第一篇：英文summary撰寫指導(dǎo)

怎么寫ＳＵＭＭＡＲＹ

摘要（summary）是一種對原始文獻(xiàn)（或文章）的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮的語義連貫的短文。它以迅速掌握原文內(nèi)容梗概為目的，不加主觀評論和解釋，但必須簡明、確切地表述原文的重要內(nèi)容。

摘要寫作（summary writing）是一種控制性的作文形式，它能使學(xué)生通過閱讀原文，吸收原文的文章結(jié)構(gòu)與語言方面的長處，寫出內(nèi)容一致、結(jié)構(gòu)近似、語言簡潔的短文。另外，對培養(yǎng)學(xué)生善于抓住文章重點(diǎn)的能力也有很大幫助，有利于他們在實(shí)際寫作中避免面面俱到，事無巨細(xì)，一一羅列的不良傾向。這種寫作既要準(zhǔn)確理解原文，又要能綜合概括；既能培養(yǎng)欣賞能力，又能訓(xùn)練書面表達(dá)能力。因此，用英文寫摘要，對學(xué)習(xí)英語寫作的學(xué)生來說，不失為一種切合實(shí)際的方法。下面談?wù)勗趺磳懞糜⑽恼?/p>

1）細(xì)讀原文。首先要仔細(xì)閱讀全篇作品，然后對作品進(jìn)行整體分析，掌握原文總的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)，明確全文的主題（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。2）弄清要求。搞清楚是寫全文概要，還是寫某一部分的概要，或者就某些問題寫出要點(diǎn)。

3）列出原文要點(diǎn)。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表述并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。在此基礎(chǔ)上選出與文章主題密切相關(guān)的部分。

4）草擬寫作提綱并寫出初稿。將挑選出的要點(diǎn)作為框架草擬詳細(xì)的提綱，以所列的提綱為依據(jù)寫出摘要的初稿。在寫作時要特別注意下面幾點(diǎn)：（1）摘要應(yīng)包括原文中的主要事實(shí)（main facts）；略去不必要的細(xì)節(jié)（unnecessary details）。

（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要應(yīng)同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即用較多的文字寫重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫次要內(nèi)容。

（3）注意段落的連貫和句子的銜接。要用適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)折詞語貫通全文，切忌只簡單地寫出一些互不相干的句子。

（4）盡可能用自己的話來寫，但不排斥用原文的某些詞句。（5）計算詞數(shù)，看是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。

如何寫一篇文章的摘要？– 下文是對《英語寫作手冊》相關(guān)章節(jié)的翻譯 摘要是對一篇文章的主題思想的簡單陳述。它用最簡潔的語言概括了原文的主題。寫摘要主要包括三個步驟：（1）閱讀；（2）寫作；（3）修改成文。第一步：閱讀

A．認(rèn)真閱讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多讀兩遍。閱讀次數(shù)越多，你對原文的理解就越深刻。

B．給摘要起一個標(biāo)題。用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語或短句子作為標(biāo)題。也可以采用文中的主題句作為標(biāo)題。主題句往往出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。一個好標(biāo)題有助于確定文章的中心思想。C．現(xiàn)在，就該決定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。對重要部分的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括。

D．簡要地記下主要觀點(diǎn)——主題、標(biāo)題、細(xì)節(jié)等你認(rèn)為對概括摘要重要的東西。第二步：動手寫作

A.摘要應(yīng)該只有原文的三分之一或四分之一長。因此首先數(shù)一下原文的字?jǐn)?shù)，然后除以三，得到一個數(shù)字。摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)可以少于這個數(shù)字，但是千萬不能超過這個數(shù)字。

B.摘要應(yīng)全部用自己的話完成。不要引用原文的句子。

C.應(yīng)該遵循原文的邏輯順序。這樣你就不必重新組織觀點(diǎn)、事實(shí)。D.摘要必須全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息，以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。

E.寫摘要時可以采用下列幾種小技巧： 1)刪除細(xì)節(jié)。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。

2)選擇一至兩個例子。原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。

3)把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。

4)避免重復(fù)。在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個主題，可能會重復(fù)論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。5)壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例：

“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.”

