第一篇:電磁場(chǎng)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
電磁場(chǎng)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
電氣工程學(xué)院 2011級(jí)2班 2011302540056 黃濤
實(shí)驗(yàn)題目:
有一極長(zhǎng)的方形金屬槽,邊寬為1m,除頂蓋電位為100sin(pi*x)V外,其它三面的電位均為零,試用差分法求槽內(nèi)點(diǎn)位的分布。
1、有限差分法的原理
它的基本思想是將場(chǎng)域劃分成網(wǎng)格,用網(wǎng)格節(jié)點(diǎn)的差分方程近似代替場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的偏微分方程,然后解這些差分方程求出離散節(jié)點(diǎn)上位函數(shù)的值。
一般來說,只要?jiǎng)澐值贸浞旨?xì),其結(jié)果就可達(dá)到足夠的精確度。
差分網(wǎng)格的劃分有多種不同的方式,這里將討論二維拉普拉斯方程的正方形網(wǎng)格劃分法。
如下圖1所示,用分別平行與x,y軸的兩組直線把場(chǎng)域D劃分成許多正方行網(wǎng)格,網(wǎng)格線的交點(diǎn)稱為節(jié)點(diǎn),兩相鄰平行網(wǎng)格線間的距離h稱為步距。
用表示節(jié)點(diǎn)處的電位值。利用二元函數(shù)泰勒公式,可將與節(jié)點(diǎn)(xi,yi)直接相鄰的節(jié)點(diǎn)上的電位值表示為
上述公式經(jīng)整理可得差分方程
這就是二維拉普拉斯方程的差分格式,它將場(chǎng)域內(nèi)任意一點(diǎn)的位函數(shù)值表示為周圍直接相鄰的四個(gè)位函數(shù)值的平均值。這一關(guān)系式對(duì)場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的每一節(jié)點(diǎn)都成立,也就是說,對(duì)場(chǎng)域的每一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)都可以列出一個(gè)上式形式的差分方程,所有節(jié)點(diǎn)的差分方程構(gòu)成聯(lián)立差分方程組。
已知的邊界條件經(jīng)離散化后成為邊界點(diǎn)上已知數(shù)值。若場(chǎng)域的邊界正好落在網(wǎng)格點(diǎn)上,則將這些點(diǎn)賦予邊界上的位函數(shù)值。一般情況下,場(chǎng)域的邊界不一定正好落在網(wǎng)格節(jié)點(diǎn)上,最簡(jiǎn)單的近似處理就是將最靠近邊界點(diǎn)的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為邊界節(jié)點(diǎn),并將位函數(shù)的邊界值賦予這些節(jié)點(diǎn)。
2、差分方程的求解方法:簡(jiǎn)單迭代法
先對(duì)靜電場(chǎng)內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予迭代初值,其上標(biāo)(0)表示初始近似值。然后再按 下面的公式:
進(jìn)行多次迭代(k=0,1,2,3…)。當(dāng)兩次鄰近的迭代值差足夠小時(shí),就認(rèn)為得到了電位函數(shù)的近似數(shù)值解。
實(shí)驗(yàn)程序: a=zeros(135,135);for i=1:135 a(i,i)=1;end;for i=1:7 a(15*i+1,15*i+2)=-0.25;a(15*i+1,15*i+16)=-0.25;a(15*i+1,15*i-14)=-0.25;end for i=1:7 a(15*i+15,15*i+14)=-0.25;a(15*i+15,15*i+30)=-0.25;a(15*i+15,15*i)=-0.25;end a(1,2)=-0.25;a(1,16)=-0.25;a(121,122)=-0.25;a(121,106)=-0.25;a(135,134)=-0.25;a(135,120)=-0.25;a(15,14)=-0.25;a(15,30)=-0.25;for i=2:14 a(i,i-1)=-0.25;a(i,i+1)=-0.25;a(i,i+15)=-0.25;end for i=122:134 a(i,i-1)=-0.25;a(i,i+1)=-0.25;a(i,i-15)=-0.25;end for i=1:7 for j=2:14;a(15*i+j,15*i+j-1)=-0.25;a(15*i+j,15*i+j+1)=-0.25;a(15*i+j,15*i+j+15)=-0.25;a(15*i+j,15*i+j-15)=-0.25;end end b=a^(-1);c=zeros(135,1);for i=121:135 c(i,1)=25;end d=b*c;s=zeros(11,17);for i=2:16 s(11,j)=100*sin(pi.*i);end for i=1:9 for j=1:15 s(i+1,j+1)=d(15*(i-1)+j,1);end end subplot(1,2,1),mesh(s)axis([0,17,0,11,0,100])subplot(1,2,2),contour(s,32)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果如下:
***010***65432151015
以上是劃分為135*135個(gè)網(wǎng)格的過程,同理可有如下數(shù)據(jù):
(1)將題干場(chǎng)域劃分為16個(gè)網(wǎng)格,共有25各節(jié)點(diǎn),其中16個(gè)邊界的節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值是已知,現(xiàn)在要解的是經(jīng)典場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的9個(gè)內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值。而且先對(duì)此場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予了迭代初值均為1.第十七次迭代值:
0 70.7107 100.0000 70.7107 0 0 33.1810 46.9251 33.1811 0 0 15.0887 21.3387 15.0887 0 0 5.8352 8.2523 5.8352 0 0 0 0 0 0 第二十次迭代值:
0 70.7107 100.0000 70.7107 0 0 33.1812 46.9253 33.1812 0 0 15.0888 21.3388 15.0888 0 0 5.8353 8.2523 5.8353 0 0 0 0 0 0 當(dāng)?shù)谑叽蔚院螅?個(gè)內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位就不再發(fā)生變化了
