第一篇：【精】高中語法大全【高考必備】

高中語法大全（必備）

主謂一致

在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。

（一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。

1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm./ To study English well is not easy./ What he said is very important for us all./ The children were in the classroom two hours ago./ Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books./ What I say and do is(are)helpful to you.2、由連接詞and或both ? and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動(dòng)詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins./ She and I are classmates./ The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news./ Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意：① 若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.;/ ② 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a(an), many a(an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room../ No boy and no girl likes it.3、主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China./ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground./ She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book./ Everything around us is matter.注意：① 在口語中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is(are)interesting.② 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：None of us has(have)been to America.5、在定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard./ He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor./ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom./ The rest of the lecture is wonderful./ 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of“許多”，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“?的數(shù)量”，主語是number，謂語用單數(shù)。

8、在倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures./ Such is the result./ Such are the facts.（二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致（因有時(shí)主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。

1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well./ All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4、表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One and a half apples is(are)left on the table.5、算式中表示數(shù)目（字）的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty./ Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以 –ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990./ I think physics isn’t easy to study.7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the)pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：My glasses are broken./ The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8、“定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

（三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。

1、當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語由either ? or, neither ? nor, whether ? or ?, not only ? but also連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends./ Neither they nor he is wholly right./ Is neither he nor they wholly right?

2、there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。

名詞性從句

在前面我們已經(jīng)知道了什么是句子.我們可以這樣解釋什么叫從句:在一個(gè)句子的前面加上一個(gè)連接詞,這個(gè)句子就變成了從句.如果這個(gè)從句做了主語,它就是主語從句.其它的以此類推.注: 1.特殊疑問句本身可以做從句,它不需要加連接詞.2.所有的從句要使用陳述語序.陳述語序: 句子第一個(gè)詞永遠(yuǎn)是主語;第二個(gè)詞可能是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞等加上動(dòng)詞,或者是動(dòng)詞本身.名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句。

名詞性從句,顧名思義,它具有名詞性.所以可以作主語,賓語等等.回憶一下句子成分那一章

（一）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

1、連接代詞：who, whose, whom, what, which。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語、表語、賓語、或定語等。

2、連接副詞：when, where, why, how。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語。

3、連接詞：that, whether, if, as if, that

（二）主語從句

1、主語從句在復(fù)合句作主語。Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主語，主語從句放在句末。

It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)放在句首時(shí)，不能省略。

That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.實(shí)用例句: Is it true that he will be punished seriously by the headmaster? Does it make any difference who bought these gifts? How strange it is that these children are so quiet!注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether.（三）表語從句

1、表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。The question was who could go there.2、引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞that有時(shí)可省去。

My idea is(that)we can get more comrades to help in the work.注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether.（四）賓語從句

1、賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that一般可省略。I hope(that)everything is all right.2、介詞之后的賓語從句，不可用which或if連接，要分別用what或 whether。I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..I’m interested in what you’ve said.3、whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，?？苫Q。但下面情況不能互換。if和whether區(qū)別

①賓語從句是否定句時(shí)，只用if，不用whether。e.g.I wonder if it doesn’t rain.②用if 會(huì)引起誤解，就要用whether。

e.g.Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易當(dāng)成條件句理解）

③賓語從句中的whether 與or not直接連用，就不能換成if；不直接連用，可換。

e.g.I don’t know whether or not the report is true.I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.④介詞后的賓語從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether 可與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導(dǎo)條件從句時(shí)，只能用if，而不能用whether。It depends on whether we have enough time.They don’t know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.狀語從句 實(shí)用例句: 使用it作形式賓語 I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.注意: 形式主語和形式賓語只有一個(gè)替代詞: it

（五）同位語從句

同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，一般位于該名詞（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody

定語從句

（一）定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)

1、關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as

2、關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首(大家想一想什么叫從句來的? 在一個(gè)句子前面加上連詞.在定語從句中這個(gè)連詞叫做關(guān)系詞.關(guān)系詞的概念是:既要起連接作用,又要在從句中做成分)，主句先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用，同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。

e.g.She is the girl who sings best of all.（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語）

The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語）

關(guān)系詞的概念是:既要起連接作用,又要在從句中做成分,那么怎么作這個(gè)成分呢(下面的用法要牢記喲):

3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法：1）當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)用who 作主語，whom作賓語；2）當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)用which，可作主語或賓語；3）先行詞為人、物時(shí)用that，可作主語或賓語；4）whose用作定語，可指人或物；5）關(guān)系副詞when（指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，where（指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語），why（指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語）。

定語從句分為: 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句.怎么區(qū)分,對(duì)于我們初學(xué)者來說記住:非限制性定語從句前面或者后面有逗號(hào)!

（二）限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句

1、限制性定語從句：從句與主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。

e.g.I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定語從句，意思就不完整）

2、非限制性定語從句：從句對(duì)先行詞關(guān)系不密切，去掉定從句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號(hào)隔開，不能that用引導(dǎo)。

e.g.Tom’s father , who is over sixty,(看好這就是非限定性從語從句.注意到逗號(hào)了嗎?)still works hard day and night.（who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，整個(gè)句子可分成兩句來翻譯）

（三）使用定語從句時(shí)特別注意的幾個(gè)問題

1、that與which的區(qū)別。

1）用that而不用 which的情況：①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, ?；②先行詞有最高級(jí)修飾，有序數(shù)詞修飾；③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾；④先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。

e.g.There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.沒有什么能阻止他不干那件事。

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他們所參觀的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。

This is the best film that I have ever seen.這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。

Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他認(rèn)識(shí)的唯一的外國(guó)人。

2）用which而不用 that的情況：①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句； ②代表整個(gè)主句的意思；③介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞。

e.g.He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格，這使他的父親很生氣。

This is the room in which my father lived last year.這是父親去年居住過的房子。

注意: that與which的區(qū)別非常多了,很難記住.一句話語法: 逗號(hào)后/介詞后使用which,其它用that一定不會(huì)錯(cuò) 3）as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)的用法

①as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于the same ? as, such ? as結(jié)構(gòu)中。e.g.I want the same shirt as my friend’s.我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.我們車間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。

②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個(gè)句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

e.g.As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。3）as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別

①當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時(shí)，用as；反之，用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。e.g.He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.②當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時(shí)，常用which引導(dǎo)。

e.g.Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.一句話語法: as 用法—

1.固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,比如 such...as so...as to...;2.如果句子譯成正如...一樣,一定使用 as 2.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。

e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語說得很流利。

The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.一句話語法: 看一個(gè)第一個(gè)例子, who 指代的是哪個(gè), the man, 所以只能是 who lives 3.定語從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠先行詞，中間由一個(gè)定語、狀語或謂語隔開。e.g.There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.4.引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用“介詞 + which”來代替。e.g.October 1, 1949 was the day on which(= when)the People’s Republic of China was founded.為什么會(huì)是這樣: 關(guān)系副詞=介詞 + which? October 1, 1949 was the day which the People’s Republic of China was founded on.看一下上面這個(gè)句子,看懂了嗎? which 在從句中做on的賓語(賓語有兩個(gè),前面講過的,一個(gè)是動(dòng)詞賓語,另一個(gè)是介詞賓語).再看下面這個(gè)例子: October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.等量代換!5.當(dāng)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，短語動(dòng)詞的各個(gè)固定部分不要拆開。

e.g.The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.6.介詞在關(guān)系代詞前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介詞在句尾，關(guān)系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who，且可省略。

e.g.The man(whom/ who/ that)you were talking about has come to school.強(qiáng)調(diào)句、It的用法、省略和插入語

一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句

（一）強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型

1、陳述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：It is/ was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+ that/ who（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語且主語指人可以用who,當(dāng)然也可以使用that）+ 其它部分。

強(qiáng)調(diào)句式只是把句子中某些詞(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分)改變位置,所以把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)(it is/was...that/who)去掉之后,句子一定是完整的 e.g.It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.2、一般疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。這是重點(diǎn) e.g.Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?

