第一篇：ted演講：人類大腦最特別的地方在哪里

TED演講：人類大腦最特別的地方在哪里？

問：是什么讓人類比其他動物更聰明？答：烹飪。這個答案真是吃貨的福音！烹飪熟食能夠使得我們在短時間為身體提供更多能量，而充足的能量使大腦進化出超出普通哺乳動物的數(shù)倍的神經(jīng)元……啥都別說了，菌菌要去吃熱乎乎的夜宵了！片長：13分22秒，人類大腦最特別的地方在哪里？ 以下內(nèi)容整理自：TED | 人類大腦最特別的地方在哪里？對于人類的大腦來說，什么是最特別的？我們?yōu)槭裁匆芯科渌膭游?？而不是他們研究我們？有沒有什么是人類大腦可以做的，而其他動物的大腦不能做的？十年前，我對這些問題產(chǎn)生興趣。所有的大腦的構(gòu)成方式不盡相同科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，他們知道大腦不同的組成部分，即使那些都是基于一些非常小的證據(jù)?？茖W(xué)界認(rèn)為所有的哺乳動物的大腦，包括人類的大腦，是由同樣的東西組成，一系列的神經(jīng)元和大腦的大小總是成為成正比。這個意味著，兩個同樣大小的大腦應(yīng)該有同樣數(shù)量的神經(jīng)元。如果我們說神經(jīng)元是大腦功能信息處理的單位，那么兩個大腦各自的擁有者應(yīng)該有的相近的認(rèn)知能力。然而，其中一個是黑猩猩，而另一大腦屬于一頭母牛。也許牛有很豐富的精神生活，并且很聰明，他們選擇不會讓我們意識到這一點，但我想大多數(shù)人會同意，相比于牛來說，黑猩猩具有更加復(fù)雜以及靈活的行為。所以這是第一個征兆，顯示“所有的大腦的構(gòu)成方式都是一樣的”不是特別正確。我們不妨繼續(xù)這個比喻。如果所有的大腦由相同的方式組成，那么將大腦大小不同的動物拿來做比較，大一點的大腦對于小一點的大腦來說應(yīng)該具有等多的神經(jīng)元，并且越大的大腦，它的主人應(yīng)該更有認(rèn)知能力，所以最大的腦應(yīng)該具有最好的認(rèn)知能力。這里有個壞消息：我們的大腦，不是最大的一個。我們的大腦重量在1.2和1.5公斤之間，而大象的大腦在四、五公斤之間，鯨魚大腦可重達9公斤。這就是為什么科學(xué)家們說我們的大腦肯定是非常特別的，來解釋我們的認(rèn)知能力。它必須是真的非同尋常，一個例外情況。他們的大腦可能會更大，但我們的更好，并且我們的大腦可以變得更好。對于我們的身體的大小，我們的大腦皮層面積比我們應(yīng)該有的更大。因此，這樣將會給我們額外皮質(zhì)去做更多有趣的事情，而不是只主管我的身體。比較我們自己和巨猿，大猩猩可以是比我們大兩到三倍，但它的大腦比我們的小，我們的大腦比大猩猩的大三倍。人類的大腦需要消耗很多能量人類的大腦也特別在它使用的能源的量。雖然它的重量只有全身的2%，但是它單獨使用你身體每天所需能量的25%。2000卡路里中的500卡路里僅僅只是為了讓你的大腦的工作。人類的大腦已經(jīng)比應(yīng)有的大小大出很多了，相對他應(yīng)該消耗的來說，它消耗了更加多的能量，所以它很特殊。為什么進化的規(guī)則應(yīng)用到了其他生物，但不是我們？也許兩個大小相似的大腦，實際上可以由數(shù)目不同的神經(jīng)元組成；也許是一個非常大的大腦，相對于一個更具規(guī)模適度的大腦，不一定需要具有更多的神經(jīng)元；也許相比于其他大腦來說，人類的大腦具有最多的神經(jīng)元，無論其規(guī)模大小。所以這成為了對于這個答案來說最重要的問題。您可能會聽到或讀到過我們有1000億個神經(jīng)元。10年前，我就問我的同事們他們是否知道這個數(shù)字是從哪里來的，但沒人知道。我通過深入細(xì)致的研究文獻，試圖找出該數(shù)字的原始參考，但我找不到它。似乎其實沒有人去真正的數(shù)過人類大腦里面的神經(jīng)元數(shù)量，或者其他任何的大腦里面神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量。所以我想出了我自己的方式，來統(tǒng)計大腦里面的細(xì)胞，它最重要的一個步驟是將大腦溶解在試劑里。它的工作方式：你將一個大腦或部分的大腦，讓它溶化在洗滌劑里，洗滌劑會破壞細(xì)胞膜，但保持細(xì)胞核不變，所以你最終會看到細(xì)胞核懸浮。溶液中包含所有細(xì)胞核，可以搖晃它，并使這些細(xì)胞核在液體中均勻分布。通過在顯微鏡下觀察，只需四個或五個這種細(xì)胞核均勻分布的樣本，可以數(shù)數(shù)原子核，并能夠計算知道有多少腦細(xì)胞。這樣很簡單、非常直接，并且速度也很快。所以我們使用了這種方法來計數(shù)神經(jīng)元。目前為止，我們計數(shù)了幾十個不同的物種。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，所有的大腦都是由不同的方式組成的。以嚙齒類動物和靈長類動物為例：在大一些的嚙齒類動物大腦里，神經(jīng)元的平均尺寸在增加。所以，大腦非常迅速地膨脹，尺寸增長比獲得神經(jīng)元更加快。但靈長類動物的大腦增加神經(jīng)元，而不是神經(jīng)元平均尺寸增大。在大腦里添加神經(jīng)元的結(jié)果是，靈長類動物的大腦和嚙齒動物相同大小的腦相比,總有更多的神經(jīng)元。大腦越大，這種差異性也會越大。人類的大腦又是如何呢？我們平均有860億個神經(jīng)元，其中有160億個存在于大腦皮質(zhì)里。如果你認(rèn)為大腦皮質(zhì)是下列功能的基礎(chǔ)：意識、邏輯和抽象推理，那么這160億個神經(jīng)元對大腦皮質(zhì)來說是最重要的。我想這是對于我們能擁有卓越的認(rèn)知能力最簡單的說明。