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6)你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請看下面的例子：

“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past.Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括為：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7)使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如：

“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8）使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常，使用分號就能夠達(dá)成使用連接詞的效果。9)文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對白簡化，比如：

Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not!If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful? like eating cardboard or sand? just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient.She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul.She wanted to persuade him.She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you.It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks.It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人稱概括為：

Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt.She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food.But Paul disagreed.He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文

草稿擬好以后，對它進(jìn)行修改。首先，與原文比較看是否把所有重要的觀點(diǎn)都概括了，摘要中的觀點(diǎn)是否與原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出現(xiàn)了不必要的詞匯、短語或長句子，刪除它們。第三，檢查拼寫、語法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的錯誤。最后，保持語言簡單明了。

經(jīng)過上述步驟和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。

第二篇：冰雪奇緣英文summary

The summary of Frozen

Elsa was a princess who was born with magic.She had the ability to create ice and snow which made her fall into big trouble.One day, she hurt her sister Anne by accident.Trolls saved Anne and removed Anne’s memories about Elsa’s magic.From then on, Elsa was locked in her room to practice control her magic.After several years, the King and the Queen were dead by accident in the sea.So Elsa should be the new Queen.She had to attend the coronation.She was so nervous and she was afraid of exposing her ability.What’s more, Anne’s absurd love with a stranger, Prince Hans, made Elsa lose control.Elsa’s emotion turned summer into winter.After those masses, Elsa escaped to the mountain alone.Anne went after her sister to persuade her sister to bring back summer.Then, Anne met with Kristoff and the snow man Olaf.They went through many difficulties to meet Elsa.Unfortunately, Anne was failed to persuade her sister and hurt by her sister again.At that time, everyone thought Prince Hans can give Anne the kiss of true love which could save her life.But Prince Hans betrayed her.Hans wanted to kill her and then he can became the king.Finally, Elsa’s love saved Anne, it called family love.

第三篇：怎樣寫英文摘要summary

摘要是對一篇文章的主題思想的簡單陳述。它用最簡潔的語言概括了原文的主題。寫摘要主要包括三個步驟：（1）閱讀；（2）寫作；（3）修改成文。第一步：閱讀

A．認(rèn)真閱讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多讀兩遍。閱讀次數(shù)越多，你對原文的理解就越深刻。

B．給摘要起一個標(biāo)題。用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語或短句子作為標(biāo)題。也可以采用文中的主題句作為標(biāo)題。主題句往往出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。一個好標(biāo)題有助于確定文章的中心思想。

C．現(xiàn)在，就該決定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。對重要部分的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括。

D．簡要地記下主要觀點(diǎn)——主題、標(biāo)題、細(xì)節(jié)等你認(rèn)為對概括摘要重要的東西。第二步：動手寫作

A.摘要應(yīng)該只有原文的三分之一或四分之一長。因此首先數(shù)一下原文的字?jǐn)?shù)，然后除以三，得到一個數(shù)字。摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)可以少于這個數(shù)字，但是千萬不能超過這個數(shù)字。

B.摘要應(yīng)全部用自己的話完成。不要引用原文的句子。

C.應(yīng)該遵循原文的邏輯順序。這樣你就不必重新組織觀點(diǎn)、事實(shí)。

D.摘要必須全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息，以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。

E.寫摘要時可以采用下列幾種小技巧：

1)刪除細(xì)節(jié)。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。

2)選擇一至兩個例子。原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。

3)把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。

4)避免重復(fù)。在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個主題，可能會重復(fù)論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。

5)壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例：

“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.”

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.”

6)你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請看下面的例子：

“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past.Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括為：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

7)使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如：

“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”

8）使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常，使用分號就能夠達(dá)成使用連接詞的效果。

9)文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對白簡化，比如：

Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not!If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful? like eating cardboard or sand? just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient.She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul.She wanted to persuade him.She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you.It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks.It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”

可以用第三人稱概括為：

Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt.She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food.But Paul disagreed.He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文

草稿擬好以后，對它進(jìn)行修改。首先，與原文比較看是否把所有重要的觀點(diǎn)都概括了，摘要中的觀點(diǎn)是否與原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出現(xiàn)了不必要的詞匯、短語或長句子，刪除它們。第三，檢查拼寫、語法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的錯誤。最后，保持語言簡單明了。