(2)現(xiàn)在對(duì)此場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予了迭代初值均為6,并且進(jìn)行了20次的迭代,最終場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的9個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值如下:
0 70.7107 100.0000 70.7107 0 0 33.1812 46.9253 33.1812 0 0 15.0888 21.3388 15.0888 0 0 5.8353 8.2524 5.8353 0 0 0 0 0 0 由(1)與(2)的仿真結(jié)果最終可知:
在求解區(qū)域范圍、步長(zhǎng)、邊界條件不變的情況下,迭代的次數(shù)越多,計(jì) 算的結(jié)果的精確度約高。反之,迭代的次數(shù)越少,計(jì)算結(jié)果的精確度就越低。在求解區(qū)域范圍,步長(zhǎng)、邊界條件不變的情況下,靜電場(chǎng)域內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值與初次對(duì)節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予的初值沒有關(guān)系。
(3)將題干場(chǎng)域劃分為100個(gè)網(wǎng)格,共有121個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),其中40個(gè)邊界的節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值是已知,現(xiàn)在要解的是經(jīng)典場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的81個(gè)內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值。而且先對(duì)此場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予了迭代初值均為3.第二十次迭代值:
0 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 0 0 48.2854 66.3866 74.0119 77.3076 78.3009 77.4690 74.2874 66.6887 48.4991 0 0 27.0168 43.6521 52.8451 57.4418 58.9298 57.7234 53.3258 44.1789 27.3891 0 0 16.5163 28.9413 36.9756 41.4270 42.9609 41.7787 37.5756 29.5985 16.9803 0 0 10.5512 19.2828 25.4843 29.1706 30.5094 29.5435 26.1204 19.9791 11.0423 0 0 6.8488 12.8113 17.2975 20.0959 21.1586 20.4495 17.9004 13.4708 7.3135 0 0 4.4311 8.4049 11.5060 13.5063 14.2947 13.8111 12.0256 8.9729 4.8310 0 0 2.7968 5.3519 7.3931 8.7404 9.2875 8.9779 7.7977 5.7939 3.1078 0 0 1.6445 3.1640 4.3957 5.2207 5.5627 5.3809 4.6685 3.4620 1.8541 0 0 0.7662 1.4782 2.0595 2.4518 2.6160 2.5312 2.1947 1.6258 0.8700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 第五十次迭代值:
0 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 0 0 48.8655 67.4302 75.3721 78.8226 79.8105 78.8295 75.3837 67.4429 48.8744 0 0 28.0421 45.4992 55.2553 60.1293 61.6104 60.1416 55.2763 45.5222 28.0583 0 0 17.8198 31.2938 40.0502 44.8604 46.3903 44.8765 40.0777 31.3239 17.8409 0 0 11.9629 21.8358 28.8270 32.9095 34.2501 32.9276 28.8578 21.8695 11.9865 0 0 8.2172 15.2911 20.5504 23.7407 24.8108 23.7588 20.5812 15.3247 8.2408 0 0 5.6353 10.5912 14.3788 16.7301 17.5298 16.7465 14.4066 10.6216 5.6566 0 0 3.7505 7.0859 9.6746 11.3039 11.8628 11.3171 9.6971 7.1104 3.7677 0 0 2.2945 4.3470 5.9536 6.9725 7.3239 6.9816 5.9691 4.3640 2.3065 0 0 1.0894 2.0667 2.8347 3.3238 3.4929 3.3283 2.8425 2.0752 1.0954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 第五十一次迭代值:
0 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 0 0 48.8681 67.4348 75.3782 78.8295 79.8173 78.8357 75.3887 67.4463 48.8762 0 0 28.0468 45.5077 55.2663 60.1416 61.6227 60.1528 55.2854 45.5285 28.0614 0 0 17.8259 31.3049 40.0647 44.8765 46.4065 44.8912 40.0896 31.3321 17.8450 0 0 11.9697 21.8482 28.8432 32.9276 34.2681 32.9440 28.8710 21.8786 11.9911 0 0 8.2240 15.3035 20.5665 23.7588 24.8289 23.7751 20.5944 15.3339 8.2454 0 0 5.6414 10.6024 14.3934 16.7465 17.5462 16.7612 14.4186 10.6299 5.6608 0 0 3.7555 7.0949 9.6864 11.3171 11.8760 11.3290 9.7068 7.1171 3.7711 0 0 2.2980 4.3533 5.9617 6.9816 7.3330 6.9899 5.9758 4.3686 2.3088 0 0 1.0912 2.0698 2.8388 3.3283 3.4974 3.3325 2.8459 2.0775 1.0966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 由以上仿真結(jié)果可知場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的近似的電位值。