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了大腦的大小和其神經(jīng)元數(shù)目之間的關(guān)聯(lián)是可以用數(shù)學(xué)模型來計算的，我們可以計算出人類大腦如果被作成像是一個嚙齒類動物的大腦會如何——有著860億神經(jīng)元的嚙齒類動物大腦將重36公斤。巨大的大腦將會被它自己本身的重量所擠壓，這個不可能的大腦需要一個89噸的身體。和其他的靈長類動物作比較，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)一般的靈長類動物，如果有著860億神經(jīng)元，將會有一個約1.2公斤的大腦，在大約66公斤身體中這似乎剛剛好。我們的大腦和其它靈長類動物的大腦一樣。所以人類大腦的特別之處不在于其神經(jīng)元的數(shù)目，從這方面看它只是一個大的靈長類動物的大腦。我想這是個非常謙卑和發(fā)人深省的思考，提醒了我們在自然界的位置。能量的攝入量限制了大腦的大小為什么我們的大腦消耗這么大的能量？人類和其他物種的大腦神經(jīng)元消耗相同的能量，平均每日，每十億個神經(jīng)元消耗六個卡路里的熱量。所以一個大腦全部精力的消耗是簡單的，線性函數(shù)可計算其神經(jīng)元的數(shù)目。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的大腦消耗如此多的能量的原因是，它有大量的神經(jīng)元；而且由于我們是靈長類動物，在一個特定大小的身體里，人類比任何其他的動物，有著更多的神經(jīng)元。因為我們是靈長類動物，我們的大腦的相對消耗量是很大的。所以我們?yōu)槭裁从袛?shù)量巨大的神經(jīng)元，特別是，如果巨猿比我們更大，那為什么他們沒有一個有著更多神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，比我們還大的大腦呢？我想，可能有一個簡單的原因。他們只是不能負(fù)擔(dān)一個大型的身體，以及多量的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞共存所需的能量。一方面，我們計算著一個靈長類動物每一天借由吃生的食物獲取多少能量；另一方面，有多少能量在一個特定大小的身體中消耗，有多少能量在含有特定數(shù)量神經(jīng)元的大腦中消耗。然后我們結(jié)合身體尺寸，找到靈長類動物每天花一定時間在吃上面，能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起的大腦神經(jīng)元數(shù)目。然后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個靈長類動物每天吃八個小時，才能夠負(fù)擔(dān)最多530億神經(jīng)元，但是與此同時，它的身體不能超過25公斤。任何比這更重的重量都使它必須放棄一些神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。當(dāng)你吃的像靈長類動物時，龐大的身體和大數(shù)量的神經(jīng)元不可兼得。一個方法超出此種代謝限制就是每一天花更多的時間在吃飯上面，但是，這樣是很危險的，某種程度上，它是不可能發(fā)生的。例如大猩猩和紅毛猩猩，能夠負(fù)擔(dān)約300億個神經(jīng)元。它們每天花八個半小時吃飯，這似乎是它們所能做的一切。9個小時的每日飼喂是靈長類動物的實際限制。人類通過烹飪提高了能量的攝取效率那我們呢？根據(jù)我們的860億神經(jīng)元和60到70公斤的體重，我們應(yīng)該每天要花超過九個小時在吃飯上，這是不可行的。如果我們像靈長類動物一樣吃，我們不應(yīng)該在這里。我們怎么在這里呢？唯一的選擇是以某種方式從相同的食品上獲取更多的能量。引人注目的是，這和我們的祖先早已發(fā)現(xiàn)的完全匹配。在一百五十萬年前，他們發(fā)明了烹飪，在食物進入你身體前預(yù)先消化食物。煮熟的食物比較軟，所以他們更容易嚼爛，在你的嘴里完全粉碎，這就使他們能夠完全被消化并且被你的腸道所吸收，這使得它們在更少的時間內(nèi)帶來更多能源。所以烹飪讓我們有更多的時間，去用我們的神經(jīng)元做更多有趣的事情，而不是只想著食物，尋找食物，并吞噬下食物，花去整整一天。由于烹飪，曾是一個沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)且極其昂貴的、有著一大堆神經(jīng)元的大腦，現(xiàn)在能夠成為一項重要資產(chǎn)。我們可以為神經(jīng)元提供能量，并且把時間用在去做一些有趣的事情。這就解釋了為什么人類的大腦在進化過程中增長如此之快。由于烹飪，我們可以負(fù)擔(dān)得起這么大的大腦，我們迅速地進步著，從生食到文化、農(nóng)業(yè)、文明、雜貨店、電力、冰箱，所有這些事物?，F(xiàn)今使我們能夠快速得到我們一整天所需的所有能量，來自于你最喜歡的快餐食品。所以曾經(jīng)的一種解決辦法，現(xiàn)在成為了一個問題。諷刺的是，我們在生食中尋找解決方案。人類的優(yōu)勢是什么？我們有什么東西是其他動物沒有的嗎？我的答案是我們有最大數(shù)量神經(jīng)元存在于大腦皮層中，并且我認(rèn)為這能最簡單地解釋為什么我們有卓越的認(rèn)知能力。還有就是我們做了什么是沒有其他動物做的？我認(rèn)為使我們能夠達到這么多的，最多數(shù)量的神經(jīng)元存在于大腦皮質(zhì)中的基本原因是兩個詞，我們做飯。沒有其他動物烹飪它們的食物，只有人類才做。而且我認(rèn)為，這就是我們是怎么成為人類的。研究人類大腦改變我對食物的想法?，F(xiàn)在我看看自己的廚房，然后我向它鞠躬，然后我謝謝我的祖先想到這個有可能使我們成為人類的發(fā)明。

