第一篇：智能機器人外文翻譯

Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on.With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being.The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use.To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal.Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal.The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity.Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware.In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system.The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement.In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion.Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio.Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure.The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever.'The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system.In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality.on this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control.The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed.The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method.The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system.The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control.in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of the cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting.Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle.With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a.tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on.A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed.Hardware is the matter foundation of the control.System and the software is the spirit of the control system.The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system.The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as 2 system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on.PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system.The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency.In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration.The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational method.This can be implemented either by hardware or by software.A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward.The motor' s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method.And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed.The method is tested by experiment.At last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed.The development and application of robot in the future is expected.機器人

機器人是典型的機電一體化裝置，它綜合運用了機械與精密機械、微電子與計算機、自動控制與驅(qū)動、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學科的最新研究成果，隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對自動化程度要求的提高，機器人技術得到了迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機器人產(chǎn)品。機器人產(chǎn)品的實用化，既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實際問題，又促進了工業(yè)自動化的進程。目前，由于機器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面的技術，系統(tǒng)結構復雜，開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高，在某種程度上限制了該項技術的廣泛應用，因此，研制經(jīng)濟型、實用化、高可靠性機器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會現(xiàn)實意義和經(jīng)濟價值。

由于我國經(jīng)濟建設和城市化的快速發(fā)展，城市污水排放量增長很快，污水處理己經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學技術的發(fā)展和人類知識水平的提高，人們越來越認識到污水處理的重要性和迫切性，科學家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的必然。

本文結合塑料一次擠出成型機和塑料抓取機械手的研制過程中出現(xiàn)的問題，綜述近幾年機器人技術研究和發(fā)展的狀況，在充分發(fā)揮機、電、軟、硬件各自特點和優(yōu)勢互補的基礎上，對物料抓取機械手整體機械結構、傳動系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進行了分析和設計，提出了一套經(jīng)濟型設計方案。采用直角坐標和關節(jié)坐標相結合的框架式機械結構形式，這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動元件的動力傳遞給機器人機械手相應的執(zhí)行機構，以實現(xiàn)各種必要的運動，傳動方式上采用結構緊湊、傳動比大的蝸輪蝸桿傳動和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運動的螺旋傳動。機械手驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的設計往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制，同時也要考慮價格因素的影響以及能夠達到的技術水平。由于步進電機能夠直接接收數(shù)字量，響應速度快而且工作可靠并無累積誤差，常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動機構的動力元件，因此，在驅(qū)動裝置中采用由步進電機構成的開環(huán)控制方式，這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求，又能達到經(jīng)濟性、實用化目的，在此基礎上，對步進電機的功率計一算及選型問題經(jīng)行了分析。

在完成機械結構和驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)設計的基礎上，對物料抓取機械手運動學和動力學進行了分析。運動學分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎，對操作臂進行了運動學正、逆問題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動空間的映射，采用齊次坐標變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關節(jié)夾角之間的變換關系，采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運動學方程求解問題，對控制系統(tǒng)設計提供了理論依據(jù)。機器人動力學是研究物體的運動和作用力之間的關系的科學，研究的目的是為了4 滿足是實時性控制的需要，本文采用牛頓-歐拉方法對物料抓取機械手動力學進行了分析，計算出了關節(jié)力和關節(jié)力矩，為步進電機的選型和動力學分析與結構優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。

控制部分是整個物料抓取機械手系統(tǒng)設計關鍵和核心，它在結構和功能上的劃分和實現(xiàn)直接關系到機器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實用性，也影響和制約機械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開發(fā)周期。在控制主機的選用上，采用結構緊湊、擴展功能強和可靠性高的PC工業(yè)控制計算機作為主機，配以PCL-839卡主要承擔系統(tǒng)功能初始化、數(shù)據(jù)運算與處理、步進電機驅(qū)動以及故障診斷等功能;同時對PCL-839卡的結構特點、功能原理和其高定位功能等給與了分析。硬件是整個控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎，軟件則是計算機控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞，軟件設計的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機的結合起來，使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運行效率和較強的可靠性。在物料抓取機械手軟件的設計上，采用的是模塊化結構，分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測與處理等幾部分。主控計算機和各控制單元之間全部由PCL-839卡聯(lián)系，并且由該卡實現(xiàn)抗干擾等問題，減少外部信號對系統(tǒng)的影響。

步進電機的啟停頻率遠遠小于其最高運行頻率，為了提高工作效率，需要步進電機高速運行并快速啟停時，必須考慮它的升，降速控制問題。電機的升降速控制可以歸結為以某種合理的力一式控制發(fā)送到步進電機驅(qū)動器的脈沖頻率，這可由硬件實現(xiàn)，也可由軟件方法來實現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡單、易于實現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進電機變速控制策略:定時器常量修改變速控制方案。該方法能使步進電機加速度與其力矩——頻率曲線較好地擬合，從而提高變速效率。而且它的計算量比線性加速度變速和基于指數(shù)規(guī)律加速度的變速控制小得多。通過實驗證明了該方法的有效性。

最后，對論文主要研究內(nèi)容和取得的技術成果進行了總結，提出了存在的問題和不足，同時對機器人技術的發(fā)展和應用進行了展望。

第二篇：機器人外文翻譯

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

機 器 人

工業(yè)機器人是在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中以提高生產(chǎn)效率的工具，它能做常規(guī)乏味的裝配線工作，或能做那些對于工人來說是危險的工作，例如，第一代工業(yè)機器人是用來在 核電站中更換核燃料棒，如果人去做這項工作，將會遭受有害的放射線的輻射。工業(yè)機器人亦能工作在裝配線上將小元件裝配到一起，如將電子元件安放在電路印制板，這樣，工人就能從這項乏味的常規(guī)工作中解放出來。機器人也能按程序要求用來拆除炸彈，輔助殘疾人，在社會的很多應用場合下履行職能。

機器人可以認為是將手臂末端的工具、傳感器和（或）手爪移到程序指定位置的一種機器。當機器人到達位置后，它將執(zhí)行某種任務。這些任務可以是焊接、密封、機器裝料、拆卸以及裝配工作。除了編程以及系統(tǒng)的開停之外，一般來說這些工作可以在無人干預下完成。如下敘述的是機器人系統(tǒng)基本術語：

1.機器人是一個可編程、多功能的機械手，通過給要完成的不同任務編制各種動作，它可以移動零件、材料、工具以及特殊裝置。這個基本定義引導出后續(xù)段落的其他定義，從而描繪出一個完整的機器人系統(tǒng)。

2.預編程位置點是機器人為完成工作而必須跟蹤的軌跡。在某些位

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

置點上機器人將停下來做某些操作，如裝配零件、噴涂油漆或焊接。這些預編程點貯存在機器人的貯存器中，并為后續(xù)的連續(xù)操作所調(diào)用，而且這些預編程點想其他程序數(shù)據(jù)一樣，可在日后隨工作需要而變化。因而，正是這種編程的特征，一個工業(yè)機器 人很像一臺計算機，數(shù)據(jù)可在這里儲存、后續(xù)調(diào)用與編譯。

3.機器手是機器人的手臂，它使機器人能彎曲、延伸和旋轉(zhuǎn)，提供這些運動的是機器手的軸，亦是所謂的機器人的自由度。一個機器人能有3~16軸，自由度一詞總是與機器人軸數(shù)相關。

4.工具和手爪不是機器人自身組成部分，但它們是安裝在機器人手臂末端的附件。這些連在機器人手臂末端的附件可使機器人抬起工件、點焊、刷漆、電弧焊、鉆孔、打毛刺以及根據(jù)機器人的要求去做各種各樣的工作。

5.機器人系統(tǒng)還可以控制機器人的工作單元，工作單元是機器人執(zhí)行任務所處的整體環(huán)境，該單元包括控制器、機械手、工作平臺、安全保護裝置或者傳輸裝置。所有這些為保證機器人完成自己任務而必須的裝置都包括在這一工作單元中。另外，來自外設的信號與機器人通訊，通知機器人何時裝配工件、取工件或放工件到傳輸裝置上。機器人系統(tǒng)有三個基本部件：機械手、控制器和動力源。

A.機械手

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

機械手做機器人系統(tǒng)中粗重工作，它包括兩個部分：機構與附件，機械手也用聯(lián)接附件基座，圖21-1表示了一機器人基座與附件之間的聯(lián)接情況。

機械手基座通常固定在工作區(qū)域的地基上，有時基座也可以移動，在這種情況下基座安裝在導軌回軌道上，允許機械手從一個位置移到另外一個位置。

正如前面所提到的那樣，附件從機器人基座上延伸出來，附件就是機器人的手臂，它可以是直動型，也可以是軸節(jié)型手臂，軸節(jié)型手臂也是大家所知的關節(jié)型手臂。

機械臂使機械手產(chǎn)生各軸的運動。這些軸連在一個安裝基座上，然后再連到拖架上，拖架確保機械手停留在某一位置。

在手臂的末端上，連接著手腕（圖21-1），手腕由輔助軸和手腕凸緣組成，手腕是讓機器人用戶在手腕凸緣上安裝不同的工具來做不同的工作。

機械手的軸使機械手在某一區(qū)域內(nèi)執(zhí)行任務，我們將這個區(qū)域為機器人的工作單元，該區(qū)域的大小與機械手的尺寸相對應，圖21-2列舉了一個典型裝配機器人的工作單元。隨著機器人機械結構尺寸的增加，工作單元的范圍也必須相應的增加。

