not let them end their lives in a decent and humane way? We ought to respect the patients? final decision.3.The fear that ?mercy killing? will be abused or used unnecessarily is not groundless.But with effective measures rigorously taken by the government and the departments concerned, and under tightly controlled conditions in hospitals, this problem would most probably be resolved in the end.Unit Three Text A Vocabulary & Structure A.1.backwards

2.a babe

3.chance

4.odds

5.smites

6.splash

7.shinning

8.hasty B.1.C

2.A

3.B

4.G

5.D

6.F

7.H

8.E 1.The plunge we take is no different from the gamble we are taking against chance, against destiny, and in the course of it we may realize ourselves as an added bonus.And as a consequence we would be either bled white or finally make a career after painstaking efforts, or in rare cases, be continuously blessed with an unhindered advance, and we would take great pride in our obtained success.2.If a man makes gambling an obsession, he will not only lose his property gained through years of toil, he will also lose his dignity and conscience.Therefore it is advisable that they beat a hasty retreat from such an indulgence and be away from the sea of troubles.3.On the bright side of the coin, we win in the struggle against destiny, and the odds are in our favor, then gambling is no longer a toxic drug, rather it is one against boredom and apathy, and may well preserve our good temper, patience and optimism, which will do us a world of good.Text BB.1.depends

2.prides

3.volumes

4.numbers

5.blows

6.blue Unit 4

Text A Vocabulary & Structure A.1.involved

2.touch

3..spoil

4.boost

5.get on

6.get in Dutch 7.flinging mud at 8.heart-heart 9.profusion 10.bit her tongue off Translation A.首先，教師應(yīng)性情開朗，具有魅力。這不排除長相平平，甚至面貌丑陋者，他們或許更具魅力。但過于沖動者、郁郁寡歡者、冷酷無情者、尖酸刻薄者、憤世嫉俗者、怨天尤人者，以及自以為是、居高臨下者卻定要排除在外。再補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)：應(yīng)排除平庸者和性情不良者。還是我以前書中所言：“乏味或許比殘暴更加催殘學(xué)生?！逼浯?，教師不僅需要而且必須擁有同情心——真正意義上的同情心；能夠設(shè)身處地的親聽他人的心聲，特別要能感孩子們所感，思孩子們所思，因?yàn)榻處熤卸酁橹行W(xué)教師；還有與此密不可分的寬容——當(dāng)然，寬容的不是錯(cuò)誤本身，而是人類脆弱與幼稚的本性，這才是誘使人們 尤其是孩子犯下種種錯(cuò)誤的根本。

1． There are some successful people in every walk of life.On the one hand, their successes depend on their born genius, later effort and support from their family;on the other hand, their successes are attributed to virtues as a being.These successful people seldom contradict others unless in a life-and-death struggle.If necessary, they know how to swim with the tide and tailor their words to the tastes of other fellows..They will say things in season and do things in moderation 2.They are marvelous at adapting themselves to the surroundings and good at pleasing the ears of other people.They are quite easy-going and will never fling mud at people.If they happen to have friction with someone, they will try to have a heart-to-heart talk with him in a placid mood.They will never do what they will bite their tongue off later on.Text B Translation A.但是有另外一些人他們把成功更多地歸公于運(yùn)氣和機(jī)會而不是毅力。他們認(rèn)為，就是因?yàn)槭呛玫倪\(yùn)氣和機(jī)會，一些人比其他人更容易獲得成功，盡管他們并不那么能干和稱職。毫無疑問，運(yùn)氣和機(jī)會是加快成功步伐的某種因素，但僅僅是因素而已。事實(shí)上機(jī)會只能帶來某種預(yù)示，從來不會自發(fā)成功，機(jī)會只有加上艱辛、持之以恒的努力才能使人獲得成功。畢竟，成功通常降臨到那些愿意的人，或者說那些愿意把握機(jī)會的人。于是，這些人可能得到運(yùn)氣的恩賜。B.Rich Devos is the starter(initiator)of the largest sales company on the globe，Anli as well as

The boss of NBA Orlando Magic and WNBA Orlando Miracle.To our admiration, he had the operation of heart transplant at the age of 70.What? s there behind his success? His newly-published book Hope of Herat gives the key to the question, that is, optimism.He thinks an optimistic attitude is not a luxury;it?s a necessity.Optimism diverts our attention away from negativism and channels it into positive, constructive thinking.There is enough good and bad in everyone?s life — ample sorrow and happiness, sufficient joy and pain — to find a rational basis for either optimism or pessimism, but we should face our life optimistically for the good in life far outweighs the bad.Unit 5

Text A Vocabulary & structure A.1.bane

2.anecdotes

3.mundane 4.stimulus 5.intriguing

6.epidemic

7.bout

8.pathological Translation A.笑有很多好處。笑把人們聯(lián)系在一起。在一些緊張的場合，笑聲可以使人們放松精神。所以應(yīng)該多與別人分享歡笑。笑還對健康很有好處。有位著名作家在他的書里記述了他用喜劇和歡笑來治療癌癥的事。在你笑的時(shí)候，你的橫膈膜會上下運(yùn)動，而你的淋巴液也會加速運(yùn)動，這些都對你的健康有好處。笑可以減輕壓力放松肌肉，還可以加強(qiáng)你與別人的聯(lián)系，特別是當(dāng)你與別人語言不通時(shí)。當(dāng)彼此以微笑回應(yīng)時(shí)，雙方的聯(lián)系就加深了。英語里有兩種說法，第一種是笑是會傳染的，就像病毒和病菌一樣。另一種是笑是一種良藥。

B.1.The role of laughter is more complex than people have imagined.People laugh for a variety of reasons.People laugh not only when they feel good, but in response to mundane statements and in uncomfortable situations as well.For example, when people are surprised at funny-looking things, their natural reaction is laughter.Something seems awkward for a moment and people don't know what to do, so people laugh.Even in a threatening situation, laughter may serve as a way of calming down the tense atmosphere.2.Why do we laugh? A convincing explanation waits for more confirmation.But people all over the world are convinced that it is pretty good to laugh.Laughter enables people to keep mentally healthy and laughter functions as some kind of social signal to strengthen a social bond because studies have shown that people are more likely to laugh in social settings than when they are alone.and it can break down barriers and forge a connection with each other.Text B Translation A.美國馬里蘭大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授羅伯特-布魯文贊同笑也具有進(jìn)化連續(xù)性的這一說法。他說，笑的起源來自于撓癢癢以及雜亂無章的游戲。布魯文教授和其他一些科學(xué)家還對黑猩猩進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的研究，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)黑猩猩的笑(聲音類似于噪音)與人類的笑存在著某種聯(lián)系。他說：“確切地講，笑是一種游戲的聲音，從最初的喘氣的呼呼聲(吃力的呼吸聲)發(fā)展到人類的“哈哈”笑的聲音。” 通過研究從大猩猩喘氣的呼呼聲到人類“哈哈”的笑聲兩者之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，呼吸控制是人類語音和笑聲出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵所在。

B.There is the American saying: Laugh-and-the-world-laughs-with-you;Cry-and-you-cry-alone.It is the fact that many people love to be happy and enjoy laughing.There?re some reasons why we laugh.One reason is surprise.When I was surprised at funny looking things, my natural reaction is laughter.Also you might laugh because you're embarrassed.Something seems awkward for a moment and you don't know what to do, so you laugh.When you see people falling down, say, in China, I notice everyone laughs partly because of surprise, and partly because of embarrassment.But there are Western cultures that they don?t appreciate if you laugh when they fall down.People in different cultures laugh for different reasons.In fact, what makes one laugh in comedy shows TV shows and movies in different cultures are very different.So everyone is different, and what makes you laugh it's not always the same.The same is true with jokes in different cultures.Unit 6 Text A Translation A.孩子們是否應(yīng)該去國外留學(xué)一直是一個(gè)熱門話題。人們的觀點(diǎn)大相徑庭。有些人認(rèn)為學(xué)生不適合去國外學(xué)習(xí)，首先，高昂的學(xué)費(fèi)和生活費(fèi)對大多數(shù)家庭是一個(gè)沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)；其次在一個(gè)風(fēng)俗和生活方式完全不同的國家生活學(xué)習(xí)不僅會有語言障礙并且會經(jīng)歷“文化休克”，這會使許多學(xué)生難以適應(yīng)，最后，一些學(xué)生不夠成熟，難以辨別是非而可能走入歧途。

國外留學(xué)的推崇者們堅(jiān)持國外留學(xué)是有益的。首先，國外學(xué)習(xí)能提供一流的教學(xué)設(shè)施和“學(xué)生為中心”的教學(xué)體制----一種比國內(nèi)盛行的“以教師為中心”的教學(xué)方法更科學(xué)的教學(xué)方法。其次，遠(yuǎn)離父母親可以迫使年輕人結(jié)交朋友、學(xué)會處理人際關(guān)系，這將讓他們終身受益。

再者，留學(xué)國外是一次感受異國文化、開拓視野的絕佳機(jī)會。

就我個(gè)人而言，我贊成去國外留學(xué)因?yàn)槔笥诒住?/p>

B.1.After the scores of the matriculation are known, parents want to know more about universities home and abroad by reading prospectuses and surfing university websites, and do their utmost to choose an ideal institution of higher education for their children.Some parents even think that nothing beats seeing for themselves.They will take their children to see the campus, halls of residence, cafeterias.They make enquiries at such departments as Students Affairs Office to be better-informed.2.Some universities in the U.S.are open to parents by setting up open days in order that parent can know more about academic administration, accommodations, food, workload, and job prospects.But there are some differences between their list of priorities.As a rule, children tend to listen to their parents because a bit of their parents? wisdom and experience go a long way.Text B Translation A.學(xué)?，F(xiàn)有建筑系等22個(gè)教學(xué)系（部、中心），環(huán)保應(yīng)用技術(shù)研究所等20多個(gè)科研院（所）和科技服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。有43個(gè)本科專業(yè)，覆蓋工科、理科、人文科學(xué)、商科、社會科學(xué)和農(nóng)學(xué)等6大學(xué)科門類，各類在校生20000多人，其中全日制本科生15000多人、碩士研究生170余人。學(xué)校現(xiàn)有城市規(guī)劃、環(huán)境工程、結(jié)構(gòu)工程、世界史、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)、專門史、應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)、應(yīng)用化學(xué)、市政工程、倫理學(xué)十個(gè)碩士學(xué)位授權(quán)點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)有環(huán)境工程、結(jié)構(gòu)工程2個(gè)省級重點(diǎn)建設(shè)學(xué)科；1個(gè)省級特色專業(yè)建設(shè)點(diǎn)——城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)；2個(gè)省（部）重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室——環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和結(jié)構(gòu)工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

B.The newly established university is an engineering-centered multi-disciplinary institution of higher education, covering such fields as engineering, science, liberal arts, and management.Concentrating on the undergraduate programs, concurrently with adult continuation education, the University takes an active part in developing postgraduate education and undertakes the responsibility of fostering practical and creative talents.The University upholds the teaching-centered ideologies to substantially improve its education quality.It strives to improve the quality of its undergraduate teaching by reforming training modes of human resources, teaching contents, and curriculum system, strengthening and standardizing its teaching administration, and further improving the teaching quality for the undergraduates.The University attaches great importance to fostering students? practical ability and creativity and strives to enhance their overall abilities, and so far satisfactory results have been witnessed.Unit 7 Text A V & S A.1.tyranny 6.dissolve

9.be relevant to 2.will fragment

3.flock 4.deem 5.lament

8.hark back to

12.notch up

7.have a finger in every pie

10.be tailored to 11.carve out niches B.1.Languages are vehicles of value systems and of cultural expressions and they constitute a determining factor in the identity of groups and individuals.Yet, it is reckoned, more than fifty per cent of the world?s 6000 languages are on the verge of becoming extinct.And, as a matter of fact, one language disappears on average every two weeks.Many factors contribute to language extinction.But the English language prevalent worldwide is certainly to blame and its hegemony is worrisome.2.There is overwhelming/compelling evidence that the United States is undoubtedly a global leader in many ways.While exporting its high-tech products and commercial artifacts, the United States is imposing American values on the world.Therefore, some people turn their noses up at globalization, fearing that it is in fact equivalent to Americanization.Such fears are not over-blown.Translation 1.見原參考譯文

2.The trend towards globalization began in earnest in the early 1970s when the system of fixed exchange rates, set up after World War II, was dismantled.This meant that the value of currencies would now be determined by the markets instead of individual governments.Over the next two decades, countries slowly began to remove their exchange controls.By 1990, nearly all world?s major economies had got rid of restrictions on how much money could be moved in and out of their countries.In theory, governments are free to set their own economic policies;in practice, they must conform to a global economic model or risk being penalized by the markets.Other factors contributing to the rise of globalization are communication technologies, and better transportation systems.These have enabled companies to grow into multinationals----producing goods on one side of the planet and selling them on the other.Unit 8 Text V & S A.1.audacity 2.opulent 6.enormity

3.loiter 4.in all sincerity

5.contrives 8.condescend

9.profile

10.deft 7.subservience B.1.Owing to the fierce competition, he was compelled to be busy with his work all day long.He could hardly afford the time to phone his aged parents, to say nothing of going back often to take care of them.He never thought of his parents without feeling apologetic, knowing that he was unworthy of their kindness.2.It seemed to J.B.Priestley that wearing clothes properly was a full-time job.Therefore, he always cheerfully bagged and sagged as if he had slept in his suits.And he could not understand how a man could contrive to look neat and spruce and do anything else.3.The sober young man has a certain air of arrogance about him.It is incredible that you should have wrung friendliness out of him.Text B 2.A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as the company he keeps;for there is a companionship of books as well as of men;and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.A good book may be among the best of friends.It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change.It is the most patient and cheerful of companions.It does not turn its back upon us in terms of adversity or distress.It always receives us with the same kindness;amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Unit 9

Text A V & S A.1.undermining Translation

B.1.At the global level, the environmental movement has already been under way for decades and the public awareness of environment protection has been correspondingly enhanced.In spite of this, the health of Mother Earth is still deteriorating at an unprecedented rate.Many people can?t help wondering how long it will take for human beings to turn things around.2.Without abiding by the basic ecological principles, some underdeveloped countries have achieved rapid economic growth in the past decades but at the expense of the environment.To make matters worse, they have failed to put effective brakes on the overgrowth of their populations.As a result, environmental degradation and population expansion are driving an ever-increasing number of people into poverty.Text B V & S

1.epitomize 2.facilitate 3.took shape 4.gained a foothold 5.vintage 6.insulates 7.par excellence 8.glazed 9.derelict 10.nestling Translation 1.（略）2.Green Olympics, Humanism Olympics and Technology Olympics are the three major themes of Beijing?s bid for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.Actively responding to the call of the International Olympic Committee, Beijing will make a prominent feature of environmental protection at her Olympic Games.Through bidding for and hosting the Olympic Games, Beijing aims to further speed up her environmental protection plans to enhance the environmental quality, perfect her urban infrastructure construction, improve the living standards of the local residents and promote the sustainable development of the capital.By 2008, Beijing will have considerably reduced its total discharge of pollutants;its urban infrastructure will have been greatly improved;its urban environmental quality will have met the national standards in terms of functional divisions;its main indexes will have reached the levels of big cities in developed countries;its eco-environment will have been obviously improved.Beijing will be enjoying sound social, economic and environmental development.In July, August and September of 2008, the environmental quality of the city will have met the requirements for hosting the Olympic Games in all aspects.Reference for Writing Practice: May 24, 2004 Dear Sir/Madam，I would like to apply for the post of English teacher in your summer program advertised in Suzhou Daily of May 20.I am 24 years old, currently in the second year of graduate study in English at Soochow University.In addition to excellent language proficiency, I have had both some knowledge and experience in teaching English since I majored in English education as an undergraduate and have been teaching English to non-majors at Soochow University ever since 2 years ago.You will find a full account of my career and qualifications in the attached personal record sheet, and I have also enclosed a letter of recommendation from my English professor.If you feel that my qualifications meet your requirements, I would be pleased to come for an interview.I have enclosed a stamped, addressed envelope for your reply.Thank you for considering my application.Yours Sincerely