第二篇：TED演講 戀愛中的大腦 精選臺詞 中英對照

15.Around the world people love.世界各地的人都有不同的愛情。

16.They sing for love, they dance for love, they compose poems and stories about love.人們?yōu)閻矍楦璩藗円驉矍槠鹞瑁藗兺ㄟ^詩賦和故事來抒發(fā)愛情。17.They tell myths and legends about love.人們講述關(guān)于愛情的神話和傳說。

18.They pine for love, they live for love, they kill for love, and they die for love.人們渴望愛情，因愛而生，人們?yōu)閻壑裕踔翞閻鄱馈?9.As Walt Whitman once said, he said,“Oh, I would stake all for you.”

沃爾特.惠特曼曾說過： “我愿意為你賭上我的一切！”

20.Anthropologists have found evidence of romantic love in 170 societies.人類學(xué)家在170個社會中發(fā)現(xiàn)了愛情存在的證據(jù)。21.They've never found a society that did not have it.愛情普遍地存在于每一個人類社會。22.But love isn't always a happy experience.但愛情并不總是愉快的經(jīng)歷。

23.In one study of college students, they asked a lot of questions about love, but the two that stood out to me the most were, “Have you ever been rejected by somebody who you really loved?”

在一項針對大學(xué)生的調(diào)查中，他們提出了很多關(guān)于愛情的問題，其中的兩個特別讓我印象深刻，一個是“你曾經(jīng)被你真心愛著的人拒絕過嗎？”

24.And the second question was, “Have you ever dumped somebody who really loved you?”

而另一個則是 “你曾經(jīng)拒絕過真心愛著你的人嗎？”

25.And almost 95 percent of both men and women said yes to both.對于這兩個問題，有95%的人作出了肯定的答復(fù)。26.Almost nobody gets out of love alive.要活著走出愛情幾乎是不可能的。

27.So, before I start telling you about the brain, I want to read for you what I think is the most powerful love poem on Earth.那么，在開始講述關(guān)于大腦的事情前，我要讀一段 在我看來最富深情的情詩。

28.There's other love poems that are, of course, just as good, but I don't think this one can be surpassed.當(dāng)然，很多情詩都很不錯，但我認(rèn)為它們都無法超越這首。

29.It was told by an anonymous Kwakutl Indian of southern Alaska to a missionary in 1896, and here it is.在1896年的南阿拉斯加，一位不知名的夸扣特爾印第安人 把它講述給了一名傳教士。

30.I've never had the opportunity to say it before.這是我第一次當(dāng)眾讀它。

31.“Fire runs through my body with the pain of loving you, pain runs through my body with the fires of my love for you.“愛你之痛如熊熊烈焰穿透我的身體； 對你如火一般的熱戀讓疼痛貫穿我的身體。

32.Pain like a boil about to burst with my love for you, consumed by fire with my love for you, I remember what you said to me.痛楚如沸水，飽含我對你的愛，愛的火焰將其蒸發(fā)殆盡。我仍記得你對我說的話，33.I am thinking of your love for me, I am torn by your love for me.我想著你對我的愛，它將我的軀體撕裂。

34.Pain and more pain, where are you going with my love?

疼痛，更多的疼痛，你要把我的愛帶至何處？ 35.I am told you will go from here.你對我說，你將從這里出發(fā)； 36.I am told you will leave me here.你對我說，你將在這兒把我遺棄。37.My body is numb with grief.我因此悲痛，因此失去知覺。38.Remember what I said, my love.帶上我的只言片語，我的愛人！39.Goodbye, my love, goodbye.”

再見，吾愛，再見！

40.Emily Dickinson once wrote, “Parting is all we need to know of hell.”

艾米莉.狄金森曾寫道，“人因離別而品嘗地獄”

41.How many people have suffered in all the millions of years of human evolution?

在人類百萬余年的進化過程中，有多少人曾遭受這樣的痛苦？

42.How many people around the world are dancing with elation at this very minute?

而此時此刻，世界各地又有多少人在盡情跳舞？

43.Romantic love is one of the most powerful sensations on Earth.愛情是世上最有力的感情。

55.Romantic love is an obsession.It possesses you.愛情縈繞于心，占據(jù)著你。56.You lose your sense of self.你失去自我意識，57.You can't stop thinking about another human being.不能自主地去想他

58.Somebody is camping in your head.——他一直盤踞在你腦中。

59.As an eighth-century Japanese poet said, “My longing had no time when it ceases.”

就如8世紀(jì)的一位日本詩人所說，“我的渴求永不停止?！?60.Wild is love.愛情是狂熱的。

61.And the obsession can get worse when you've been rejected.當(dāng)你被拋棄之后，牽掛會更深。66.What a bad deal.這是多么壞的事情?。?7.You know, when you've been dumped, the one thing you love to do is just forget about this human being, and then go on with your life，當(dāng)你被甩之后，你會想著要忘掉他，并繼續(xù)你的正常生活，68.but no, you just love them harder.但事與愿違，你只會更愛他了。

69.As the poet Terence, the Roman poet once said, he said, “The less my hope, the hotter my love.”