3、特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？ 一定要注意,這是出題點(diǎn),也是考點(diǎn),掌握它的最好方法是多記幾個(gè)這樣的句子,最后一定會(huì)融會(huì)貫通的.e.g.When and where was it that you were born? 認(rèn)真研究下面的例句.體會(huì)一句話語法: 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式只是把句子中某些詞(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分)改變位置,所以把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)(it is/was...that/who)去掉之后,句子一定是完整的

4、強(qiáng)調(diào)句例句：針對(duì)I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：It was I that(who)met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it本身沒有詞義；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that, who，即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)也如此，that, who不可省略；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)態(tài)只用兩種，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。原句謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，用It was ?，其余的時(shí)態(tài)用It is ?。

（二）not ? until ? 句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句 這也是出題點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn),掌握的方法: 多記幾個(gè)這樣的句子,最后一定會(huì)融會(huì)貫通的.1、句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其它部分 e.g.普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，till, until可通用；因?yàn)榫湫椭蠭t is/ was not ? 已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

（三）謂語動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)

1、It is/ was ? that ? 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí)，用助動(dòng)詞do/ does或did。e.g.Do sit down.務(wù)必請(qǐng)坐。

He did write to you last week.上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。

Do be careful when you cross the street.過馬路時(shí)，務(wù)必（千萬）要小心啊！

2、注意：此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/ does和did，沒有別的形式；過去時(shí)用did，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞用原形。

二、It的用法

（一）作人稱代詞

1、it代替前面（或后面）的單數(shù)名詞或分句等所表示的事物。

e.g.You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us.（it代替后面的air）

They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it.（it代替前面They?town分句中的情況）

2、代替有生命但不能或不必分陰陽性的東西（包括嬰兒）。

e.g.Yesterday we saw a big tree.It was fully twenty metres high.（it代替前面的tree）

The baby cried because it was hungry.（it代替前面的baby）

3、在某些習(xí)慣說法中，可以代替人。

e.g.----Someone is knocking at the door, Peter.----Who is it?----It’s me.----Who are singing?----It is the children.----The light is still on in the lab.It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4、it與one的區(qū)別：這兩個(gè)詞都可以代表前面說過的名詞，但it用于同名同物的場(chǎng)合；one則用于同名異物的場(chǎng)合。

e.g.----Do you still have the bicycle?----No, I have sold it.----Is this knife yours?----No.It is Xiao Zhang’s.Mine is the one on the desk.5、it與that的區(qū)別：兩詞都可代替某一特定名詞，但that指同一類，并非同一個(gè)。

e.g.The climate of South China is mild（溫和的）;I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）

The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）

（二）作無人稱代詞

it作無人稱代詞時(shí)，除了句中找不到它所代表的詞語外，另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是它后面的內(nèi)容都是表示天氣、時(shí)間、距離、度量衡及情況等。It is fine(rainy, windy, etc.).It is noon.It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.It is eighteen square metres in area.What does it matter?

（三）作強(qiáng)調(diào)詞，構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)

用以幫助改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子的某一成分受到強(qiáng)調(diào)?！癐t is(was)+ 所強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分 + that(who)+ 其它成分。”在這個(gè)句型中，it本身沒有詞義。詳見“

一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句”。

（四）引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語（賓語）

為了使句子平衡，常采用形式主語（或賓語）it，而把真正的主語（或賓語）置于句子后面。通常引導(dǎo)詞it與它所代替的句子成分中間要夾有某些詞。e.g.It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It與to go there on foot之間夾有takes half an hour四個(gè)詞）We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night.（it與that從句中間夾有 strange）

但有時(shí)it與所替代部分之間并不夾有其它詞。

e.g.You may depend on it that they will support you.（因?yàn)榻樵~on之后一般不直接接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。注意：it不是多余的，不能當(dāng)作錯(cuò)句）補(bǔ)充: I like it here.句中l(wèi)ike是及物動(dòng)詞(什么是及物動(dòng)詞,就是可以直接加上賓語的動(dòng)詞),后面必須加一賓語,而here是副詞,不能作賓語(大家想一想,前面我們說過什么可以做賓語來的.名詞!)這時(shí)為了使句子語法正確,使用一個(gè)虛擬的賓語: it.上面說的是理論,掌握起來非常簡(jiǎn)單喲.把它背下來: I like it here.三、省略

為了使講話和行文簡(jiǎn)潔，句中某些成分有時(shí)可省略。省略可分以下幾種情況：

（一）簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略

1、省略主語：祈使句中主語通常省略。其它省略主語多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。e.g.(I)Thank you for your help.（括號(hào)內(nèi)為省略的詞語，下同）(I)see you tomorrow.(It)Doesn’t matter.2、省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。

e.g.(There is)No smoking.(Is there)Anything wrong? Why(do you)not say hello to him?

3、省略作賓語的不定式短語，只保留to。e.g.----Are you going there?----I’d like to(go there).He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to(give me the chance).注意：如果該賓語是be動(dòng)詞或完成時(shí)態(tài)，則須在to之后加上be或have。e.g.----Are you an engineer?----No, but I want to be.----He hasn’t finished the task yet.----Well, he ought to have.4、省略表語。

e.g.----Are you thirsty?----Yes, I am(thirsty).5、同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分。

e.g.Let’s meet at the same place as(we met)yesterday.----Have you finished your work?----(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.（二）并列句中的省略

兩個(gè)并列分句中，后一個(gè)分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。e.g.My father is a doctor and my mother(is)a nurse.I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.（三）主從復(fù)合句中的省略

1、主句中有一些成分被省略。

e.g.(I’m)Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a)Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一個(gè)從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。e.g.----Is he coming back tonight?----I think so.----Is he feeling better today?----I’m afraid not.這種用法常見的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so.He said so 及I suppose not.I believed not.I hope not等。（但I(xiàn) don’t think so比I think not更常用）。

（四）其它省略

1、連詞that的省略：

①、賓語從句中常省略連詞that，但也有不能省略的情況（參看“名詞性從句”等有關(guān)部分）。

②、在定語從句中，that在從句中作賓語時(shí)可省略。

③、引導(dǎo)主語從句、同位語從句等的連詞that一般不可省略。在表語從句中偶爾可省略。

2、不定式符號(hào)to的省略

①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。

e.g.I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.②、某些使役動(dòng)詞（如let, make, have）及感官動(dòng)詞（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作賓語補(bǔ)足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中須把to復(fù)原。

e.g.----I saw the boy fall from the tree.----The boy was seen to fall from the tree.③、介詞but前若有動(dòng)詞do，后面的不定式不帶to。e.g.The boy did nothing but play.3、在某些狀語從句中，從句的主語與主句主語一致時(shí)，可省去“主語 + be”部分。（參看“狀語從句”有關(guān)部分）

4、連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但后面的語序有變化（參見“倒裝句”有關(guān)部分）

5、主句與從句各有一些成分省略。

e.g.The sooner(you do it), the better(it will be).四、插入語

英語句子中（尤其在口語中）常插入一些單詞、短語或者句子，用來補(bǔ)充某些含義。語法上稱他們?yōu)椤安迦胝Z”。

（一）插入語的類型：

1、單詞（多是副詞），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。

e.g.She is looking fit, though.他看起來倒是健康。I can, however, discuss this when I see you.2、短語

e.g.China and India, for example, are neighbours.By the way, where are you from?

3、句子

e.g.He is an honest man, I believe.Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.（二）插入語的位置

通常插入語位于句中，并用逗號(hào)隔開。但有時(shí)，也可位于句首或句末（見上面例句）。也有時(shí)，并不用逗號(hào)隔開。

e.g.You know that I think you are wrong.我認(rèn)為，你明白你錯(cuò)了。What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？

（三）插入語在句中的作用

一般來說，插入語在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入語抽去，句子的含義不大受影響。但是，有的插入語卻是句子不可缺少的一部分。

e.g.He got the news from nobody knows where.他這消息誰也不知道是從哪兒得來的。

（四）插入語的特殊用法

下面這種復(fù)雜的特殊疑問句，也可認(rèn)為包含有“插入語”。這種疑問句（有的語法書也稱為“混合疑問句”或“連鎖疑問句”）常用來征詢對(duì)方對(duì)某一疑問點(diǎn)的看法、判斷、認(rèn)識(shí)、猜度或請(qǐng)求對(duì)方重復(fù)一遍說過的話?？谡Z中出現(xiàn)頻率極高。常用動(dòng)詞有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。e.g.How long did you say she would stay here? When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was

（五）大綱中要求掌握的常用作插入語的詞語 by the way 順便說，順便問一下；so far 到目前為止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足為奇；as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上；come along 快點(diǎn)，來吧；in other words 換句話說；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，結(jié)果。

下面的練習(xí)題要做熟!做熟之后,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)上面的規(guī)則你已經(jīng)記得差不多了.不要硬記規(guī)則,一是不記住,二是就是記住了,到時(shí)應(yīng)用也成問題 省略和插入語