經(jīng)過上述步驟和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。

附：

摘要寫作（summary writing）是一種控制性的作文形式，它能使學(xué)生通過閱讀原文，吸收原文的文章結(jié)構(gòu)與語言方面的長處，寫出內(nèi)容一致、結(jié)構(gòu)近似、語言簡潔的短文。另外，對培養(yǎng)學(xué)生善于抓住文章重點(diǎn)的能力也有很大幫助，有利于他們在實(shí)際寫作中避免面面俱到，事無巨細(xì)，一一羅列的不良傾向。這種寫作既要準(zhǔn)確理解原文，又要能綜合概括；既能培養(yǎng)欣賞能力，又能訓(xùn)練書面表達(dá)能力。因此，用英文寫摘要，對學(xué)習(xí)英語寫作的學(xué)生來說，不失為一種切合實(shí)際的方法。下面談?wù)勗趺磳懞糜⑽恼?/p>

1）細(xì)讀原文。首先要仔細(xì)閱讀全篇作品，然后對作品進(jìn)行整體分析，掌握原文總的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)，明確全文的主題（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。

2）弄清要求。搞清楚是寫全文概要，還是寫某一部分的概要，或者就某些問題寫出要點(diǎn)。

3）列出原文要點(diǎn)。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表

述并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。在此基礎(chǔ)上選出與文章主題密切相關(guān)的部分。

4）草擬寫作提綱并寫出初稿。將挑選出的要點(diǎn)作為框架草擬詳細(xì)的提綱，以所列的提綱為依據(jù)寫出摘要的初稿。在寫作時要特別注意下面幾點(diǎn)：

（1）摘要應(yīng)包括原文中的主要事實(shí)（main facts）；略去不必要的細(xì)節(jié)（unnecessary details）。

（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要應(yīng)同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即用較多的文字寫重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫次要內(nèi)容。

（3）注意段落的連貫和句子的銜接。要用適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)折詞語貫通全文，切忌只簡單地寫出一些互不相干的句子。

（4）盡可能用自己的話來寫，但不排斥用原文的某些詞句。

（5）計算詞數(shù)，看是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。

第四篇：英文自薦信如何撰寫？（范文模版）

Written submissions to the job graduates recommended by the employing unit of self-written material, all graduates in the cover letter is critical to the pillars of documents, the quality of their writing careers directly related to the success of graduates.Therefore, the personal statement is known as graduates seeking jobs, “stepping-stone.”

So, job cover letter how to write it?

The focus of personal statement, “?” in the conception must focus on “why ?”, “With what Elite”, “how Elite” line of thinking arrangement, its format is generally divided into title, title, text, attachments and dated 5 section.1, the title is a personal statement the title logo and title to require eye-catching, simple, Jhuangya.Use larger fonts in the paper at the top marked “personal statement” in the name, seems generous and beautiful.2, called This is the main unit or the recipient to send the call to language.If the employing unit clear, can be written directly on the unit name, with “highly respected” should be qualified to lead the post office or collectively, the “l(fā)eadership” put pen to paper, such as unit is not clear, then used collectively, the “Dear your organization(company or school)leadership ”The Link, the best not to directly labeled as top leadership positions, so easily lead to the first reader's resentment, but difficult to attain this purpose.3, text