就像羅馬詩人特倫斯曾說過的： “我的祈求越少，我的愛情便越熾烈?！?83.No wonder people suffer around the world and we have so many crimes of passion.難怪世界各地的人們都遭受著痛苦，難怪我們中這么多人被負(fù)心的情人傷害 84.When you've been rejected in love, not only are you engulfed with feelings of romantic love, but you're feeling deep attachment to this individual.當(dāng)你被愛拋棄時，你不僅被對愛情的渴望吞沒，而且感到對他深深的依戀。85.Moreover, this brain circuit for reward is working, and you're feeling intense energy, intense focus, intense motivation and the willingness to risk it all

此外，大腦的獎賞回路開始工作，這使得你感到強烈的精力，強烈的專注，強烈的干勁，和想要不顧一切地 86.to win life's greatest prize.贏得生命中最高獎賞的愿望。

87.So, what have I learned from this experiment that I would like to tell the world?

那么，關(guān)于這次實驗，我又有什么樣的體會要分享給全世界呢？

88.Foremost, I have come to think that romantic love is a drive, a basic mating drive.最重要的一點，我的結(jié)論是 愛情是人類最基本的尋求配對的沖動。

89.Not the sex drive--the sex drive gets you out there looking for a whole range of partners.這不是性沖動——性沖動讓你尋找 能夠成為性伴侶的人。

90.Romantic love enables you to focus your mating energy on just one at a time, conserve your mating energy, and start the mating process with this single individual.而愛情讓你同時只對一個人產(chǎn)生配對的沖動，并節(jié)制地使用它，開始同他戀愛。

91.I think of all the poetry that I've read about romantic love, what sums it up best is something that is said by Plato over 2,000 years ago.我腦海中浮現(xiàn)出讀過的所有關(guān)于愛情的詩篇，其中最適合概括這一點的是 2000多年前的詩人柏拉圖的一首詩，92.He said, “The god of love lives in a state of need.“愛神棲于愛欲之國。93.It is a need.It is an urge.愛是欲求，是沖動，94.It is a homeostatic imbalance.是恒久的失衡。

95.Like hunger and thirst, it's almost impossible to stamp out.”

如饑似渴，不能熄滅?！?/p>

96.I've also come to believe that romantic love is an addiction: a perfectly wonderful addiction when it's going well, and a perfectly horrible addiction when it's going poorly.我同樣也相信愛情讓人成癮： 愛若甜蜜，人們沉溺其中； 愛若苦澀，人們深陷其中，難以自拔。

97.And indeed, it has all of the characteristics of addiction.確然，愛情擁有成癮的所有特征，98.You focus on the person, you obsessively think about them, you crave them, you distort reality, your willingness to take enormous risks to win this person.你專注于他，執(zhí)念于他，渴望得到他，并扭曲現(xiàn)實，愿不顧一切以贏得他的愛。

119.You can know every single ingredient in a piece of chocolate cake, and then when you sit down and eat that cake, you can still feel that joy.就如同在了解一塊巧克力蛋糕中的所有成份后，我仍然能夠品味 吃蛋糕的樂趣。

126.There are still many questions to be answered and asked about romantic love.關(guān)于愛情 還有很多未解開的迷。

127.The question that I'm working on right this minute, and I'm only going to say it for a second and then end, is why do you fall in love with one person, rather than another?

現(xiàn)在我簡短地說一下 我正研究問題： 為什么你會愛上他，而不是別人？ 128.I never would have even thought to think of this, but Match.com, the internet dating site, came to me three years ago and asked me that question.原本我并沒有想要去思考這個問題，但在三年前，一個約會網(wǎng)站Match.com找到我，并問了我這個問題。129.And I said, I don't know.我只能說“我不知道”。

130.I know what happens in the brain, when you do become in love, but I don't know why you fall in love with one person rather than another.我所知道的是人們戀愛時，大腦中到底發(fā)生了什么，但我卻不知道 為什么他就是你命中注定的愛人。

131.And so, I've spent the last three years on this.所以，這三年我都在思考這個問題。

132.And there's many reasons that you fall in love with one person rather than another, that psychologists can tell you.心理學(xué)家告訴我們 一定有很多原因使你愛上他，而不是另一個人。

133.And we tend to fall in love with somebody from the same socioeconomic background, the same general level of intelligence, the same general level of good looks，我們會傾向于 在同等的社會、經(jīng)濟背景，同樣智力水平，同等的相貌，134.the same religious values.以及相同的宗教信仰中找到自己的愛人。

135.Your childhood certainly plays a role but nobody knows how.而童年的經(jīng)歷也會影響人們的愛情，但如何作用卻無人知曉。136.And that's about it, that's all they know.就是這些，心理學(xué)家知道的只有這些。

137.No, they've never found the way two personalities fit together to make a good relationship.而且，他們不知道在良好的關(guān)系中，雙方的人格是如何配合的。

138.So, it began to occur to me that maybe your biology pulls you towards some people rather than another.因此，我開始思考 為什么我們接近這一群人，而不是其他人，這是不是有生物上的解釋。

150.Faulkner once said, “The past is not dead, it's not even the past.”