2.hinges on

3.espouse

4.inhabit

5.paradox 6.have stagnated 7.predicament

8.jeopardize 9.wake up to 10.inextricably Unit 10

Vocabulary & structures A． Fill in each blank with a word given below, changing the form when necessary

1.stray 2.huddling 3.traipsing 4.reticent 5.tense 6.astounded 7.gregarious 8.counseling 9.documentation 10.squarely 11.optimism 12.tentative 13.succession 14.confide 15.tragedy 16.mustering 17.Console 18.traumas 19.figure out 20.melted away Translation from English into Chinese: 時(shí)間老人并不總是一位嚴(yán)厲的家長，雖然他不等候任何一位孩子，卻每每輕手愛撫抓住了那些善于利用時(shí)間的人；他相當(dāng)無情地使他們變成了年邁的男人和女人，卻讓他們的心靈和精神依然年青、充滿活力。對于這些人說來，一頭華發(fā)無非是他老兄之手為他們祝福時(shí)留下的印記，每條皺紋無非是一道刻痕，留在善于使用時(shí)間的一生的無聲的日歷上。Translate the following sentences into English 1.After undergoing some disasters and sufferings, people will feel exhausted from physical and psychological traumas for quite a long time.Thus, besides proper medical treatment, their relatives, friends or counselors should muster all their sources and expertise to come up with the right words to soothe them to get rid of mental disturbance.2．

Holly didn?t stay home and enjoy the carefree life of a house pet, but took on the emotional responsibility of troubled children.She called no significant attention to herself, but quietly expressed love and consolation.She diligently kept up her silent comfort throughout that long, difficult day.Unit 11 Vocabulary & Structure 1.noxious 2.Odor 3.incisions 4.cosmetic 5.prompted

6.complications 7.socialites 8.satirizes 9.certify 10.specialize 11.supplement 12.precautions 13.accredited 14.inspection 15.hazards 16.confidential 17.premiere 18.phenomenal 19.flaw 20.screened 21.momentarily 22.fluttering Translation from English into Chinese: 美德好比寶石，它在樸素背景的襯托下反而更華麗。同樣，一個(gè)打扮并不華貴卻端正莊嚴(yán)而有美德者是令人肅然起敬的。美貌的人，未必也具有內(nèi)在的美。因?yàn)樵煳镏魉坪跏橇邌莸模o了此就不再予彼。所以許多容顏俊秀的人卻不足為訓(xùn)，他們過于追求外形美麗而忽略了內(nèi)心的美?！?/p>

美猶如盛夏的水果，是容易腐爛而難保持的。世上有許多美人，她們有過放蕩的青春，卻迎受著愧悔的晚年。因此，應(yīng)該把美的形貌與美的德行結(jié)合起來，這樣，美才會放射出奪目的光輝。

弗朗西斯。培根：《論美》

Translation from Chinese into English(Please refer to the text)Unit 12 A.Vocabulary & Structure 1.assume 2.steadfast 3.unrivaled 4.stagnant 5.devastate 1.intrigued 7.engulfed 8.renewed 9.conscience 10.testament 11.ennoble 12.infuses Translation from English into Chinese: 科學(xué)已經(jīng)為我們作了許多貢獻(xiàn)；可是無法使我們認(rèn)識到無知領(lǐng)域內(nèi)龐大淵深神圣的無限，那便是無能的科學(xué)，我們永遠(yuǎn)不可能洞徹?zé)o限，一切科學(xué)就像一層表面薄膜在此飄游。這個(gè)世界, 盡管有我們的科學(xué)和科學(xué)研究，依然是個(gè)奇跡;神奇, 不可思議, 更有魔力，不是凡是想到它的人都有同感。

時(shí)間的那個(gè)莫大的奧秘，別無其他；無邊無際、無聲無息、永無靜止的事物名之曰時(shí)間；滾滾而來, 奔騰向前, 迅急, 無聲, 猶如擁抱一切的海潮, 我們和宇宙萬象都在上面飄浮, 猶如薄霧, 猶如幻影, 時(shí)隱時(shí)現(xiàn): 這個(gè)奧秘永遠(yuǎn)是一個(gè)毫不夸張的奇跡；是使我們目瞪口呆的一個(gè)東西，因?yàn)槲覀儧]有任何字眼去形容它。

Test One Part I V&S Section A 1-5

C D C A A

6-10 B B C D A

11-15 B D B C A

16-20 A D B D A 21-25 A A D B C

26-30 D B D B D Section B 1-5

D A C D B

6-10 DBCAD

11-15 B A A D B

16-20 D D D C C 21-25 C C A D A Part II Reading Passage 1

B A C D C

Passage 2 C B A D A

Passage 3 C B A C C

Passage 4

C A B B C

Passage 5 C B D C A Part III Cloze 1-5 D C A D C

6-10 C B B A C

11-15 A D B B D

16-20 C C B A D

Test Two Part I.Vocabulary Section A

Section A: 1-5 DADCD 6-10 BCABC 11-15 DCCCD

16.A

17.A

18.A 19.B

20.D Section B 1.B

2.C

3.B

4.B

5.A

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.B

10.A 11.B

12.A

13.D

14.A 15.A

16.A

17.D

18.A

19.A

20.B Part II.Reading Comprehension Passage One:

1.C 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.D

Passage Two:

6.D 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.D Passage Three: 11.B 12.D 13.C 14.C 15.A Passage Four: 16.A

17.D

18.C

19.A

20.C Passage Five: 21.B

22.A

23.B

24.C

25.D Part III.Cloze 1.B

2.B

3.C

4.A

5.A

6.C

7.D

8.B

9.A

10.B 11.A 12.B

13.C

14.D

15.B 16.A

17.A

18.C

19.D

20.B

Test Three I.Vocabulary Section A: 1-5 DBCCC 6-10 DCBDC 11-15 ACCBA 16-20 CAACB 21-25 ADCCD

Section B:

26-30 CBBBC 31-35 DBADC 36-40 ABBCD 41-45 AABAB 46-50 CCDCB II.Reading Comprehension Passage one

Passage two

Passage three Passage four Passage five

III.Cloze

1-5 C B D C A

6-10 B A D C B

11-15 A B B D A

16-20 D C A D B D D C B C B A C D B C C A D B A C A C B B D C D C

Test four Part I Vocabulary and structure Section A

1-5 CACCD 6-10 CADBC 11-15 DBACC 16-20 ACCCD Section B 21-25: ACBDB 26-30: ACDCA 31-35 ABDDB 36-40 ABCDB

Reading comprehension: Passage One 41-45: ADBCC Passage Two 46-50: ACCB Passage Three 51-55: BBDBC Passage Four 56-60: DDAAD Passage Five 61-65 BCADA Cloze: 66-70: CBABD 71-80: CBDAA 81-85: ACDCA

Corrections Key to Test One Vocabulary: Section B 36-40 DBCAD Key to Test Two Vocabulary: Section A: 1-5 DADCD 6-10 BCABC 11-15 DCCCD Key to Test Three Vocabulary: Section A: 1-5 DBCCC 6-10 DCBDC 11-15 ACCBA 16-20 CAACB 21-25 ADCCD

Section B:

26-30 CBBBC 31-35 DBADC 36-40 ABBCD 41-45 AABAB 46-50 CCDCB Key to Test four Part I Vocabulary and structure Section A

1-5 CACCD 6-10 CADBC 11-15 DBACC 16-20 ACCCD Section B 21-25: ACBDB 26-30: ACDCA 31-35 ABDDB 36-40 ABCDB Reading comprehension: Passage One 41-5: ADBCC Passage Two 46-50: ACCB Passage Three 51-55: BBDBC Passage Four 56-60: DDAAD Passage Five 61-65 BCADA Cloze: 66-70: CBABD 71-80: CBDAA 81-85: ACDCA

第二篇：研究生英語讀寫佳境課文譯文及答案(Units 1-8)

第一單元 有安吉爾瀑布和德弗爾峽谷的Canaima生態(tài)之旅

我把包扔進(jìn)后座，來到旅客一排座位，滑進(jìn)前面的座位。一會兒車輪轉(zhuǎn)動，我們?nèi)anaima國家公園的旅行開始了。我們爬到大約5000英尺的巡航高度，在這個(gè)高度之上，叢林像巨大的綠色地毯，除了紅河像蛇一樣蜿蜒前行。我們的飛行員沿邱倫河河道往前飛行，當(dāng)它接近平頂山邊緣時(shí)，飛機(jī)沿著世界上最長的瀑布—-強(qiáng)勁的安吉爾瀑布的流軌猛地往下俯沖，正如安吉爾瀑布墜入德弗爾峽谷一樣。

半個(gè)小時(shí)后，我們的飛機(jī)降落在泥濘的跑道上，路邊有6個(gè)泥土壘成的小屋構(gòu)成了一個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)豍emon印第安族人的村落。隨著旅行繼續(xù)下去，我對旅客的稀少感到驚訝，任何地方都沒有比德弗爾峽谷更讓人驚訝的了。該峽谷是一個(gè)位于高度為3,200英尺(大約975米)的安吉爾瀑布底部的有利于欣賞瀑布主要地方。這是我所見過的最令人敬畏的景觀之一，但幾乎同樣令人難以置信的是我們竟是那里唯一的一批游客。

為什么會這樣呢？畢竟，即使陰天在尼亞加拉瀑布景點(diǎn)你也只能在擁擠的人群中勉強(qiáng)移動腳步。Canaima路途遙遠(yuǎn)是一個(gè)原因，沒有道路直達(dá)那里，因此你必須從離委內(nèi)瑞拉首都加拉加斯一小時(shí)路程的奧爾達(dá)斯港包機(jī)到達(dá)。航班有限，票價(jià)昂貴。另一個(gè)原因是到直到最近委內(nèi)瑞拉政府才開發(fā)了Canaima和安吉爾瀑布的旅游項(xiàng)目。來這里的少數(shù)游客大部分直接飛往Canaima村，從村莊到瀑布是最便捷的路線，但路上還需要乘船3小時(shí)并經(jīng)過相當(dāng)有挑戰(zhàn)性的兩小時(shí)徒步旅行。

組織安吉爾瀑布生態(tài)游的導(dǎo)游采取了非常有趣的方式，因?yàn)樗麄兏鼜?qiáng)調(diào)森林公園以及生息于此的人們而非安吉爾瀑布本身。他們營造出一種讓我感到真正獨(dú)一無二的體驗(yàn)。在很大程度上這是因?yàn)槲覀兒蚉emon印第安人有親密接觸，安吉爾瀑布生態(tài)之旅帶來的收益占了Pemon印第安人收入的5%。我以前曾在土著村莊住過幾次，我深刻地認(rèn)識到游客們之所以受到歡迎是因?yàn)樗麄優(yōu)楫?dāng)?shù)卮迩f相當(dāng)可觀的旅游收入。然而Pemon印第安人是非常慷慨的主人。從我們到達(dá)村莊的那一刻起，可以清楚地看出他們真的想與我們共享他們的文化并且了解我們。

我們睡在他們的茅草棚里，和他們踢足球，吃傳統(tǒng)的食物，如用甲蟲辣醬蘸過的木薯面包，甚至學(xué)會了一些Pemon印第安語（雖然大部分人至少會說一些西班牙語）。我最深的記憶是有個(gè)晚上看著三代Pemon印第安人穿著傳統(tǒng)服裝跳慶典舞蹈。當(dāng)Pemon族人和游客喝了越來越多家釀的木薯啤酒后，當(dāng)時(shí)的情景就變得越來越有趣了。我們的拘束感迅速消失，不知不覺中我們和他們一起翩翩起舞了。

通過與這些Pemon印第安人的接觸，我們對他們所居住的土地有了特別的了解。他們是我們徒步旅行的向?qū)В⑶野盐覀儙У揭恍┥袷サ木包c(diǎn)。這些地方包括有著類似人臉的怪異巖石的洞穴，可以在巨大浪花下游泳的高高的瀑布，河中的這些浪花形成了天然的漩水（按摩）浴缸。河岸上粉紅色的沙石可以用做天然美容面膜。當(dāng)我們穿越森林的時(shí)候，這些土著人指給我們看那些他們藥用和祭祀（慶典）用的植物和樹木?？紤]到森林公園的超凡脫俗，當(dāng)我聽說有大量的植物群包括一些食肉植物是本地區(qū)特有的，我一點(diǎn)也不感到驚訝。

Pemon人還向我們介紹了他們的信仰和靈性體系。我聽說地球上那些連接馬丘比丘和巨石陣精神中心的主要能量子午線，也穿越了Canaima這個(gè)地方。在那兒呆了幾天以后，我對這種說法一點(diǎn)也不懷疑了。我們這個(gè)旅游團(tuán)隊(duì)幾乎每個(gè)人都說做過清晰的夢。那地方神秘的事物隨處可見：盡管當(dāng)?shù)貜膩聿淮蚶紫掠?，可夜空中?jīng)常發(fā)生閃電現(xiàn)象。據(jù)說，那個(gè)地方出現(xiàn)的UFO現(xiàn)象多于世界上任何其他地方。不管你是否相信，旅行結(jié)束的時(shí)候每個(gè)人都感覺自己的電池已經(jīng)充滿了電。

雖然這次旅行很令人興奮，但我認(rèn)為并適合每個(gè)人。生態(tài)之旅意味著負(fù)責(zé)責(zé)的產(chǎn)生較小影響的旅游，而且通常會使旅游者“風(fēng)餐露宿”，吃苦受罪。這次旅行也不例外。我們在五個(gè)晚上中有三個(gè)是睡在吊床的，而吊床并不適合每個(gè)人的體型。對于日照、流汗、蚊蟲叮咬、或者對穿很少或光著身子在河里洗澡你不可以有反感的心理。為期一周的旅行每人花1500美元是很物有所值的，不過對有些人來說還是太貴了。如果你付得起這筆錢，又不介意幾只螞蟻爬進(jìn)你的褲子里，這種旅行將會帶給你難以置信的獨(dú)一無二的體驗(yàn)，讓你終生難忘。

第二單元 死亡的權(quán)利

在荷蘭，一個(gè)醫(yī)生平均每天有六次會給病人實(shí)施積極安樂死，即給要求擺脫痛苦的病入膏肓的病人服用毒藥。一天有二十多次，當(dāng)沒有徹底治愈的希望時(shí)，延續(xù)生命治療就會被停止或取消。按照荷蘭的法律，實(shí)施積極安樂死仍然被視為犯罪行為，將被判處12年的監(jiān)禁。但在過去的15年里，一系列法庭案件已經(jīng)清楚地表明，一個(gè)合格（勝任）的醫(yī)生實(shí)施安樂死將不會被起訴。

安樂死，經(jīng)常被稱為“無痛苦致死術(shù)”，在西歐無論哪里都是一種犯罪行為。但在英國，西德，荷蘭和其他地方，越來越多的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士欣然承認(rèn)曾實(shí)施過安樂死，且大多數(shù)時(shí)候是“消極”安樂死，即停止或取消治療。長期不溫不火地爭論的安樂死問題最近已經(jīng)演變成為激烈的公眾大討論，正反雙方都聲稱是在維護(hù)正義。反對方認(rèn)為自己是在維護(hù)神圣的生命可貴的原則，正方則舉起了人道主義地對待的旗幟。多年不為人支持的正方現(xiàn)在贏得了陣地。最近一份英國的民意測驗(yàn)表明有72%的人贊成一定條件下的安樂死。令人吃驚的是，根據(jù)去年在法國的調(diào)查，有76%的人希望法律有所改變，即對減輕對使用安樂死的處罰。

至少在1936年，安樂死還是備受爭議的話題。那時(shí)候有些著名的英國人組織了第一個(gè)自愿安樂死的協(xié)會，在上議院引入了一項(xiàng)法案，這項(xiàng)法案將使在嚴(yán)格條件下實(shí)行的安樂死合法化。但是這個(gè)法案失敗了，之后引入上議院的其它三個(gè)法案也是如此。安樂死法規(guī)在1978年也被引入了法國參議院，但很快就被投票否決。盡管如此，這些年來在歐洲支持安樂死和“協(xié)助自殺”的壓力集團(tuán)在穩(wěn)固地成長。