第二篇:工程電磁場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
工程電磁場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
一.題目
有一極長(zhǎng)的方形金屬槽,邊寬1m,除頂蓋電位為100sinπx V外,其他三面的電位均為零,試用差分法求槽內(nèi)電位的分布。
二.原理
如下圖所示,用分別平行于x,y軸的兩組直線把場(chǎng)域D劃分為許多正方形網(wǎng)格,網(wǎng)格線交點(diǎn)稱為節(jié)點(diǎn),兩相鄰平行網(wǎng)格線間的距離h稱為步距
用表示節(jié)點(diǎn)處電位值,利用二元函數(shù)泰勒公式,與節(jié)點(diǎn)(Xi,Yj)直接相鄰的節(jié)點(diǎn)上的電位表示為
整理可得差分方程
這就是二維拉普拉斯方程的差分格式,它將場(chǎng)域內(nèi)任意一點(diǎn)的位函數(shù)值表示為周圍直接相鄰的四個(gè)位函數(shù)值的平均值。這一關(guān)系式對(duì)場(chǎng)域內(nèi)的每一節(jié)點(diǎn)都成立,也就是說,對(duì)場(chǎng)域的每一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)都可以列出一個(gè)上式形式的差分方程,所有節(jié)點(diǎn)的差分方程構(gòu)成聯(lián)立差分方程組。
已知的邊界條件經(jīng)離散化后成為邊界點(diǎn)上已知數(shù)值。若場(chǎng)域的邊界正好落在網(wǎng)格點(diǎn)上,則將這些點(diǎn)賦予邊界上的位函數(shù)值。一般情況下,場(chǎng)域的邊界不一定正好落在網(wǎng)格節(jié)點(diǎn)上,最簡(jiǎn)單的近似處理就是將最靠近邊界點(diǎn)的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為邊界節(jié)點(diǎn),并將位函數(shù)的邊界值賦予這些節(jié)點(diǎn)。
如何計(jì)算:簡(jiǎn)單迭代法
先對(duì)靜電場(chǎng)內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予迭代初值,其上標(biāo)(0)表示初始近似值。然后再按 下面的公式:
進(jìn)行多次迭代(k=0,1,2,3…)。當(dāng)兩次鄰近的迭代值差足夠小時(shí),就認(rèn)為得到了電位函數(shù)的近似數(shù)值解。如何計(jì)算:超松弛迭代法
三.編程序 bc=50;%網(wǎng)格數(shù)
u=zeros(bc+1,bc+1);%步長(zhǎng)為1/bc %********附初值********* w=0;
for j=1:bc+1;
u(1,j)=100*sin((j-1)*pi/bc);w=w+u(1,j);end for i=2:bc
for j=2:bc u(i,j)=w./bc;
end end
%*************************************************** h=input('please input h(1 for i=2:bc; for j=2:bc;a=u(i,j);b=u(i,j+1);c=u(i+1,j);d=u(i-1,j);e=u(i,j-1);f=(b+c+d+e)/4;u(i,j)=a+h.*(f-a); end end end %***************繪圖******************** x=0:1/bc*1:1;y=0:1/bc*1:1;[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);mesh(x,y,u)四.結(jié)果 五.實(shí)驗(yàn)體會(huì) 這學(xué)期上了這門課,剛開始上課,老師說教我們手算,不用計(jì)算機(jī),終于體會(huì)到了學(xué)了計(jì)算方法的好處。熊爺爺教了線性方程組的解法,非線性方程組的解法,雅克比迭代法,解微分方程組,解積分方程組的歐拉法以及均勻媒質(zhì)中的有限差分法。認(rèn)真聽完了課,讓我認(rèn)識(shí)到學(xué)計(jì)算方法的用處,又再次了解掌握了計(jì)算法的原理和運(yùn)用。在自己寫實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告的時(shí)候,又再次去了解了差分法計(jì)算電磁場(chǎng),并成功的編寫程序?qū)⑵溆?jì)算出來??偟膩碚f,不僅鍛煉腦,還鍛煉了手! 仿真軟件實(shí)驗(yàn) 實(shí)驗(yàn)名稱:基于電滲流的微通道門進(jìn)樣的數(shù)值模擬 實(shí)驗(yàn)日期:2013.9.4一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?、對(duì)建模及仿真技術(shù)初步了解 2、學(xué)習(xí)并掌握Comsol Multiphysics的使用方法 3、了解電滲進(jìn)樣原理并進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬 4、運(yùn)用Comsol Multiphysics建立多場(chǎng)耦合模型,加深對(duì)多耦合場(chǎng)的認(rèn)識(shí) 二、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備 實(shí)驗(yàn)室計(jì)算機(jī),Comsol Multiphysics 3.5a軟件。 三、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟 1、建立多物理場(chǎng)操作平臺(tái) 打開軟件,模型導(dǎo)航窗口,“新增”菜單欄,點(diǎn)擊“多物理場(chǎng)”,依次新增:“微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)模塊/微流/斯 托 克 斯 流(mmglf)” “ACDC模塊/靜態(tài),電/傳導(dǎo)介質(zhì)DC(emdc)” “微 機(jī) 電 系 統(tǒng) 模 塊/微流/電動(dòng)流(chekf)” 2、建立求解域 工作界面繪制矩形,參數(shù)設(shè)置:寬度6e-5,高度3e-6,中心(0,0)。復(fù)制該矩形,旋轉(zhuǎn)90°。兩矩形取聯(lián)集,消除內(nèi)部邊界。5和9兩端點(diǎn)取圓角,半徑1e-6。求解域建立完畢。 3、網(wǎng)格劃分 菜單欄,網(wǎng)格,自由網(wǎng)格參數(shù),通常網(wǎng)格尺寸,最大單元尺寸:4e-7。 4、設(shè)置求解域參數(shù) 求解域模式中,斯托克斯流和傳導(dǎo)介質(zhì)物理場(chǎng)下參數(shù)無需改動(dòng),電動(dòng)流物理場(chǎng)下,D各向同性,擴(kuò)散系數(shù)1e-8,遷移率2e-11,x速度u,y速度v,勢(shì) 能V。 5、設(shè)置邊界條件 mmglf—入口1和7邊界“進(jìn)口/層流流進(jìn)/0.00005” 出口5和12邊界“出口/壓力,粘滯應(yīng)力/0”; emdc—入口1和7邊界“電位能/10V” 出口5和12邊界“接地” 其余邊界“電絕緣”; chekf—入口1“濃度/1”,7“濃度/0” 出口5和12“通量/向內(nèi)通量-nmflux_c_chekf” 其余邊界“絕緣/對(duì)稱”。 