狀語從句

由從句擔(dān)任的狀語，在句子中可修飾謂語（或其它動(dòng)詞）、形容詞、副詞或是整個(gè)句子，它可以用來表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等。狀語從句是一較大的語法項(xiàng)目，也是近幾年高考題中常見的一個(gè)重要試點(diǎn)。高考中已考查了時(shí)間、讓步、地點(diǎn)、條件、目的等狀語從句，這些從句仍是今后高考熱點(diǎn)，應(yīng)作充分準(zhǔn)備。同時(shí)對(duì)方式狀語從句也應(yīng)引起重視。

（一）時(shí)間狀語從句

表示時(shí)間的狀語從句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner ? than, hardly(scarcely)? when, every time等引導(dǎo)。

e.g.When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.He started as soon as he received the news.Once you see him, you will never forget him.No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.（二）原因狀語從句

原因狀語從句是表示原因或理由的，引導(dǎo)這類從句的最常用的連詞是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)（它引導(dǎo)的不是從句）為并列連詞，語氣不如because強(qiáng)。

e.g.He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.As it is raining, I will not go out.Now that you mention it, I do remember.（三）地點(diǎn)狀語從句

引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連詞是where 和wherever等。e.g.Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.（四）目的狀語從句

引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句最常用的詞（組）是so, so that（從句謂語常有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。

e.g.Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the train.（五）結(jié)果狀語從句

結(jié)果狀語從句是表示事態(tài)結(jié)果的從句，通常主句是原因，從句是結(jié)果。由so that（從句謂語一般沒有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）, so ? that, such ? that等引導(dǎo)。e.g.She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word.She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.（六）條件狀語從句

條件狀語從句分真實(shí)性（有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情）與非真實(shí)性（條件與事實(shí)相反或者在說話者看來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情）條件句。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞（組）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as)far as, if only(= if)。注意：條件從句中的if 不能用whether替換。e.g.If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know（據(jù)我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that(= if)you don’t go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.（七）讓步狀語從句

讓步狀語從句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether ? or, no matter who(when, what, ?)等引導(dǎo)。注意：as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句一般是倒裝的。

e.g.Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he is, he knows a lot.Whatever(= No matter what)you say, I’ll never change my mind.（八）方式狀語從句

方式狀語從句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引導(dǎo)。e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.（九）比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句常用than, so(as)? as, the more ? the more等引導(dǎo)。e.g.I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.（十）使用狀語從句時(shí)要注意的幾個(gè)問題

1、在時(shí)間和條件（有時(shí)也在方式、讓步等）從句中，主句是一般將來時(shí)，從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。

e.g.We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.2、有些時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步從句，如果從句的主語與主句主語一致（或雖不一致，是it），從句的謂語又包含動(dòng)詞be，就可省略從句中的“主語 + be”部分。

e.g.When(he was)still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.If(you are)asked you may come in.If(it is)necessary I’ll explain to you again.3、注意區(qū)分不同從句：引導(dǎo)的是什么從句，不僅要根據(jù)連詞，還要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意來判別。以where為例，能引導(dǎo)多種從句。

e.g.You are to find it where you left it.（地點(diǎn)狀語從句）Tell me the address where he lives.（定語從句，句中有先行詞）I don’t know where he came from.（賓語從句）Where he has gone is not known yet.（主語從句）This place is where they once hid.（表語從句）練習(xí)、狀語從句

一、用橫線劃出下列句子中的狀語從句，并指出是哪種狀語從句： 1.Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.2.The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.3.He talks as if(as though)he knew all about it.4.He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.6.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.7.Where there is water, there is life.8.He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.9.Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.10.Even if(though)I fail.I’ll never lose heart.11.Once you begin the work, you must continue.12.I will find her wherever she may be.13.Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.14.He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.15.We must do everything as he tells us.16.India is much bigger than Japan.17.No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.18.As(So)long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.1.Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.讓步

2.The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.比較 3.He talks as if(as though)he knew all about it.方式

4.He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.結(jié)果

5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.條件

6.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.時(shí)間 7.Where there is water, there is life.地點(diǎn)

8.He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.目的 9.Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.原因

10.Even if(though)I fail, I’ll never lose heart.讓步 11.Once you begin the work, you must continue.時(shí)間 12.I will find her wherever she may be.讓步

13.Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.原因 14.He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.結(jié)果 15.We must do everything as he tells us.方式 16.India is much bigger than Japan.比較

17.No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.讓步

18.As(So)long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.條件

倒裝句

英語最基本的語序是主語在前，謂語動(dòng)詞在后。但有時(shí)由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，就要采用倒裝形式。將謂語動(dòng)詞完全移到主語之前稱為完全倒裝，只將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放到主語之前稱為部分倒裝。強(qiáng)調(diào)性倒裝和以so, neither, nor開頭的句子是高考例題的熱點(diǎn)。

（一）倒裝句的意義

1、適應(yīng)一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，主要是指疑問句句型結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。e.g.May I come in? Was the People’s Liberation Army founded in 1927?

2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一部分，而把這部分放到句首，構(gòu)成倒裝。e.g.Never have I been late for school this term.So early did he come to school that no other students came.（二）倒裝的使用情況

1、在 “there be” 結(jié)構(gòu)里，there是引導(dǎo)詞，主語在be后。e.g.There is a box on the table.2、在疑問句中。

e.g.Is she singing in the classroom? What does your mother do?

3、在here, there等副詞開頭的某些句子里（要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)）。如果主語是人稱代詞，主語和主要?jiǎng)釉~的詞序不變。（完全倒裝）e.g.There goes the bell.Here is an apple for you.There she comes.4、重復(fù)倒裝句型，用在以so, nor, neither開頭，表示謂語所述的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一樣”、“也這樣”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同樣也不，也不這樣”。e.g.I am watching TV.So is she.My parents didn’t watch TV last night.Neither(Nor)did I.5、直接引語的全部或一部分放在句首時(shí)，主句中的主謂也常直接倒裝。（完全倒裝）

e.g.“Very well,” said the French student.“Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” said he.6、在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副詞開頭的句子中，采用部分倒裝。如不放在句首就不要倒裝。e.g.Little did he say at the meeting.Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army.比較：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.7、用于以only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句的句子中。(注意當(dāng)修飾主語時(shí)不倒裝)e.g.Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk.Only in this way can we learn English well.注意：如果only后的詞組不是狀語，不需倒裝。e.g.Only Wang Lili knows this.8、為了表達(dá)生動(dòng)，有時(shí)把表地點(diǎn)、方位的副詞，如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首，同時(shí)把謂語動(dòng)詞放在主語之前。若主語為人稱代詞，主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的位置不變，只將副詞放在句首。（完全倒裝）e.g.Away hurried the boy.Out rushed the girl.9、在虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中，條件從句的謂語含有were, had 和should這三個(gè)詞是，可省去if，將這些詞移至主語之前。

e.g.Had I time(= If I had time), I would go and help you.Were I you(= If I were you), I would go abroad.Should he come(=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.10、as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)要倒裝（形容詞/ 副詞/ 名詞/ 動(dòng)詞 + as + 主語 + 謂語）。

e.g.Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.Child as he is, he seems to know everything.（child前不加冠詞）Hard as he worded, he made little progress.11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。e.g.May you succeed!Long live the People’s Republic of China!

12、So + 形容詞、副詞及such 置于句首時(shí)要倒裝。So happy did he feel.Such was me.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

一句話語法: 時(shí)態(tài)題關(guān)鍵是確定時(shí)間點(diǎn),時(shí)間點(diǎn)是通過語境來確定.一、時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)：在復(fù)合句，從句（主要是賓語從句）中的時(shí)態(tài)，常受主句謂語動(dòng)詞的影響，這就叫做時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)一般有如下的情況。

1、如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，其從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.2、如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞就要用過去時(shí)態(tài)，但要注意到下列情況：（1）如果從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句中須用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，如：She said she was busy then.(2)如果從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，從句中須用過去完成時(shí)，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice.(3)如果從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，從句須用過去將來時(shí)，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest.(4)如果從句中說明的是一種普遍真理現(xiàn)象，雖然主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)態(tài)從句中仍要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.(5)如果從句中有表示具體過去時(shí)間的狀語，雖然其謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，從句仍用一般過去時(shí)，但如果該狀語表示的時(shí)間不具體，則從句仍要用過去完成時(shí)，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)：英語動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，一般由介詞by引起的短語來表示，如:We often help them.(主動(dòng))我們常幫助他們。They are often helped by us.(被動(dòng))他們常被我們幫助。

1、被動(dòng)語態(tài)各時(shí)態(tài)的形式是由助動(dòng)詞be的各時(shí)態(tài)的形式加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。