機械手的運動有執(zhí)行元件或驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)來控制。執(zhí)行元件或驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

允許各軸力經(jīng)機構轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C械能，驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)與機械傳動鏈相匹配。由鏈、齒輪和滾珠絲杠組成的機械傳動鏈驅(qū)動著機器人的各軸。

B.控制器

機器人控制器是工作單元的核心?？刂破鲀Υ嬷A編程序供后續(xù)調(diào)用、控制外設，及與廠內(nèi)計算機進行通訊以滿足產(chǎn)品更新的需要。

控制器用于控制機械手運動和在工作單元內(nèi)控制機器人外設。用戶可通過手持的示教盒將機械手運動的程序編入控制器。這些信息儲存在控制器的儲存器中以備后續(xù)調(diào)用，控制器儲存了機器人系統(tǒng)的所有編程數(shù)據(jù)，它能儲存幾個不同的程序，并且所有這些程序均能編輯。

控制器要求能夠在工作單元內(nèi)與外設進行通信。例如控制器有一個輸入端，它能標識某個機加工操作何時完成。當該加工循環(huán)完成后，輸入端接通，告訴控制器定位機械手以便能抓取已加工工件，隨后，機械手抓取一未加工件，將其放置在機床上。接著，控制器給機床發(fā)出開始加工的信號。

控制器可以由根據(jù)事件順序而步進的機械式輪鼓組成，這種類型的控制器可用在非常簡單的機械系統(tǒng)中。用于大多數(shù)機器人系統(tǒng)中的控制器代表現(xiàn)代電子學的水平，是更復雜的裝置，即它們是由微處理器操縱的。這些微處理器可以是8位、16位或32位處理器。它們可以使得控制器在操作過程中顯得非常柔性。

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

控制器能通過通信線發(fā)送電信號，使它能與機械手各軸交流信息，在機器人的機械手和控制器之間的雙向交流信息可以保持系統(tǒng)操作和位置經(jīng)常更新，控制器亦能控制安裝在機器人手腕上的任何工具。

控制器也有與廠內(nèi)各計算機進行通信的任務，這種通信聯(lián)系使機器人成為計算機輔助制造（CAM）系統(tǒng)的一個組成部分。

存儲器。給予微處理器的系統(tǒng)運行時要與固態(tài)的存儲裝置相連，這些存儲裝置可以是磁泡，隨機存儲器、軟盤、磁帶等。每種記憶存儲裝置均能貯存、編輯信息以備后續(xù)調(diào)用和編輯。

C.動力源

動力源是給機器人和機械手提供動力的單元。傳給機器人系統(tǒng)的動力源有兩種，一種是用于控制器的交流電，另一種是用于驅(qū)動機械手各軸的動力源，例如，如果機器人的機械手是有液壓和氣壓驅(qū)動的，控制信號便傳送到這些裝置中，驅(qū)動機器人運動。

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

液壓與氣壓系統(tǒng)

僅有以下三種基本方法傳遞動力：電氣，機械和流體。大多數(shù)應用系統(tǒng)實際上是將三種方法組合起來而得到最有效的最全面的系統(tǒng)。為了合理地確定采取哪種方法。重要的是了解各種方法的顯著特征。例如液壓系統(tǒng)在長距離上比機械系統(tǒng)更能經(jīng)濟地傳遞動力。然而液壓系統(tǒng)與電氣系統(tǒng)相比，傳遞動力的距離較短。

液壓動力傳遞系統(tǒng)涉及電動機，調(diào)節(jié)裝置和壓力和流量控制，總的來說，該系統(tǒng)包括：

泵：將原動機的能量轉(zhuǎn)換成作用在執(zhí)行部件上的液壓能。閥：控制泵產(chǎn)生流體的運動方向、產(chǎn)生的功率的大小，以及到達執(zhí)行部件流體的流量。功率大小取決于對流量和壓力大小的控制。

執(zhí)行部件：將液壓能轉(zhuǎn)成可用的機械能。

介質(zhì)即油液：可進行無壓縮傳遞和控制，同時可以潤滑部件，使閥體密封和系統(tǒng)冷卻。

聯(lián)接件：聯(lián)接各個系統(tǒng)部件，為壓力流體提供功率傳輸通路，將液體返回油箱（貯油器）。

油液貯存和調(diào)節(jié)裝置：用來確保提供足夠質(zhì)量和數(shù)量并冷卻的液體。

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

液壓系統(tǒng)在工業(yè)中應用廣泛。例如沖壓`鋼類工件的磨削幾一般加工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、礦業(yè)、航天技術、深海勘探、運輸、海洋技術，近海天然氣和石油勘探等行業(yè)，簡而言之，在日常生活中有人不從液壓技術中得到某種益處。

液壓系統(tǒng)成功而又廣泛使用的秘密在于它的通用性和易操作性。液壓動力傳遞不會象機械系統(tǒng)那樣受到機器幾何形狀的制約，另外，液壓系統(tǒng)不會像電氣系統(tǒng)那樣受到材料物理性能的制約，它對傳遞功率幾乎沒有量的限制。例如，一個電磁體的性能受到鋼的磁飽和極限的限制，相反，液壓系統(tǒng)的功率僅僅受材料強度的限制。

企業(yè)為了提高生產(chǎn)率將越來越依靠自動化，這包括遠程和直接控制生產(chǎn)操作、加工過程和材料處理等。液壓動力之所以成為自動化的組成部分，是因為它有如下主要的特點：

1.控制方便精確

通過一個簡單的操作桿和按扭，液壓系統(tǒng)的操作者便能立即起動，停止、加減速和能提供任意功率、位置精度為萬分之一英寸的位置控制力。圖13-1是一個使飛機駕駛員升起和落下起落架的液壓系統(tǒng)，當飛行向某方向移動控制閥，壓力油流入液壓缸的某一腔從而降下起落架。飛行員向反方向移動控制閥，允許油液進入液壓缸的另一腔，便收回起落架。

2.增力 一個液壓系統(tǒng)（沒有使用笨重的齒輪、滑輪和杠桿）能簡單

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

有效地將不到一盎司的力放大產(chǎn)生幾百噸的輸出。

3.恒力或恒扭矩

只有液壓系統(tǒng)能提供不隨速度變化而變化的恒力或恒扭矩，他可以驅(qū)動對象從每小時移動幾英寸到每分鐘幾百英寸，從每小時幾轉(zhuǎn)到每分鐘幾千轉(zhuǎn)。

4.簡便、安全、經(jīng)濟

總的來說，液壓系統(tǒng)比機械或電氣系統(tǒng)使用更少的運動部件，因此，它們運行與維護簡便。這使得系統(tǒng)結構緊湊，安全可靠。例如 一種用于車輛上的新型動力轉(zhuǎn)向控制裝置一淘汰其他類型的轉(zhuǎn)向動力裝置，該轉(zhuǎn)向部件中包含有人力操縱方向控制閥和分配器。因為轉(zhuǎn)向部件是全液壓的，沒有方向節(jié)、軸承、減速齒輪等機械連接，使得系統(tǒng)簡單緊湊。

另外，只需要輸入很小的扭矩就能產(chǎn)生滿足極其惡劣的工作條件所需的控制力，這對于因操作空間限制而需要小方向盤的場合很重要，這也是減輕司機疲勞度所必須的。

液壓系統(tǒng)的其他優(yōu)點包括雙向運動、過載保護和無級變速控制，在已有的任何動力、系統(tǒng)中液壓系統(tǒng)也具有最大的單位質(zhì)量功率比。

盡管液壓系統(tǒng)具有如此的高性能，但它不是可以解決所有動力傳遞問題的靈丹妙藥。液壓系統(tǒng)也有缺點，液壓油有污染，并且泄露不可能完全避免，另外如果油液滲漏發(fā)生在灼熱設備附近，大多數(shù)液壓油能引起火災。

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

氣壓系統(tǒng)

氣壓系統(tǒng)是用壓力氣體傳遞和控制動力，正如名稱所表明的那樣，氣壓系統(tǒng)通常用空氣（不用其他氣體）作為流體介質(zhì)，因為空氣是安全、成本低而又隨處可得的流體，在系統(tǒng)部件中產(chǎn)生電弧有可能點燃泄露物的場合下（使用空氣作為介質(zhì)）尤其安全。

在氣壓系統(tǒng)中，壓縮機用來壓縮并提供所需的空氣。壓縮機一般有活塞式、葉片式和螺旋式等類型。壓縮機基本上是根據(jù)理想氣體法則，通過減小氣體體積來增加氣體壓力的。氣壓系統(tǒng)通?？紤]采用大的中央空氣壓縮機作為一個無限量的氣源，這類似于電力系統(tǒng)中只要將插頭插入插座邊可獲得電能。用這種方法，壓力氣體可以總氣體源輸送到整個工廠的各個角落，壓力氣體可通過空氣濾清器除去污物，這些污染可能會損壞氣動組件的精密配合部件如閥和汽缸等，隨后輸送到各個回路中，接著空氣流經(jīng)減壓閥以減小氣壓值適合某一回路使用。因為空氣不是好的潤滑油，氣壓系統(tǒng)需要一個油霧器將細小的油霧注射到經(jīng)過減壓閥減壓空氣中，這有幫助于減少氣動組件精密配合運動件的磨損。