近來人們對安樂死興趣高漲的原因并不難找到。歐洲人，像美國人一樣，現(xiàn)在壽命比以前長了。歐洲的男性平均壽命是72歲，女性為80歲。Derek Humphrey是英國支持“理性安樂死”的領(lǐng)軍人物，他說“久治不愈的慢性疾病取代急性病成為導(dǎo)致死亡的主要原因”。

因此這些安樂死的支持者更加有力地宣傳安樂死計(jì)劃。他們說每個(gè)人都有“有尊嚴(yán)的死”的權(quán)利，意思是有權(quán)利躲避痛苦的恥辱的住院治療的恐懼經(jīng)歷。大部分自愿安樂死的擁護(hù)者聲稱死亡的權(quán)利僅僅給予那些來日無多的和無法治愈的病人們，但是這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動中的少數(shù)人贊成理性地決定死亡的人也可以選擇安樂死。

盡管關(guān)于積極安樂死的報(bào)道很少，在歐洲的醫(yī)院里各種各樣的安樂死都有實(shí)行，甚至在荷蘭也是如此。荷蘭萊頓大學(xué)的生理倫理學(xué)教授Helene Dupuis先生說：“我可以確定，在荷蘭沒有一位肺癌患者是自然死亡的?！庇栽赴矘匪澜M織的主席Jean Davies說：“在英國有許許多多偷偷摸摸的地下行為”。同時(shí)，在法國最近播出的黃金時(shí)段電視節(jié)目中，Odette Thibaut醫(yī)生平靜地宣布他已經(jīng)“送走”了三位病入膏肓的病人，并且她本人已經(jīng)決定在進(jìn)入癌癥末期以前，以自殺來結(jié)束生命，從她現(xiàn)在所受的痛苦中解脫。

許多的專家認(rèn)為不管法律作何規(guī)定，安樂死都將繼續(xù)實(shí)行。沒有哪一個(gè)歐洲國家曾像荷蘭那樣對安樂死這個(gè)問題有過如此大的爭論。荷蘭對安樂死問題的廣泛關(guān)注始于1973年，當(dāng)時(shí)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)一位普通實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生Geertruida Postma蓄意弒母，她給年邁癱瘓的母親注射過量嗎啡，而殺死了她。法官判處她一個(gè)星期的監(jiān)禁，緩刑一年。在接下來許多年的的案件中，荷蘭法庭和檢察官們逐漸形成了穩(wěn)固的模式：當(dāng)安樂死是在嚴(yán)密監(jiān)管的條件下（包括在病人陳述死亡愿望的情況下）執(zhí)行的時(shí)候，實(shí)施安樂死的醫(yī)生將不會被起訴?，F(xiàn)在在荷蘭醫(yī)院一般實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生經(jīng)常地實(shí)施安樂死，然而這樣的死亡已被列為“死于自然原因”。在荷蘭，癌癥病人和多種硬化癥的病人是最常見的安樂死實(shí)施對象。但是去年一份來自阿姆斯特凡的官方報(bào)道說有11 位艾滋病人是由于醫(yī)院或其私人醫(yī)生的蓄意過量用藥而死亡的。

在英國，雖然有一個(gè)已經(jīng)運(yùn)作了半個(gè)世紀(jì)的支持安樂死的游說團(tuán)體，但是真正法律上的改變還是不可能有。積極安樂死依然是種犯罪行為，“協(xié)助自殺”也是。在最近的1984年，一個(gè)叫Helen Charlette Hough的義工被判處了9個(gè)月的監(jiān)禁。因?yàn)樗o一個(gè)82歲的孤獨(dú)痛苦的早期耳聾和失明的老婦人提供了毒藥。一年以后，英國自殺案的一項(xiàng)溫和的修正案在提到上議院的第一輪辯論中就被迅速否決了，在辯論中Baroness Macleod把它描述為“謀殺許可證”。

盡管如此，積極和消極安樂死在英國的醫(yī)院里還是在發(fā)生。一份民意調(diào)查表明了大部分民眾贊成法案使安樂死合法化。而且近一半的醫(yī)生表示如果安樂死合法化他們就會實(shí)施。盡管有一些例外，英 國法庭在醫(yī)生或近親執(zhí)行安樂死的案件上越來越寬容了。去年秋天，19名有威望的英國醫(yī)生寫了封公開信呼吁將對艾滋病晚期病人實(shí)施的安樂死合法化。

盡管在過去的十年里對安樂死的支持在迅速增長，反對也變得越來越尖銳。一些贊成者的狂熱行為為反對者提供了反擊的證據(jù)。他們聲稱自愿安樂死的合法化會成為各種安樂死濫用的罪惡借口。去年12月份，阿姆斯特丹兒童癌癥中心的專家Piet Voute教授說，他曾經(jīng)給40名15至18歲的病人致命藥片，并且有人服用藥片來自殺。就連荷蘭的安樂死支持者也譴責(zé)他的這種行為，基督教派的民主人士把他的行為描述為“公共健康體系徹底失敗”的證據(jù)。

法國的預(yù)防兒童殘疾協(xié)會近期在督促一項(xiàng)允許醫(yī)生殺死出生72小時(shí)內(nèi)后有嚴(yán)重殘疾的新生兒童的議案。這個(gè)議案在法國激起了眾怒。巴黎大教主，紅衣主教Jean Maria Lustiger,把這個(gè)想法譴責(zé)為“與我們國家和文明不相符的野蠻行為”。不可避免的，批判家們把這個(gè)計(jì)劃比作由納粹實(shí)施的安樂死計(jì)劃，在那個(gè)計(jì)劃中，有七萬多智障和殘疾人被屠殺，只是為了“純凈雅利安民族”。希特勒這個(gè)消除社會上最弱人群的恐怖計(jì)劃在歐洲關(guān)于安樂死的辯論中被提及。反對安樂死的人會說這將導(dǎo)致納粹暴行的重演。安樂死的贊成者回應(yīng)說他們所倡導(dǎo)的和希特勒所做的是完全對立的，他們尋求的是個(gè)人決定何時(shí)死如何死的權(quán)利，而納粹者則是把死亡強(qiáng)加于受害者。

許多基督教派的成員反對安樂死的根據(jù)是它違背了第六條戒律“你不應(yīng)該殺生”。一位英國醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)方面的權(quán)威人士Luck Gormally說，不管病人要求死亡的理由多么的令人信服，這種情況需要我們作出一個(gè)決定，即這個(gè)病人的生命是否“值得活”。

這種權(quán)利在最近的將來似乎任何時(shí)候都不大可能得到法律上的認(rèn)可的，即使在荷蘭，議會上的法案把講安樂死局限在少數(shù)病例上，并且對那些病例采取周密的安全防范措施。

第三單元 生活是一場賭博

人生的大部分是一場賭博。許多我們不辭辛苦去做的事都包含著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在很多的情況下，如不遺余力地爭取新工作，參加新活動，開始一項(xiàng)新生意或者開始新的追求的時(shí)候，都沒有考慮我們這些行為的后果。當(dāng)我們與異性交朋友開始約會并確定關(guān)系最后毅然作出結(jié)婚的決定時(shí)，我們沒有意識到我們一直在賭博。不僅結(jié)婚時(shí)一場冒險(xiǎn)，生育子女更是一個(gè)冒險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)我們決定要小孩的時(shí)候，我們從不知道新生兒會長的怎么樣。夫婦們茫然不知所措，忐忑不安，希望新生兒會健康。但是如果新生兒有缺陷時(shí)，他們的心就會痛苦并且后悔做出了這樣的決定。除了結(jié)婚，去新的地方旅行，在路上駕駛，乘坐飛機(jī)，簽署商業(yè)合約甚至無意中說的話都可能很快導(dǎo)致最終的悲劇。然而，我們一直在賭博，與命運(yùn)，與機(jī)遇，與未知在賭博（抗?fàn)帲?/p>

賭博只有兩種可能，成功和失敗。從事物的光面來看，我們贏了。只要我們與命運(yùn)搏斗，形勢經(jīng)常有利于我們，尤其是我們運(yùn)用常識的時(shí)候。舉個(gè)例子，一個(gè)女人沒有贏得男人愛的魅力，他可能會以其成功的事業(yè)為榮，而不會因?yàn)殚L相平平而后悔。有一些偉大的女性并不服從男人的統(tǒng)治和命運(yùn)的安排，結(jié)果她們卻擁有了其他女性所沒有的幸福。對我們很多人來說，賭博在很多的情況下，是抵制乏味和冷漠的無毒的藥，有助于我們保持良好的脾氣和心態(tài)，具有耐心，樂觀向上，而這些能給我們帶來很大的好處。總之，賭博是各種生命形勢特征。敢于賭博的人比猶豫不決的人更能贏得機(jī)會。不冒險(xiǎn)的人滿足于平淡無奇的生活。但是有一點(diǎn)他們要牢記在心，那就是他們沒有權(quán)利血口噴人或謾罵中傷通過賭博而成功的人。事實(shí)上沒有人有權(quán)利譴責(zé)賭博，因?yàn)闆]有人敢說他們從不賭博，即使是花一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)錢去買一張足彩或幸運(yùn)彩票。

然而，從事物的消極面來看，當(dāng)賭博的本能變得過分強(qiáng)烈的話，就會出問題。這很像喝酒：適量的喝酒不會有壞的影響，但是醉酒個(gè)酗酒會導(dǎo)致麻煩。如果一個(gè)人迷戀賭博到了瘋狂的程度，他不僅僅會失去多年辛苦工作得來的財(cái)富，而且也會失去他的尊嚴(yán)和良心，更糟的是失去他的家人，父母和妻兒。他會飽受挫折，被奪去物質(zhì)上的舒適和精神上的安寧。我們經(jīng)常聽到妻子們抱怨丈夫把錢會活在喝酒、吸毒和賭博這一類的事情上面，而這些事對家庭成員沒有帶來任何好處。

賭博最讓人迷惑的是大部分不能收手，即使是在輕松掙錢或輸?shù)镁獾那闆r下。后者的例子非常 多。有個(gè)叫特德的人偶然贏得了二千美元，他欣喜若狂。自此以后，他更加貪財(cái)并且賭博上癮到?jīng)]有任何人任何事能阻止他。但是幸運(yùn)之神并不總是眷顧他，他也并不總是一帆風(fēng)順。當(dāng)他輸?shù)臅r(shí)候，他仍無視眼前的危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，取而代之的是繼續(xù)賭博直至輸?shù)镁?。?dāng)然他會失去很多，而且麻煩也隨之而至。為了繼續(xù)賭下去，他開始偷竊、搶奪、扒竊、商店偷竊并實(shí)施各種各樣的犯罪活動。他現(xiàn)在有了一種病，一種可怕的，危及到他生命的疾病。

雖然說賭博是消極的，但如果適度的話它是沒有任何壞處的。也就是說,如果一個(gè)人堅(jiān)持一定的限度，那么賭博就是一種帶來的快樂游戲而不是萬惡之源。賭博存在于所有的社會中，我們最希望做到的是控制賭博。為了達(dá)到控制賭博的目的，我們應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)對許多其他活動興趣，從而使賭博作為調(diào)節(jié)無聊乏味生活的一種良方而失去它的魅力。賭博可以被視為偶爾的略微令人激動的游戲，但永遠(yuǎn)不能看得太重。對于那些迷戀賭博以及債臺高筑的人來說,他們真的應(yīng)該要三思而后行，懸崖勒馬了。如果他們能像扔掉一個(gè)燙手土豆一樣戒掉賭博，并且堅(jiān)韌不拔，他們當(dāng)然能扭轉(zhuǎn)局面,開始全新的生活。反之，如果他們固執(zhí)己見不肯放棄的話，他們必定會把他們自己帶入更加災(zāi)難性的境地，而這肯定不是賭博者希望得到的。

第四單元 寬容是良藥

不管我們做什么，不管我們是否愿意，我們總是與其他人相聯(lián)系。不管我們做什么，即使是單獨(dú)做，也受其他人的影響。從我們出生時(shí)起，他人總是深入我們的生活，幾乎影響到我們的一切。

不僅其他人影響著我們，我們同時(shí)也在影響著其他人。試想一下在荒漠里的徒步旅行。如果你帶著收音機(jī)，你可能會破壞一些其他人的平和與寧靜。如果你亂扔垃圾，你就會破壞那個(gè)地區(qū)的自然美。你對他們可能還有別的影響。你可能會去買徒步旅行的靴子，因?yàn)槟憬?jīng)常去徒步旅行。你可能會去買背包裝衣服和其他裝備。通過買這些東西，你和其他的徒步旅行者促進(jìn)了商業(yè)的發(fā)展，你們幫助了做靴子的人，做帳篷的人，售貨員和其他的人，為他們提供了工作。旅行中你也許會帶上食物，你會去買，還是親自去種呢？即使是親自去種，你要從其他人那里購買種子或是肥料。這樣你就為其他人提供了更多的工作崗位。

事實(shí)上我們都依賴著他人，都希望著生活得開心，能和他人和睦相處。然而，事情并不總是我們希望的那樣。我們可能會與家人有摩擦，或是與周圍的鄰居有爭吵，我們可能會跟同事生氣或是得罪老板，我們可能會與我們的近親或遠(yuǎn)親斷絕來往，會與親密的朋友絕交。其他人可能會看不起我們，或者是在公共場合故意中傷我們，一些人甚至?xí)导齻?、背后打擊我們，或者說我們的壞話。

如果這些事情有發(fā)生的話，請記住要保持冷靜，不要?jiǎng)硬粍泳筒淮笈?。你不?yīng)該為了消氣而說出褻瀆上帝的言論，否則你將會使沖突惡化，傷害到你與爭吵者未來的關(guān)系，這樣你會使自己處于困境之中。如果恰巧與身邊的人發(fā)生摩擦了，試著平心靜氣地去與對方坦誠布公地談心，但這并不表示你忍氣吞聲，低頭認(rèn)輸，除非你的對手是懷有敵意的。

面對不愉快的遭遇，你不必憎恨人類或陷于絕望。相反的，你應(yīng)該充滿人道和自信，因?yàn)榭偸怯泻芏嗟臋C(jī)會讓他人理解你，并改進(jìn)與他們的關(guān)系。從另一方面說，如果你充滿仇恨，采取以牙還牙的策略，說一些胸襟狹隘的話，你將會陷入更多麻煩，因?yàn)閻河袗簣?bào)。

當(dāng)然，沒有人喜歡忍氣吞聲。但是報(bào)復(fù)并不利于內(nèi)心平衡。你說的和做的都應(yīng)該是理智的，否則你會追悔莫及。不必說的是，如果你為人隨和、寬容，你將沒有什么可擔(dān)心的；反過來，如果你固執(zhí)己見，變得倔強(qiáng)，那么你必定會遭受重大的損失或至少會讓自己不受歡迎，這些都會給你帶來很大的壓力。

成功的人不到生死關(guān)頭很少與人發(fā)生沖突。他們知道怎樣順應(yīng)潮流，說話能迎合其他人的口味。他們說話恰如其分，做事適可而止。他們擅長于使自己適應(yīng)周圍環(huán)境并取悅于他人。然而，有些人目光短淺，不愿取悅他人，最后他們只會使自己與他人隔絕起來，變得不受歡迎。當(dāng)然這也不是他們所希望的。所以如果你希望生活得快樂，就試著去變得善良，有仁慈心，能容忍并為人隨和。你不去愛別人和理解別人，就不會得到別人的愛和理解。

第五單元 我們?yōu)槭裁葱Γ?/p>

為什么我們會笑？大部分的人都會說那是因?yàn)槲覀兡卣业金I了一些有趣的事情，Robert Provine 是馬里蘭大學(xué)的行為精神生物學(xué)家。他曾經(jīng)也是這樣認(rèn)為的，但是他和她的學(xué)生們開始散步在大學(xué)校園里，手里拿著筆記本，準(zhǔn)確的記下引人發(fā)笑的原因。

記錄下一千兩百個(gè)“笑的奇聞軼事”后，Provine相信大部分的笑與開玩笑的和滑稽的故事沒有關(guān)聯(lián)，絕大部分的笑是出現(xiàn)在像“遇到你很高興”或是“我可以加入你們嗎？”這樣的普通話語之后。僅僅有百分之十至二十的笑是出現(xiàn)在和妙句有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)聯(lián)系的話語之后，既然如此大部分發(fā)笑的原因是什么呢？