The body is a personal statement of the core, opening words should be said greetings to each other compliments.Generally include the main part of the job-seeking resumes, Zijian purpose, conditions, display, determination and desire to conclude the five elements.profile is the outline of self-description and self-nominations name, gender, ethnicity, age, origin, political outlook, education, college and department professional, home address, the representation of other factors, it is necessary for the purpose of self-Zijian A brief description, without long and cumbersome.Objective To Zijian Xie Qing sources of information, job search intention to undertake projects such as work objectives, it is written in clear and specific, but to grasp the sense of proportion, concise, we can not expect too much ambiguity can not give people the impression conceited or self-esteem.Conditions of display is a key element of personal statement should primarily Xie Qing's own talents and strengths.To address the demand should be aware that the work should go to write, and fully display the conditions of employment, from the basic conditions and specific conditions on what basis both seek to solve the problem.The basic conditions should be Xieqing political performance and learning activities in two aspects.political performance from the activities and performance aspects of realism, such as the party School to learn and participate in activities, professional attitude, dedication, cooperation, awareness, etc., and accompanied by award-winning and qualification certificates.Learning experiences to Xie Qing Lord, minor professional courses and achievements of the situation, for English, computer and putonghua level of 11 must also note, for and acted, organizational management, social surveys, design and practical aspects of thesis also slightly touching, and, there are special skills should be emphasized, such as the operating practices, style painting, writing, eloquence and other expertise, to demonstrate their abilities, outstanding personality traits.Determined part of the desire to express the earnest desire to join other organizations, and looking forward to the bright future of unit, expect to be recognized and accepted by, naturally sincere, neither overbearing nor servile.After the general conclusion in the text format, according to letters written on the wish language or “Sincerely, salute” “waiting for good news,” like the phrase the name.4, annex personal statement accessories include personal resume, a copy of the certificate and articles need to appendix explains the material can also be listed as an attachment 11.5, dated inscription Department to write to "person × × × Zi Jian words, and to regulate body mark the Year Chronology and monthly day.Following replies to illustrate the text at the contact, zip code, address, mailbox number, phone number and pager number.signed by Branch, such as printed copies will have to leave blank, signed personally by the job-seekers in order to show solemnly and respect.Cover letter writing skills is actually very good grasp of writing although a certain degree of freedom, but be sure to pay attention to civil and courteous, sincere and simple elegance, with particular attention to highlight the talent and expertise of the individual characteristics, pay attention to demonstrate experience, performance and results, well-designed binding , emphasis on format, elegant appearance, the pursuit of a solemn and beautiful, so like a light of spring Yan, flew into the thousands of families, in order to bring you good news.

第五篇：研究方案撰寫指導(dǎo)范文

課題研究方案的撰寫指導(dǎo)

作者:佚名時間:2006-6-23 12:32:00來源:會員轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)人氣: 3672

一、什么是課題研究方案的設(shè)計

課題研究方案的設(shè)計是研究人員為了完成研究任務(wù)而進(jìn)行的總體謀劃。

二、課題研究方案設(shè)計的意義

（一）保證課題研究具有明確的方向和目標(biāo)。

（二）保證課題研究步驟有序化。

（三）有利于課題論證、評價與管理

三、課題研究方案的主要內(nèi)容及其要求。

（一）課題名稱。要求：

1． 簡明、貼切、清晰。

2． 常用陳述式句型表述。

（二）課題界定。要求回答“什么是”的問題，說明課題名稱及其關(guān)鍵詞和重要要領(lǐng)的定義、涵義及來源。方案設(shè)計的許多內(nèi)容將由此發(fā)出去?？茖W(xué)的課題界定有利于使研究內(nèi)容和活動切題，防止研究目標(biāo)和方向的轉(zhuǎn)移或使研究范圍任意擴(kuò)大或縮小。

（三）研究背景與意義。要求回答“為什么要進(jìn)行該課題研究”的問題?？烧f明：

1．研究原因。具體說明：

（1）時代背景。用以說明研究者選用的新的社會參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

（2）針對問題。說明根據(jù)新的社會參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求，本課題試圖解決的教育中的主要問題。問題表述要求：

① 一定的維度說明，并使彼此邊界清晰，不致混淆。② 同一方案中旨在解決的問題前后一致，防止互相矛盾。③ 彼此邏輯關(guān)系正確，母概念與子概念關(guān)系清晰。

④ 總課題所列問題要包容子課題旨在解決的問題，防止各說各的互相矛盾。子課題要根據(jù)總課題所列的某些問題作具體說明。

⑤ 旨在解決的問題要與研究目標(biāo)、指導(dǎo)理論、研究內(nèi)容及操作變量等相呼應(yīng)，前后照應(yīng)，防止相互分離。

（3）學(xué)生發(fā)展的需要。

（4）學(xué)校發(fā)展的需要。

2．本課題研究的先進(jìn)性。說明本課題的研究切合國內(nèi)外相關(guān)課題研究的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢，與其既有聯(lián)系又有區(qū)別。

3．本課題研究的實(shí)踐意義和理論價值。

（四）課題研究的對象。可說明：

1．根據(jù)研究的目的和任務(wù)確定對象的代表性

2．根據(jù)統(tǒng)計學(xué)要求推算研究對象的數(shù)量

3．通過前測對實(shí)驗(yàn)對象和對照對象進(jìn)行等化處理或采取隨機(jī)抽樣的方法確定研究對象和對照對象。

（五）研究思路。可說明：

1．研究假設(shè)。研究假設(shè)是研究者根據(jù)一定的科學(xué)事實(shí)和科學(xué)理論對研究中所要解決的問題的結(jié)果所做的猜測，即對課題中涉及的兩個變量之間相互關(guān)系的設(shè)想。假設(shè)在課題研究中具有定向、限定和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的作用。在有假設(shè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中，研究必須圍?quot;假設(shè)“進(jìn)行，對”假設(shè)“進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證，并在以后的研究報告中說明研究結(jié)果是否驗(yàn)證了假設(shè)。假設(shè)在內(nèi)容與表達(dá)上應(yīng)達(dá)到這樣一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