由于來自大氣中的空氣含不同數(shù)量的水分，這些水分是有害的，它可以帶走潤滑劑引起的過分磨損和腐蝕，因此，在一些使用場合中，要用空氣干燥器來除去這些有還的水分。由于氣壓系統(tǒng)直接向大氣排

沈陽航空工業(yè)學院學士學位論文

氣，會產(chǎn)生過大的噪聲，因此可在氣閥和執(zhí)行組件排氣口安裝銷聲器來降低噪聲，以防止操作人員因接觸噪聲及高速空氣粒子有可能引發(fā)的傷害。

用氣動系統(tǒng)代替液壓系統(tǒng)有以下幾條理由：液體的慣性遠比氣體大，因此，在液壓系統(tǒng)中，當執(zhí)行組件加速減速和閥突然開啟關閉時，油液的質(zhì)量更是一個潛在的問題，根據(jù)牛頓運動定律，產(chǎn)生加速度運動油液所需的力要比加速同等體積空氣所需的力高出許多倍。液體比氣體具有更大的粘性，這會因為內(nèi)摩擦而引起更大的壓力和功率損失；另外，由于液壓系統(tǒng)使用的液體要與大氣隔絕，故它們需要特殊的油箱和無泄露系統(tǒng)設計。氣壓系統(tǒng)使用可以直接排到周圍環(huán)境中的空氣，一般來說氣壓系統(tǒng)沒有液體系統(tǒng)昂貴。

然而，由于空氣的可壓縮性，使得氣壓系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行組件不可能得到精確的速度控制和位置控制。氣壓系統(tǒng)由于壓縮機局限，其系統(tǒng)壓力相當?shù)停ǖ陀?50psi），而液壓力可達1000psi之高，因此液壓系統(tǒng)可以是大功率系統(tǒng)，而氣動系統(tǒng)僅用于小功率系統(tǒng)，典型例子有沖壓、鉆孔、夾緊、組裝、鉚接、材料處理和邏輯控制操作等。

第三篇：智能避障機器人設計外文翻譯

外文翻譯

INTELLIGENT VEHICLE

Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles 1.2 million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death.If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020.In fact, the U.S.Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion.When hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic.Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management.Thus was born the intelligent transportation system(ITS).Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed.In developed countries, travelers today have access to signifi-cant amounts of information about travel conditions, whether they are driving their own vehicle or riding on public transit systems.As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil--and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace.Oil is not in resources.So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement.With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car.Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age.The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of 1

外文翻譯

applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification.Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance.From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration.Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control(ABS/ASR)control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc.With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.The car is essential to modern traffic tools.And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation.Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength.Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc.The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability.When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height.When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil.If is opposite, gas or diarrhea.To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability.Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used

外文翻譯

in electric cars.VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability.Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously.ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear.The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions.The realization of automatic driving through various sensors.Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc.Function.Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort.Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc-air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery.In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car.Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily.Fuel cell vehicles(FCEV)can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable.Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced.This is the question that day

外文翻譯

after timing will come.ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.The hardware and software of the intelligent vehicle are designed based on AVR.This system could set the route in advance.The vehicle could communicate with the PC vianRF401 and could run safely with the help of ultra sound detection and infrared measuring circuit.Neural network self-study is used to improve the intelligence of the vehicle.The performance of servo systems will determine the property of the robot.Based on AVRseries MCU，the velocity servo system for driving motor is created in this paper，including a discrete PIregulator which will work out a PWM control signal with applying the skill of integral separation.The velocities of motors will be controlled real-time with the speed sampling frequency set for 2KHz by using the AVR-GCC compiler software development.Compared to the servo system development based on the 51 Series MCU，the system here has these advantages of simpler peripheral circuit and faster data processing.The experiments demonstrate that，the mobile robot runs stably and smoothly by the control of AVR units，and that the design proposal especially benefits the development of intelligent mobile robots，also can be widely used in the development of other smart devices and product lines.A new design of contest robot control system based on AVR Atmega8 was put forward.According to the character of contest robot , the main control unit , motor drive unit , sense detection unit and LCD display unit were introduced.Furthermore the servo driver system based on MCBL3006S , the line t racker sensor system and the obstacle avoidance sensor system were presented in detail.Finally the performance shows

that

the

control

system

is

open,simple,easy programming,intelligent and efficiency.Avoidance rules of intelligent vehicle obstacle are intro ducted.Through the collection of infrared sensor formation,the rules use diode D1 to launch and diode D2 to receive infrared signals.Infrared transmitter signal without a dedicated circuit

外文翻譯

comes directly from the MCU clock frequency, which not only simplifier the circuit and debugging, but also make the circuit stability and anti-jamming capability greatly enhanced.After the experimental verification,the system runs reliably meet the design requirements.A smart car control system of the path information identified based on CCD camera was introduced.The hardware structure and scheme were designed.The control strategy of s teering mechanism was presented.The smart car not only can identify the road precisely, but also have ant-interference performance, and small steady state error.This article designed smart car system,includes the aspects of the sensor information acquisition and processing, motor drive, control algorithm and control strategy etc.Using laser sensor to collect the road information which can feedback to the micro-controller control system,then making analytical processing combined with the software.With velocity feedback and PID control algorithms to control steering engine and the speed of smart car.Verified by actual operation, this method makes smart car travel stably and reliably，and its average speed to reach 2.6m /s, and get a satisfied results.By the aid of the professional know ledge of control, patter n recognition, sensor technology, aut omotive electronics, electricity, computer, machinery and so on, an intelligent vehicle system is designed with PID control algorithm,CCD detection system and HC9SDG128 MCU.Code Warrior IDE integrated development programming environment is taken as a basic softy are platform that can automatically deal with the traffic and image pro cessing, and then adjust the moving direction along the scheduled or bit by t he aid of a CCD camera.The system has many advantages, such as high reliability , high stability, good speed ability and scalability.Based on the research background of the Free-Scale smart car competition,a smart track following car is designed.In the car, the photo electricity sensor is used to check the path and obtain the information of racing road, and calculate the error

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between the car and the black line.The fuzzy control is used to control the velocity of the car.The experiments show that the smart car based on the fuzzy control has high accuracy on the judgment of the path, stability and velocity control.外文翻譯

智能車

我們的社會充斥著各種各樣的“機器智能“。在過去的世紀，我們目睹越來越多日常生活中的“苦差事“被機器設備解決，如洗衣機。

然而，一個既枯燥又危險的保留區(qū)域就是日常駕駛汽車。2002年，120萬人死于交通事故，這是所有全球2.1％死亡，死因排名第11。如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)下去，估計從2020年起每一年死于道路交通統(tǒng)（ITS）。20世紀90年代中后期開始，它的系統(tǒng)進行了開發(fā)和部署。在發(fā)達國事故的人將達到850萬人。事實上，美國交通部估計交通事故的整體社會成本每年超過2300億美元。

數(shù)百或數(shù)千輛車共享相同的道路時，就導致了大家都熟悉的交通擠塞。交通擠塞破壞了我們的生活質(zhì)量就像空氣污染損害公眾健康。1990年左右，公路運輸?shù)膶I(yè)人士開始申請讓他們在交通和道路管理。于是誕生了智能交通系家，旅客今天能夠獲得旅行條件的信息，無論是駕駛自己的車或乘坐公共交通系統(tǒng)。

隨著世界能源危機的持續(xù)，以及戰(zhàn)爭和能源-----石油的消耗及汽車飽有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，終有一天它會消失的無影無蹤。石油不是在生資源。所以必須在石油耗凈之前找到一種代替品。隨著科技的發(fā)展社會的進步，有人發(fā)明了電動汽車。電動汽車將成為人們最為理想的交通工具。

世界在各各方面的發(fā)展都取得豐碩成果，尤其是隨著汽車電子技術和計算機以及發(fā)展迅速的信息時代。電子控制技術在汽車上得到了廣泛應用，汽車上應用的電子裝置越來越豐富，電子技術不僅用來改善和提高傳統(tǒng)汽車電器的質(zhì)量和性能，而且還提高了汽車的動力性、燃油經(jīng)濟性、可靠性以及廢氣排放的凈化性。汽車上廣泛使用電子產(chǎn)品不僅降低了成本，并且減少維護的復雜性。從發(fā)動機的燃油噴射點火裝置、進氣控制、廢氣排放控制、故障自診斷到車身輔助裝置都普遍采用了電子控制技術，可以說今后汽車發(fā)展主要以機電一體化。汽車上廣泛采用的電子控制點火系統(tǒng)主要有電子控制燃油噴射系統(tǒng)、電子控制點火系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動變速器、電子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制懸架系統(tǒng)、電子控制動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、車輛動力學控制系統(tǒng)、安全氣囊系統(tǒng)、主動安全帶系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、導航系統(tǒng)還有GPS等。有了這些系