2、被動(dòng)語態(tài)八種時(shí)態(tài)的用法例句:被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用的八種時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法和主動(dòng)語態(tài)各時(shí)態(tài)的

基本用法相同，只是句中的主語不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而是動(dòng)作的承受者，如:(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country.(2)一般過去時(shí)：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959.(3)一般將來時(shí): When will the work be finished?(4)過去將來時(shí)：He told us that the work would be finished the next day.(5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：

Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：

The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in.(7)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

The work hasn’t been finished yet.(8)過去完成: The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.3、在下列情況下，一般使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：（1）當(dāng)不知道動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是誰或沒有必要提到動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí)，如：Paper was first made in China.（2）當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作承受者的作用時(shí)，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.4、由主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種句型：（1）將一個(gè)句子由主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，可按下列步驟進(jìn)行：①先將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語；②再將主動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞；③最后在被動(dòng)語態(tài)之后加介詞by，并將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語放在by之后（經(jīng)常被省略），構(gòu)成介詞短語；④由主動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞中助動(dòng)詞be的各種形式變化，因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞的不同人稱和數(shù)是由助動(dòng)詞be不同的形式來表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞后又有直接賓語，又有間接賓語，一般是將間接賓語改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中的主語，將直接賓語保留在原處。如將直接賓語改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中的主語，將間接賓語保留在原處時(shí)，一般要在間接賓語前加介詞to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night.（３）主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語加帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，就將賓語改為主語，將賓補(bǔ)保留在原處，而成為被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中主語的補(bǔ)足語了。賓補(bǔ)可以有下列幾種情況：①賓補(bǔ)為動(dòng)詞不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song.→She was asked to sing a song.在動(dòng)詞make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主動(dòng)語態(tài)里可要省略，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②賓補(bǔ)為分詞，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③賓補(bǔ)為形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語，如：She kept me busy all the morning.→I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語動(dòng)詞為短語動(dòng)詞，改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要注意不要遺漏短語中的介詞或副詞，以保持短語動(dòng)詞的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children.→The children are always taken good care of.（５）含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)是將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)詞原形改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，因其前有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，所以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday.→The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等結(jié)構(gòu)，其作用相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞，在改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，只需將后面的動(dòng)詞原形改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match.→The football match is not going to be put off.一句話語法: 時(shí)態(tài)題關(guān)鍵是確定時(shí)間點(diǎn),時(shí)間點(diǎn)是通過語境來確定.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是: be+v-ed;完成被動(dòng)形式是什么呢,對(duì), 就是完成+被動(dòng)

have/has/had +v-ed 是完成;被動(dòng)是: be+v-ed;兩者組合在一起: have/has/had been +v-ed;其它時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式,以此類推.動(dòng)詞詞義辨析

動(dòng)詞是是各類考試的重點(diǎn)，高考試題中，單項(xiàng)填空、完形填空和改錯(cuò)等三項(xiàng)題型中，動(dòng)詞辨義的比重較大，并逐年增加。動(dòng)詞辨義主要指：

1、形狀相同的動(dòng)詞之間辨義。如：lie, lay;hanged, hung;rise, raise;sit, seat等。

2、意義相近的動(dòng)詞之間辨義。如：borrow, lend;speak, say, talk;hope, wish等。

3、動(dòng)詞與其它詞形相近、意義相似的詞的辨義。如：advise, advice;cost, worth;pass, past 等。

4、意義不同，但容易混淆的動(dòng)詞的辨義。如： explain, say;discover, invent, uncover;find, find out等。

5、某些常用動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣用法的辨義。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。

6、某些常用動(dòng)詞短語的辨義。如： give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。

（一）易混動(dòng)詞

1、lay（放）, lie（躺）與lie（說謊）： 放 lay laid laid laying 及物動(dòng)詞 躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物動(dòng)詞 說謊 lie lied lied lying 不及物動(dòng)詞

2、rise和raise：rise是不及物動(dòng)詞，其過去式是rose，過去分詞是risen，而raise是及物動(dòng)詞，是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。

3、hear與listen to：hear側(cè)重點(diǎn)是聽到，聽見什么，而listen to是側(cè)重于聽的傾向，但hear用于無意中的聽見，而listen to卻用于集中注意力的聽。

4、see, watch和look：see用作看電影，劇目；watch則用作看電視比賽，而watch還有在旁觀看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物動(dòng)詞，只是當(dāng)盯著某人看時(shí)用作及物動(dòng)詞，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯著我的臉。）

5、wind和wound：wind意為蜿蜒而行，其過去式與過去分詞都是wound，而動(dòng)詞原形wound意為傷害，其過去式、過去分詞都是wounded。

6、hang的用法：hang有兩個(gè)意思：一為懸掛，是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，過去式、過去分詞都是hung；二為絞刑，是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過去式、過去分詞都是hanged。

7、hear的過去分詞born與borne：bear作為出生講有兩個(gè)過去分詞born，borne。只有當(dāng)be+born?短語后沒有by介詞短語時(shí)，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai.而作它用時(shí)要用borne。如：She has borne five children.但如果作忍受講，則一律用borne。

8、sit與seat：seat為及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是作容納講，sit只是表示一動(dòng)作。seat如果表示就座時(shí)要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks.或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.9、borrow, lend與keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但這兩個(gè)詞都是截止性動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能用于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，所以我能借多久應(yīng)用keep。

10、win與beat：win作勝、贏講時(shí)其后應(yīng)接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人則有另外的含意。如:I have won him.即我已說服他了，我贏得他的好感。而beat是及物動(dòng)詞為擊敗、勝過講，直接接人、隊(duì)。

11、steal與rob：steal為偷。rob為搶，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+搶的物品。

12、fit與suit：fit與suit均可作合適講，但英文中卻用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合適，而suit則多用于顏色式樣的合適。

13、take, bring 與fetch：英文中拿三個(gè)詞，即拿來，拿去，去取然后回來(即雙程)。所以拿來，帶來是bring，拿去帶走是take，而去取回來是fetch。

14、shut與close：shut與close有時(shí)是可以互換的，但有些地方則不可這樣做。如:在正式場(chǎng)合多用close，而在命令，態(tài)度粗暴的場(chǎng)合則用shut。如: Shut your mouth!(閉嘴)；又如:Shut up.在指鐵路、公路交通關(guān)閉或停止使用的場(chǎng)合，則要用close。

15、answer與reply：作為回答講answer是及物動(dòng)詞，如作不及物動(dòng)詞，則意義不同，如answer for，意為向某人或向某事負(fù)責(zé)。而reply作回答講是不及物動(dòng)詞，后跟賓語時(shí)，要加上to。

16、reach，arrive與get to：reach當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)講是及物動(dòng)詞，而當(dāng)延伸和拿得到、拿不到時(shí)講，則是不及物動(dòng)詞。作到達(dá)講時(shí)還有g(shù)et to, arrive(at/in)。

17、cost，spend與take：英文中花費(fèi)有三個(gè)詞cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花費(fèi)”講，主語不能是人，而spend的主語不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花費(fèi)講時(shí)，可用人也可用物做主語。更多的用法是用形式主語it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.18、lost, gone與missing：作補(bǔ)足語時(shí)意為丟失、不見了，可以用 lost, gone，但要用 miss時(shí)則不能用missed, 而要用missing.19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服講的動(dòng)詞分為狀態(tài)和動(dòng)作兩種。have on與wear作穿著狀態(tài)講;但have on不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，而wear則常要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。put on是動(dòng)作，但dress既可用作狀態(tài)，又可用作穿衣動(dòng)作，但用作狀態(tài)時(shí)要用其過去分詞作形容詞如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作動(dòng)作講時(shí)，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代詞或表示人、物的名詞，如： I dress my children in the morning every day.20、begin與start begin與Start 均可作開始講，并無多少區(qū)別，同樣可接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，但在下面的場(chǎng)合多要用Start：1)機(jī)器的開動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)；2)旅途的開始。如: we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。

21、allow 與permit allow與permit其后直接接動(dòng)作時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，如接人后再接動(dòng)詞則要用不定式，所以用在被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.22、find與found find找到的過去式和過去分詞都是found，而found是動(dòng)詞“建立”的原形，其過去式和過去分詞是founded，founded，如： The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.23、speak, say, talk 與tell 英文中講有4個(gè)詞，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物動(dòng)詞，但speak后加語言名詞時(shí)則用作及物動(dòng)詞，如：Please speak English。而say與tell是及物動(dòng)詞，其中tell常用作接雙賓語，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的習(xí)慣用法，如：在作講實(shí)話，講謊言，表示時(shí)間常用單賓語而不能換其它詞，如：My watch was broken.It couldn’t tell time correctly。在書信、便條、海報(bào)上寫著英文應(yīng)為It said ?。在作辨別不同講時(shí)是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而講別人好壞話時(shí)用speak，如：