（1）以陳述的方式表達(dá)。通常說明兩變量之間的因果關(guān)擔(dān)?quot;如果……，那么就（有可能）……”

（2）一般陳述兩個變量之間的關(guān)系

（3）假設(shè)有待檢驗(yàn)，且必須可以檢驗(yàn)。必要時可對假設(shè)作理性分析。

2．指導(dǎo)理論。主要說明原理性理論。要求：

（1）少而精

（2）針對“問題”

（3）能指導(dǎo)操作

（4）表述簡明、準(zhǔn)確，有具體貫徹要點(diǎn)，涵蓋子課題，以便教師理解和把握?？梢?jīng)據(jù)典，也各自圓其說。防止搞成目錄式，似貼標(biāo)簽。

3．研究目標(biāo)。獨(dú)特的研究課題應(yīng)有獨(dú)特的研究目標(biāo)。表述時要注意顧名思義、切題、個性化。作為應(yīng)用性研究課題至少說二點(diǎn)：

（1）研究目標(biāo)。也稱中介目標(biāo)、自變量。即解決問題的對策。常簡述如何操作，包括途徑、策略、方法和模式等。注意：

① 針對課題界定和“問題”

② 體現(xiàn)先進(jìn)性。在收集和研究相關(guān)情報資料的基礎(chǔ)上繼承和創(chuàng)新。③ 如總課題分解為子課題時，則要分別說明。

（2）學(xué)生發(fā)展目標(biāo)。也稱教育目標(biāo)、因變量。常簡述由于實(shí)施上述操作，學(xué)生發(fā)展將如何。注意：

① 針對課題界定和“問題”

② 理順邏輯關(guān)系，如說直接目標(biāo)1，由此導(dǎo)致目標(biāo)達(dá)成2、3……③ 與研究目標(biāo)構(gòu)成函數(shù)關(guān)系：（假定其它因素作用為零的情況下）

（六）因變量及其評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和評價方法。要求：

1．將前述因變量分解為指標(biāo)，形成評價指標(biāo)體系

2．說明評價指標(biāo)的測試及觀察判斷方法

3．設(shè)計好相應(yīng)的統(tǒng)計表格

（七）自變量與無關(guān)變量的操縱與控制。說明：

1．自變量的操縱與控制

（1）明確每一自變量的操作原因

（2）明確每一自變量的操作規(guī)范，將方法化為方式，并體現(xiàn)先進(jìn)性。如說“模式”，則按“模式”要素分別說明規(guī)范要求。

（3）規(guī)范操作

2．無關(guān)變量的操縱與控制

（八）研究方法和設(shè)計邏輯?？烧f明：

1．研究方法。說明每一研究方法用于什么。

（試介紹教例研究法、問題研究法和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究法）

2．設(shè)計邏輯。說明如何取樣，績效如何反映。

（九）預(yù)期研究成果。可說明：

1．研究報告

2．其它論文

3．專著

4．音像資料

5．典型教案

6．教具學(xué)具（含課件）等

（附鑒定材料：①主件：研究報告；②附件：有關(guān)研究的支撐性材料；③研究工作總結(jié)）

（十）研究步驟及進(jìn)度。可說明如何實(shí)施目標(biāo)管理；規(guī)定時間、明確責(zé)任、計量成果等。

（十一）課題研究的組織與管理?？烧f明：

1．課題研究的類別。說明是獨(dú)立課題，還是集體課題。如果集體課題，則要說明如何分工協(xié)作。

2．課題研究的組織形式。說明是集體研究式、總分協(xié)作式還是縱何分層式研究形式。

3．相關(guān)人員的分工及職責(zé)等。

（十二）課題研究的保證措施?？烧f明：

1．人員保證

2．策略保證

3．經(jīng)費(fèi)和物質(zhì)保證

4．機(jī)制保證等