外文翻譯

統(tǒng)汽車響應敏捷，使用功能強，可靠性高，既保證發(fā)動機動力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又滿足排放法規(guī)的標準。

汽車是現(xiàn)代人必不可少的交通工具。而電動汽車給我們帶來無限樂趣外還能給我們勞累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自動變速器來說吧，汽車在行駛時，可以不踩離合器踏板，就可以實現(xiàn)自動換檔而發(fā)動機不會熄火，這樣有效的提高駕駛方便性減輕駕駛員的疲勞強度。自動變速器主要由液力變矩器、齒輪變速器、油泵、液壓控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制系統(tǒng)、油冷卻系統(tǒng)等組成。電子控制的懸架主要是用來緩沖路面對車身的沖擊力以及減少振動保證汽車平順性和操縱穩(wěn)定性。當汽車行駛在不平坦的道路時汽車能能根據(jù)底盤和路面高度自動調(diào)整。當車高比設置的高度低時，就向氣室或油缸充氣或充油。如果是相反，就放氣或瀉油。從而保證汽車的水平行駛，提高行駛穩(wěn)定性。可變力動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)因能顯著改變駕駛員的工作效率和狀態(tài)，所以在電動汽車上廣泛使用。VDC對汽車性能有著至關重要的作用它能根據(jù)需要主動對車輪進行制動來改變汽車的運動狀態(tài)，使汽車達到最佳的行駛狀態(tài)和操縱性能，并增加了汽車的附著性，控制性和穩(wěn)定性。除了這些之外4WS、4WD的出現(xiàn)大大提高了電動汽車的價值與性能同步提升。ABS具有減少制動距離并能保持轉(zhuǎn)向操作能力有效提高行駛方向的穩(wěn)定性同時減少輪胎的磨損。安全氣囊的出現(xiàn)在很大程序上保護了駕駛員和乘客的安全，大大降低汽車在碰撞時對駕駛員和乘客的緩沖，以過到保護生命安全的目的。

智能電子技術在汽車上得以推廣使得汽車在安全行駛和其它功能更上一層樓。通過各種傳感器實現(xiàn)自動駕駛。除些之外智能汽車裝備有多種傳感器能充分感知交通設施及環(huán)境的信息并能隨時判斷車輛及駕駛員是否處于危險之中，具備自主尋路、導航、避撞、不停車收費等功能。有效提高運輸過程中的安全，減少駕駛員的操縱疲勞度，提高乘客的舒適度。當然蓄電池是電動汽車的關鍵，電動汽車用的蓄電池主要有：鉛酸蓄電池、鎳鎘蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鋰電池、鋅―空氣電池、飛輪電池、燃料電池和太陽能電池等。在諸多種電池中，燃料電池是迄今為止最有希望解決汽車能源短缺問題的動力源。燃料電池具有高效無污染的特性，不同于其他蓄電池，其不需要充電，只要外部不斷地供給燃料，就能連續(xù)穩(wěn)定地發(fā)電。燃料電池汽車(FCEV)具有可與內(nèi)燃機汽車媲美的動力性能，在排放、燃油經(jīng)濟性方面明顯優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機車輛。

外文翻譯

隨著計算機和電子產(chǎn)品不斷開級換代，電動汽車技術也在日趨成熟與完善，使得駕駛更安全、方便、靈活、舒適。電動汽車真正能夠與傳統(tǒng)的燃油汽車相競爭，今后汽車市場終會被電動汽車和智能汽車所取代。這只是時間性的問題這一天終究會來到的。ABS、GPS、4WS、4WD以及各種新時代的電子產(chǎn)品與現(xiàn)代高性能汽車默契組合、絕妙搭配，帶給我們無與倫比的精準駕駛舒適性和行駛安全性。

以AVR 單片機為核心, 提出了一種智能探測小車的軟硬件設計方案。系統(tǒng)可以預先設定小車的行走路線, 能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)小車與計算機之間的無線通訊, 通過超聲測物和紅外測障電路使小車安全行走。另外, 系統(tǒng)通過JTAG 接口在線調(diào)試程序。軟件設計中采用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡自學習, 大大增強了小車的智能化.執(zhí)行元件的伺服系統(tǒng)性能將決定機器人的性能?；贏VR 系列單片機，并應用積分分離技術，設計離散PI 調(diào)節(jié)器，輸出PWM 控制信號，建立驅(qū)動電機的速度伺服控制系統(tǒng)。使用AVR － GCC 編譯軟件開發(fā)伺服系統(tǒng)軟件，設定速度采樣頻率為2KHz，實現(xiàn)對電機速度的實時控制。與基于51 系列單片機開發(fā)的伺服系統(tǒng)相比，本系統(tǒng)所需的外圍電路更簡單，數(shù)據(jù)處理速度更快。實現(xiàn)了機器人響應快速，移動平穩(wěn)。該伺服系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)尤其適用于智能移動機器人，還可以廣泛應用于其它智能設備和生產(chǎn)線。

提出了一種基于AVR 單片機Atmega8 為核心控制器的比賽機器人控制系統(tǒng),通過比賽機器人的特征分析,闡述了構成控制系統(tǒng)所需的主控單元、電機驅(qū)動單元、傳感檢測單元及LCD 顯示單元,其中詳細分析了以MCBL3006S 為核心的伺服電機驅(qū)動單元,以及關系比賽機器人基本功能實現(xiàn)的循線傳感系統(tǒng)及避障傳感系統(tǒng),并給出部分程序。最后通過實踐表明,該控制系統(tǒng)開放性好、結構簡單、編程容易、智能并高效。

智能車的避障規(guī)則，通過對紅外傳感器的信息進行采集,使用二極管D1 發(fā)射紅外線，二極管D2 接收紅外信號。紅外線發(fā)射部分不設專門的信號發(fā)生電路，直接從單片機實現(xiàn)時鐘頻率，既簡化了線路和調(diào)試工作，又能使電路的穩(wěn)定性和抗干擾能力大大加強。經(jīng)實驗驗證，該系統(tǒng)運行可靠，達到了設計要求。

介紹一種基于CCD 攝像頭的路徑識別的智能車控制系統(tǒng), 設計了硬件結構與方案, 提出了轉(zhuǎn)向機構的控制策略, 該智能車能準確實現(xiàn)自主尋跡, 具備抗干擾性極強, 穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差小等特點。

外文翻譯

智能車系統(tǒng)，包括傳感器信息采集與處理、電機驅(qū)動、控制算法及控制策略等方面。采用激光傳感器采集道路信息并反饋給單片機控制系統(tǒng)，通過軟件進行相關分析處理，通過速度反饋和PID 算法控制舵機轉(zhuǎn)向和智能車速度。通過實際運行驗證，本方法使智能車運行穩(wěn)定、可靠,其平均速度達到2.6m/s，得到比較理想的效果。

為了綜合利用控制、模式識別、傳感器技術、汽車電子、電氣、計算機、機械等專業(yè)領域知識, 設計實現(xiàn)了一個基于PID 控制算法, CCD 檢測系統(tǒng), 并采用H C9SDG128 單片機作為主控芯片的智能車系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)使用Codewar rio r IDE 集成開發(fā)環(huán)境作為程序設計的基本軟件平臺, 能利用攝像頭自動識別路況, 進行圖像處理, 進而調(diào)整方向沿預定軌道前行, 具有很強的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、快速性、擴展性。

以“飛思卡爾”杯智能車大賽為研究背景，開發(fā)了一種智能循跡小車。該小車采用光電傳感器檢測路徑，獲得賽道信息，求出小車與黑線間的偏差，采用模糊控制對小車的速度進行控制，使小車能夠自動跟隨直道和彎道。實踐表明，采用模糊控制的智能小車在路徑識別的精準度，穩(wěn)定性，及速度控制上具有明顯優(yōu)勢。

第四篇：機器人算法外文翻譯

Improved Genetic Algorithm and Its Performance Analysis

Abstract: Although genetic algorithm has become very famous with its global searching, parallel computing, better robustness, and not needing differential information during evolution.However, it also has some demerits, such as slow convergence speed.In this paper, based on several general theorems, an improved genetic algorithm using variant chromosome length and probability of crossover and mutation is proposed, and its main idea is as follows : at the beginning of evolution, our solution with shorter length chromosome and higher probability of crossover and mutation;and at the vicinity of global optimum, with longer length chromosome and lower probability of crossover and mutation.Finally, testing with some critical functions shows that our solution can improve the convergence speed of genetic algorithm significantly , its comprehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.Genetic algorithm is an adaptive searching technique based on a selection and reproduction mechanism found in the natural evolution process, and it was pioneered by Holland in the 1970s.It has become very famous with its global searching, parallel computing, better robustness, and not needing differential information during evolution.However, it also has some demerits, such as poor local searching, premature converging, as well as slow convergence speed.In recent years, these problems have been studied.In this paper, an improved genetic algorithm with variant chromosome length and variant probability is proposed.Testing with some critical functions shows that it can improve the convergence speed significantly, and its comprehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.In section 1, our new approach is proposed.Through optimization examples, in section 2, the efficiency of our algorithm is compared with the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.And section 3 gives out the conclusions.Finally, some proofs of relative theorems are collected and presented in appendix.Description of the algorithm 1.1 Some theorems Before proposing our approach, we give out some general theorems(see

appendix)as follows: Let us assume there is just one variable(multivariable can be divided into many sections, one section for one variable)x ∈ [ a, b ] , x ∈ R, and chromosome length with binary encoding is 1.Theorem 1