The father always speaks well of his son.。

24、excuse me 與sorry excuse me用于來打攏對(duì)方前以提醒對(duì)方注意的提示語，而sorry則表達(dá)因作了某事向?qū)Ψ降狼浮?/p>

25、care for 與care to do care for其后要接不定式時(shí)則要省去for或換用名詞，如：

Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顧講時(shí)與look after相同。

26、與名詞易混的動(dòng)詞有：advise(v.), advice(n.);accept(v.), except(prep.);pass(v.), past(prep.);bathe(v.), bath(n.);breathe(v.), breath(n.);choose(v.), choice(n.);succeed(v.), success(n.);

27、意義相近的動(dòng)詞：ring搖鈴，打鈴，電話鈴響，strike專指敲鐘，打幾點(diǎn)，撞擊；suggest提出實(shí)驗(yàn)性或推測(cè)性的建議，advice表示對(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足人的一種忠告；look由視覺得出的印象，seem暗示一定根據(jù)的判定，appear外表印象而實(shí)際或結(jié)果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遺物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（發(fā)現(xiàn)）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的東西，invent（發(fā)明）研制出不存在的東西；remember記憶起以前經(jīng)歷或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。

28、動(dòng)詞 + 副詞 + 介詞：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with ?

29、動(dòng)詞 + 介詞to的詞組有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to ?

30、與in相結(jié)合的動(dòng)詞有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in ?

（二）動(dòng)詞短語

動(dòng)詞短語是指動(dòng)詞和介詞、副詞或名詞的習(xí)慣搭配。有關(guān)動(dòng)詞短語的測(cè)試點(diǎn)主要涉及結(jié)構(gòu)上選用恰當(dāng)?shù)拇钆湓~，不同搭配含意上的辨異及不同短語的辨異。需掌握以下要點(diǎn)：

1、根據(jù)動(dòng)詞短語的不同特點(diǎn)，掌握其運(yùn)用規(guī)律。(I)動(dòng)詞+副詞(不及物)Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.晚會(huì)后，人們都已離去，哈里出現(xiàn)了。(2)動(dòng)詞+副詞(及物)Please turn every light in the house off.請(qǐng)把房子里的每一盞燈都關(guān)掉。注意：①如果賓語較長(zhǎng)，就應(yīng)避免把副詞同動(dòng)詞分開。如：

She turned off all the lights which had been left on.她關(guān)掉了所有還在亮著的燈。②如果賓語是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。如：She gave them away.她送掉了它們。

(3)動(dòng)詞+介詞(及物)I'm looking for my glasses.我在找我的眼鏡。

注意：①當(dāng)它跟賓語時(shí)，不能把介詞放在賓語后面。②動(dòng)詞短語可以放在句子或從句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with.她的工作多得使她應(yīng)付不了。(4)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞

I look forward to seeing you soon.我盼望不久就見到你。注：“動(dòng)詞+介詞”、“動(dòng)詞+名詞+副詞”、“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”，這三種搭配都是及物的，如變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不可漏掉介詞。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after.(不能漏掉after)這樣一來，糧食和蔬菜都能兼顧了。

2、熟悉同一動(dòng)詞和不同介詞或副詞、不同的動(dòng)詞和同一介詞或同一副詞搭配在意義上的差異。

(1)同一動(dòng)詞和不同介詞搭配時(shí)，意義上的差異。如：①hear from收到?的來信，hear of聽說。②look after照料，look at看，look for尋找。(2)同一動(dòng)詞和不同副詞搭配時(shí)，意義上的差異。如：①ring back回電話, ring off掛斷電話, ring up打電話 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up掛起，舉起。

(3)不同動(dòng)詞和同一介詞搭配時(shí)，在意義上的差異。如：look for尋找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for請(qǐng)求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。(4)不同動(dòng)詞和同一副詞搭配時(shí)，在意義上的差異。如：①break out發(fā)生，爆炸, carry out進(jìn)行，開展, go out熄滅, hand out分發(fā), let out放出, look out當(dāng)心, sell out賣完, set out出發(fā), take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下來, get down下車, take down取下, write down寫下。

-終結(jié)-

第二篇：2014高考語法題型樣板

高考語法題型樣板

Direction: Read the following two passages.Fill in each blank with one proper word or proper form of the given word to make the passage coherent.Make sure that your answer are grammatically correct.There is a photo hanging above my desk.Whenever I look at that photograph, it takes me back to those early years___25___ every new experienced was important for me.I can still remember the shouts of the spectators as I ___26___(go)out onto the sports field with my classmates.Two days___27___(early),I had qualified for the finals of the 100 metres.Now___28___(look)around, I was determined to win.While I was walking across to the start, I began to feel more and more nervous.I looked around and saw my proud parents waving enthusiastically.My heart was beating fast when I lined up with other eager competitors.I took some deep breaths and waited for the signal.Then the starting signal___29___(give)and I set off down the track.I ran as fast as I could, not looking at anything but the finishing line.By the time I crossed the line I was so exhausted I ___30___ hardly breathe.As soon as I heard the result ___31___(announced), I realized I had won!Overjoyed, I collapsed on the soft grass with a broad smile on my face.“Well done!” said the headmaster later, as I was presented with the winner’s certificate, I had never felt so happy and proud in my life.One of the first questions young children ask is “Why?” It is human nature to want ___32___(find)out why things are the way they are.You can find out “why” by turning the question into a hypothesis(假設(shè))for ___33___ experiment.___34___ example, suppose you have been trying to grow tomato plants, but insects keep destroying ___35___.Someone tells you that ___36___(put)large strips of colored cloth around the plants will keep insects away.Your question might be “Do certain colors of cloth keep insects away?” Then you’d begin your experiment.The first step would be to place different-colored strips of cloth around all of the plants expect one.Then, at regular intervals, you would observe and record and note ___37___ the plant had any insect damage or not.This experiment may prove that the answer to your question is “No, it is not different-colored Strips of cloth ___38___ keep away insects.’’ Or you may find that the answer is “Yes, certain insects are kept away by blue cloth, but not yellow cloth.” ……___39___ you have tound, you are well on your way to understanding how you can use scientific thinking to solve a problem in your own life.答案：

25.when/in which26.went7.earlier28.looking29.was given30.could31.announced

32.to find33.an34.For35.them36.putting37.whether38.that39.Whatever

第三篇：如何做好高中語法填空

如何做好高中英語語法填空

一、已給單詞提示題型的技巧

此類題可以考查學(xué)生對(duì)單詞形式變化的掌握程度。單詞形式變化主要有兩種，一是詞的形、數(shù)、式的變化，一是詞的派生變化。在判斷出詞的變化之后還應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步審題，看是否需要使用復(fù)合的變化形式，這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。

技巧一：名詞形式變化。名詞的形式變化主要有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、所有格的變化。

例1：There are many students living at school, the＿＿(child)houses are all far from school.由students一詞可以判斷出橫線處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)，且作為houses的定語，所以應(yīng)用其所有格形式，故答案為child的復(fù)合變化形式——復(fù)數(shù)的所有格ehildren's。

技巧二：動(dòng)詞形式變化。動(dòng)詞的形式變化比較多，有謂語的變化（時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣），有非謂語的變化（不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）。

例2：Atalk＿＿(give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is是整句的謂語，所以橫線所在的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用作非謂語。從tomorrow可以看出，報(bào)告是“將來”作的，故用不定式；且報(bào)告是give動(dòng)作的承受者，故可以判斷出橫線所在處用give的不定式被動(dòng)式——to be given。

技巧三：代詞形式變化。代詞形式變化通常是與人稱變化有關(guān)的三大類五小類，即人稱代詞（主格和賓格）、物主代詞（形容詞性和名詞性）、反身代詞。另外還有幾個(gè)不定代詞的形式變化，如no one/none、other/another等。

例3：The king decided to see the painter by＿＿(he).由介詞by可以看出，橫線處應(yīng)填反身代詞himself。

技巧四：形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)變化。英語中大部分形容詞和表方式的副詞都有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化。構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的方式，或通過加后綴-er和-est，或在詞前加more/less和most/least，且形容詞的絕對(duì)最高級(jí)還要冠以the。