?？思{曾說過：“過去未曾消逝，它們還留在心中。”

151.Indeed, we carry a lot of luggage from our yesteryear in the human brain.確實是這樣，我們把從過去帶來的大量的行李 堆放在大腦中。154.Women tend to get intimacy differently than men do.女人們傾向于更親昵的言行而不像男人們那樣。155.Women get intimacy from-face to-face talking.女人們從面對面的交談中獲得了親切感，156.We swivel towards each other, we do what we call the “anchoring gaze” and we talk.我們轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)Ψ?，并在交談中注視著對方?57.This is intimacy to women.這就是女性相互理解的方式。

158.I think it comes from millions of years of holding that baby in front of your face, cajoling it, reprimanding it, educating it with words.我想這是源于長久的進化歲月中，女人總是把嬰兒抱在面前，哄他們、訓(xùn)誡他們、教導(dǎo)他們。

159.Men tend to get intimacy from side-by-side doing,(Laughter)As soon as one guy looks up, the other guy will look away.而男人們總是在側(cè)坐的交談中找到親切感。（笑）當(dāng)一個人看著對方時，另一個人會望向別處。

160.(Laughter)I think it comes from millions of years of standing behind that--sitting behind the bush, looking straight ahead, trying to hit that buffalo on the head with a rock.（笑）我想這源自遠古時期，男人們藏在灌木叢中，看著前方，并想著用手中的石塊砸向野牛的頭。

161.(Laughter)I think for millions of years men faced their enemies, they sat side by side with friends.（笑）在數(shù)萬年的人類歷史中，男人們和朋友坐在一起，一起面對共同敵人。

162.So my final statement is: love is in us.所以我的主張是：愛就在我們心中。163.It's deeply embedded in the brain.它深深地扎根在大腦中。

164.Our challenge is to understand each other.Thank you.理解對方是我們所追求的目標(biāo)。謝謝大家！

第三篇：中國金融體系最脆弱的地方在哪里

中國金融體系最脆弱的地方在哪里

有一種說法是把機遇與挑戰(zhàn)看成互不關(guān)聯(lián)的兩件事，說加入WTO既是機遇又是挑戰(zhàn)，機遇各是各，挑戰(zhàn)各是各。這樣不對。我們看到加入WTO是一個重大的挑戰(zhàn)，我們要直面這種挑戰(zhàn)，而且采取正確措施來應(yīng)對這種挑戰(zhàn)，機遇正是來自這里。我列舉了幾項最重要的挑戰(zhàn)，其中之一是金融，脆弱的金融體系將遇到嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。現(xiàn)代社會離不開金融體系的支撐。金融體系跟整個社會體系的關(guān)聯(lián)比商業(yè)還要緊密，不管哪個環(huán)節(jié)出了問題，整個社會體系就會出現(xiàn)混亂?？墒俏覀儸F(xiàn)在的金融體系相當(dāng)脆弱，最脆弱的地方是銀行體系，人們看到，我們的金融機構(gòu)(包括銀行和非銀行金融機構(gòu))的素質(zhì)不夠好，效率比較低，將受到國外同行的沖擊和競爭。加入WTO后，特別是金融業(yè)5年的調(diào)整期結(jié)束后，這些金融機構(gòu)可能還無法和外國同行競爭。

整個金融體系有兩個重要部分，一個是銀行體系，另一個是資本市場。最近錢穎一教授和黃海洲博士提出一個正確的觀點：中國金融體系最脆弱、最危險的地方是銀行體系。當(dāng)然，證券市場的混亂是很危險的，但如果證券市場跟銀行的關(guān)系不是很密切，即證券市場發(fā)生的風(fēng)險不波及到銀行的話，那么后果不會很嚴(yán)重。美國股市大幅度下跌對銀行體系沒有很大的沖擊。如果不是911事件，美國經(jīng)濟今年就可以復(fù)蘇。但日本則不同，日本是在1986年日元升值以后，采取了很多措施，擴大內(nèi)需，然后觸發(fā)了證券市場和不動產(chǎn)市場價格飆升。價格大幅度上升，日本的商業(yè)銀行就大幅度地貸款給人，所以到1990年崩盤的時候，整個銀行體系都被拖進去了。

如果我們這兩個領(lǐng)域發(fā)生問題，對于中國經(jīng)濟的影響將會非常地大。因為我們的實際情況比日本差得多，日本是第二大制造工廠，但由于金融體系發(fā)生了危機，11年過去了經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇還看不到亮光，我們更應(yīng)該有危機感。

不良資產(chǎn)數(shù)量很大是隱患

金融體系到底脆弱在什么地方?銀行體系首先就是大量的不良資產(chǎn)。對于四大專業(yè)銀行積累的不良資產(chǎn)，已經(jīng)成立了四大資產(chǎn)管理公司，把不良資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)到這些公司，其作用有兩個，第一是盡量地收回可能收回的貸款，第二是債轉(zhuǎn)股。收回的情況，原來估計可以收回一半左右，現(xiàn)在做不到。最后由誰來承擔(dān)還沒有一個明確的方案。

再就是隱性的不良資產(chǎn)，主要是銀行貸款違規(guī)入市的資金。中央銀行在2000年秋天發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個問題，要求進行清理。違規(guī)部分到底有多少呢?最高的估計有 6000～7000億，低的估計有2000～3000億。有一位經(jīng)濟學(xué)家分析，貨幣供應(yīng)的增長率連續(xù)好幾年都超過了國民生產(chǎn)總值的增長率，錢到哪里去了呢?他的回答就是大量貨幣進入了股市。

研究經(jīng)濟不要只看到物價指數(shù)，還要看到資產(chǎn)價格的膨脹，比如股票和期貨。由此看來不良資產(chǎn)數(shù)量很大。這是一個隱患。

改革銀行體系的微觀基礎(chǔ)