Minimal resolution of chromosome is s = b?a 2l?1Theorem 2

Weight value of the ith bit of chromosome is

wi = b?ai?1(i = 1,2,…l)2l?1Theorem 3

Mathematical expectation Ec(x)of chromosome searching step with one-point crossover is Ec(x)= b?aPc 2lwhere Pc is the probability of crossover.Theorem 4

Mathematical expectation Em(x)of chromosome searching step with bit mutation is Em(x)=(b-a)Pm

1.2 Mechanism of algorithm

During evolutionary process, we presume that value domains of variable are fixed, and the probability of crossover is a constant, so from Theorem 1 and 3, we know that the longer chromosome length is, the smaller searching step of chromosome, and the higher resolution;and vice versa.Meanwhile, crossover probability is in direct proportion to searching step.From Theorem 4, changing the length of chromosome does not affect searching step of mutation, while mutation probability is also in direct proportion to searching step.At the beginning of evolution, shorter length chromosome(can be too shorter, otherwise it is harmful to population diversity)and higher probability of crossover and mutation increases searching step, which can carry out greater domain searching, and avoid falling into local optimum.While at the vicinity of global optimum, longer length chromosome and lower probability of crossover and mutation will decrease searching step, and longer length chromosome also improves resolution of mutation, which avoid wandering near the global optimum, and speeds up algorithm

converging.Finally, it should be pointed out that chromosome length changing keeps individual fitness unchanged, hence it does not affect select ion(with roulette wheel selection).1.3 Description of the algorithm

Owing to basic genetic algorithm not converging on the global optimum, while the genetic algorithm which reserves the best individual at current generation can, our approach adopts this policy.During evolutionary process, we track cumulative average of individual average fitness up to current generation.It is written as 1X(t)= GG?ft?1avg(t)where G is the current evolutionary generation, fitness.favg is individual average When the cumulative average fitness increases to k times(k> 1, k ∈ R)of initial individual average fitness, we change chromosome length to m times(m is a positive integer)of itself , and reduce probability of crossover and mutation, which can improve individual resolution and reduce searching step, and speed up algorithm converging.The procedure is as follows:

Step 1 Initialize population, and calculate individual average fitness and set change parameter flag.Flag equal to 1.favg0, Step 2 Based on reserving the best individual of current generation, carry out selection, regeneration, crossover and mutation, and calculate cumulative average of individual average fitness up to current generation

favg;

favgStep 3 If

favg0≥k and Flag equals 1, increase chromosome length to m times of itself, and reduce probability of crossover and mutation, and set Flag equal to 0;otherwise continue evolving.Step 4 If end condition is satisfied, stop;otherwise go to Step 2.2 Test and analysis

We adopt the following two critical functions to test our approach, and compare it with the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual: f1(x,y)?0.5?sin2x2?y2?0.5[1?0.01x?y?222?]

x,y∈ [?5,5]

[?1,1] f2(x,y)?4?(x2?2y2?0.3cos(3πx)?0.4cos(4πy))

x,y∈2.1 Analysis of convergence During function testing, we carry out the following policies: roulette wheel select ion, one point crossover, bit mutation, and the size of population is 60, l is chromosome length, Pc and Pm are the probability of crossover and mutation respectively.And we randomly select four genetic algorithms reserving best individual with various fixed chromosome length and probability of crossover and mutation to compare with our approach.Tab.1 gives the average converging generation in 100 tests.In our approach, we adopt initial parameter l0= 10, Pc0= 0.3, Pm0= 0.1 and k= 1.2, when changing parameter condition is satisfied, we adjust parameters to l= 30, Pc= 0.1, Pm= 0.01.From Tab.1, we know that our approach improves convergence speed of genetic algorithm significantly and it accords with above analysis.2.2 Analysis of online and offline performance

Quantitative evaluation methods of genetic algorithm are proposed by Dejong, including online and offline performance.The former tests dynamic performance;and the latter evaluates convergence performance.To better analyze online and offline performance of testing function, w e multiply fitness of each individual by 10, and we give a curve of 4 000 and 1 000 generations for f1 and f2, respectively.(a)online

(b)online

Fig.1 Online and offline performance of f1

(a)online

(b)online

Fig.2 Online and offline performance of f2

From Fig.1 and Fig.2, we know that online performance of our approach is just little worse than that of the fourth case, but it is much better than that of the second, third and fifth case, whose online performances are nearly the same.At the same time, offline performance of our approach is better than that of other four cases.Conclusion In this paper, based on some general theorems, an improved genetic algorithm using variant chromosome length and probability of crossover and mutation is proposed.Testing with some critical functions shows that it can improve convergence speed of genetic algorithm significantly, and its comprehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.Appendix With the supposed conditions of section 1, we know that the validation of Theorem 1 and Theorem 2 are obvious.Theorem 3 Mathematical expectation Ec(x)of chromosome searching step with one point crossover is b?aPc2lEc(x)=

where Pc is the probability of crossover.Proof

As shown in Fig.A1, we assume that crossover happens on the kth locus, i.e.parent’s locus from k to l do not change, and genes on the locus from 1 to k are exchanged.1During crossover, change probability of genes on the locus from 1 to k is 2

(“1” to “0” or “0” to “1”).So, after crossover, mathematical expectation of chromosome searching step on locus from 1 to k is

k11b?a1b?aEck(x)??wj???l?2j?1??l?(2k?1)

22?12?1j?12j?12Furthermore, probability of taking place crossover on each locus of k1chromosome is equal, namely l Pc.Therefore, after crossover, mathematical expectation of chromosome searching step is 1Ec(x)???Pc?Eck(x)

k?1lSubstituting Eq.(A1)into Eq.(A2), we obtain l?1Pb?aP?(b?a)11b?a1?Pc??l?(2k?1)?c?l?[(2i?1)?l]?c(1?l)22?12l2?12l2?1k?1llb?a?0, so Ec(x)?Pc where l is large, l2l2?1Ec(x)??l?1

Fig.A1 One point crossover

Theorem 4 Mathematical expectation Em(x)of chromosome searching step with bit mutation Em(x)?(b?a)?Pm, where Pm is the probability of mutation.Proof Mutation probability of genes on each locus of chromosome is equal, say Pm, therefore, mathematical expectation of mutation searching step is Em(x)=?Pm·wi=?Pm·i=1i=1llb-ai-1b-a·2=P··(2i-1)=(b-a)·Pm mli2-12-1

一種新的改進遺傳算法及其性能分析

摘要：雖然遺傳算法以其全局搜索、并行計算、更好的健壯性以及在進化過程中不需要求導而著稱，但是它仍然有一定的缺陷，比如收斂速度慢。本文根據(jù)幾個基本定理，提出了一種使用變異染色體長度和交叉變異概率的改進遺傳算法，它的主要思想是：在進化的開始階段，我們使用短一些的變異染色體長度和高一些的交叉變異概率來解決，在全局最優(yōu)解附近，使用長一些的變異染色體長度和低一些的交叉變異概率。最后，一些關鍵功能的測試表明，我們的解決方案可以顯著提高遺傳算法的收斂速度，其綜合性能優(yōu)于只保留最佳個體的遺傳算法。

遺傳算法是一種以自然界進化中的選擇和繁殖機制為基礎的自適應的搜索技術，它是由Holland 1975年首先提出的。它以其全局搜索、并行計算、更好的健壯性以及在進化過程中不需要求導而著稱。然而它也有一些缺點，如本地搜索不佳，過早收斂，以及收斂速度慢。近些年，這個問題被廣泛地進行了研究。

本文提出了一種使用變異染色體長度和交叉變異概率的改進遺傳算法。一些關鍵功能的測試表明，我們的解決方案可以顯著提高遺傳算法的收斂速度，其綜合性能優(yōu)于只保留最佳個體的遺傳算法。

在第一部分，提出了我們的新算法。第二部分，通過幾個優(yōu)化例子，將該算法和只保留最佳個體的遺傳算法進行了效率的比較。第三部分，就是所得出的結論。最后，相關定理的證明過程可見附錄。

1算法的描述

1.1 一些定理

在提出我們的算法之前，先給出一個一般性的定理（見附件），如下：我們假設有一個變量（多變量可以拆分成多個部分，每一部分是一個變量）x ∈ [ a, b ] , x ∈ R，二進制的染色體編碼是1.定理1 染色體的最小分辨率是

s =

b?a l2?1定理2 染色體的第i位的權重值是

b?ai?1(i = 1,2,…l)2l?1定理3 單點交叉的染色體搜索步驟的數(shù)學期望Ec(x)是

wi =

Ec(x)= b?aPc 2l其中Pc是交叉概率

定理4 位變異的染色體搜索步驟的數(shù)學期望Em(x)是

Em(x)=(b-a)Pm

其中Pm是變異概率 算法機制

在進化過程中，我們假設變量的值域是固定的，交叉的概率是一個常數(shù)，所以從定理1 和定理3我們知道，較長的染色體長度有著較少的染色體搜索步驟和較高的分辨率；反之亦然。同時，交叉概率與搜索步驟成正比。由定理4，改變?nèi)旧w的長度不影響變異的搜索步驟，而變異概率與搜索步驟也是成正比的。