6、樣品預(yù)置 (1)求解器參數(shù)默認(rèn)為穩(wěn)態(tài)求解器,不用修改。 (2)求解器管理器設(shè)置求解模式:初始值/初始值表達(dá)式,點(diǎn)變量值不可解和線 性化/從初始值使用設(shè)定。 (3)首先求解流體,對(duì)斯托克斯流求解,觀察求解結(jié)果,用速度場(chǎng)表示。 (4)再求解電場(chǎng),改變求解模式,點(diǎn)變量值不可解和線性化/當(dāng)前解,對(duì)傳導(dǎo)介 質(zhì)DC求解,觀察求解結(jié)果,用電位能表示。 (5)再求解電動(dòng)流,不改變求解模式,觀察求解結(jié)果,用電動(dòng)流濃度表示。 7、樣品上樣 (1)改變emdc進(jìn)口,邊界7電位能由10改為3。對(duì)傳導(dǎo)介質(zhì)DC求解,結(jié)果用 電位能表示。 (2)改變chekf進(jìn)口,7邊界改為“通量/向內(nèi)通量-nmflux_c_chekf” ;求解域 中x速度和y速度改為0去除載流作用;求解器設(shè)置改為瞬態(tài)求解器,時(shí)間改為“0:0.00001:0.00001”。求解模式全部使用當(dāng)前解,對(duì)電動(dòng)流求解,結(jié)果用濃度表示。 再求兩次解,完成上樣。 8、分離樣品 (1)改變chefk進(jìn)口,7邊界“濃度/0”,1邊界“濃度/-nmflux_c_chekf”。 (2)改變cmdc進(jìn)口,7邊界“電位能/10”,1邊界“電位能/3”。 (3)重新求解電場(chǎng)。求解模式為初始值表達(dá)式和當(dāng)前解,對(duì)傳到介質(zhì)DC求解,結(jié)果用電位能表示。 (4)樣品分離求解。求解模式全部為當(dāng)前解,對(duì)電動(dòng)流求解,結(jié)果用濃度表示。 四、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 五、討論 在本次試驗(yàn)中,每一步操作都必須嚴(yán)格正確,而且參數(shù)的把握也一定要 到位,只有對(duì)每一步的設(shè)置做到精確無誤,才能保證最后的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。我在樣品上樣時(shí)一直未能獲得良好的上樣結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)瞬態(tài)求解器的時(shí)間比例進(jìn)行修改,可以獲得良好上樣結(jié)果,同時(shí),在樣品分離改變chefk左進(jìn)口濃度時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)修改數(shù)值導(dǎo)致結(jié)果錯(cuò)誤,遂未修改濃度,得到了正確結(jié)果。因此,一定要在實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)對(duì)參數(shù)正確設(shè)置。 通過對(duì)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)課程的學(xué)習(xí),及本次試驗(yàn),我體會(huì)到仿真技術(shù)對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)的幫助非常巨大,使得實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行的許多實(shí)驗(yàn)可以通過計(jì)算機(jī)模擬直接完成,節(jié)省了資源消耗,并極大地提高了實(shí)驗(yàn)效率。本課程的學(xué)習(xí)也讓我了解到了仿真及建模技術(shù)的要領(lǐng)。我也基本掌握了Comsol Multiphysics 這款軟件,我相信在今后我會(huì)將我對(duì)本課程的學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用到實(shí)際中。 外貿(mào)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告 姓名:漆凱 學(xué)號(hào): 班級(jí):國(guó)貿(mào) 1140410242 11402班 2014-2015第一學(xué)期 第一部分 第一次操作 就這樣的開始了仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)課,有點(diǎn)措手不及,這次是寫一封建交函,無奈之下百度了一篇交了上去,肯定是按時(shí)提交的了。與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案一對(duì),發(fā)現(xiàn)還是有點(diǎn)跑題了,最終還是默默地把范文看了幾遍,然后閃人。第二次操作 這次是報(bào)價(jià)核算,一看到那長(zhǎng)串的公式我就有頭暈了,不過在我的堅(jiān)持下,還是慢慢悠悠的做出來了,中間還請(qǐng)教老師了,后來咋對(duì)答案的過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)公式自己用錯(cuò)了,導(dǎo)致后面全錯(cuò),不得不又重來算一遍的。第三次操作 這次是完成一篇發(fā)盤函,心里就有點(diǎn)忐忑了,雖然上學(xué)期學(xué)過外貿(mào)函電了,但學(xué)的知識(shí)已經(jīng)還給老師了,看來這次又得百度了。第四次操作 這次是做還價(jià)核算表,跟上次的價(jià)格核算表有點(diǎn)不同的是自己沒有心思做了,注意完全不在這個(gè)上面,也還是隨便寫了一次,然后就提交了。第五次操作 這次是寫一篇還盤,這次上課的時(shí)候看其他的視頻去了,可能是看得太嗨了,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的作業(yè)還沒有提交了,老師已經(jīng)把端口關(guān)閉了,唉,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己太悲劇了,只得接著看著自己的視頻,聽著音樂。第六次操作 這次完成的是成交核算的。這次我下定決心好好做,不懂的時(shí)候請(qǐng)問老師,或者百度一下,在我的堅(jiān)持下,終于完成了這次的成交核算,滿懷欣喜打開答案的,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)無一錯(cuò)誤的,當(dāng)時(shí)真的很開心的,因?yàn)檫@次是我第一次做全對(duì)的,對(duì)我來說也是一次鼓舞的,怎能不高興了。第七次操作 關(guān)于成交簽約函,根據(jù)老師的指示,先對(duì)對(duì)方的訂單表示感謝,然后說明隨寄售貨確認(rèn)書,并催促迅速會(huì)簽合同,寫的結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容比較明確清晰。