銀行體系的微觀基礎(chǔ)非常不牢固。銀行和非銀行金融機構(gòu)不是一個真正的企業(yè)。四大專業(yè)銀行不是企業(yè)，這個問題直接導(dǎo)出的結(jié)果是，銀行成為行政機構(gòu)的附屬物，它的內(nèi)部管理存在問題，效率不高是當(dāng)然的，最重要的是它不能發(fā)揮中介的功能。它按照行政的要求來發(fā)揮作用。當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)要求支持增長的時候，它就亂貸；當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)強調(diào)防止風(fēng)險、強調(diào)經(jīng)濟責(zé)任的時候，它就不貸。它不能在風(fēng)險和回報之間建立起一個相互制約的關(guān)系，不是通過降低風(fēng)險和成本來增加盈利，它不是一個企業(yè)。所以銀行體系要改革?，F(xiàn)在比較好的苗頭是股份制銀行，讓銀行上市，把銀行的治理結(jié)構(gòu)建立起來。爭議比較大的問題是應(yīng)不應(yīng)該讓私人辦銀行，我個人認(rèn)為這不該成為問題。WTO有承諾，5年內(nèi)開放，我們對外國已經(jīng)開放的和將要開放的首先應(yīng)該對國內(nèi)開放。應(yīng)該允許中國的國民開展各種形式的融資機構(gòu)。有些人對民間銀行出現(xiàn)問題、出現(xiàn)不良資產(chǎn)的可能性估計得偏高。實際情形不是這樣。深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，真正的企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的不良資產(chǎn)比重是十分低的。比如浙江的一些企業(yè)名為信用社，實際上是私人銀行，他們的不良資產(chǎn)的比重是相當(dāng)?shù)偷?。另外，既得利益者懼怕利益沖突，也是阻礙民營金融發(fā)展的一個原因。原來國有金融體制下的從業(yè)人員，面對新興的強有力的民營金融競爭者，感覺到一種威脅。

農(nóng)村金融最主要的形式在縣或縣以下叫做合作社，這種制度存在很大問題，權(quán)力實際上掌握在信用社的干部手中。信用社不能成為一個企業(yè)，就是因為它的主人不明確。關(guān)于縣和縣以下的銀行和信用社體系，我主張多元化，融資形式的多元化和信貸機構(gòu)的多元化、多樣性。信用社應(yīng)該是信用社社員自己的組織。

企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制比政府監(jiān)管更重要

關(guān)于銀行業(yè)的監(jiān)管?，F(xiàn)在整個金融系統(tǒng)是分別監(jiān)管的，監(jiān)管的效率不是很高。不要把regulation(監(jiān)管)和 governance(治理)混淆起來。治理歸根到底是所有者的治理，它通過董事會這么一套體系來治理。因為所有者不在位，所以就發(fā)生了混亂，發(fā)生了混亂以后，就交由政府來管。這是錯位了。其實管也管不好，被監(jiān)管商業(yè)組織的活力沒有了。經(jīng)驗表明：政府外部的監(jiān)管，比起公司內(nèi)部的財務(wù)控制，作用要小得多。一個要點是，政府的watchdog(監(jiān)管)和企業(yè)內(nèi)部的governance(治理)要同時進行，而且內(nèi)部控制比政府的監(jiān)管更重要，是基礎(chǔ)性的。因為出現(xiàn)舞弊、詐騙等活動，如果沒有一個很好的內(nèi)部管理體系，光靠政府或中央銀行是做不好的。

要把監(jiān)管者的角色和經(jīng)營者的角色分開。有些事情由政府直接規(guī)定商業(yè)銀行不能做壞某筆貸款，這是不可能做到的，不可能一筆壞賬也不發(fā)生。銀行貸款搞終身負(fù)責(zé)制，我認(rèn)為這個方式不行，不能真正加強監(jiān)管。這是要由所有者來控制，要他根據(jù)風(fēng)險和收益的權(quán)衡來做出決策，追求利潤最大化。這是所有者的目標(biāo)，是企業(yè)的目標(biāo)。

那么怎樣實現(xiàn)內(nèi)部控制呢?我認(rèn)為最重要的是實現(xiàn)“產(chǎn)權(quán)明晰”，這樣才有可能建立有效的公司治理，在此基礎(chǔ)上才有可能加強內(nèi)部控制。中國的一些上市公司，應(yīng)該說corporate governance的框架是搭起來了，但開起會來多少有點像顧問委員會。而比如說香港的上市公司就完全不一樣了，董事會代表所有者，對高層經(jīng)理人員提出的要求就很不一樣了。有些董事會關(guān)于財務(wù)狀況提出的問題，指定高層經(jīng)理人員回答，非常具體、嚴(yán)厲。

關(guān)于資本市場，據(jù)我觀察，過去一些管理層的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對證券市場的功能有個基本的理解，認(rèn)為我們的資本市場要為國企服務(wù)。我認(rèn)為這是完全錯誤的觀點。然而，主張這種觀點的官員們認(rèn)為這是正確的，所以他們要組織資金入市，限制擴容，提高股價然后讓國有企業(yè)上市。前一段時期的價格是不正常的。是托起來的價格，這個高價格政府是有責(zé)任的，由這個價格來出賣自己的資產(chǎn)是不公平的。我希望證券市場的波動不要影響我們一年多來的企業(yè)改制。外國輿論認(rèn)為，中國證券市場一年多來的進展是向好的。看來，證監(jiān)會的工作是要把中國的證券市場變成華爾街，這是一個真實的證券市場。

（吳敬璉）來源:全景網(wǎng)絡(luò)

第四篇：28 個最精彩的 TED 演講

I've watched more than 800 TED talks in the last 7 years.Last night, I went through all 1400 TED talks and picked out the talks that left long-lasting impressions.Education: Ken Robinson says schools kill creativity(Part 1)Sir Ken Robinson: Bring on the learning revolution!(Part 2)“Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children.He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence.”