進化的開始階段，較短染色體（可以是過短，否則它不利于種群多樣性）和較高的交叉和變異概率會增加搜索步驟，這樣可進行更大的域名搜索，避免陷入局部最優(yōu)。而全局最優(yōu)的附近，較長染色體和較低的交叉和變異概率會減少搜索的步驟，較長的染色體也提高了變異分辨率，避免在全局最優(yōu)解附近徘徊，提高了算法收斂速度。

最后，應當指出，染色體長度的改變不會使個體適應性改變，因此它不影響選擇（輪盤賭選擇）。

算法描述

由于基本遺傳算法沒有在全局優(yōu)化時收斂，而遺傳算法保留了當前一代的最佳個體，我

們的方法采用這項策略。在進化過程中，我們跟蹤到當代個體平均適應度的累計值。它被寫成：

1GX(t)= favg(t)?Gt?1其中G是當前進化的一代，favg是個體的平均適應度。

當累計平均適用性增加到最初個體平均適應度的k(k> 1, k ∈ R)倍，我們將染色體長度變?yōu)槠渥陨淼膍(m 是一個正整數(shù))倍，然后減小交叉和變異的概率，可以提高個體分辨率、減少搜索步驟以及提高算法收斂速度。算法的執(zhí)行步驟如下：

第一步：初始化群體，并計算個體平均適應度favg0，然后設置改變參數(shù)的標志flag。flag設為1.第二步：在所保留的當代的最佳個體，進行選擇、再生、交叉和變異，并計算當代個體的累積平均適應度favg

favg0第三步：如果

favg?k 且flag = 1，把染色體的長度增加至自身的m倍，減少交叉和變異概率，并設置flag等于0;否則繼續(xù)進化。

第四步：如果滿足結束條件，停止；否則轉(zhuǎn)自第二步。

測試和分析

我們采用以下兩種方法來測試我們的方法，和只保留最佳個體的遺傳算法進行比較：

f1(x,y)?0.5?sin2x2?y2?0.5[1?0.01x?y?222?] [?5,5]

x,y∈ [?1,1] f2(x,y)?4?(x2?2y2?0.3cos(3πx)?0.4cos(4πy))

x,y∈收斂的分析

在功能測試中，我們進行了以下政策：輪盤賭選擇，單點交叉，位變異。種群的規(guī)

模是60。L是染色體長度，Pc和Pm分別是交叉概率和變異概率。我們隨機選擇4個遺傳算法所保留的最佳個體來與我們的方法進行比較，它們具有不同的固定染色體長度和交叉和變異的概率。表1給出了在100次測試的平均收斂代。

在我們的方法中，我們采取的初始參數(shù)是l0 = 10，Pc0 = 0.3，Pm0 = 0.1和k = 1.2，當滿足改變參數(shù)的條件時，我們調(diào)整參數(shù)l = 30，Pc = 0.1，Pm = 0.01。

1.1 在線和離線性能的分析

Dejong提出了遺傳算法的定量評價方法，包括在線和離線性能評價。前者測試動態(tài)性能，而后者評估收斂性能。為了更好地分析測試功能的在線和離線性能，我們把個體的適應性乘以10，并f1和f2分別給出了4 000和1 000代的曲線：

(a)在線

(b)離線

圖1 f1的在線與離線性能

(a)在線

(b)離線

從圖1和圖2可以看出，我們方法的在線性能只比第四種情況差一點點，但比第二種、第三種、第五種好很多，這幾種情況下的在線性能幾乎完全相同。同時，我們方法的離線性能也比其他四種好很多

結論

本文提出了一種使用變異染色體長度和交叉變異概率的改進遺傳算法。一些關鍵功能的測試表明，我們的解決方案可以顯著提高遺傳算法的收斂速度，其綜合性能優(yōu)于只保留最佳個體的遺傳算法。

附件

有了第一部分中假定的條件，定理1和定理2的驗證是顯而易見的。下面給出定理3和定理4的證明過程：

定理3 單點交叉的染色體搜索步驟的數(shù)學期望Ec(x)是

Ec(x)= 其中Pc是交叉概率

b?aPc 2l證明：

如圖A1所示，我們假設交叉發(fā)生在第k個基因位點，從k到l的父基因位點沒有變化，基因位點1到k上的基因改變了。

在交叉過程中，1到k基因位點上的基因改變的概率為0.5(“1”變化”0”或者”0”變?yōu)椤?”)，因此，交叉之后，基因位點上的染色體搜索步驟從1到k的數(shù)學期望是

k11b?a1b?aEck(x)??wj???l?2j?1??l?(2k?1)

22?12?1j?12j?121此外，每個位點的染色體發(fā)生交叉的概率是相等的，即lPc。交叉后，染色

k體搜索步驟的數(shù)學期望是

1Ec(x)???Pc?Eck(x)k?1l

把Eq.(A1)替換為Eq.(A2)，我們得到 l?1Pb?aP?(b?a)11b?a1?Pc??l?(2k?1)?c?l?[(2i?1)?l]?c(1?l)l22l2l2?12?12?1k?1lb?a?0，所以Ec(x)?Pc 其中l(wèi)是非常大的，l2l2?1Ec(x)??l?1圖1 單點交叉