對這個(gè)答案的搜尋使得我們直面這樣的問題，對人類人類情感好壞的研究，你可以想象情感的社會環(huán)境顯而易見，但是你會意識到人們在他們緊張，高興，失望，快樂時(shí)，甚至有時(shí)僅僅因?yàn)槠渌嗽谛σ苍谛Α?/p>

你也許開始相信情感已發(fā)展為某種相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的東西，要求大腦的變化，認(rèn)知中心對像妙語這樣的微妙的話語作為回應(yīng)。然后你會認(rèn)識到許多人無法使自己奉命發(fā)笑或是壓制得住自然而然的笑。Provine說，笑并不是產(chǎn)生于我們的意識，而是產(chǎn)生于我們大腦中原始的超感官的那一部分，“我們討論的是我們原始本性深處的那部分東西”。

Provine是那些位數(shù)不多的不是憑軼事和主觀臆測的科學(xué)家之一。他是像動物行為學(xué)家研究鳥叫和狼嚎那樣來研究笑。他相信笑像鳥叫那樣起著某些社會信號的作用，并且其他也相信這個(gè)，研究也表明，人們在社交場合比他們獨(dú)處時(shí)多笑三十部，在缺少電視機(jī)這樣的虛擬社會刺激物的情況下，甚至，氧化氫或者說笑氣，也會失去了它的作用。如果一個(gè)人在獨(dú)處時(shí)吸入的話。

對很多研究者來說，笑正在加強(qiáng)社會的溝通和聯(lián)系。“當(dāng)人們舒適的與其他人在一起，當(dāng)他們開放和自由的時(shí)間笑就會發(fā)生。笑的越多，彼此間的聯(lián)系就越密”

Mahadev Apte說的人們之間緊密聯(lián)系會造成人們更過緊密的聯(lián)系，這樣環(huán)環(huán)相扣的循環(huán)，加上人們不愿意單單從組織上挑出的愿望，有助于解釋笑是傳染性的，有非常的強(qiáng)。打個(gè)比方，在1962年，Tanganylka 的一所學(xué)校的女孩子又流行笑的笑病。大笑不止六個(gè)月，迫使當(dāng)?shù)氐恼P(guān)閉了學(xué)校。

John Morreal說人類發(fā)現(xiàn)首次笑可以追溯到遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，作為一個(gè)在危險(xiǎn)過去時(shí)人們發(fā)出共同的如釋重負(fù)的標(biāo)志出現(xiàn)的，John Morreall是佛羅里達(dá)南部的一所大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家，他在工作的地方開辦研究幽默的研究班。他指出，“笑是我們可以放松的信號。當(dāng)人們笑時(shí)，身體的全部肌肉確實(shí)會放松，大部分的人知道笑的厲害，他們會抓住一些東西以防止笑的摔倒，由于這種肌肉的放松使身體不可能發(fā)生戒備，笑是對同伴信任的標(biāo)志。是解除戒備的儀式。這要以解釋為什么陌生人的逗樂不能使人發(fā)笑。為什么與老朋友的偶遇往往會引發(fā)旨在增強(qiáng)社會聯(lián)系的笑。

政治家和演講者知道笑的力量能消除隔閡并和觀眾建立聯(lián)系。” Morreall說肯尼迪總統(tǒng)很大部分的魅力是自嘲。通過讓觀眾與他一起笑?？夏岬舷怂挥校哔F的身份與普通選民之間的社會差異。幾乎每次餐后演講者以笑話作開場白是因?yàn)橄嗨频脑颉?/p>

笑不僅僅增強(qiáng)聯(lián)系也要可以讓人排除在外，這是另一位美國總統(tǒng)付出代價(jià)意識到的。福特總統(tǒng)遭受許多大量大家都知道的不幸事件。包括他從總統(tǒng)的座機(jī)上摔下來。Morreall說公眾對福特的嘲笑不亞于他自己。“笑常?？梢月?lián)合一個(gè)團(tuán)體對抗外來者

同樣的，只有一個(gè)人在笑其他人都不笑，這標(biāo)志著這個(gè)人是外來者，單口相聲演員知道這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，在他們常規(guī)劇目表演中往往會融入提供的話語，比如說語調(diào)的變化，讓觀眾知道怎么時(shí)候笑，這是Jason Rutter 說的，他是Salford 大學(xué)研究喜劇的社會學(xué)家。

講笑話也是很有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。如果沒有人笑這么辦？這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)有助于解釋研究發(fā)現(xiàn)地位高的人，部落的長老或是工廠的老板比地位更低的人更能動用幽默。當(dāng)老板笑時(shí)，其他的人也都笑了。在這樣的情況下，控制整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的笑成為一種行使權(quán)利的方式?！?Morreall說“他們實(shí)際上控制著整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的情感?！?/p>

笑在全力使用上的差異可以來解釋Provine和他的研究者們所做出的發(fā)現(xiàn)。被其他的一些研究所 證實(shí)，雖然不是全部的聽眾，尤其是女性，當(dāng)演講者是男性時(shí)與平常相比多笑50%。這可能所映男人和女人用笑時(shí)的差異，或者僅僅是表明在社會當(dāng)中男人在社會中具有更大的權(quán)利，沒有人在這個(gè)方面做嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)难芯繉⑦@兩者分開。其中一個(gè)方法是看看男女觀眾在聽撒切爾夫人講笑話時(shí)，是不是比其他男性講笑話時(shí)笑的少、但是笑遠(yuǎn)比著這復(fù)雜得多，人不僅感覺良好時(shí)會笑，不舒適時(shí)也會笑，一些精神分裂患者飽受陣陣病態(tài)的笑的折磨，而且他們常說這種狀態(tài)伴隨著危險(xiǎn)的降臨而出現(xiàn)，同時(shí)還伴隨著對這種威脅無能為力的擔(dān)憂。

但是笑為什么會在這種情況下或是為難的尷尬或是失望？Provine說這很清楚，笑與人類其他的行為一樣逐漸進(jìn)化來改變其他人的行為。然而笑的表達(dá)情感這一方面，是沒有什么進(jìn)化上的優(yōu)勢的。在尷尬或其他事其他危險(xiǎn)情況下，笑可能充當(dāng)著如釋重負(fù)的標(biāo)心。是一種平息怒火的方式。日過威脅的一方也加入笑的話，對抗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就降低了。Lawrence Mintz說，如果我可以把我們的笑話轉(zhuǎn)化為輕松地談話，我就不會再有威脅了。

與主要把笑解釋成為增進(jìn)人們的聯(lián)系方式這些理論相反的是第二個(gè)陣營的人會吧笑首先看成是侵略行為。Charles Grune說，“笑等于勝利”，他相信笑起源于戰(zhàn)士擊敗敵人時(shí)發(fā)出的勝利與嘲弄的叫喊聲。

作為證明，他聲稱在每個(gè)幽默事件當(dāng)中都能找到侵略因素，甚至是最沒有傷害的人，甚至是嬰兒，他的笑并不是和他的父母增強(qiáng)聯(lián)系而是因?yàn)楦改附o與了他想要的東西。

其他專家承認(rèn)至少有某種笑，尤其是男性的笑，從本質(zhì)上來說是咄咄逼人具有攻擊性，但據(jù)戶沒有人同意Gruner認(rèn)為所有笑具有攻擊性的論斷。嬰兒的笑是在他們沒有自我意識之前就笑了。Morreal認(rèn)為，“很顯然他們在笑不是因?yàn)樗麄兇驍×藬橙恕?/p>

最后，人們?yōu)槭裁葱Φ牧钊诵欧慕忉尡仨氂写喔玫臄?shù)據(jù)來證明。笑在如此多的場景中出現(xiàn)，以至于研究者們覺得自己試圖和九頭蛇作戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)講到控制情緒時(shí)，Morreal說，“克服恐懼感是很容易的事情。控制憤怒也是小菜一碟。甚至控制愛也比控制笑容易得多?！?/p>

第六單元 提尷尬問題的藝術(shù)

1.年輕人在選擇大學(xué)的時(shí)候最好聽聽父母的意見，一點(diǎn)聰明和經(jīng)驗(yàn)是大有幫助的。

2.我是個(gè)固執(zhí)的父母親，我以此為豪，像我這樣的父母親對大學(xué)來說是不受歡迎的，但是我陪同我的孩子參加大學(xué)的開放日，因?yàn)槲覀?能對他們的未來產(chǎn)生影響。

3.怎樣對他們的未來產(chǎn)生影響呢？通過我們比他們年長，更有智慧，問些難以回答的尷尬的問題。4.開放日不僅僅是大學(xué)炫耀他們的大禮堂，研究會議室和宿舍樓，展示他們的教授名單，在食堂就餐的場合，雖然常常確實(shí)如此。

5.大學(xué)里會給父母親和他們未來的學(xué)生們機(jī)會來問關(guān)于教師的問題以及去發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的老師是多么的著名。

6.通過參加開放日，父母親和他的孩子們可以批判校園文化，找出教學(xué)樓和設(shè)備。評估教學(xué)水平，了解目前在校生的規(guī)模，家長可以多找筆記。

7.Pascal, 我19歲的兒子，我去參加過曼徹斯特，利物浦，薩利郡，利茲，牛津等大學(xué)的開放日。8.發(fā)現(xiàn)有很大有不同，有些東西通過閱讀校方的宣傳資料，或是點(diǎn)擊大學(xué)的網(wǎng)頁，或是長期熏陶是根本找不到的，沒有什么比親眼目睹更好的啦。

9.如果我的兒子依年輕人的自己的意愿，他會選擇有漂亮的女生和女生比率比男生高的學(xué)校。（調(diào)查表明）

10.在他的先后重要事物的排列表上高高在上的是：美食，學(xué)生聯(lián)盟，便宜的啤酒，舒適的氛圍，夜生活，奢侈的學(xué)生宿舍和低廉的生活費(fèi)用。

11.我有不同的資料，這些是毋庸置疑的重要：學(xué)術(shù)水準(zhǔn)和聲譽(yù)，教職員的知我度，學(xué)校排名，整體地位和以后容易找工作。12.Pascal 也同意這些有意義的（當(dāng)然如果有漂亮的女生和便宜的啤酒）

13.“父母和孩子有不同的關(guān)注點(diǎn)”，他說，“這是對未來很重要的，它將會給你第二個(gè)意見?！彼谙聜€(gè)月將去牛津大學(xué)。

14.很多大學(xué)盡全力想要父母和他們的孩子分開，部分原因是父母會對小孩子產(chǎn)生重要的影響，但是他們沒有足夠的空間來容納。

15.毫不例外的，學(xué)生的活動安排是很讓人感興趣的。所以，我偽裝成成熟的學(xué)生溜到學(xué)生會議的最后一排去，為什么我要去聽學(xué)生宿舍和福利的會議，二孩子們要去聽將開設(shè)什么樣的課程和見老師。

16.大學(xué)里經(jīng)常說學(xué)生首先以他們真正想要學(xué)的科目為依據(jù)來選擇學(xué)校，這時(shí)因材施教的例子，如何了解一所大學(xué)里開設(shè)的特殊的課程大大不同于其他大學(xué)的課程呢，你只能通過學(xué)校開放日活動你才會自己把這些弄清楚。

17.Marc Kendal，19歲，來字倫敦南部。他說：“參加諾丁漢大學(xué)開放日的有上百萬人?！薄拔疫x擇諾丁漢大學(xué)時(shí)是因?yàn)檫@里經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)老師比較年輕，可以拿得出手，穿套裝，聽懂他講的內(nèi)容并有很好的ppt來教學(xué)。

18.“在相里斯多大學(xué)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面的都是些老家伙，看上去都要睡著的樣子。在倫敦大學(xué)餓那些人看上去似乎一點(diǎn)也不了解。我只有去參加開放日?！?/p>

19.對一所大學(xué)表現(xiàn)出有興趣也是有幫助的。我不知道他們是否會記錄下參加開放日的人的名字，但有一點(diǎn)我懷疑大學(xué)里更加可能偏愛那些曾經(jīng)來參觀該學(xué)校的申請者。

20.最為重要的是通過參加學(xué)校里的開放日可以發(fā)現(xiàn)子女和不進(jìn)那所選中的學(xué)校是有差異的。怎樣形成差異呢？問一些孩子們想不到的問題。

21.一般來說，學(xué)生們所向往的問題是課業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)，論文數(shù)，課堂數(shù)量和就業(yè)前景，但是在牛津大生的開放日。一個(gè)父母問了個(gè)獨(dú)特的問題：“怎樣把面試弄糟糕”？

22.對這些問題的答案心中有數(shù)，申請者會做好更好的準(zhǔn)備。當(dāng)然當(dāng)這些學(xué)生進(jìn)入大學(xué)以后，幾乎所有的贊譽(yù)這些學(xué)校都當(dāng)之無愧。

第七單元 文化的全球化不是美國化

人們對于全球化正在造成的令人麻木的文化同一性的擔(dān)心，正如現(xiàn)今的可口可樂、麥當(dāng)勞和米老鼠普遍存在。不管是歐洲人和拉丁美洲人，左右翼分子，還是富人和窮人——所有人都擔(dān)心地方文化和民族特性正溶合成一種完全美國式的消費(fèi)主義。據(jù)說那種文化帝國主義將美國的價(jià)值觀和產(chǎn)品強(qiáng)加于人，犧牲真真實(shí)可靠的東西來來推銷盈利性商品，并且用膚淺的滿足來取代更深層次的滿足。

如果全球化的評論者較少癡迷于“可口可樂殖民主義”，他們有可能會注意到一個(gè)豐富多彩的文化大融合，這種文化多元化證明了人們對美國化的擔(dān)憂是錯(cuò)誤的。阿爾及利亞人在巴黎練習(xí)泰國拳;亞洲的吟游詩人在倫敦吃土耳其比薩；薩爾曼拉什迪用他那些英印傳說來愉悅世界各地的讀者。不管發(fā)生怎樣的變化，盡管文化全球化有其弊端，但這種相互得益的交流永遠(yuǎn)是一種勢不可擋的力量。

全球化的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于它可以使人們擺脫地理?xiàng)l件的限制。僅僅因?yàn)槟橙顺錾诜▏鸵馕吨麄冎粺嶂杂谥v法語，吃法國食品，閱讀法文書籍，參法國觀博物館等，是不合理的。一名法國或美國人，因?yàn)橥瑯拥脑颍梢栽谖靼嘌阑蚍鹆_里達(dá)度假，品嘗壽司或意大利面，喝可樂或智利葡萄酒，欣賞好萊塢大片或阿莫多瓦的文藝片，聽印度班格拉音樂或美國饒舌樂，練瑜珈或跆拳道，翻閱世界時(shí)裝之苑或經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家雜志，結(jié)交世界各地朋友。我們正日益自由地選擇我們的文化閱歷，大大豐富我們的生活。

全球化不僅提升個(gè)人自由，而且通過外交，技術(shù)和市場來使本土文化和文化工藝品重現(xiàn)活力。繁榮文化不是一成不變的。文化總是內(nèi)外都發(fā)生變化。每一代都會挑戰(zhàn)前人。科學(xué)和技術(shù)改變我們看待自己和世界的方式；時(shí)尚流行奔流不息；生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和經(jīng)歷的事件影響我們的信念；外界環(huán)境對我們的影響有利有弊。全球化涉及美式同一性，而不是爆炸似的文化交流，這點(diǎn)毫無道理。首先，許多典型的“美國”的產(chǎn)品并不是純美國的。德國移民利維斯特勞斯，把斜紋布和丹寧布結(jié)合起來發(fā)明了牛仔褲，這是一種熱那亞水手穿的褲子風(fēng)格。這樣，Levi's牛仔褲，其實(shí)是美國捻線與歐洲的混合。即使是典型的美國出口的產(chǎn)品也是為了適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)厝说目谖?。亞洲的MTV促成了泰國流行巨星的出現(xiàn)，促使他們使用普通話來演繹搖滾樂。麥當(dāng)勞公司在法國銷售啤酒，在印度出售羊肉，在墨西哥賣紅番薯。