例4：I am＿＿(tall)than Liu Wen.He is the tallest students in my class.此題后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的學(xué)生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“l(fā)ess tall”。

技巧五：數(shù)詞形式變化。數(shù)詞的形式變化包括基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞，或加后綴-teen、-ty的變化，甚至還有作分母用的序數(shù)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式，以及one/two的特殊變化形式once/twice。

例5：To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses.My eldest son shall take a half, my second son shall take a＿＿(three)...從上下文連續(xù)起來理解，這是一個(gè)分馬的計(jì)劃，大兒子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二兒子應(yīng)該得“三分之一”，所以要填人作分母的序數(shù)詞“third”才能命中目標(biāo)。

技巧六：詞的派生。詞的派生現(xiàn)象在英語單詞中是很常見的，派生現(xiàn)象主要發(fā)生在名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞四種詞中。這種題型還有可能檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)詞根、前后綴、派生詞的掌握。例6：Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very＿＿(happiness).在這道題中，學(xué)生很容易判斷出該用形容詞，由此可知將happiness還原成詞根happy；錢包丟了，人應(yīng)該是不開心的，所以要再加個(gè)前綴un-，就成了unhappy。

二、未給單詞提示題型的技巧

此類題難度較大，但也是有方法對(duì)付的。

技巧七：固定短語結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句中橫線前后及整句來判斷橫線前后是否構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定短語，但有時(shí)要對(duì)橫線前或后的幾個(gè)單詞“視而不見”才能命中答案。

例7：The children were playing on the ground, enjoying＿＿,dirty but happy.從句中的happy可以猜出孩子們是開心的，所以應(yīng)用enjoy oneself短語，故其答案為themselves。例8：His boss was＿＿angry as to fire him.如果“跳過”橫線后面的angry，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這里用到一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)短語so...as to，所以，so是正解。技巧八：從句引導(dǎo)詞。從句是此題型最為常見的一個(gè)方向，主要檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)引導(dǎo)詞的掌握程度。例9：He did not do＿＿h(yuǎn)is father had asked him to do.審題可知，橫線所在為賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，此引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，且指物，所以是what。例10: Those＿＿want to go to the village must sign here.經(jīng)過觀察可以判斷橫線所在為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，進(jìn)一步觀察可知先行詞為those，且指人，所以只能填入who。

技巧九：短語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語動(dòng)詞是以動(dòng)詞為中心的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)詞構(gòu)成的短語，此類短語中往往是動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞連用的多些。

例11：The US consists＿＿fifty states.根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，美國(guó)由50個(gè)州組成，故橫線處與前一詞組合，表示“由……組成”，所以答案是of。例12：Mrs Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take＿＿of her.生病需要人照顧，所以答案是care，與前后詞構(gòu)成take care of。

技巧十：短語介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語介詞即多個(gè)詞的組合起介詞作用的短語，如：except for, due to等。例13：Mr Smith took a plane to London＿＿of taking a train.此題中說到兩種交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思，故答案為instead，以構(gòu)成介詞短語instead of。

例14：Just then, he saw a blackboard in＿＿of him.細(xì)心觀察，可以看出填入front即可構(gòu)成in front of，此題得解。

技巧十一：連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)短語結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的連詞有and, or, but, so, for, while等，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)短語有both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also等。

例15：Little Wang Jun could not go to school, ＿＿h(yuǎn)is family was too poor.此處表示原因，引導(dǎo)的分句其實(shí)是一種解釋說明，不是必然的因果關(guān)系，且前面有逗號(hào)隔開，所以填for。例16：＿＿M(jìn)arrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.橫線處的詞與后面可以構(gòu)成both...and，故答案為Both。

技巧十二：冠詞、介詞和常用的副詞。冠詞只能是在a，an，the之間判斷；常用的介詞有in，at，on，before，during等，通?？疾楣潭ù钆?；副詞的量還是比較多，如：however，never，yet，much等，但一般不會(huì)考查-ly形式的方式副詞（見技巧六——形容詞派生副詞的情況）。例17：Jackie likes to drive at＿＿h(yuǎn)igh speed.這里考查的是不定冠詞的習(xí)慣用法，答案為a，構(gòu)成at a high speed，“以高速”開車。例18：Old Tom's grand-danghter used to visit him＿＿Saturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介詞in，而用on才是正解。

例19：Though Liu Qiang did the same work＿＿Zhang Wen did，he got a lower pay＿＿Zhang 第一條橫線可由前面的the sanle判斷出用as，第二條橫線則可由lower判斷出比較意義，故答案為than。例20：It was only one day left,＿＿,his father had no idea to answer him.觀察上下句，可以看出是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，且橫線與前后用逗號(hào)隔開，排除but，所以答案是however。技巧十三：上下文中出現(xiàn)的相關(guān)詞。這一招是最為靈活的，但也是最難的。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)上下文；關(guān)系和自己積累的知識(shí)，填入某個(gè)已出現(xiàn)的詞，或其反義詞，或其同類的某個(gè)詞。

答案的線索可能在本句，可能出現(xiàn)在上下相連的一句，還可能出現(xiàn)在比較遠(yuǎn)的，地方——上下段中與此段位置大體相當(dāng)?shù)木渥?。如果該橫線出現(xiàn)在某段的首句，則線索可能在上下段的首句；如果橫線出現(xiàn)在某段的末句，則線索可能在上下段的末句，以此類推。

例21：Tony＿＿travelling abroad, but dislikes staying home watching TV.由第二句話中的dislikes可以判斷，此橫線處應(yīng)該是填其反義詞likes。

第四篇：高中語法填空講解

語法填空十三條解題技巧

一、已給單詞提示題型的技巧

此類題可以考查學(xué)生對(duì)單詞形式變化的掌握程度。單詞形式變化主要有兩種，一是詞的形、數(shù)、式的變化，一是詞的派生變化。在判斷出詞的變化之后還應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步審題，看是否需要使用復(fù)合的變化形式，這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。

技巧一：名詞形式變化。名詞的形式變化主要有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、所有格的變化。

例1：There are many students living at school, the＿＿(child)houses are all far from school.由students一詞可以判斷出橫線處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)，且作為houses的定語，所以應(yīng)用其所有格形式，故答案為child的復(fù)合變化形式——復(fù)數(shù)的所有格ehildren's。

技巧二：動(dòng)詞形式變化。動(dòng)詞的形式變化比較多，有謂語的變化（時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣），有非謂語的變化（不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）。

例2：Atalk＿＿(give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is是整句的謂語，所以橫線所在的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用作非謂語。從tomorrow可以看出，報(bào)告是“將來”作的，故用不定式；且報(bào)告是give動(dòng)作的承受者，故可以判斷出橫線所在處用give的不定式被動(dòng)式——to be given。

技巧三：代詞形式變化。代詞形式變化通常是與人稱變化有關(guān)的三大類五小類，即人稱代詞（主格和賓格）、物主代詞（形容詞性和名詞性）、反身代詞。另外還有幾個(gè)不定代詞的形式變化，如no one/none、other/another等。

例3：The king decided to see the painter by＿＿(he).由介詞by可以看出，橫線處應(yīng)填反身代詞himself。

技巧四：形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)變化。英語中大部分形容詞和表方式的副詞都有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化。構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的方式，或通過加后綴-er和-est，或在詞前加more/less和most/least，且形容詞的絕對(duì)最高級(jí)還要冠以the。

例4：I am＿＿(tall)than Liu Wen.He is the tallest students in my class.此題后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的學(xué)生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“l(fā)ess tall”。

技巧五：數(shù)詞形式變化。數(shù)詞的形式變化包括基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞，或加后綴-teen、-ty的變化，甚至還有作分母用的序數(shù)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式，以及one/two的特殊變化形式once/twice。

例5：To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses.My eldest son shall take a half, my second son shall take a＿＿(three)...從上下文連續(xù)起來理解，這是一個(gè)分馬的計(jì)劃，大兒子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二兒子應(yīng)該得“三分之一”，所以要填人作分母的序數(shù)詞“third”才能命中目標(biāo)。

技巧六：詞的派生。詞的派生現(xiàn)象在英語單詞中是很常見的，派生現(xiàn)象主要發(fā)生在名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞四種詞中。這種題型還有可能檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)詞根、前后綴、派生詞的 掌握。

例6：Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very＿＿(happiness).在這道題中，學(xué)生很容易判斷出該用形容詞，由此可知將happiness還原成詞根happy；錢包丟了，人應(yīng)該是不開心的，所以要再加個(gè)前綴un-，就成了unhappy。