然后就是制作售貨確認(rèn)書,對(duì)應(yīng)相關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫,填寫時(shí)遇到的問題就是要注意裝船日期的表達(dá),弄清“before”“after”“end”表達(dá)的意思,這就要聯(lián)系國(guó)際結(jié)算學(xué)習(xí)到的內(nèi)容,鞏固這方面的知識(shí)。第八次操作 對(duì)于信用證的理解,可以結(jié)合國(guó)際單據(jù)與結(jié)算去理解信用證相關(guān)的 第九次操作 要求根據(jù)審證的一般原則和方法對(duì)收到的信用證進(jìn)行認(rèn)真細(xì)致的審核,列明信用證存在的問題并陳述要求改證的理由 審核信用證的要點(diǎn):檢查信用證的付款保證是否有效;檢查信用證的付款時(shí)間是否與有關(guān)合同規(guī)定相一致;檢查信用證受益人和開證人的名稱和地址是否完整和準(zhǔn)確;檢查裝期的有關(guān)規(guī)定是否符合要求。逾信用證規(guī)定裝期的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將構(gòu)成不符點(diǎn),銀行有權(quán)不付款;檢查能否在信用證規(guī)定的交單期交單。如來證中規(guī)定向銀行交單的日期不得遲于提單日期后若干天,如果過了限期或單據(jù)不齊有錯(cuò)漏,銀行有權(quán)不付款;檢查信用證內(nèi)容是否完整;檢查信用證的通知方式是否安全、可靠;檢查信用證的金額、幣制是否符合合同規(guī)定;檢查信用證的數(shù)量是否與合同規(guī)定相一致;檢查價(jià)格條款是否符合合同規(guī)定;檢查貨物是否允許分批出運(yùn)及是否允許轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);檢查有關(guān)的費(fèi)用條款;對(duì)某一問題有疑問,可以向通知行或付款行查詢,得到他們的幫助。 因此,在審核信用證時(shí),應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照相關(guān)條款進(jìn)行審核,確保信用證準(zhǔn)確無誤。第十次操作 根據(jù)操作九的參考答案,找出信用證的錯(cuò)誤,修改信用證的錯(cuò)誤相應(yīng)容易一點(diǎn)了,修改過程中,修改的語(yǔ)句還不夠圓潤(rùn),有待提高。第十一次操作 履約明細(xì)集中顯示了或、證、運(yùn)的詳細(xì)信息,形成了出口商日后憑以履行合同的依據(jù)。第十二次操作 這一操作中,訂艙文件主要包括:出口貨物訂艙委托書、商業(yè)發(fā)票、裝箱單。這一過程需要仔細(xì)閱讀信用證,并弄懂內(nèi)容,找到相關(guān)內(nèi)容填制單據(jù)。面對(duì)那冗雜的信用證,需要耐著性子一字一句閱讀下去,稍微粗心一點(diǎn)就會(huì)把內(nèi)容填錯(cuò)。查找相關(guān)資料比較繁雜,除了細(xì)心,還需要盡量地記住信息,準(zhǔn)確地定位,花的時(shí)間也比較長(zhǎng)。與參考答案對(duì)比以后,發(fā)現(xiàn)只顧著填寫數(shù)據(jù),遺漏了一些英文總結(jié)性的信息。第十三次操作 出口商填制“出境貨物報(bào)檢單”,隨附商業(yè)發(fā)票、裝箱單,向出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)辦理貨物出境報(bào)檢手續(xù)。第十四次操作 要求以CIF條件成交的出口貨物訂妥艙位、向海關(guān)申報(bào)出口的同時(shí),應(yīng)向保險(xiǎn)公司辦理投保手續(xù),根據(jù)投保單的基本規(guī)定認(rèn)真填寫出口貨物投保單。第十五次操作 出口商最遲于貨物裝運(yùn)前五天向出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局申請(qǐng)辦理普惠制原產(chǎn)地證明,然后須根據(jù)要求真實(shí)完整準(zhǔn)確地填制“普惠制原產(chǎn)地證明書申請(qǐng)書”一份、“普惠制原產(chǎn)地證明”一套,并隨附商業(yè)發(fā)票一份,至出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局申請(qǐng)出證。第十六次操作 這次操作有兩份單據(jù)在操作十中已經(jīng)做過,填制起來也比較簡(jiǎn)單。根據(jù)商業(yè)發(fā)票和裝箱單,我很快的完成了出口貨物報(bào)關(guān)單的填制,注意到了之前的問題,填寫一些總結(jié)性的描述,如“total value”之類的,還有公司的簽署。第十七次操作 第二步是向進(jìn)口商發(fā)出貨物裝運(yùn)通知。首先對(duì)對(duì)方表示感謝,然后告知進(jìn)口商貨物已經(jīng)安全裝船,以及船號(hào)和起運(yùn)時(shí)間,根據(jù)老師的建議,把所需要告知的內(nèi)容逐條列出,這樣既不會(huì)遺漏也比較明晰。第十八次操作 這個(gè)操作感覺很難,很多信息在信用證上找不到,而是一系列的單據(jù)信息連接起來的,信息量比較多,耐性與專注力不夠,與參考答案對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)自己還漏了很多票據(jù)上出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤,原因是自己對(duì)所學(xué)的知識(shí)還不能靈活運(yùn)用,操作中也不夠仔細(xì),專業(yè)知識(shí)不夠,需要多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間來做針對(duì)性的練習(xí)。第十九次操作 制作出口單據(jù)應(yīng)注意:?jiǎn)巫C一致,議付單據(jù)必須嚴(yán)格按照有關(guān)信用證條款的要求填制;單單一致,各類議付單據(jù)之間必須保持一致,單據(jù)的填制還必須符合國(guó)家政府部門的規(guī)定;及時(shí)制單,單據(jù)的填制必須及時(shí),以防信用證規(guī)定的交付期。第二十次操作 把所有有關(guān)的單據(jù)交上去 第二部分:課程建議 在老師的指導(dǎo)下,經(jīng)過半學(xué)期的操作學(xué)習(xí),我基本掌握了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的流程。在實(shí)際操作過程中,我對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一些基本的知識(shí)有了更深刻的了解,通過操作,也讓我看到了自己的不足。另外,我個(gè)人認(rèn)為,國(guó)際結(jié)算、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)和外貿(mào)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)這些課程聯(lián)系緊密,應(yīng)該安排在一起,這樣不僅能提高教學(xué)效率,而且也能夠加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的外貿(mào)學(xué)習(xí)能力,提高相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)水平。