在某些方面，美國是一個(gè)局外人，而不是全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。世界上大多數(shù)國家已采用了源于法國大革命的公制，而美國堅(jiān)持使用源自英國殖民地時(shí)期的古老的度量衡。大部分發(fā)達(dá)國家都已經(jīng)變得非常世俗了，而很多美國人充滿對原教旨主義，比如中東的穆斯林主義，的狂熱。世界上已經(jīng)沒有哪個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國家就教孩子圣經(jīng)中的“神創(chuàng)論”，還是達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論，進(jìn)行如此嚴(yán)肅的爭論了。

美國人的體育口味往往也是奇特的。盡管籃球已經(jīng)得到相當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)展，棒球和美式足球卻沒有得到廣泛傳播。許多世界上最受歡迎的運(yùn)動，尤其是足球，來自英國。亞洲武術(shù)（比如柔道、空手道、跆拳道）以及瑜伽那樣的消遣運(yùn)動，也席卷全球。

在流行音樂方面，美國的低吟歌手沒有獨(dú)占舞臺。2000年全球十大唱片中有重要地位的三位藝術(shù)家，其中有美國的布蘭妮，緊隨其后的是墨西哥的卡洛斯桑塔納和英國披頭士樂隊(duì)。流行歌劇的最大唱家是意大利的帕瓦羅蒂，西班牙的卡雷拉斯，和墨西哥籍的西班牙后裔多明戈。拉丁美洲薩爾薩舞曲，巴西倫巴達(dá)，非洲音樂都已經(jīng)在全球占有一席之地。在大多數(shù)國家，地方藝術(shù)家仍然居于流行榜首位。

在世的最著名作家之一的是生活在哥倫比亞的加布里埃爾，《百年孤獨(dú)》的作者。另一位著名作家保羅科埃略是巴西人，他的《煉金術(shù)》和其他一些書籍已經(jīng)取得了數(shù)以千萬計(jì)的全球銷量。1990年，加拿大出品的喜劇浪漫愛情小說售出超過2億本。這些書籍占美國大眾市場平裝本銷售的五分之二。在講英語的國家間最大的出版商是德國的貝塔斯曼，其于1998年收購了美國最大的藍(lán)登書屋。

地方節(jié)目比美國電視節(jié)目吸引更多的眼球。盡管遠(yuǎn)銷各國的電視劇中將近四分之三來自美國，大多數(shù)國家最受喜愛的節(jié)目仍是國產(chǎn)片。

美國也不是全球傳媒產(chǎn)業(yè)的唯一活躍者。七大染指一切的市場主導(dǎo)者，其中有四個(gè)（美國在線時(shí)代華納，迪斯尼，維亞康姆和新聞集團(tuán)）是美國的，一個(gè)（貝塔斯曼）是德國的，一個(gè)（維旺迪）是法國的，一個(gè)（索尼）是日本的。他們分?jǐn)偸澜绺鞯刭Y源：貝塔斯曼出版美國作家的書籍，新聞集團(tuán)廣播亞洲新聞，索尼銷售巴西音樂。

證據(jù)是堅(jiān)不可摧的。對于美國化的恐懼是過于夸大了：美國的文化產(chǎn)品沒有唯一的統(tǒng)治權(quán)，當(dāng)?shù)匚幕a(chǎn)品依然存在，而且存在得很好。

同樣，一個(gè)大例外就是電影產(chǎn)業(yè)。好萊塢的一統(tǒng)天下并沒有人們想的那么可怕。首先，要注意好萊塢并不像它所看上去的那么美國化。自從那個(gè)查理卓別林從英國漂洋過海而來，外國人就如潮水般涌入加利福尼亞，想要成為全球巨星，像他們看到的佩內(nèi)洛普克魯茲，凱瑟琳澤塔瓊斯和伊萬麥克格雷那樣的巨星。頂級導(dǎo)演通常也不是美國人，比如，雷德利斯科特或已故的斯坦利庫布里克。一些制片廠同樣是外商獨(dú)資：日本索尼擁有哥倫比亞電影公司，威望迪是法國的。美國時(shí)代華納公司最近最大的熱門專賣哈利波特和指環(huán)王，都是以英國書籍改編的，大部分啟用英國演員，特別是指環(huán)王，還是由一位新西蘭導(dǎo)演執(zhí)導(dǎo)的。在一定程度上，好萊塢恰恰是一個(gè)在美國的全球性行業(yè)。它不是在出口美國價(jià)值觀念，而是為全球觀眾而服務(wù)的。

另一個(gè)美國出口的產(chǎn)品也征服了全球：英語。大約3.8億人把英語作為他們的第一語言，大約2.5億人把英語作為第二語言。十億人在學(xué)習(xí)英語，全世界大約有三分之一的人口會接觸到它。據(jù)估計(jì)，到2050年，世界一半的人將或多或少精通它。英語作為全球通用語言對商人，科學(xué)家和游客而言定有其獨(dú)到之處，但單一的語言遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能讓人滿意。語言往往是國家文化的核心：如果法國人講英語，那么他們就算不上是法國人。英語可能會取代其他語言，并不是因?yàn)槿藗兿矚g講英語，而是因?yàn)榫拖裎④浀能浖粯?，如果每個(gè)人都使用它，它就會有相當(dāng)?shù)膬?yōu)勢。

越來越多的語言正瀕臨滅絕，但英語決不是導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)象的原因。人們在學(xué)習(xí)母語的同時(shí)也在學(xué)習(xí)英語，而不是用英語取代母語，而且經(jīng)常也在學(xué)習(xí)許多其他語言。一些語言，比如冰島語，幾乎沒有人講，但是仍然在蓬勃發(fā)展。當(dāng)?shù)胤秸Z系消亡時(shí)，這是典型的語言競爭造成的。法國已全部消除普 羅旺斯語，德語也幾乎消除了斯萬比亞方言。所以盡管在美國地區(qū)，英語取代了美洲印第安語，卻沒能摒棄斯瓦希里語或挪威語。

雖然美國的消費(fèi)文化很普遍，但其意義往往是夸大了。你可以選擇喝可口可樂，吃麥當(dāng)勞，而不做任何意義上的美國人。一家報(bào)紙登載的阿富汗塔利班武裝分子的照片顯示他們拿著卡拉什尼科夫沖鋒槍同時(shí)也拿著帶有耐克標(biāo)志的小包。民族的文化（從它們共同的思想，信仰，知識，繼承傳統(tǒng)和藝術(shù)上講），并不會僅僅因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)產(chǎn)品就被侵蝕（盡管這些商品有各種各樣的品牌），因?yàn)檫@充其量僅代表薄弱的價(jià)值觀。

真正深刻的文化變化與可口可樂關(guān)系不大。西方關(guān)于自由主義和科學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)正在扎根，幾乎無處不在，而歐洲和北美因?yàn)榻邮罩饕獊碜园l(fā)展中國家的移民，正日益成為文化多元化的社會。技術(shù)正不斷重整文化：比如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。個(gè)人的選擇粉碎了文化的單一性，新的混合文化不斷出現(xiàn)，區(qū)域性的文化正重新興起。國家的身份并沒有消失，而民族的凝聚力不斷松懈。

更大的擔(dān)心是，日益增強(qiáng)的個(gè)人自由可能會以犧牲民族特性為代價(jià)。法國人擔(dān)心，如果他們都選擇觀看好萊塢電影，他們可能會在不知不覺中失去集體的法國特性。然而，這種擔(dān)心是過度了。自然的文化比人們想象的要強(qiáng)的多。他們可以接受或抵制一些外國勢力的影響。外國勢力可以迅速本土化，改變一個(gè)國家的文化，但不是摧毀它。德國人曾經(jīng)反對足球，因?yàn)樽闱虮徽J(rèn)為是英國的，現(xiàn)在他們的足球隊(duì)是民族自豪的象征。諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主阿馬蒂亞森說的很對：對文化擔(dān)憂的人常常對每一種文化都持不信任的態(tài)度，而且他們常常會低估我們從別處學(xué)習(xí)但同時(shí)又不被其被吞沒的能力。

人們對科學(xué)和技術(shù)的信心越來越普遍。即使是那些誰仇視西方的人也會利用西方的技術(shù)。本拉登就是利用手機(jī)策劃恐怖活動，用飛機(jī)來撞擊摩天大樓的。反全球化的示威組織通過電子郵件和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來組織活動。中國不再對西方的技術(shù)嗤之以鼻：因?yàn)橹袊噲D用西方技術(shù)來擊敗西方國家。

盡管西方的思想擴(kuò)張到了發(fā)展中國家，但是全球化不是一條單行道。雖然歐洲的前殖民大國在世界許多地方都留下了他們的印跡，最近的人口移民與之前的方向相反。在巴黎郊區(qū)有阿爾及利亞聚居區(qū)，但在阿爾及利亞卻沒有法國的;在倫敦有巴基斯坦聚居區(qū)，而在拉赫爾卻沒有英國的。在歐洲越來越多穆斯林少數(shù)民族正在增長，中東的基督教徒卻在漸漸消失。

外國人正在改變美國，即使他們采用的是美國的處事方式。每年大約有100萬左右的移民遷入，其中大部分是拉美裔和亞裔。自1990年以來，外國出生的美國居民超過2500萬，增加了600萬，最大的移民浪潮是在20世紀(jì)之交。英語在美國之外可能是無堅(jiān)不摧的，但在美國的一些地方，現(xiàn)在卻輸給了西班牙語。在未來25年內(nèi)，美國的5000萬新居民中預(yù)期一半將是移民或移民子女。

如今這一切的變化所帶來的后果是國家文化分化萬花筒。新的混合文化正在出現(xiàn)。在美國墨西哥區(qū)的人講西班牙語。區(qū)域文化正在復(fù)興。蘇格蘭和威爾士打破英國的單一文化。愛沙尼亞從蘇聯(lián)重生出來，曾經(jīng)一段沉默的聲音現(xiàn)在又開始重新說話了。

個(gè)人正在形成新的社區(qū)，這樣的社區(qū)有著共同的利益和情感，是跨越國界的。與在度假時(shí)認(rèn)識的外國人結(jié)交友誼，科學(xué)家們通過因特網(wǎng)分享各自的觀點(diǎn)，環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者通過發(fā)送電子郵件號召共同行動，家庭音樂愛好者在網(wǎng)上交換網(wǎng)頁地址。更嚴(yán)重的個(gè)人主義并不意味著這一社區(qū)的結(jié)束。新的社區(qū)是簡單的選擇參與，而不是像舊時(shí)的公社成員那樣被強(qiáng)制要求加入。

這是否意味著國家身份的消亡？講同一種語言的人，出生并生活在一起，面臨著類似的問題，有共同的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，參加同一選舉，另外還有許多共同點(diǎn)。盡管我們都是把世界視為一個(gè)地方，但是我們不是這個(gè)世界的公民，而是我們國家的公民，但是，如果我們現(xiàn)在的民族凝聚力更加松散，那不是一件很糟糕的事嗎？人們可能會哀嘆舊方式的逝去，但實(shí)際上很多對于全球化的擔(dān)憂只是重復(fù)了由來已久的擔(dān)憂，只是對于經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退和一個(gè)黃金時(shí)代的失去及諸如此類的擔(dān)憂而已。但總體來說，人民選擇了新的途徑，因?yàn)樗鼈兏泻夏壳暗男枰⑶夷軌蛱峁┬碌臋C(jī)會，而這些是舊方式所無法給與的。

事實(shí)是，我們越來越多地自己界定自己，而不是讓別人來界定我們。作為一個(gè)英國人或美國人，并不意味著你就一定是怎么樣的，這只是你的一個(gè)部分而已。你可以在喜歡國外的東西的同時(shí)仍然和你的同胞緊密聯(lián)系在一起。就像秘魯作家馬里奧巴爾加斯略撒曾寫道：“試圖為一個(gè)民族強(qiáng)加上一個(gè)文化特征，就等同于把他們關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，并且拒絕給與他們最寶貴的自由，這種自由就是選擇何種權(quán)利，如何選擇和成為什么樣人的權(quán)利?！?/p>

第八單元 在裁縫店

在倫敦喧囂的攝政街和繁華的新邦德街之間，有一小片靜得出奇的區(qū)域。它由許多看似平行，實(shí)際上卻向各個(gè)方向延伸的短短的街道組成。乍一看，這些街道里好像滿是古老的處理家庭糾紛的律師辦事處。許多窗戶上都有簡易的鐵絲網(wǎng)。這些公司具有一種神秘的高貴氣息，就好像舊時(shí)學(xué)校的仆人，他們表面上一無所知，實(shí)際上卻是無所不知。在這里幾乎沒有任何證據(jù)顯示有買賣關(guān)系的存在。這里的電費(fèi)一定非常少，因?yàn)闆]有刺眼的霓虹燈，也沒有裝飾俗麗的櫥窗誘惑人們駐足徘徊。無論哪個(gè)季節(jié)，這里都沒有優(yōu)惠活動，沒有人會邀請你多做停留，在這里，你時(shí)不時(shí)會看到一卷布，一條馬褲，或者也有可能是一幅簡樸圖畫，畫中是一名穿著晚禮服的紳士。當(dāng)你經(jīng)過這里時(shí)，仿佛會聽到這些東西在低語：“如果您是一位紳士，又希望穿上一套紳士的禮服，請到這兒來預(yù)訂，我們將為您效勞?！敝劣趦r(jià)錢，當(dāng)然不會提起，這個(gè)問題當(dāng)然不會在這樣有紳士風(fēng)度的交易中提起的。因?yàn)樵谶@片區(qū)域，有Savile街, Conduit街, Maddox街，另外，還有裁縫店——甚至是最著名的裁縫店。穿著一件廉價(jià)做工粗略的西裝進(jìn)入（這些裁縫店），那件劣質(zhì)的衣服立刻會在某些部位顯得松松垮垮，而其他地位又會顯得緊緊湊湊。如果你有足夠的勇氣（就像我那次一樣）穿著一件粗制的西裝走進(jìn)一家店里，你立馬就會后悔。沒人會說什么，但是這里任何高管的一個(gè)眼神就會讓你恨不得扒下衣服，悄悄扔到垃圾桶里。

這里的靜寂是意味深長的。有很好的理由把它描述成一個(gè)舊世界。在這樣一個(gè)任何事情，只要它來得快，來得易，都會發(fā)生的現(xiàn)代世界里，這片地區(qū)遺憾地落伍了。這里仍然忙于追求昔日的盡善盡美。在鐵絲網(wǎng)的背后，對完美的追求仍不停息。裁縫在這里依然是一門藝術(shù)。這里，仍會有人真誠地宣告：正如我們所知和應(yīng)該知道的那樣，褲子是一種美好的事物，最美的褲子。對他們而言，那些他們所作的最精細(xì)的縫線，可以給人以那種隱藏的很深但能博取人們眼淚的思緒。不像商人那樣，他們并不是致力于取悅顧客，而是盡心讓自己滿意，這也證明了他們是藝術(shù)家而不是商人。作為店主的裁縫會讓你一直試穿到你滿意為止，而這些藝術(shù)家卻持續(xù)地讓你試，直到他們自己滿意。這意味著在你已經(jīng)失去所有的興趣之后，他們還在讓你試很久。你站在那里，僅僅是一副身軀或人樣的模型，而他們依舊優(yōu)美地用小折刀割開袖子和衣領(lǐng)，用固定或拔去別針，并用粉筆做一些神神秘秘的記號，而你早就不在想他們到底在忙什么了。過了一會，他們甚至還會淡定卻很嚴(yán)肅地告訴你，他們需要再試一次。他們在我身上這樣做，完全是出自對裁剪藝術(shù)的熱情。