二、未給單詞提示題型的技巧

此類題難度較大，但也是有方法對(duì)付的。

技巧七：固定短語結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句中橫線前后及整句來判斷橫線前后是否構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定短語，但有時(shí)要對(duì)橫線前或后的幾個(gè)單詞“視而不見”才能命中答案。

例7：The children were playing on the ground, enjoying＿＿,dirty but happy.從句中的happy可以猜出孩子們是開心的，所以應(yīng)用enjoy oneself短語，故其答案為themselves。

例8：His boss was＿＿angry as to fire him.如果“跳過”橫線后面的angry，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這里用到一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)短語so...as to，所以，so是正解。

技巧八：從句引導(dǎo)詞。從句是此題型最為常見的一個(gè)方向，主要檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)引導(dǎo)詞的掌握程度。

例9：He did not do＿＿h(yuǎn)is father had asked him to do.審題可知，橫線所在為賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，此引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，且指物，所以是 what。

例10: Those＿＿want to go to the village must sign here.經(jīng)過觀察可以判斷橫線所在為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，進(jìn)一步觀察可知先行詞為those，且指人，所以只能填入who。

技巧九：短語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語動(dòng)詞是以動(dòng)詞為中心的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)詞構(gòu)成的短語，此類短語中往往是動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞連用的多些。

例11：The US consists＿＿fifty states.根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，美國(guó)由50個(gè)州組成，故橫線處與前一詞組合，表示“由??組成”，所以答案是of。

例12：Mrs Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take＿＿of her.生病需要人照顧，所以答案是care，與前后詞構(gòu)成take care of。

技巧十：短語介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語介詞即多個(gè)詞的組合起介詞作用的短語，如：except for, due to等。

例13：Mr Smith took a plane to London＿＿of taking a train.此題中說到兩種交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐??而不是坐??”的意思，故答案為instead，以構(gòu)成介詞短語instead of。

例14：Just then, he saw a blackboard in＿＿of him.細(xì)心觀察，可以看出填入front即可構(gòu)成in front of，此題得解。

技巧十一：連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)短語結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的連詞有and, or, but, so, for, while等，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)短語有both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also等。

例15：Little Wang Jun could not go to school, ＿＿h(yuǎn)is family was too poor.此處表示原因，引導(dǎo)的分句其實(shí)是一種解釋說明，不是必然的因果關(guān)系，且前面有逗號(hào)隔開，所以填for。

例16：＿＿M(jìn)arrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.橫線處的詞與后面可以構(gòu)成both...and，故答案為Both。

技巧十二：冠詞、介詞和常用的副詞。冠詞只能是在a，an，the之間判斷；常用的介詞有in，at，on，before，during等，通?？疾楣潭ù钆?；副詞的量還是比較多，如：however，never，yet，much等，但一般不會(huì)考查-ly形式的方式副詞（見技巧六——形容詞派生副詞的情況）。

例17：Jackie likes to drive at＿＿h(yuǎn)igh speed.這里考查的是不定冠詞的習(xí)慣用法，答案為a，構(gòu)成at a high speed，“以高速”開車。

例18：Old Tom's grand-danghter used to visit him＿＿Saturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介詞in，而用on才是正解。

例19：Though Liu Qiang did the same work＿＿Zhang Wen did，he got a lower pay＿＿Zhang

第一條橫線可由前面的the sanle判斷出用as，第二條橫線則可由lower判斷出比較意義，故答案為than。

例20：It was only one day left,＿＿,his father had no idea to answer him.觀察技巧十三：上下文中出現(xiàn)的相關(guān)詞。這一招是最為靈活的，但也是最難的。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)上下文；關(guān)系和自己積累的知識(shí)，填入某個(gè)已出現(xiàn)的詞，或其反義詞，或其同類的某個(gè)詞。

答案的線索可能在本句，可能出現(xiàn)在上下相連的一句，還可能出現(xiàn)在比較遠(yuǎn)的，地方——上下段中與此段位置大體相當(dāng)?shù)木渥印Ｈ绻摍M線出現(xiàn)在某段的首句，則線索可能在上下段的首句；如果橫線出現(xiàn)在某段的末句，則線索可能在上下段的末句，以此類推。上下句，可以看出是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，且橫線與前后用逗號(hào)隔開，排除but，所以答案是however。

例21：Tony＿＿travelling abroad, but dislikes staying home watching TV.由第二句話中的dislikes可以判斷，此橫線處應(yīng)該是填其反義詞likes。

語法填空作為一種新穎的題型，能全面地考查學(xué)生的英語綜合應(yīng)用能力。上述十三條技巧概括了此題型的多數(shù)考查方向，在高考備考復(fù)習(xí)中能起到很好的加強(qiáng)作用，真正做到事半功倍，較大地提高學(xué)生在此題型上的得分率。

第五篇：高中英語語法學(xué)習(xí)方法及必備語法

“語法是語言的法則。”英語語法是英國(guó)語言的實(shí)際用法，是通過語法家的調(diào)查研究、分析、綜合而總結(jié)出來的，不是憑空臆造出來的。任何人使用英語，不管他是否學(xué)過語法，都必須依照語法。舉個(gè)極簡(jiǎn)單的例子說，任何人寫或講“My mother studies English．”這一句，決不可把My改作I或Me，也不可把studies改作study或studys，也不可在English前面加上the。至于他是否知道possessive（所有格），indicative（直陳語言），third person（第三人稱），article（冠詞）等名稱，那是另一問題。

我國(guó)的英語學(xué)習(xí)者大多是十多歲的青少年，或者理解力較強(qiáng)，或者模仿力較強(qiáng)，在沒有英語環(huán)境的情況下，學(xué)習(xí)語法，了解所學(xué)語言的規(guī)則，可以縮短學(xué)習(xí)過程，掌握英語的規(guī)律，盡快提高聽、說、讀、寫、譯的能力。

那么，怎樣學(xué)習(xí)語法呢？下面擬從四個(gè)方面簡(jiǎn)要談一談：

（1）練好基本句型

我國(guó)近年來的英語教學(xué)實(shí)踐證明：在初學(xué)階段，采用聽說領(lǐng)先、學(xué)習(xí)基本句型的方法去學(xué)習(xí)英語語法，是行之有效的。

句型學(xué)習(xí)是通過聽說領(lǐng)先的方法去學(xué)習(xí)傳統(tǒng)語法里最常用的語法項(xiàng)目（把它們變?yōu)榫湫腿ゲ倬殻?。句型?xùn)練實(shí)際上吸取了傳統(tǒng)語法與結(jié)構(gòu)語法兩派的長(zhǎng)處。目前國(guó)內(nèi)的英語廣播（電視）教學(xué)，在入門階段，多采用句型教學(xué)法。因此學(xué)生們或者收聽廣播（收看電視）進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，或者根據(jù)所選用的課本提供的句型用替換詞進(jìn)行替換練習(xí)。所學(xué)的句型應(yīng)該是由淺入深，由簡(jiǎn)到繁；講求熟練掌握，不要貪多冒進(jìn)。每學(xué)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，首先要把單項(xiàng)練習(xí)練熟，然后過渡到綜合練習(xí)，最后則應(yīng)做到擴(kuò)大運(yùn)用。

以定語從句這一項(xiàng)為例，首先要反復(fù)進(jìn)行替換練習(xí)。把“I read a novel

yesterday．”和“It was extremely Interesting．”這兩個(gè)單句改為“The novel I read yesterday was extremely interesting．”這就是定語從句的單項(xiàng)練習(xí)。再如把“I saw a man this morning．”和“The man is my teacher．”改為“The man I saw this morning is my teacher．”；把“I saw a film last night．”和“The film was very amusing．”改為“The film I saw last night was very amusing．”這種練習(xí)雖然是枯燥的，卻是重要的基本功，把定語從句練到脫口而出的地步。這是第一步。

第二步是把定語從句放在一定的語言情景中去綜合運(yùn)用，進(jìn)行一問一答。如：A：Did you enjoy the opera？

B：Which opera？

A：The one we saw last night，of course．

B：Yes，very much．

第三步是擴(kuò)大運(yùn)用，也就是把定語從句和以前學(xué)過的兩三個(gè)項(xiàng)目放在一起去操練。

A：Do you know who Edgar Snow was？（一般疑問句；賓語從句）

B：Yes，he was an American writer who interviewed Chairman Mao in Beijing．（定語從句）

A：Oh，now I remember．He was the author who wrote“Red Star Over China”，wasn't he？（定語從句；反意疑問句）