當(dāng)然最重要的還是要靠自己。 Operating 1 Thus began the simulation class, unprepared, this is the establishment of diplomatic relations write a letter, desperation Baidu the one to pay up, is certainly a timely submission.With the standard answer one pair found was a little beside the point, eventually silently watched the essay several times, then flash people.Operating 2 This is the offer accounting, one can see that the long string of formulas I had dizziness, but at my insistence, or slowly leisurely made out, in the middle also ask the teacher, and later a quick answer to the process, we found the formula they used the wrong lead behind all wrong and had to count again the heavy Operating 3 This is the completion of an Offer letter, I found myself a little disturbed, though Foreign Correspondence learned last semester, but the knowledge learned has returned to the teacher, it seems this is again Baidu up.Operating 4 This is done counteroffer accounting table, with the last price calculation table a little different is that he did not mind doing, attention is not one of the above, it is still just written once and then submitted Operating 5 This is to write a counteroffer, the class time to see other videos go, probably too Hey look, and found himself a job has not been submitted, the teacher has the port closed, alas, found himself too tragedy, and had then looked at his videos, listening to music Operating 6 The completion of the transaction accounting.This time I was determined to do well, but not when I ask the teacher, or Baidu, at my insistence, finally completed the transaction accounting, full of joy open answers and found no one wrong, was really very happy, because this is my first time doing all right, and for me is once inspired, how upset.Operating 7 About traded contract letter, according to the teacher's instructions, first thanked the other side of the order, then send sales confirmation with instructions, and urged swift will sign a contract, written in clear and precise comparison of the structure of the content.Then is making sales confirmation, correspondence related content to fill in, fill out the problem encountered is to pay attention to the expression of shipment date, find out “before” “after” “end” meaning of the expression, it is necessary to contact the International Settlement learning content to consolidate this knowledge Operating 8 For understanding the credit can be combined with the international documents and letters of credit related to the settlement to understand Operating 9 Requirements according to the general principles and methods of credit card receipt trial conducted careful review, setting out the credit problems and the reasons stated requirements change cards Review credit points: check credit payment guarantee is valid;check credit payment period is consistent with the relevant provisions of the contract;the name and address of the beneficiary and the issuer credit checks are complete and accurate;check loaded period meets the requirements of the relevant provisions.Over loading of transport documents stipulated in the Credit will constitute a discrepancy, the bank is not entitled to payment;check whether the provisions of the letter of credit