每次走進(jìn)我自己的裁縫店，我都會滿懷歉意。我很清楚我并不值得他們這樣努力。就像一個(gè)沒有音樂細(xì)胞的人被邀請?jiān)谝粋€(gè)晚上去欣賞（匈牙利）弦樂器四重奏樂隊(duì)的演奏一樣。我是能夠在兩周內(nèi)把任何衣服搞得破舊普通的那種人。或許是我總隨身帶著兩三根大煙斗，兩三盒火柴，兩盎司的煙草，錢包，支票簿，日記，自來水筆，小刀以及一些零散的鑰匙和零錢的緣故吧，那些破舊的信件就更不用提了。我無法理解一個(gè)人怎能既設(shè)法做到整潔漂亮，又做好其他事情。衣服穿得得體對我來說就是一件全職工作，而我卻有許多其他更重要、更令我感興趣的事情要做。我喜歡把衣服弄得鼓鼓的、沉甸甸的，好像我是睡在里面似的。我能夠很輕快地在這里說這些，但一旦進(jìn)入到我的裁縫店，我就會立刻感到歉意，他們沒有說什么，但當(dāng)他們把目光移到他們那被糟蹋了的“十四行詩”和“奏鳴曲”上時(shí)，目光里充滿了憂傷和責(zé)備。或許有一天，我會穿著晚禮服去拜訪他們，因?yàn)槲蚁嘈潘鼈冞€不至于糟糕到像休閑西服一樣。但我不知道我是否會這樣做，也許在我看來沒什么大不了的事在他們眼里可是滔天大罪?；蛟S我最好還是不要讓他們看到他們的杰作遭遇了怎樣的命運(yùn)。當(dāng)他們看見我無精打采地走進(jìn)去，就像一個(gè)通過郵局購買衣服的人一樣，他們或許悄聲告訴別人：“他是那種在在白天穿衣都有點(diǎn)隨隨便便的紳士,如果他晚上還費(fèi)神去打理一下他的衣服那才怪呢?！蔽衣犚娝麄兂蠲伎嗄樀匮a(bǔ)充道，好像急于要說服自己。

然而，當(dāng)他們讓我進(jìn)入一間令人恐懼的試衣間試衣的時(shí)候，他們就有了報(bào)復(fù)的機(jī)會。一旦我在那些地方待上十分鐘，我就沒有任何自尊可言了。那比在理發(fā)店理發(fā)還糟糕，幾乎和在牙醫(yī)診所一樣。像個(gè)啞巴一樣站著，只是一具有血有肉的軀殼，這已經(jīng)夠糟了，但是那些鏡子和燈光更是令人受不了。那些鏡子亮閃閃的，衍生出一個(gè)無限空間。每邊都是綠里帶黃的隧道。我并介意這個(gè)，對那些隧道我僅僅有一點(diǎn)反感，而對那無限空間，我?guī)缀鹾翢o不快。我只是不喜歡的那里面我自己的形象，無論往哪看，我都看見一個(gè)樣子無法讓我開心的男人。他的頭和身子相比顯得太大了，而身子和腿相比又顯得太大了。在這殘酷的亮光中，他的臉顯得臃腫、有點(diǎn)濕濕的，而且有一種莫名其妙的骯臟，除了他正在試穿的那件外衣，他身上的衣服松松皺皺、破破爛爛。他不注意領(lǐng)口和靴子的打理，沒剪頭發(fā)，胡子也刮得不仔細(xì)。從整個(gè)臉部看，很難使人對他產(chǎn)生信心。他的輪廓顯得滑稽可笑，而背影更是恐怖。一個(gè)女人和幾個(gè)小孩就靠這樣一個(gè)家伙養(yǎng)活！一個(gè)男人竟然擁有這樣一副臉孔和身軀，簡直難以置信，但他對自己評價(jià)好的讓人無法忍受。每當(dāng)我想起這些的時(shí)候，我可能笑了一下?；蛘哒f看上去像笑了一下，但試衣間立即會出現(xiàn)二十個(gè)幽靈般的笑容的，使四處都起了皺紋，還有大量扭曲了的臉頰和下巴。而此刻，你卻沒有別的地方可看。

與此同時(shí)，裁縫們自己打扮整潔干凈，動作靈巧，（他們）正忙著使用別針和粉筆。在這滿是鏡子的小小殿堂里，他們?nèi)缤诩抑幸粯雍翢o拘束，而且從任何一個(gè)角度的反射中，他們都顯得那樣的好看。他們假裝對我俯首帖耳，但這是最無意義的偽裝。他們知道——而且很清楚我也知道——我已經(jīng)失去自我，成了他們手中的玩偶。他們的意見好像是最通情達(dá)理的，盡管事實(shí)上并不一定如此。但是就算他們僅僅是低聲地說，該是在英國成立西班牙殘暴的宗教（天主教）法庭的時(shí)候了，我也只能完全接受。這些試衣的、裁剪的以及其他的人并不是完全相同的。經(jīng)常幫我做褲子的人和經(jīng)常幫我做外套的人有很大的區(qū)別。做褲子的更加矮小、活潑、更加忙忙碌碌，愛講閑話。長期的制褲（工作）使他更加大眾化和世俗化。有許多次我都以為他跟我差不多了。而制衣的裁縫卻非常冷漠。他表情冷淡、臉上看上去很健康，胡子刮得干干凈凈，就好像一個(gè)棕色的蘋果；看起來既像個(gè)牧師，又像個(gè)外科醫(yī)生，還像是個(gè)不大處理事務(wù)的律師，他渾身上下都干干凈凈、光彩奪目、毫無瑕疵。他對我就像我對別人的衣服一樣毫無興趣。有一次他屈尊地跟我講了他兒子（在公立學(xué)校上學(xué)）的情況，我立刻感到無限的榮幸，以致對他所說的話都急于表示贊同。有幾分鐘，我完全活躍起來，幾乎對我的外套產(chǎn)生了敬意?？墒遣灰粫核肿兊脟?yán)肅起來，從某處拔出一跟別針，又用粉筆做了一個(gè)記號。

我能夠體會那些被迫與偉大的藝術(shù)家住在一起的人的感受。我也能夠理解“九個(gè)裁縫湊成一個(gè)正常人”這句俗語的深層涵義。這些手拿別針和粉筆的藝術(shù)家是這樣缺乏常人的個(gè)性，以致我們一定難以從他們中的九個(gè)身上擰出足夠的親善去拼湊成一個(gè)正常的公民。然而現(xiàn)在過分注重自己的衣著和外表的人死的死、散的散，他們的世界一定非常孤獨(dú)。他們會接受我這樣一個(gè)把口袋塞得滿滿的，把衣服弄得皺巴巴的人的稱贊嗎？

Key to the Exercises Unit One Text A

Warming-up

B.1.armchair travelers 2.budget travelers 3.family travelers 4.business travelers 5.adventure travelers

6.luxury travelers Comprehension B.1-f

2-c

3-d

4-a

5-e

6-b Vocabulary & Structure A.1.inhibitions

2.incredulous

3.endemic

4.eerie

5.exhilarated

6.lucid

7.decked out

8.awe-inspiring

9.plummeted 10.gracious

Translation

B 1.After climbing up to the top of the mountain and looking afar from the vantage point, I saw laid out before me a spectacular view, which was one of the most awe-inspiring view I have ever beheld;but equally exhilarating was the fact that some distance away a hawk was soaring high, and then, for an instant, it suddenly plummeted down into the canyon.2.My fondest memory is of spending a few days with a family in a mountain village, dinnering with them and enjoying various dishes endemic to the region.It is of mellow sweetness to have watched them, decked out in their traditional garb, moving around the house.Of course, a stay there for some more days involves some degree of ?roughing-it?.Unit Two Text A Comprehension

1.C

2.C

3.D

4.C

5.A

6.D Vocabulary & Structure A.1.elaborate 2.prosecution 3.controversial 4.ammunition 5.compassion

6.response 7.hospitalized 8.surged

9.moderately

10.zeal C.1.incurably ill 2.bring about

3.grown fast into 4.winning an advantage

5.given

6.hidden, stealthy

7.struggled with

8.mild, not harsh Translation B.1.Quite a few terminally ill patients would often like their doctors to administer lethal drugs to them to be relieved of suffering;there are also some of their families who would prefer that doctors withdraw any life-prolonging treatment since there is no hope of effecting an ultimate cure.This problem has lately boiled over into a fierce public debate in some European countries.2.Those who are opposed to ?Euthanasia? believe that it is no different from murder and that it is unethical, while the pro-euthanasists contend that since the incurably ill consider their existence more of a torment and suffering, why not let them end their lives in a decent and humane way? We ought to respect the patients? final decision.3.The fear that ?mercy killing? will be abused or used unnecessarily is not groundless.But with effective measures rigorously taken by the government and the departments concerned, and under tightly controlled conditions in hospitals, this problem would most probably be resolved in the end.Unit Three(Text A)

A.1.backwards 2.a babe 3.chance 4.odds 5.smites 6.splash 7.shinning 8.hasty B.1.C

2.A

3.B

4.G

5.D

6.F

7.H

8.E 1.The plunge we take is no different from the gamble we are taking against chance, against destiny, and in the course of it we may realize ourselves as an added bonus.And as a consequence we would be either bled white or finally make a career after painstaking efforts, or in rare cases, be continuously blessed with an unhindered advance, and we would take great pride in our obtained success.2.If a man makes gambling an obsession, he will not only lose his property gained through years of toil, he will also lose his dignity and conscience.Therefore it is advisable that they beat a hasty retreat from such an indulgence and be away from the sea of troubles.3.On the bright side of the coin, we win in the struggle against destiny, and the odds are in our favor, then gambling is no longer a toxic drug, rather it is one against boredom and apathy, and may well preserve our good temper, patience and optimism, which will do us a world of good.Unit 4 Text A V & S

A.1.involved

2.touch 3..spoil 4.boost 5.get on 6.get in Dutch 7.flinging mud at

8.heart-heart 9.profusion 10.bit her tongue off Translation A.首先，教師應(yīng)性情開朗，具有魅力。這不排除長相平平，甚至面貌丑陋者，他們或許更具魅力。但過于沖動者、郁郁寡歡者、冷酷無情者、尖酸刻薄者、憤世嫉俗者、怨天尤人者，以及自以為是、居高臨下者卻定要排除在外。再補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)：應(yīng)排除平庸者和性情不良者。還是我以前書中所言：“乏味或許比殘暴更加催殘學(xué)生?！逼浯?，教師不僅需要而且必須擁有同情心——真正意義上的同情心；能夠設(shè)身處地的親聽他人的心聲，特別要能感孩子們所感，思孩子們所思，因?yàn)榻處熤卸酁橹行W(xué)教師；還有與此密不可分的寬容——當(dāng)然，寬容的不是錯(cuò)誤本身，而是人類脆弱與幼稚的本性，這才是誘使人們尤其是孩子犯下種種錯(cuò)誤的根本。

1． There are some successful people in every walk of life.On the one hand, their successes depend on their born genius, later effort and support from their family;on the other hand, their successes are attributed to virtues as a being.These successful people seldom contradict others unless in a life-and-death struggle.If necessary, they know how to swim with the tide and tailor their words to the tastes of other fellows..They will say things in season and do things in moderation 2.They are marvelous at adapting themselves to the surroundings and good at pleasing the ears of other people.They are quite easy-going and will never fling mud at people.If they happen to have friction with someone, they will try to have a heart-to-heart talk with him in a placid mood.They will never do what they will bite their tongue off later on.Unit 5 Text A Vocabulary & structure A.1.bane 2.anecdotes 3.mundane 4.stimulus 5.intriguing 6.epidemic 7.bout 8.pathological Translation A.笑有很多好處。笑把人們聯(lián)系在一起。在一些緊張的場合，笑聲可以使人們放松精神。所以應(yīng)該多與別人分享歡笑。笑還對健康很有好處。有位著名作家在他的書里記述了他用喜劇和歡笑來治療癌癥的事。在你笑的時(shí)候，你的橫膈膜會上下運(yùn)動，而你的淋巴液也會加速運(yùn)動，這些都對你的健康有好處。笑可以減輕壓力放松肌肉，還可以加強(qiáng)你與別人的聯(lián)系，特別是當(dāng)你與別人語言不通時(shí)。當(dāng)彼此以微笑回應(yīng)時(shí)，雙方的聯(lián)系就加深了。英語里有兩種說法，第一種是笑是會傳染的，就像病毒和病菌一樣。另一種是笑是一種良藥。

B.1.The role of laughter is more complex than people have imagined.People laugh for a variety of reasons.People laugh not only when they feel good, but in response to mundane statements and in uncomfortable situations as well.For example, when people are surprised at funny-looking things, their natural reaction is laughter.Something seems awkward for a moment and people don't know what to do, so people laugh.Even in a threatening situation, laughter may serve as a way of calming down the tense atmosphere.2.Why do we laugh? A convincing explanation waits for more confirmation.But people all over the world are convinced that it is pretty good to laugh.Laughter enables people to keep mentally healthy and laughter functions as some kind of social signal to strengthen a social bond because studies have shown that people are more likely to laugh in social settings than when they are alone.and it can break down barriers and forge a connection with each other.Unit 6 Text A Translation

A.孩子們是否應(yīng)該去國外留學(xué)一直是一個(gè)熱門話題。人們的觀點(diǎn)大相徑庭。有些人認(rèn)為學(xué)生不適合去國外學(xué)習(xí)，首先，高昂的學(xué)費(fèi)和生活費(fèi)對大多數(shù)家庭是一個(gè)沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)；其次在一個(gè)風(fēng)俗和生活方式完全不同的國家生活學(xué)習(xí)不僅會有語言障礙并且會經(jīng)歷“文化休克”，這會使許多學(xué)生難以適應(yīng)，最后，一些學(xué)生不夠成熟，難以辨別是非而可能走入歧途。國外留學(xué)的推崇者們堅(jiān)持國外留學(xué)是有益的。首先，國外學(xué)習(xí)能提供一流的教學(xué)設(shè)施和“學(xué)生為中心”的教學(xué)體制----一種比國內(nèi)盛行的“以教師為中心”的教學(xué)方法更科學(xué)的教學(xué)方法。其次，遠(yuǎn)離父母親可以迫使年輕人結(jié)交朋友、學(xué)會處理人際關(guān)系，這將讓他們終身受益。再者，留學(xué)國外是一次感受異國文化、開拓視野的絕佳機(jī)會。

就我個(gè)人而言，我贊成去國外留學(xué)因?yàn)槔笥诒住?/p>

B.1.After the scores of the matriculation are known, parents want to know more about universities home and abroad by reading prospectuses and surfing university websites, and do their utmost to choose an ideal institution of higher education for their children.Some parents even think that nothing beats seeing for themselves.They will take their children to see the campus, halls of residence, cafeterias.They make enquiries at such departments as Students Affairs Office to be better-informed.2.Some universities in the U.S.are open to parents by setting up open days in order that parent can know more about academic administration, accommodations, food, workload, and job prospects.But there are some differences between their list of priorities.As a rule, children tend to listen to their parents because a bit of their parents? wisdom and experience go a long way.Unit 7 Text A V & S A.1.tyranny 2.will fragment 3.flock 4.deem 5.lament 6.dissolve 7.have a finger in every pie 8.hark back to

11.carve out niches

12.notch up 9.be relevant to 10.be tailored to

B.1.Languages are vehicles of value systems and of cultural expressions and they constitute a determining factor in the identity of groups and individuals.Yet, it is reckoned, more than fifty per cent of the world?s 6000 languages are on the verge of becoming extinct.And, as a matter of fact, one language disappears on average every two weeks.Many factors contribute to language extinction.But the English language prevalent worldwide is certainly to blame and its hegemony is worrisome.2.There is overwhelming/compelling evidence that the United States is undoubtedly a global leader in many ways.While exporting its high-tech products and commercial artifacts, the United States is imposing American values on the world.Therefore, some people turn their noses up at globalization, fearing that it is in fact equivalent to Americanization.Such fears are not over-blown.Translation 2.The trend towards globalization began in earnest in the early 1970s when the system of fixed exchange rates, set up after World War II, was dismantled.This meant that the value of currencies would now be determined by the markets instead of individual governments.Over the next two decades, countries slowly began to remove their exchange controls.By 1990, nearly all world?s major economies had got rid of restrictions on how much money could be moved in and out of their countries.In theory, governments are free to set their own economic policies;in practice, they must conform to a global economic model or risk being penalized by the markets.Other factors contributing to the rise of globalization are communication technologies, and better transportation systems.These have enabled companies to grow into multinationals----producing goods on one side of the planet and selling them on the other.Unit 8 Text V & S A.1.audacity 2.opulent 3.loiter

4.in all sincerity

5.contrives

9.profile

10.deft 6.enormity 7.subservience 8.condescend B.1.Owing to the fierce competition, he was compelled to be busy with his work all day long.He could hardly afford the time to phone his aged parents, to say nothing of going back often to take care of them.He never thought of his parents without feeling apologetic, knowing that he was unworthy of their kindness.2.It seemed to J.B.Priestley that wearing clothes properly was a full-time job.Therefore, he always cheerfully bagged and sagged as if he had slept in his suits.And he could not understand how a man could contrive to look neat and spruce and do anything else.3.The sober young man has a certain air of arrogance about him.It is incredible that you should have wrung friendliness out of him.