定理4 位變異的染色體搜索步驟的數(shù)學期望是

Em(x)?(b?a)?Pm

其中Pm是變異概率。證明：

每個基因位點上的基因的變異概率是相等的，比如Pm，因此變異搜索步驟的數(shù)學期望是：

Em(x)=?Pm·wi=?Pm·i=1i=1ll

b-ai-1b-a·2=P··(2i-1)=(b-a)·Pmmli2-12-1

第五篇：爬墻機器人外文翻譯

The development trend of the robot 1.Preface: Climbing robot is an important branch in the field of mobile robot, flexible mobile on vertical wall, replace artificial under the condition of the limit to complete various tasks, is one of the hotspot in research of the robot.It is mainly used in the nuclear industry, petrochemical industry, shipbuilding, fire departments and investigation activities, such as the building external wall cleaning, material storage tank in petrochemical enterprise testing and maintenance, the outer wall of large steel plate spray paint, and in building accident rescue and relief, etc., and achieved good social benefits and economic benefits, has wide development prospects.After 30 years of development, the field of robot which has emerged a large number of fruitful results, especially since the 1990 s, especially rapid development in the field of climbing robot at home and abroad.In recent years, due to the development of a variety of new technology, the robot which solved many technical challenges, greatly promote the development of the climbing robot.The robot design activities of universities in our country also has a wide development, this kind of atmosphere for our robot research and development of special and professional talents' cultivation is of positive significance.2.Climbing robot research status abroad 1966 Japanese professor west light wall mobile robot prototype is developed for the first time, and performance success in Osaka prefecture university.This is a kind of rely on negative pressure adsorption climbing robot.Then appeared various types of climbing robot, has already begun to the late 80 s application in the production.Japan's most rapid development in the development of climbing robot, mainly used in the construction industry and nuclear industry.Such as: Japan shimizu construction company has developed with the outer wall of the building industry coating with ceramic tile of the robot, they developed by negative pressure adsorption cleaning climbing robot, on the surface of the glass for the Canadian embassy to clean.Tokyo university of technology development of the wireless remote control magnetic adsorption climbing robot.In Japan's miti “l(fā)imit homework robot” national research projects, supported by day CDH, developed a large pot of negative pressure adsorption surface inspection robots used in nuclear power plants, etc.Other countries are also added to the climbing robot research upsurge, such as: Seattle Henry R Seemann under the funding of the Boeing company developed a vacuum adsorption crawler “AutoCrawler” robot.On the two tracks each containing a number of small adsorption chamber, with the moving of the crawler, adsorption chamber form continuous vacuum cavity and makes the crawler walking against the wall.American CaseWestern Reserve University developed by using four climbing robot prototype “l(fā)egs”.Similar to the first two robots, the robot depends on four “l(fā)egs” on biomimetic viscous materials to adsorption, the prototype is the four legs wheel on the sole of the foot even special distribution is more advantageous to the robot stable crawling on the wall.The quality of the robot is only 87 g.Polytechnic school in the early 1990 s, British Portsmouth has developed a climbing robot multilegged walking type.Adopting modular design, the robot is composed of two similar modules, each module includes two mechanical legs and leg controller.According to the task need to install a different number of legs, reconfigurable ability.Mechanical legs using bionics mechanism, simulation of the large animals arm muscle function, is two type, including upper and lower two and three double-acting cylinder, with three degrees of freedom.Good stability and bearing capacity is big, the robot's lightweight, and can span bigger obstacles.In addition to the leg on one end of vacuum cups, robot equipped with suction cups, abdomen mass ratio of powder and make the robot has a larger load of 2:1.3.Climbing robot research status in China China is also in a similar study since the 1990 s.In 1988 at the national “863” high technology program, under the support of the robotics institute of Harbin institute of technology has successfully developed the use of magnetic adsorption and vacuum adsorption two series of five types of wall climbing robot.Successful development of the our country the first wall climbing robot remote detection, using negative pressure adsorption, omni-directional mobile wheel, used for nuclear waste storage jars of wall weld defect detection.Developed in 1994 for tall buildings wall climbing robot cleaning CLRⅡ, driven by two independent ways--coaxial two-wheeled differential mechanism, through the coordination of two rounds of speed control to realize the omni-directional mobile robot, the robot ontology and using power line carrier communication methods between the ground control station.Above-mentioned three climbing machine adopts single suction cup structure, spring air sealed, ensure the crawl robot with high speed and reliable adhesion ability.In 1995 successfully developed the metal corrosion by magnetic adsorption climbing robot, structure of permanent magnetic adsorption, accomplished by two tracks positive &negative mobile turn.The robot can do for petrochemical enterprises to the outer wall of the metal material storage tank to spray paint, sandblasting, as well as with automatic detection system to test the tank wall thickness.Developed in 1997's detection of water wall climbing robot, a circular permanent magnet adsorption block in conformity with the tank wall arc, improve the adsorption capacity, and improve the efficiency of the operation.Shanghai university also conducted early tall wall cleaning robot research, successively developed a vertical wall climbing robot and spherical wall climbing robot.The spherical wall climbing robot adopts many suckers, negative pressure adsorption, 6 foot independent driving leg feet walking style, can be used for different radius of curvature of the spherical outer wall since 1996, the Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics has successfully developed WASH2 MAN, CLEANBOT 1, SKYCLEAN, “hanging basket type window robot” and “LanTianJie treasure” curtain wall cleaning robot prototype.For all the window is brushed pneumatic robot;Hanging basket type cleaning robot, the robot depends on the roof of the safety line traction, attached with the negative pressure made by fan robot on the wall in the application background of national grand theatre ellipsoid ceiling cleaning developed suitable for complex curved surface from climbing robot prototype, the climbing mechanism, mobile mechanism, cleaning robot has many similarities, but due to its special working environment and mission requirements, in terms of theory and technology has some particularity.4.The key technology of robot: 4.1 adsorption mechanism, adsorption mechanism of action is to produce an upward force to balance the gravity of the robot, keep it on the wall.Currently, magnetic adsorption methods mainly include vacuum negative pressure adsorption, adsorption, propeller thrust and binder etc.Several ways.Due to the adsorption methods each have limitations, climbing robot developed by often targeted strong, applies only to a specific task, difficult to generalize.Robot design need to work on task, environment, choose the right means of adsorption.In recent years, people through the study of the adsorption mechanism of gecko reptiles such as the soles of your feet, making the polymer synthesis of viscous material, the use of van der Waals force between the molecules and molecular materials, can be obtained on the contact area of small huge adsorption capacity, and has the advantages of adsorption has nothing to do with the surface material properties.Short life but at the moment, the use of these materials, the use of a certain number of times after lose viscosity, practical, need further study.4.2 mobile mechanism and motion control system: mobile mechanism and the movement control system of robot which major wheeled mobile mechanism, more foot type, such as caterpillar, among them, the wheel and foot type which has been widely used, caterpillar much for magnetic adsorption method.Obstacle ability is wall robot which used to an important indicator of performance.When work surface is convex, groove, the robot to go through these obstacles, we must have enough obstacle ability.All kinds of mobile mechanism, more foot type robot obstacle-navigation ability is stronger, its each leg small suction cup is placed, when faced with obstacles, can control the “l(fā)eg”, make the small suction cup across the obstacles one by one.Wall mobile mechanism of the robot can make the robot on the premise of reliable adsorption can move on the wall.Due to the particularity of climbing robot working in wall, mobile mechanism and adsorption mechanism exists coupling, which brought some difficulties to the robot's motion control.Than climbing robot sucker foot type and legs with a suction cup at the end, every move a leg needs to be done “to eliminate suctionWallace leg, left leg-gasoline, hydrogen fuel can have higher weight ratio, such as advanced micro internal combustion engine can also be applied to the climbing robot.Safety problems: 4.4 the robot by interference, environmental change circumstances, how to ensure the safety of the robot is attached to the wall without falling, falling or after how to minimize the damage of the robot.The past buildings cleaning climbing robot, developed by most used by in carrying the car at the top of the tower, hoisting and wire rope of insurance system on the robot.Robot for some other purposes, such as detection with small climbing robot, the goal is not sure, cannot use the rope way of insurance, so need to study new way to prevent falling.Could consider using a parachute, small power into a pulp, fast supporting resistance drop plate, etc., these may be a future development direction of climbing robot safety measures.5.Development trend of the robot Hard drive, sensor and control the development of software technology has greatly promoted the development of climbing robot technology, the demand of the practical application is also put forward the challenge, the development of robot climbing robot development trend in the aggregate, basically has the following several aspects.(1)the development of new adsorption technology.Adsorption technology has been a bottleneck of the development of the robot, it determines the application range of the robot.(2)the task of robot from simplification to muti_function change direction.The past most climbing robot which is used for washing, spraying, detection and so on homework, homework tasks are often confined to a single task.Now people want climbing robot can equipped with a variety of tools, are working on different occasions.(3)the miniaturization, micromation is currently the trend of the development of the robot.On the premise of meet the functional requirements, small volume, light quality of robot can be less energy consumption, high flexibility, and in some special occasions are also need robot with small volume.(4)by the mooring operation development to the direction of untethered.Because the robot working space is generally larger, mooring operation greatly limits the robot working space, so, in order to improve the flexibility of robot and expand the working space, no cable is changed and is now and the future development trend of the robot.(5)by simple remote monitoring to intelligent direction.Combined with artificial intelligence, the robot can in a closed environment has a certain capacity for independent decision and complete the task, and have ego to protect ability, is the important direction of mobile robot, is also a important development direction of mobile robot climbing wall.(6)the adaptability of the reconfigurable robot is an important indicator.In order to make the robots could be used in different occasions, according to the mission requirements, under the condition of the system does not need to design, make full use of existing robot system, should make with reconfigurable robot, which has a modular structure.According to the mission requirements, the need of module is directly connected to form a new robot.譯文：

1.引言：

爬壁機器人是移動機器人領域的一個重要分支,可在垂直壁面上靈活移動,代替人工在極限條件下完成多種作業(yè)任務,是當前機器人領域研究的熱點之一。它主要應用于核工業(yè)、石化工業(yè)、造船業(yè)、消防部門及偵查活動等,如對高樓外壁面進行清洗,對石化企業(yè)中的儲料罐外壁進行檢測和維護,對大面積鋼板進行噴漆,以及在高樓事故中進行搶險救災等，并且取得了良好的社會效益和經(jīng)濟效益，具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。

經(jīng)過30多年的發(fā)展,爬壁機器人領域已經(jīng)涌現(xiàn)出一大批豐碩的成果,特別是20世紀90年代以來,國內(nèi)外在爬壁機器人領域中的發(fā)展尤為迅速。近年來,由于多種新技術的發(fā)展,爬壁機器人的許多技術難題得到解決,極大地推動了爬壁機器人的發(fā)展。在我國各高校機器人設計活動也已經(jīng)很廣的開展起來，這種氛圍對我國機器人的研制開發(fā)特別以及專業(yè)方面人才的培養(yǎng)是具有積極意義的。

2.國外爬壁機器人研究現(xiàn)狀

1966年日本的西亮教授首次研制成功壁面移動機器人樣機,并在大阪府立大學表演成功。這是一種依靠負壓吸附的爬壁機器人。隨后出現(xiàn)了各種類型的爬壁機器人,到80年代末期已經(jīng)開始在生產(chǎn)中應用。日本在開發(fā)爬壁機器人方面發(fā)展最為迅速,主要應用在建筑行業(yè)與核工業(yè)。如：日本清水建設公司開發(fā)了建筑行業(yè)用的外壁涂裝與貼瓷磚的機器人,他們研制的負壓吸附清洗玻璃面的爬壁機器人,曾為加拿大使館清洗。東京工業(yè)大學開發(fā)了無線遙控磁吸附爬壁機器人。在日本通產(chǎn)省”極限作業(yè)機器人"國家研究計劃支持下,日暉株式會社開發(fā)了用于核電站大罐的負壓吸附壁面檢查機器人等。

其他各國也加入到爬壁機器人研究的熱潮中如：美國西雅圖的Henry R Seemann在波音公司的資助下研制出一種真空吸附履帶式爬壁機器人“AutoCrawler”。其兩條履帶上各裝有數(shù)個小吸附室,隨著履帶的移動,吸附室連續(xù)地形成真空腔而使得履帶貼緊壁面行走。美國CaseWestern Reserve University研制的采用4個“腿輪”的爬壁機器人樣機。與前兩種機器人相似,該機器人依靠4個“腿輪”上的仿生粘性材料來吸附,樣機不同的是這4個腿輪上腳掌的特殊分布更有利于機器人在壁面上穩(wěn)定爬行。該機器人質(zhì)量僅有87 g。20世紀90年代初,英國樸次茅斯工藝學校研制了一種多足行走式的爬壁機器人。采用模塊化設計,機器人由兩個相似的模塊組成,每個模塊包括兩個機械腿和腿部控制器?？筛鶕?jù)任務需要來安裝不同數(shù)量的腿,可重構能力強。機械腿采用仿生學機構,模擬大型動物臂部肌肉的功能,為兩節(jié)式,包括上、下兩個桿和3個雙作用氣缸,具有3個自由度。穩(wěn)定性好,承載能力大,利于機器人的輕量化,并能跨越較大的障礙物。除腿端部各有一真空吸盤外,機器人腹部設有吸盤, 使機器人具有較大的負載質(zhì)量比,可達2∶1。