to pay a single phase AC single in.As to prove to the bank to pay a single prescribed date shall not be later than several days after the bill of lading date, if after missing a deadline or documents have mistakes, banks have the right to non-payment;check the contents of the letter of credit is complete;notification method to check whether the credit safe and reliable;check the credit amount, currency compliance with the contract;check the credit amount is consistent with the provisions of the contract;check compliance with the terms of the contract price;whether to allow partial shipment inspection of goods and whether to allow transit;check costs related terms;there is doubt about an issue, you can notify the bank or paying bank to inquire, to get their help.Thus, in assessing the credit, should be strictly in accordance with the relevant provisions be reviewed to ensure that credit is accurate.Operating 10 Depending on the operating nine reference to the answer, find the error of letters of credit, letters of credit of error corresponding to modify a little easier, the process of amending, modifying statement mellow enough, to be improved.Operating 11 Implementation details centralized display the details or, permits, transportation, formed with exporters in the future to fulfill the contract basis.Operating 12 This operation, booking documents including: export cargo booking attorney, commercial invoices, packing lists.This process needs to read the letter of credit, and to understand the content and find related content fill in the documents.Faced with that jumbled letters of credit, you need to have patience to read a single word of it, it will put a little bit careless contents incorrectly.Find relevant information more complicated, in addition to careful, you also need to remember information as accurately positioning, the time spent is relatively long.After comparison with reference to the answer, seeking only to fill in the data found, missing some English summary information.Operating13 Exporters fill “exit inspection of goods alone,” accompanying commercial invoices, packing slips, inspection and quarantine agencies to handle outbound cargo inspection procedures.Operating14 Requirements signed on CIF basis exports of goods booked accommodation, while exports to the customs declaration, the insurance company for insurance procedures should, fill the export of goods in accordance with the basic provisions of the insured insured single ticket Operating15 Exporters CIQ application no later than five days prior to shipment for the GSP certificate of origin, and shall be completely and accurately fill in the “GSP certificate of origin application,” according to the requirements of a true “GSP certificate of origin ”set, and comes with a commercial invoice, to the CIQ application and certification.Operating16 There are two documents this operation has been done in the operating ten, fill them is relatively simple.According to the commercial invoice and packing list, I quickly finished the fill export goods declaration, noting that the previous question, fill out some summary description, such as, as well as the signing of the company's “total value” of the class.Operating17 The second step is to issue a notice of shipment to the importer.First thanked