第三篇：新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程第一冊練習(xí)答案

《新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程（第二版）第一冊》 課后答案Unit1 III.1.rewarding 2.communicate 3.access 4.embarrassing 5.positive 6.commitment 7.virtual 8.benefits 9.minimum 10.opportunities IV.1.up 2.into 3.from 4.with 5.to 6.up 7.of 8.in 9.for 10.with V.1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI.1.Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor.2.Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down.3.The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family.4.Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite.5.Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry.VII.1.Not only did Mr.Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours.2.Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English.3.Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.4.Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours.5.Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company.Translation VIII.1.Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply.2.She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless.3.Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot.4.Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need.5.He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children.She feels, however, that this is too much for her.6.Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.IX.1.我永遠(yuǎn)都不會忘記那位老師，是他告訴我學(xué)外語是有趣的、有 價(jià)值的。如果沒有他，我的英語說得不會像現(xiàn)在這樣好。2 沒有任何其他語言能像英語那樣讓你感受到多姿多彩的世界文 化。有了過硬的英語知識，你就可以體驗(yàn)奇妙的文化之旅。3.寫作不僅僅要寫老師布置的話題，而且要寫自己感興趣的東西，例如，給朋友寫電子郵件。

4.遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)課程是指授課者與學(xué)生通過計(jì)算機(jī)通信技術(shù)進(jìn)行交流 的課程。

5.英語不但是世界上最有用的語言，也是世界上最易學(xué)、易用的 語言之一。

6遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)課程在時(shí)間安排上給予學(xué)生更多的自由，但與其他課程 比，這些課程要求學(xué)生有更強(qiáng)的自律能力。Cloze 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C 6,C 7.B 8.A 9.a 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B Structured Writing XII.I am proud to say that I succeeded in learning a foreign language.It was a real challenge and, needless to say, it took a lot of practice.I carried a small dictionary with me everywhere I went as well as a notebook in which I listed new words I came across.I also managed my time carefully so that I met the standards of the course and finished assignments on time.After years of persistence, I reaped the benefits of all my hard work.Section B Reading Skills 1.1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B Comprehension of the Text II.1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D Vocabulary 1.community 2.effective 3.unique 4.committed 5.reinforce 6.perspective 7.explicit 8.challenge 9.hindered 10.arose IV.1.for 2.with 3.on 4.on 5.on 6.of 7.in 8.up 9.of 10.In 課后答案 Unit 2

1.appeals 2.identity 3.concern 4.disgusting 5.upset 6.influence 7.offensive 8.burst 9.stuff 10.thorough IV.1.off/ down 2.off 3.as 4.on 5.for 6.on/upon 7.to 8.over 9.in 10.of V.1.H 2.F 3.D 4.K 5.B 6.C 7.L 8.I 9.O 10.N Sentence Structure VI.1.Kate saw her brother Bill as she was getting off the school bus.Or: As she was getting off the school bus, Kate saw her brother Bill.2.As she was standing up from he seat, mother dropped the glass to the ground.Or: Mother dropped the glass to the ground as she was standing up from her seat.3.A policeman fired at a thief as the thief was bolting out of the house.Or: As the thief was bolting out of the house, a policeman fired at him.4.As she ran to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her talk with her mother.Or: Sandy thought of he talk with her mother as she ran to catch the school bus.5.As the teacher entered the classroom, all the students shouted “Happy birthday” to him.Or: All the students shouted “Happy Birthday” to him as the teacher entered the classroom.VII.1.She listened to her favorite rock music while singing along with the words.2.She was putting on her jeans while asking me to hand her the sweater.3.He banged on the door while opening it.4.In the bathroom she put on some makeup while looking in the mirror.5.The schoolmaster shot an angry glance at the naughty first grader while talking with his parents.Translation: VIII.1.As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into he room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?”

2.the owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to.3.Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection.4.As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start bugging him.5.At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students.6.It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets.IX.1.我認(rèn)為那些在鎮(zhèn)上游手好閑、在身上又文身又穿洞的青少年是 在表達(dá)他們的個(gè)性。

2.因特網(wǎng)提供了一種更快捷的方式，讓我們與全球的新老客戶取 得聯(lián)系，并保持溝通渠道暢通無阻。

3.父母與自己十多歲的孩子的溝通問題不僅僅在于“代溝”，而 且還在于雙方都不完全理解對方的思想。

4.當(dāng)父母與子女有了這類溝通障礙時(shí)，青少年面臨的問題可能更 大。

5.青少年常常要經(jīng)歷這么一個(gè)階段，在這個(gè)階段，他們覺得父母 會讓他們沒面子，害怕他們達(dá)不到自己朋友的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

6.比如，青少年希望在外呆到很晚，但是當(dāng)?shù)诙煸缟弦鸫采?學(xué)時(shí)，那又是另一回事了。Cloze X.1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C Structured Writing XII.The first thing you should do t make tea is to boil water.While waiting for it to boil, you can get your teapot out and put the right amount of tea leaves into it.When the water has come to boil, pour it into the teapot.Then wait for a few minutes to let the leaves steep.Next? Enjoy the tea.Section B Reading skills I.1.F 2.F 3.O 4.O 5.F plus O 6.O 7.O 8.O Comprehension of the Text II.1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A Vocabulary III.1.entitled 2.ruin 3.evaluate 4.trend 5.attitude 6.tend 7.curiosity 8.applying 9.response 10.concept IV.1.to 2.in 3.between 4.about 5.across 6.to 7.to 8.in 9.to 10.for Unit 3 Vocabulary III.1.Inwardly 2.regret 3.occasion 4.complained 5.urged 6.coordinate 7.reluctance 8.envy 9.adjust 10.amazed IV.1.in 2.of 3.on 4.on 5.to 6.out 7.to 8.to 9.on 10.about V.1.O 2.J 3.N 4.L 5.I 6.C 7.H 8.E 9.A 10.F Sentence Structure: VI.1.He had his ears pierced even though I told him not to.2.It was exciting game even though no goals were scored.3.He was treated exactly like all the other workers even though he had just joined the company.4.Even though you disagree with her, she’s worth listening to.5.There was never enough money to support his family even though he was hard-working and did two jobs at the same time.VII.1.After learning some simple Chinese, the American girl was able to communicate with the other students in her class.2.When doing the writing exercise for this course, you should remember that you are writing according to a specific structure.3.Until finished, the problem was a continuous worry to me.4.While working at the computer, the young man was listening to music over the radio all the time.5.The grass will grow more quickly if watered regularly.Translation VIII.1.I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not very well paid.2.The job has been taken to be very simple until(it is)actually started.3.Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter.4.He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.5.This is an important meeting.Please see to it that you are not late for it.6.He is experienced businessman who has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.IX.1.他決心向那個(gè)女孩談自己的計(jì)劃，即使他知道她很可能拒絕聽。2.一離開那條長長的正街，他就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身處城里十分貧窮的區(qū) 域。

3.聽到那首歌，我不禁悲從中來，想起了那些困苦的日子。4.每個(gè)想過健康生活的人，都必須在工作和娛樂之間尋求適當(dāng)?shù)钠胶狻?/p>

5.我的第一位老板真讓人討厭，讓每個(gè)人日子難過似乎是他的樂 趣。我干了沒多久就走人了。

6.你能確保在本周末之前完成這項(xiàng)工作嗎？倫敦有重要公干，總 公司正在考慮派你去。Cloze X.1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.C 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A XII All of my classmates believe that Sandy has a good taste for music.The music she listens to always has a clear, strong rhythm and the music has a message for us to think about.Also, the words in the music are just like poems, so beautiful and easy for us to remember.Section B Reading Skills I.1.They found the man.2.He reached the airport in time.3.The old man dimly saw the young man.4.The young marine sat by the old man the whole night.5.A message came saying the real son was arriving Comprehension of the text II.1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B Vocabulary III 1.sole 2.extend 3.startle 4.located 5.inform 6.interrupted 7.collapsed 8.exchange 9.apparent 10.enable IV 1.The government has called for an immediate investigation of the activities of the police.2.We applied the medicine and in a few minutes Mrs.Johnson came to.3.She coldly said goodbye to her friends.With that she shut the door and cried in the room.4.Whatever your reason, I shall hold to my idea that people should be allowed to have private lives.5.To our surprise the stranger turned out to be allowed to an old friend of my mother’s.6.He’s not in the office;he’s now on his way to London for a meeting.7.When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable shoes.8.He was too disappointed by this lack of success to try again.9.The couple loves each other dearly, but now and again they quarrel.10.In the subway station the poor old woman begged the passengers for money, but they paid no attention to her.課后答案 Unit 4 Vocabulary III.1.conscious 2.depressed 3.ranges 4.impressed 5.encounter 6.introduction 7.match 8.physical 9.relaxed 10.contact IV.1.are committed to 2.takes?seriously 3.was absorbed in 4.focus on 5.made up his mind 6.driving me crazy 7.ranging from? to 8.at her best 9.Lighten up 10.kept her eyes on V.1.C 2.M 3.F 4.I 5.E 6.B 7.H 8.J 9.A 10.K Sentence Structure VI.1.It rained for two weeks on end completely flooding the village.2.Not wanting to meet John at the party, she refused to attend it.3.The bus arrived one hour late, causing me to miss the beginning of the game.4.The marine sat thee in the dimly lit ward, holding the old man’s hand and offering words of hope and strength.5.Realizing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really needed me.VII.1.I was so excited about going traveling(that)I couldn ’t sleep.2.The chairman became so angry with his secretary(that)he decided to fire him.3.She speaks English so well(that)you would think it was he native language.4.He was so frightened(that)he broke eye contact and looked out the window.5.His presentation was so interesting(that)everyone listened very carefully.Translation VII.1.she was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in.2.He was late for almost an hour for the first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everyone.3.Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people through their eyes, faces, bodies, and attitudes.4.Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life.5.Many how-to books advise you that if you want to make a good impression, the trick is to be consistently you, at your best.6.The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear.IX.1.史密斯教授關(guān)于形體語言的講座非常重要，所有的學(xué)生都認(rèn)真 地對待這次講座。

2.董事長意識到這不是好的過錯(cuò)，對好笑了笑來緩和氣氛。3.她大怒，把我的杯子摔在地上，摔得粉碎。

4.觀察他的形體語言，你可以判斷出他是在跟你說實(shí)話還是僅僅 找個(gè)借口敷衍你。5.不管人們對你說些什么，記住“觀其行勝于聞其言”。6.肢體動作是表達(dá)感情的無意識形式，能向觀眾傳遞某種信息。Cloze20.B X.1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.B Structured Writing XII.Body language is important in many cases: trying to win an election, addressing a family party, talking business at a conference, or giving a seminar at school.Reading Skills I.1.Besides speech, people use other forms to communicate.2.We communicate a great deal with our body movements.3.The clothes you wear also communicate many things.4.Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too.5.A wealth of information from body language makes snap judgments seem sound.Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D Vocabulary III.1.status 2.sign 3.resented 4.promoted 5.assuming 6.estimate 7.campaign 8.judgment 9.acquainted 10.norms IV.1.account for 2.in part 3.is content with 4.feel at home 5.lack of 6.in relation to 7.become acquainted with 8.pick up 9.find out 10.a wealth of

新視野大學(xué)英語（第二版）第1冊Unit 8答案 Vocabulary III 1.sources 2.stable 3.process 4.composed 5.observing 6.combination 7.explosion 8.existence 9.occupied 10.creation IV.1.at 2.in 3.on 4.for 5.on 6.between 7.for 8.with 9.at 10.of V.1.J 2.L 3.G 4.M 5.O 6.A 7.I 8.B 9.D 10.E Sentence Structure VI.1.It is easiest to examine the sudden arrival of a new idea in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form.2.The Gaels’ offspring are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language.3.George explained that this was the official dress for taking examination, many of which wee held in June.4.The Miracle, for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long, happened at last.5.The conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes through which the solution was found.VII.1.the more knowledge he will have 2.the less he liked it 3.the less you have to pay for it 4.the more exciting it will be 5.the greater progress you will make Translation III.1.There are twenty universities in this city, some of which are world-famous.2.the more he thinks about it, the angrier he becomes.3.She was filled with pity for the innocent victims.4.He was occupied with his business matters and didn’t have time to think about a holiday.5.The country’s economy depends to some degree on the import of raw materials.6.After several discussions between the members of the committee, a new plan of action began to take shape.IX.1.出租汽車公司新雇了50個(gè)司機(jī)，其中有的人剛拿到駕駛證。2.一個(gè)人越?jīng)]有智慧，就越不知道自己缺的就是智慧。

3.暫時(shí)沒有必要采取任何行動。過一晚再作決定，明天上午告訴我你的想法。4.近年來經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢惡化，尋求緊急食品和住房援助的美國窮人數(shù)目去年增加了7%。

5.我們的消息來源說，下星期有可能發(fā)生另一次襲擊，也許就在城市中心地區(qū)。6.在這個(gè)醫(yī)療體系內(nèi)，對各位醫(yī)生支付的款項(xiàng)按照他們當(dāng)月的醫(yī)療成本進(jìn)行調(diào)整。Cloze X.1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A Structured Writing XII.When I stated to learn English at my junior middle school, I had a kind and patient teacher.She was very encouraging to all of her students.Because of her encouragement, I answered every question I could eagerly, never worrying much about making mistakes.I was at the top of my class for two years.In contrast, the method by which I was taught English in senior middle school was not well suited to my learning style.My new teacher quickly punished those who gave wrong answers.Whenever we answered incorrectly, she would shout at us.As a result I lost my desire and confidence and did not make any progress in learning.Section B Reading Skills I.1.A 2.B 3C 4.C 5.A Comprehension of the Text 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A Vocabulary III.1.advantage 2.remarked 3.claimed 4.convince 5.productive 6.enquiry 7.potential 8.transfer 9.recall 10.enhance IV.1.together 2.On 3.of 4.for 5.up 6.away 7.on/upon 8.in 9.to 10.of 新視野大學(xué)英語（第2版）第1冊Unit 9答案

III.1.accomplish 2.responsibility 3.amount 4.performance 5.alter 6.adapt 7.aroused 8.remarkable 9.investigate 10.entertain IV.1.out 2.to 3.in 4.from 5.back 6.as 7.with 8.with 9.behind 10.on V.1.G 2.L 3.D 4.F 5.K 6.N 7.O 8.I 9.C 10.A Sentence Structure VI.1.Should you change your mind, no one will be upset.2.Should a serious crisis arise, the public would have to be informed of it.3.Should you fail in the exam, your parents and teacher will not blame you.4.Should you have a major change in your plan, let us know in time.5.should your car break down, change to a bus.VII.1.You should talk to your teacher instead of just complaining to me about it.2.They raised prices and cut production, instead of cutting costs.3.He decided that he would drive back to town instead of putting up for the night at the hotel.4.He nodded his head instead of saying anything where his voice might express the real truth.5.My mother prefers making her own clothes instead of buying clothes in the shops.Translation VIII.1.Should you have any doubt about the plan, please feel free to contact us at any time.2.We have learned how to face reality instead of escaping from it.3.It just proves that you can’t hope to turn in a worthy report if you haven’t done enough preparation.4.We have to face that possibility no matter how unlikely it may sound.5.The newcomers found it hard to adapt themselves to the climate there.6.It strikes me as odd that school children are required to come to school two hours before class.IX.1.遺憾的是，他也一點(diǎn)英語都不會說，但是如果你想去某個(gè)地方，把地址寫下來交給他就行了。