E.O.Wilson: Advice to young scientists

“Biologist E.O.Wilson explores the world of ants and other tiny creatures, and writes movingly about the way all creatures great and small are interdependent.“

Life Lessons: Ben Dunlap: The life-long learner

“Ben Dunlap is a true polymath, whose talents span poetry, opera, ballet, literature and administration.He is the president of South Carolina’s Wofford College.”

Tim Ferriss: Smash fear, learn anything

“Tim Ferriss is author of bestsellerThe 4-Hour Workweek, a self-improvement program of four steps: defining aspirations, managing time, creating automatic income and escaping the trappings of the 9-to-5 life.”

Terry Moore: How to tie your shoes

“Terry Moore is the director of the Radius Foundation, a forum for exploring and gaining insight from different worldviews.”

JJ Abrams: The mystery box

“Writer, director and producer J.J.Abrams makes smart, addictive dramas like TV's Lost, and films like Cloverfield and the new Star Trek.”

Performance: Kenichi Ebina's magic moves

“Self-taught dancer Kenichi Ebina blends hip-hop, martial arts, modern dance, magic and a blast of pop culture in his mesmerizing performances.”

Rives: If I controlled the Internet …

“Performance artist and storyteller Rives has been called ”the first 2.0 poet,“ using images, video and technology to bring his words to life.”

Science: Aubrey de Grey: A roadmap to end aging “Aubrey de Grey, British researcher on aging, claims he has drawn a roadmap to defeat biological aging.He provocatively proposes that the first human beings who will live to 1,000 years old have already been born.”

Elaine Morgan says we evolved from aquatic apes

“Elaine Morgan is an octogenarian scientist, armed with an arsenal of television writing credits and feminist instincts, on a mission to prove humans evolved in water.”

VS Ramachandran: 3 clues to understanding your brain

“Neurologist V.S.Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms.By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain.”

Stephen Petranek counts down to Armageddon

“When he was editor-in-chief ofDiscover magazine, Stephen Petranek tangled with questions as big as the universe.Here he confronts the biggest question on the planet: What are the 10 most likely ways that life on the Earth could end?”

Society: Simon Sinek: How great leaders inspire action“In 2009, Simon Sinek released the book ”Start With Why“--a synopsis of the theory he has begun using to teach others how to become effective leaders and inspire change.”

Derek Sivers: How to start a movement

“Through his new project, MuckWork, Derek Sivers wants to lessen the burdens(and boredom)of creative people.”

Jane McGonigal: Gaming can make a better world

“Reality is broken, says Jane McGonigal, and we need to make it work more like a game.Her work shows us how.”

Temple Grandin: The world needs all kinds of minds

“Through groundbreaking research and the lens of her own autism, Temple Grandin brings startling insight into two worlds.”

Seth Godin: How to get your ideas to spread

“Seth Godin is an entrepreneur and blogger who thinks about the marketing of ideas in the digital age.His newest interest: the tribes we lead.”

Jonas Eliasson: How to solve traffic jams“Jonas Eliasson is dedicated to researching transportation flow, analyzing how people think about their commutes and what can influence their travel decisions.”

Larry Lessig: Laws that choke creativity “The U.S.Congress is broken, and law professor and legal activist Lawrence Lessig wants you to help him fix it.In ”Republic, Lost,“ he tells you how.”

Malcolm Gladwell: Choice, happiness and spaghetti sauce“Detective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence.”

Jason Fried: Why work doesn't happen at work“Jason Fried thinks deeply about collaboration, productivity and the nature of work.He's the co-founder of 37signals, makers of Basecamp and other web-based collaboration tools, and co-author of Rework.”

Entrepreneurship: Thulasiraj Ravilla: How low-cost eye care can be world-class

“Thulasiraj Ravilla is the executive director of the Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, helping eye-care hospitals around the world build capacity to prevent blindness.”

Amos Winter: The cheap all-terrain wheelchair

”Amos Winter and his team at MIT built the Leveraged Freedom Chair, a cheap lever-powered wheelchair whose design and develop put the user first.“

Economics: George Ayittey on Cheetahs vs.Hippos

“Economist George Ayittey sees Africa's future as a fight between Hippos--complacent, greedy bureaucrats wallowing in the muck--and Cheetahs, the fast-moving, entrepreneurial leaders and citizens who will rebuild Africa.”

Music: Benjamin Zander: The transformative power of classical music“A leading interpreter of Mahler and Beethoven, Benjamin Zander is known for his charisma and unyielding energy--and for his brilliant pre-concert talks.”

China: Yang Lan: The generation that's remaking China

“Yang Lan is often called “the Oprah of China.” The chair of a multiplatform business empire, Yang is pioneering more-open means of communication in the communist nation.”

Hans Rosling: Asia's rise--how and when

“In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings.Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life.And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.”

Leslie T.Chang: The voices of China's workers “In her reporting and writing, Leslie T.Chang explores the lives of workers in China, focusing on the experience of women.”

Not From TED: But they're so good you can't ignore them Randy Pausch: Really achieving your childhood dreams

“Carnegie Mellon professor Randy Pausch motivated thousands of students with his passionate teaching.Millions more around the world found inspiration in his moving 'Last Lecture.'”

Bobby McFerrin plays...the audience!

“Listening to Bobby McFerrin sing may be hazardous to your preconceptions.Side effects may include unparalleled joy, a new perspective on creativity, rejection of the predictable, and a sudden, irreversible urge to lead a more spontaneous existence.”