B：Exactly．

這種回答不但練了定語從句，而且復(fù)習(xí)了一般疑問句和反意疑問句，也給名詞從句的學(xué)習(xí)打了“埋伏”。進(jìn)行句型操練，既需要“滾雪球”（復(fù)習(xí)已學(xué)的項(xiàng)目），也需要“打埋伏”（預(yù)先練一下將來要學(xué)習(xí)的項(xiàng)目）。

在句型學(xué)習(xí)階段必須注意：在聽、說領(lǐng)先的前提下，寫、讀要跟上，力求聽、說、寫、讀四會(huì)均衡發(fā)展。因此，時(shí)間上要做出合理的安排。早上通?？砂才艦槔首x時(shí)間。如果能每日?qǐng)?jiān)持下去，收效一定很大。

（2）結(jié)合課文去學(xué)

呂叔湘先生說過：“與其多讀語法書，不如多讀文章。”又說：“詞語要嵌在上下文里才有生命，才容易記住，才知道用法?！保ㄒ浴吨袊?guó)人學(xué)英語》）課文是學(xué)習(xí)英語的“重要基地”。課文里有語音、詞匯項(xiàng)目，也有各類語法項(xiàng)目。它們有機(jī)地結(jié)合在課文里。課文中出現(xiàn)的語法項(xiàng)目，是有血有肉的，不是干巴巴的。通過課文去學(xué)語法，可以學(xué)得活，記得牢，這比孤零零地背誦語法條目要有效得多。因此，在句型學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)束后，宜結(jié)合課文去學(xué)語法，要圍繞課文中出現(xiàn)的主要語法項(xiàng)目，循序漸進(jìn)地學(xué)習(xí)比較系統(tǒng)的語法知識(shí)。

一：非謂語：（1）形式有三種：動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞。

動(dòng)詞不定式相當(dāng)于名詞，形容詞，副詞，可做主語，賓語，賓補(bǔ)，表語，定語，狀語（即謂語以外的所有句子成分）；動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，可做主語，賓語，表語，定語；分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，副詞，可做賓補(bǔ)，表語，定語，狀語；

（2）語態(tài)：若邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，則用主動(dòng)；若邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，則用被動(dòng)；若邏輯主語既不是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者也不是承受者，則：動(dòng)詞不定式用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)名詞用復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

分詞用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

舉例：A）動(dòng)詞不定式作主語：To finish my homework is my job.賓語：I want to have a wise brain.賓補(bǔ)：I want you to attend the meeting.表語：You job is to earn money.定語：He is to go to college.狀語：I get up early in order to recite the poem.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：To tell you the turth,I am a student.注意：1:有些賓語的不定式有自己的補(bǔ)語，則應(yīng)用it做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語后置，如：I think it important to study English well.2:不定式一般不做介詞的賓語，除在極少數(shù)介詞后才行（如but,except），此時(shí)動(dòng)詞不定式可帶to也可不帶to，如：He seldom comes except(to)see my daughter.B)動(dòng)名詞做主語：Reading is my habbit.賓語：The old need looking after.表語：I am reading.定語：He was looking the hanging picture.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Alan's illness accounts for his coming late for school.注意：1：一些特殊句式，如It is no good(no use,fun,a wast of time)+doingThere is no.....+doing

2:動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的一般規(guī)則是：邏輯主語是有生命的名詞，作主語時(shí)，須用名詞的所有格形式或形容詞性物主代詞；作賓語時(shí)，可用普通格或人稱代詞賓格。

C）：分詞作賓補(bǔ)：I mind your somking.表語：The news is encouraging./The glass is broken.定語：This is a reading room./The book written by him is interesting.狀語：Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful.二：虛擬語氣：

A):在條件從句中：

1):表示與事實(shí)相反條件從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式表示現(xiàn)在情況if+主語+did

should/would/could/might+do

表示過去情況if+主語+had done

should/would/could/might+have done

表示將來情況if+主語+were to do

should/would/could/might+do

if+主語+should do

if+主語+did

2):在省略if的條件從句中，從句有were,should,had時(shí)，可省略if，而把它們置于主語之前，如：

If I had had time, I would have made an appointment with you.變成Had I have time,I would have an appointment with you.3):介詞without引導(dǎo)的短語可用來代替if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句，如:If there were no water,fish couldn't live.可由Without water,fish couldn't live.來代替。

4）：錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的條件從句，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要依照設(shè)定的時(shí)間而定。如：If you had studied hard at that time,you would do it easily now.B);在賓語從句中

1）：在一些表示“堅(jiān)持，命令，要求，建議”的詞（如

insist,command,order,require,request,desire,demand,advise,suggest,propose)后面接的賓語從句用should do,should可省略。

2):wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句有三種情況：

1，現(xiàn)在：用過去式；

2，過去：用過去完成時(shí)；

3，將來：用（would/could)+do。

3）：在would rather引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中

當(dāng)從句表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r(shí)間時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式；表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)。

C）：在主語從句中

在句型“It is strange/necessary/natural/important/right/pity/sorry+that......”中，that后面從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：should do。注意：有些過去分詞可以當(dāng)形容詞使用，在主語從句中要用虛擬語氣，如It is

ordered/commanded/required/advised/suggested that we/you /he/

she(should）+do.D)：在表語從句中

主句的主語常是表示說話人的命令，要求，建議，愿望等的名詞（如

order,command,requirement,demand,advise,suggestion,wish,desire),表語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用（should)+do.如:Our suggestion is that you(should）be there on time.E）：在同位語從句中

同位語從句的先行詞常是說話人愿望，建議，要求，命令等的名詞。如：We put up with our suggestion that you(should)be there on time.F):在as if從句中

1）：在as if從句中，常用虛擬語氣，即表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用過去式；與過去事實(shí)相反用過去完成式。

2）：當(dāng)不接虛擬語氣時(shí)，表示可能或真實(shí)的情形。如：It looks as if it is going to rain.3）：虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例

1，if only 意為：若是……那該多好啊;真希望……；只要，只要……就好了，如:If only I could fly.2，It's(high)time that……that從句要用虛擬語氣：謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或should do。如：It's high time that we should go.3，一些短語，如：but for(要不是），without,otherwise（否則），in that case(如果那樣的話），表示含蓄的條件，這是主句要用虛擬語氣。如：Without your help,I couldn't finish it on time.三：倒裝句

A):完全倒裝：謂語的全部放在主句之前。（此結(jié)構(gòu)常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)）

1)用在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，此外，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中可用來代替be的動(dòng)詞有

exist,seem,happen,appear,hve,rise,stand等。如：There are many students in my classroom.2):表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)移的副詞如

now,then,here,there,up,down,in,away,out等置于句首時(shí)，為使生動(dòng)地描述情景而采用倒裝語序，謂語動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)語come,go,be,lie,run,rush等。如：Now comes your turn.注意：當(dāng)代詞作主語時(shí)，主謂語序不變。如:Here it is.3):當(dāng)句首為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)，也常引起全部倒裝。如：From the valley came a frightening sound.4):為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或使上下文銜接緊密，表語置于句首時(shí)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為：表語+連系動(dòng)詞+主語

1，“形容詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語”如:Present at the meeting were my sister.2,“過去分詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語”如：Gone are the days when we were poor.3,“介詞短語+be+主語”如：Among the goods are flowers and toys.B):部分倒裝：只把系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主句之前。

1):在疑問句中，如：Can you speak English?

2):用于“never,hardly,seldom,scarely,rarely,barely,little,often,at no time(決不），by no means(絕不），under no circumstances(在任何一種情況下都不),in no case(絕不），in no way(決不）”等含有豆丁意義的副詞或連詞在句首的句型中。如:Little did he care about his own safety.3):用于“no sooner....than....,hardly.....when.....,和not until....,not only....but alsol....,neither....nor”的句型中，主句部分用部分倒裝。如:Not until the children fell asleep did the mother leave the room.4):“only+狀語”置于句首是要進(jìn)行部分倒裝，狀語包括副詞，介詞短語和狀語從句。如：Only then did he realise the importance of English.5):用于“so/such....that“句型，so/such置于句首時(shí)，要部分倒裝。如：So fast did he run that I couldn't catch up with him.6):用于“形容詞（或名詞，動(dòng)詞）+as(though)”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。如： Try as you would, you might fail again.Beautiful as she is,she isn't clever.Child as he is ,he knows a lot.7）：用于省略if 的條件狀語從句中，把助動(dòng)詞were,had,should提到主語前面。