each other, and then inform the importer has safe shipment of goods, as well as boat number and departure time, according to the teacher's proposal to require informed of the contents of the itemized, so neither omission is relatively clear.Operating18 This feeling is difficult to operate, can not find a lot of information on credit, but a series of documents linking information, the information is more, patience and dedication is not enough, with reference to the answer contrast found himself also missed a lot of notes on An error occurred, the reason was their knowledge learned can not be applied flexibly operation also not careful, professional knowledge is not enough, need more time to do specific exercises.Operating19 Production of export documents should be noted: consistent documents, negotiable documents must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the relevant credit terms of fill;just the same, we must maintain consistency between the various types of negotiable documents, the documents fill must also comply with national government departments regulations;timely documentation, documents must be promptly filled in to prevent the delivery of the letter of credit requirements.Operating20 All documents relating to pay up Part two: curriculum recommendations Under the guidance of the teacher, after a semester of action learning, I basically mastered the process of international trade.During the actual operation, I have some basic knowledge of international trade and have a deeper understanding, also let me see their shortcomings.In addition, in my view, international settlement, these Import and Export Business and foreign trade simulation experiment course closely, should schedule together, this will not only improve teaching efficiency, but also to enhance students’ learning ability in foreign trade, improving the level of related businesses.Of course, the most important thing is to rely on ourselves. 大型分揀系統(tǒng) 實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容: 一個(gè)大型分揀系統(tǒng)的空間布局如圖1所示。分揀系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)如下:(1)3種貨物A,B,C以正態(tài)分布函數(shù)normal(10,2)秒到達(dá)高層的傳送帶入口端。(2)3種不同的貨物沿一條傳送帶傳送,根據(jù)品種的不同由分揀裝置將其推入到3個(gè)不同的分揀道口,經(jīng)各自的分揀通道到達(dá)操作臺(tái)。 (3)每個(gè)檢驗(yàn)包裝操作臺(tái)需操作工1名,貨物經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)合格后打包,被取走。(4)每檢驗(yàn)1件貨物占用時(shí)間為uniform(60,20)s。(5)每種貨物都可能有不合格產(chǎn)品。檢驗(yàn)合格的產(chǎn)品放入箱籠;不合格的通過地面?zhèn)魉蛶屯鶛z修處進(jìn)行修復(fù);A的合格率為80%;B的合格率為85%;C的合格率為90%。 (6)如果該系統(tǒng)中合格的貨物被操作工放置在箱籠中,每累計(jì)20個(gè)打包送走。實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟: 1、先拖入一個(gè)發(fā)生器,一個(gè)暫存區(qū),一個(gè)分揀傳送帶。分別A連接,屬性設(shè)置如下所示: 2、在分揀傳送到前設(shè)置三條普通傳送帶,調(diào)整好布置,分別A連接,拖入三個(gè)處理器,分別與三條傳送帶A連。再拖入一個(gè)傳送帶,讓三個(gè)處理器與之分別A連,傳送帶接一個(gè)吸收器。各屬性圖如下: ps:(題目中給出三個(gè)處理器有不同屬性配置,此處列舉出一個(gè)) 3、依次拉入三個(gè)操作員,三個(gè)暫存區(qū),三個(gè)合成器,三個(gè)暫存區(qū),以及一個(gè)屬性設(shè)置為打包的發(fā)生器。按題目要求的邏輯關(guān)系分別連接,其中,屬性設(shè)置如下: 4、做完以上步驟,得到如下模 型 : 5、經(jīng)運(yùn)行發(fā)現(xiàn),三個(gè)傳送帶出現(xiàn)擁堵,如下圖,為改變這種現(xiàn)狀,特對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,如下圖所示:、由圖可見,系統(tǒng)得擁堵現(xiàn)象消失了,模型完成。第三篇:仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
第四篇:外貿(mào)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
第五篇:物流仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告