Jeff Bezos: What matters more than your talents

“As founder and CEO of Amazon.com, Jeff Bezos defined online shopping and rewrote the rules of commerce, ushering in a new era in business.Timemagazine named him Man of the Year in 1999.”

第五篇：評論楊瀾在TED的演講

She reflected the current situation of China.We want to be rich, we want to be respected , we want to be democratic, we want to be happy and we are on our way to it!1 day ago: Your mistake and downfall is your want--need--obsession--for being rich.You will not find happiness in money.You might live a more comfortable life, even see more of the world--but like consuming name brands--it only makes you happy for a short time--and then crash, and need another fix.Narcotic capitalism.True happiness is within.The man who has nothing, if he wants to,can have everything.Give, don't take.Be.BMW and Nike and Apple is not the meaning of life--its is the destruction of it.find out more.JZ Wang +1Edit Delete Reply Yang intentionally choose to ignore the key reason that underlines all of serious social problems, as well as people's disappointment and anger Actually, she is focusing on letting the world know what situation we face in China at present, numbers of problems looking for solutions.IT IS complicated but we are now experiencing.going to a university does not make you educated or intelligent or a critical thinker)I do appreciate YANG Lan for telling the world about these.At least all the examples she uses are what were once a hot topic in mainland China.And they are much more updated than what the outside world tend to believe.I think these examples truly reflect the young generation in China today, and how they are responding and transferring the Chinese society.I think she only “truly reflect some of the young generation in China”, I believe she can do something more.James Yao +6Edit Delete

A real patriot is not the one that blindly praises his own country even the country is in real problems, but one that humbly learn from others and find solutions to build a better country.The country's future lies not in good praises alone, but in good actions with real results that deserver good praises.stepping on TED stage to her is just a show, not spreading ideas.she has no valuable ideas.as far as this speech is concerned.I hope more native Chinese can stand here and tell whole world how China looks like now and what will be in the future.I know there are lots of problems in China right now, but I really believe that things are going better.The quickly improvement of internet in China is one example.The media is opening out in some extent, much better than ten years ago, I think.Actually, I feel lucky that I was born after the policy of reformation and opening, and that I am living in the era of China with peace.The elder generation, our parents, they were working very very hard for decades to achieve a high-speed increasing economy.As my father told, when he married with my mother nearly thirty years ago, what they possessed were only few articles of furniture in a very small room, less than 20 meter square.And both my parents did not have the opportunity to gain education for the poverty at that time.Though the soaring housing price make a great amount of young people(plain office workers)despaired, the situation is much better than our parents when they were young.As young people, we are often dissatisfied with a lot of phenomenon in China and like to complain the government’s ability together.However, I believe deep in my heart that the government is trying to do its best(上有政策，下有對策), and China is developing all the time.And we are the generation to achieve it, remaking China and building a better society for the next generation.Just like our parents work for us.We are on the way！TED is one of my favorite website for its purpose that to spread great ideas from the whole world.But it is a pity that there are so few native Chinese to give lecture here.Hope for more such lecture in the future.China needs to introduce itself to the world.Yafim Simanovsky +7Edit Delete Reply I think she is taking a very Eastern approach towards the talkchinese media is no exception to this rule.The “real” China is difficult to grasp, as well as the “real” West.Is the West treated equally in chinese Media? I can read chinese and I found chinese media being biased as wellsomething we have in common.China is treated unfairly by western media.Well, please take a number-America is treated unfairly as well by german Medial, Africa, South-America...And personally I am tired of the “you can′t speak chinese so you don′t get the real China” argument.Sometimes it might be true, but any other time it is just an excuse.Can every Chinese explain to me the real China? Can every Westerner explain whats really going on in America, Italy, Spain? Samuel Morse 0Edit Delete Reply Oct 4 2011: Hey Ray, I live in Ninbo right now, and I do know some people who speak English, but none so well as this speaker...just sayin' Arthur Borges 50+ 0Edit Delete Reply 6 days ago: I'm afraid we still have the stereotype of the man in the local Chinese laundry who can't pronounce their “R”s correctly.Never mind that R is a problem for Cantonese rather than Mainlanders in general.And for most of the world, “Chinese” food is actually Cantonese cooking because historically, that's where most emigrants hailed from.Benjamin Blank 0Edit Delete Reply 5 days ago: At most it is ignorant not to speak and write Chinese.....isn't it implying that the Chinese are dangerous for Westerners not to speak and write Chinese? Welcome to the Lazy west.Chinese influence is inevitable everywhere, and at some level all of us know that.It is the idea that Chinese are “foreign” that is dangerous.We will adapt when the info is in our face, everything is completely in our face here.A little numb, but not completely stupid and fat.All of us in the world have something to offer that is probably vital for our evolution as humans, otherwise extinction would be a fact.It is learning each other that is the most amazing part of living now, something we did not have at this level of intensity in the past.When the “real” Global Social Network arrives I will be happy to argue on.Joy Zhang 0Edit Delete Reply 4 days ago: Can't agree with you too much Stefan Alexiev 0Edit Delete Reply 5 days ago: I feel like the latest generation can change the world everywhere.We now have the sources through which we can speak and be heard and we do not have to listen to the manipulated, biased, and corrupt mainstream media.We now how our own voices and we can build followings of like minded people and make things happen.For example the current financial crisis, Occupy Wall Street Movement, and more on the financial related news can be found on sites like http://004km.cn/ which are unbiased, individually run, and have no interest in bringing you false information.We can eventually block out mainstream media, stop being follower sheep, and think for ourselves because the truth is out there through blogs and other media.Load more comments…