2.下次你若有問題，要考慮怎樣改變處境，不要過于擔(dān)心各種負(fù)面因素。3.不管什么天氣，她平均每天跑15英里。

4.好的攝影作品和普通的攝影作品最重要的一個(gè)區(qū)別因素是用光手法。5.實(shí)際上，大多數(shù)員工從不愿意把新產(chǎn)品使用手冊堅(jiān)持看完。

6.一旦你感到放松后，就把注意力集中在音樂上，看看心中有什么意象出現(xiàn)。Cloze X.1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.B 110.A 11.A 12.C 3.B 14.C 15.C Structured Writing XII.Visual aids offer several advantages.The primary advantage is clarity.If you are discussing an object, you can make your message clearer by showing the object.If you are citing statistics, showing how something works, or demonstrating a technique, a visual aid will make you information more vivid to your audience.By using visual aids in your speeches, you often will make it easier for listeners to understand exactly what you are trying to communicate.Another advantage of visual aids is interest.The interest generated by visual images is so strong that visual aids are now widely used in many areas, not just speechmaking.Section B Reading Skills I.1.B 2.B 3.D Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.C Vocabulary III.1.available 2.banned 3.predict 4.fate 5.host 6.posted 7.advertise 8 enormous 9.involves 10.survey IV.1.out 2.from 3.out 4.for 5.to 6.up 7.in 8.in 9.through 10.about 新視野大學(xué)英語（第2版）第1冊Unit 10答案 Vocabulary III.1.preserve 2.clarify 3.demonstrating 4.scarce 5.assured 6.ensured 7.conscience 8.integrity 9.yield 10.appointed IV.1.to 2.In 3.of 4.for 5.on/upon 6.of 7.in 8.at 9.to 10.with V.1.G 2.L 3.B 4.O 5.D 6.N 7.C 8.E 9.I 10.K Sentence Structure VI.1.Where I live there are plenty of sheep.2.Your coat is where you left it.3.I will go where you go.4.Where conscience remains integrity stays.5.Where he appears laughter can be heard.VII.1.What I say and do 2.what matters is not winning but participating 3.what we students should always keep in mind 4.what it takes to start and run a company 5.what we should do today Translation VIII.1.I keep the picture where I can see it very day as it reminds me of my university days.2.In some countries, what is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.3.He is used to keeping a dictionary at hand so that he can find the meaning of new words he comes across.4.When confronted with personal pressure, you should stand firmly for your belief that you will reach your ultimate goal.5.In other words, be yourself and face reality, but don’t sell out to convenience.6.I don’t like those people who always rely on external factors in order to feel good about themselves.IX.1.湯姆相信“為錢而掙錢”，他的許多老同學(xué)都認(rèn)為他的把自己賣給了營利主義。

2.重要的是，你只有學(xué)會了尊重自己，才能贏得別人的尊重。

3.使他取得成功的是他的決心，他不甘屈服的精神，也可能還有他的正直。4.老師表揚(yáng)了那些學(xué)習(xí)用功、考試考得好的學(xué)生。

5.通過唱唱歌，散散步，欣賞欣賞自然界的美，我就能使自己感覺良好。6.如果你繼續(xù)這樣努力工作，你在任何別的公司都能干得很好。Cloze X.1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 0.A 11.B 12.A 13.C 4.C 15.B 16.C 7.A 8.C 19.A 20.C Structured Writing XII.Persistence is essential to success.Probably the greatest example of persistence is Abraham Lincoln.Born into poverty, Lincoln was faced with defeat throughout his life.He lost eight elections, twice failed in business and suffered a nervous breakdown.He could have quit many times.But he didn’t and because he didn’t quit, he was elected and became one of the greatest presidents in the history of the United States.Section B Reading skills I.1—F 2—E 3—A 4—G 5—B 6—C 7—D Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B Vocabulary III.1.cheated 2.inclined 3.reconciled 4.contemporary 5.transformed 6.notion 7.ultimate 8.appropriate 9.curb 10.expense IV.1.to 2.of 3.as 4.for 5.over 6.in 7.of 8.on 9.of 10.of

第四篇：英語練習(xí)及答案

1．第1題

The room was so quiet that she could hear the（）of her heart.A.hitting B.beating C.hurting D.striking 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

2．第2題

Her（）English is the best in the class.A.speaking B.spoken C.talked D.writing 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

3．第3題

The reason why the car was stopped was（）.A.that the road was slippery B.due to the slippery road C.because the road was slippery D.because of the slippery road 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

4．第4題 Science has made（）possible for machines to take the place of human labour.A.this B.that C.its D.it 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

5．第7題

Not until Mr.Smith came to China（）what kind of a country she is.A.did he know B.he knew C.he didn’t know D.he could know 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

6．第8題 The computer center,（）last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A.open B.opening C.having opened D.opened 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

7．第9題

They finally got to the village（）a rainy evening.A.in B.on C.at D.by 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

8．第10題

Dark glasses are sometimes worn to（）the eyes from strong sunlight.A.prevent B.care C.defend D.protect 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

9．第11題 They often（）the scientist’s name, but they have never seen him.A.learn from B.hear from C.hear of D.listen to 答案:C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

10．第12題 The thing that（）is not whether you fail or not, but whether you try or not.A.matters B.cares C.considers D.minds 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

11．第15題

He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch（）.A.to repair B.repaired C.repairing D.repair 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

12．第16題 Although he was so tired,（）he went to the concert with his friend that night.A.but B.so C.yet D.and 答案:C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

13．第17題 His speech made（）deep impression on the audience that they could hardly forget it.A.such a B.so a C.so D.such 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

14．第18題

“I’m sorry to keep you waiting.” “Oh, not at all.I()here only a few minutes.” A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

15．第19題

Under no（）will I try it again.A.circumstances B.situation C.time D.occasion 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

16．第20題

My father can speak three languages and English.A.beside B.besides C.except D.except for 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

Chinese（）17．第21題

Please（）that you won’t make such a mistake.A.make out B.make in C.make sure D.make up 答案:C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

18．第22題

They were all very tired, but（）of them would stop to take a rest.A.any B.some C.none D.neither 答案:C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：0.0 此題得分：0.0

19．第26題 Don’t be too（）about things you are not supposed to know.A.strange B.amusing C.curious D.conscious 答案:C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

20．第27題

English teachers are（）needed in remote areas.A.badly B.nearly C.scarcely D.rarely 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

21．第28題 He as well as I（）the suggestion you put forward just now.A.agree with B.agree to C.agrees with D.agrees to 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

22．第29題

Will the（）of houses and land continue to increase? A.worth B.value C.cost D.importance 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

23．第30題

（）we hurry up, we won’t be able to catch the last bus.A.Except B.Without C.Even D.Unless 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

24．第31題

Mrs.White found her husband surrounded by letters and papers and（）very worried.A.looking B.looks C.looked D.to look 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

25．第32題

He didn’t know what（）while he was away from home.A.would happen B.happened C.had happened D.happens 答案:C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

26．第33題

（）himself an ideal job.A.Nowhere he could find B.Nowhere could he find C.He could nowhere find D.He could find nowhere 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

27．第34題

About 100 new students have been（）in the English Department.A.dismissed B.admitted C.graduated D.entering 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

28．第35題（）what the situation would be like, they decided to keep silent.A.Knowing not B.Not know C.Not knowing D.Having not known 答案:C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

29．第36題

They are working hard to（）what they have lost.A.make up for B.keep up with C.catch up with D.make out for 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0 30．第37題 He called the police for help,（）that the problem was more than he could deal with.A.to realize B.having been realized C.realized D.realizing 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

31．第5題

他有可能故意考試不及格嗎？（on purpose）答案:Is it possible for him to fail the examination on purpose? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Is it possible for him to fail the examination on purpose? 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：4.0 此題得分：0.0

32．第6題

我們應(yīng)該充分利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源獲取信息。(make use of)答案:牋牋 We should make full use of internet to get information.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：牋牋 We should make full use of internet to get information.您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：4.0 此題得分：0.0

33．第23題

要是有更多的錢，我就能在市區(qū)買一套公寓了。(with)答案:With more money, I’ll be able to buy a flat in the downtown.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：With more money, I’ll be able to buy a flat in the downtown.您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：4.0 此題得分：0.0

34．第24題

？ 這個(gè)新方法會幫助你們解決這個(gè)難題。（enable）答案:牋牋 The new method will enable you to solve the difficult problem.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：牋牋 The new method will enable you to solve the difficult problem.您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：4.0 此題得分：0.0

35．第38題

即使智力一般的學(xué)生也可以通過改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣而成為優(yōu)等生。（even）

答案:.Even students of average intelligence can be top students by improving their studyhabits.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：.Even students of average intelligence can be top students by improving their studyhabits.您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：4.0 此題得分：0.0

36．第39題

老板進(jìn)來的時(shí)候他假裝在看一份重要文件。（pretend）答案:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋？ He pretended to be reading an important paper when the boss entered.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋？ He pretended to be reading an important paper when the boss entered.您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：4.0 此題得分：0.0

37．第40題

他不久就要離開了，但我們還沒有找到可以替代他的人。(take the place of)答案:？ He has to leave soon, but we haven’t found anyone who can take the place of him.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：？ He has to leave soon, but we haven’t found anyone who can take the place of him.您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：4.0 此題得分：0.0

38．第13題

Day after day, a small blue truck speeds along the streets of Funen.A dog sits besides the driver, looking at him as if listening to his 1.Whenever the truck goes by, the people of Funen turn and stare, some in 2 , others in admiration, for on its _ __3 are printed the words TRACKER DOG and a telephone number.Yes, the passenger in the blue truck is a dog that is used to find lost things or follow the 4 of persons and animals.Within seven years, the dog and his 5 Anderson have found lost things 6 nearly $ 400,000, 7 are watches, jewelry, money, cows, pigs, and 8 dogs.Of course, the 9 of the dog is his sensitive nose.Each year the dog and Anderson 10 700 calls for help.Four out of five __11__ they find what they are 12 to look for.Whenever the phone rings in Andersons house, the dog is 13 excited.He quickly runs to the truck, 14 to be off in search of 15 lost._ the way, Anderson 17 the names of what they are looking for.So by the time they arrive, the dog is 18 to get to work.He circles here and there until he picks up the 19 of an object in a place 20 it doesn’t belong.難度：0.9 認(rèn)知類型：應(yīng)用

1.A.songs B.orders C.question D.advice 2.A.wonder B.anger C.row D.fear 3.A.roof B.ceiling C.bottom D.sides 4.A.advice B.rules C.tracks D.feet 5.A.customer B.officer C.fellow D.owner 6.A.valuable B.rather than C.worth D.like 7.A.which B.among which C.such D.so 8.A.wild B.even like C.lovely D.other 9.A.task B.duty C.secret D.habit 10.A.make B.pay C.answer D.refuse 11.A.things B.times C.persons D.places 12.A.permitted B.asked C.guided D.willing 13.A.immediately B.hardly C.probably D.little 14.A.eager B.afraid C.nervous D.ought 15.A.who B.what C.a D.the 16.A.By B.In C.On D.Asking

17.A.remembered B.repeats C.learns D.forgets 18.A.pleasant B.ready C.used D.ordered 19.A.smell B.signal C.sight D.taste 20.A.which B.that C.where D.when

答案: 1-5 BADCD 6-10 CBDCC 11-15 BBAAD 16-20 CBBAC

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

1-5 BADCD 6-10 CBDCC 11-15 BBAAD 16-20 CBBAC 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：13.0 此題得分：0.0 教師未批改

39．閱讀理解

1.閱讀理解 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0 批注：

2.閱讀理解 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0 批注：

3.閱讀理解 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0 批注：

4.閱讀理解 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0 批注：

5.閱讀理解 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0 批注：

題目總分?jǐn)?shù)：15.0 題目總得分：0.0 題目總批注：

40．閱讀理解

1.閱讀理解 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0 批注：

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第五篇：牛津英語新教材7AUnit 3 練習(xí)

牛津英語新教材7AUnit 3 練習(xí)

一、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：

1.______is a teacher.(她)

2.______is a good boy.(他)

3.______is in the classroom(它)

4.______are very smart today.(你)

5.________(你們)are students.6._________can’t find my ruler?(我).Where is ______?(它)

7.________am a student(我)._______like English very much.(我們)

8.________ is my brother.(他)

9.I like her pencil case._______ is nice!(它)

10.________ are playing ping-pong in the park.（他們）

11._______(她)is a student.________(我)am a student, too.12._______(我)want _______(你)to do it today.13.________(他)looks like________(他)._______(他們)are twins.14._________(你們)are from England._________(我們)are from China.15.Can______(你)read it for _______(我們)？

16.What____________ do you usually do after school?(activity)

17.Lucy and Lily are good ____________.This is one of the _____________ watches.(swim)

18.Your song sounds ______________ because you sing _____________.(good)

19.Mike is the ______________at English in our class.(good)

20.School _______(start)early every morning.I must ________(get)up at 6:00.21.My father likes readingn________________ after dinner in the evening.22.T__________ comes before Friday.Sunday is the f___________ day of the week.23.I can’t carry the bag b_____________ it’s too big.24.Tom isn’t good at Maths.I think he needs to do more e______________ about it.25.Do your family often watch football _____________ on TV?(match)

26.I enjoy _________(sit)under the tree with my best friends.27.---Do you ____________(鍛煉)every day?---Yes, in the evening.28.There are three __________(library)in the school.29.After lunch, I sleep for an hour _______(one).30.Mr.Wang _______(teach)maths in Simon’s school.31.Let’s ________(do)some reading in the Reading Club.32.---When ______ Annie ______(go)to bed?---At 9:00.33.________ your teacher _______(take)a bus to school every day?

34.Li Hua _________(want)________(play)better in the next World Cup.35.My father ________(drink)five cups of water every day.二、選擇題

()1.His desk is _______ the classroom and he sits ________ Zhang Hua.A.in front of;in front ofB.in the front of;in the front of

C.in front of;in the front ofD.in the front of;in front of

()2.Kitty and Amy are now _______ the ground floor.A.inB.withC.onD.to

()3.The girl ______ a red sweater is a new student in our school.A.onB.inC.hasD.with

()4.There are ________ books and magazines in the library.A.manyB.lots ofC.a lot ofD.all of above

()5.Mr.Wang is _______ good.His class is very interesting..We all love him.A.realB.reallyC.muchD.quiet

()6.Peter has a comic book.I ______ have a comic book.A.tooB.yetC.alsoD.either

()7.---I’m going to visit Beijing next week.---_______________.A.Nice to meet you.B.Thanks a lot.C.Have a good time.D.Thanks for your help.()8.________ are in the same class.A.You, he and IB.He, you and IC.I, you and heD.You ,I and he

()9.Let’s ask Simon ______ us with our homework.A.helpsB.helpingC.to helpD.to helping

()10.Does Amy ________ after school?

A.walks to homeB.walks homeC.walk to homeD.walk home

三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換

1.He likes reading books after supper（改為一般疑問句，并作否定回答）

_________ he ________ ________ books after supper?________, he __________.2.I have a good friend.The good friend is Lucy.(合并成一句)

I have a good friend and _______ name _______ Lucy.3.Can you help me do my homework?(同義句)

Can you ______ me ________ my homework?

4.She sits on my left.(改為一般疑問句，并作肯定回答）

_______ she ________ on _______ left? _______, she ________.5.I would like to go with you this weekend.(一般疑問句)

________ you ______ _______ _______ with _______ this weekend?

6.She sings English songs well.（同義句）

She is ________ ________ ________ English songs.7.Jack is in the Swimming Club.(同義句)

Jack is ______ _________ _______ the Swimming Club.提問)

_______ _______ is the reading room open?

四、中譯英

1.我所有的朋友真的很好，我愛他們。

2.看，墻上有我同學(xué)的一些照片。

3.張華個(gè)子高，他在我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)。

4.請?jiān)僬f一遍，電話里我聽不清你。

5.吳老師是我們的英語老師，我們喜愛她。

6.我喜歡課后和他們一起玩。

7.我要在電話里向爺爺問好。

8.約翰留短發(fā)，他看起來很年輕。

9.你是這個(gè)學(xué)校的學(xué)生嗎？是的，我是一名新生。

10.我最喜歡的學(xué)科是語文和英語。