3.國內(nèi)爬壁機器人研究現(xiàn)狀

中國也于20世紀90年代以來進行類似的研究。1988年在國家“863”高技術計劃的支持下,哈爾濱工業(yè)大學機器人研究所先后研制成功了采用磁吸附和真空吸附兩個系列的5種型號壁面爬行機器人。研制成功的我國第一臺壁面爬行遙控檢測機器人,采用負壓吸附,全方位移動輪,用于核廢液儲存罐罐壁焊縫缺陷檢測。1994年開發(fā)的用于高樓壁面清洗作業(yè)的爬壁機器人CLR-Ⅰ,采用全方位移動機構,機器人在原地就可以任意改變運動方向。之后開發(fā)的CLR-Ⅱ,采用兩輪獨立驅(qū)動方式———同軸雙輪差速機構, 通過對兩輪速度的協(xié)調(diào)控制實現(xiàn)機器人的全方位移動,機器人本體和地面控制站之間采用電力線載波通訊方式。上述3款爬壁機器人均采用單吸盤結構,彈簧氣囊密封,保證了機器人具有較高爬行速度和可靠的附著能力。1995年研制成功的金屬管防腐用磁吸附爬壁機器人,采用永磁吸附結構,靠兩條履帶的正反轉(zhuǎn)移動來實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)彎。該機器人可以為石化企業(yè)金屬儲料罐的外壁進行噴漆、噴砂,以及攜帶自動檢測系統(tǒng)對罐壁涂層厚度進行檢測。1997年研制的水冷壁清檢測爬壁機器人,呈圓弧形永磁吸附塊與罐壁圓弧相吻合,提高了吸附力,也提高了作業(yè)的效率。上海大學也較早開展高樓壁面清洗作業(yè)機器人的研究,先后研制出垂直壁面爬壁機器人和球形壁面爬壁機器人。該球形壁面爬壁機器人采用多吸盤、負壓吸附、6足獨立驅(qū)動腿足行走方式,可用于不同曲率半徑的球形外壁1996年以來,北京航空航天大學先后研制成功WASH2 MAN,CLEANBOT 1,SKYCLEAN,“吊籃式擦窗機器人”和“藍天潔寶”等幕墻清洗機器人樣機。為全氣動擦窗機器人;吊籃式清洗機器人,機器人依靠樓頂上的安全吊索牽引移動,利用風機產(chǎn)生的負壓使機器人貼附在壁面上以國家大劇院橢球形頂棚清洗為應用背景研制的適用于復雜曲面的自攀爬式機器人樣機,由攀爬機構、移動機構、清機器人有許多相似之處,但由于其特殊的工作環(huán)境和任務要求,在理論和技術等方面又有一些特殊性。

4.爬壁機器人的關鍵技術：

4.1吸附機構：吸附機構的作用是產(chǎn)生一個向上的力來平衡機器人的重力,使其保持在壁面上。目前,吸附方式主要有真空負壓吸附、磁吸附、螺旋槳推力及粘結劑等幾種方式。由于這些吸附方式各自都有局限性,所研制的爬壁機器人往往針對性較強,只適用于某種特定任務,較難通用化。機器人的設計需要針對工作任務、環(huán)境,選取合適的吸附方式。近年來,人們通過研究壁虎等爬行動物腳掌的吸附機理,制作出高分子合成的粘性材料,這些材料利用分子與分子之間的范德華力,在很小的接觸面積上就可獲得巨大的吸附力,而且具有吸附力與表面材料特性無關的優(yōu)點。但目前這些材料的使用壽命較短, 使用一定次數(shù)之后就失去粘性,難以實用化,需要進一步進行研究。

4.2移動機構及運動控制系統(tǒng)：移動機構及運動控制系統(tǒng)爬壁機器人的移動機構主要有輪式、多足式、履帶式等,其中,輪式和足式使用較為廣泛,履帶式多用于磁吸附方式。越障能力是爬壁機器人壁面適應性能的一個重要指標。當工作面上有凸起、溝槽時,機器人要通過這些障礙物,就必須有足夠的越障能力。各種移動機構中,多足式機器人的越障能力較強,其每個腿部都置有小吸盤,當遇到障礙物時,可控制各個“腿”,使小吸盤逐個跨過障礙物。壁面機器人的移動機構可以使機器人在可靠吸附的前提下能夠在壁面上靈活移動。由于爬壁機器人工作于壁面的特殊性,移動機構常和吸附機構存在耦合,這給機器人的運動控制帶來了一些困難。如多吸盤足式爬壁機器人,腿末端各有一個吸盤,每移動一個腿需要完成“消除吸力—抬腿—邁腿—落腿—產(chǎn)生吸附力”一系列動作。在此過程中,機器人移動機構的動作要和吸附機構相互協(xié)調(diào),才能保證機器人在壁面上的靈活移動。此外,也有移動機構與吸附機構分離的,如單吸盤爬壁機器人,吸盤可持續(xù)吸附,驅(qū)動輪連續(xù)運動實現(xiàn)機器人的移動,運動控制較為簡單。

4.3能源供應及驅(qū)動方式：能源供應及驅(qū)動方式能源供應方式有通過電線管路為機 器人提供電、氣等能源的方式,也有自帶電池、氣瓶等方式。驅(qū)動方式主要有電機氣動等幾種方式。爬壁機器人的設計盡量采用具有高功效質(zhì)量比的驅(qū)動器和動力源,特別是采用無線控制情況下。采用電機驅(qū)動時,能源供應主要有聚合物鋰電池、鎳氫電池、電化學電池和燃料電池。此外,由于內(nèi)燃機的能源———汽油、氫等燃料具有較高的能重比,先進的微型內(nèi)燃機也可應用于爬壁機器人。

4.4安全問題：機器人在受到外界干擾、環(huán)境變化情況下,如何保證機器人安全附著于壁面而不至于墜落,或墜落后如何盡量減小機器人的損傷。過去所研制的高樓清洗爬壁機器人, 大都采用由置于高樓頂上的運載小車、卷揚機構和系在機器人上的鋼絲繩組成保險系統(tǒng)。而對于一些其他用途的機器人,比如偵查用的小型爬壁機器人,其目標并不確定,不能采用保險繩的方式,因而需要研究新的防墜落方式?？梢钥紤]采用降落傘、小功率螺旋降落漿、快速撐起阻降板等,這些可能會成為未來爬壁機器人安全措施的發(fā)展方向。

5.爬壁機器人的發(fā)展趨勢

驅(qū)動、傳感、控制等硬軟件技術的發(fā)展極大地推動了爬壁機器人技術的發(fā)展,實際應用的需求也對爬壁機器人的發(fā)展提出了挑戰(zhàn),爬壁機器人的發(fā)展趨勢歸結起來主要有以下幾方面。(1)新型吸附技術的發(fā)展。吸附技術一直是爬壁機器人發(fā)展的一個瓶頸,它決定了機器人的應用范圍。(2)爬壁機器人的任務由單一化向多功能化方向發(fā)展。過去所研制的爬壁機器人大多用于清洗、噴涂、檢測等作業(yè),作業(yè)任務往往只局限于單一的任務。而目前人們則希望爬壁機器人能夠裝備多種工具,在不同的場合進行工作。(3)小型化、微型化是當前爬壁機器人發(fā)展的趨勢。在滿足功能要求的前提下,體積小、質(zhì)量輕的機器人可較小能耗,具有較高靈活性,并且在某些特殊場合也需要機器人具有小的體積。(4)由帶纜作業(yè)向無纜化方向發(fā)展。由于爬壁機器人的作業(yè)空間一般都較大,帶纜作業(yè)極大地限制了機器人的作業(yè)空間,所以,為了提高機器人的靈活性和擴大工作空間,無纜化成為現(xiàn)在和未來爬壁機器人的發(fā)展趨勢。(5)由簡單遠距離遙控向智能化方向發(fā)展。與人工智能相結合,使機器人在封閉環(huán)境中能夠具有一定的自主決策能力, 完成任務,并具有自我保護能力,是移動機器人發(fā)展的重要方向,也是爬壁移動機器人的重要發(fā)展方向。(6)可重構是機器人適應能力的一項重要指標。為了使機器人能夠應用于不同場合,根據(jù)任務需求,在不需要重新設計系統(tǒng)條件下,充分利用已有的機器人系統(tǒng),應使機器人具有可重構性,即具有模塊化結構。根據(jù)任務需求,把需要的模塊直接連接起來組成新的機器人。