第一篇：英語(yǔ)典故中文版(超全)

1、Adam’s apple 亞當(dāng)?shù)奶O果 男人的喉結(jié)

the protruding part in a man’s throat According to the Bible, when deceived by the serpent, Eve and Adam ate the apple and the latter was choked by the forbidden fruit.Since then, there has been a protruding part in men?s throat, which is one of the primary physical differences between males and females.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第2章記載，上帝按自己的模樣造了亞當(dāng)（Adam），見亞當(dāng)孤單，就趁亞當(dāng)熟睡從他身上取下一根肋骨，造成成一一個(gè)女人——夏娃(Eve)，亞當(dāng)和夏娃從此無(wú)憂無(wú)慮地生活在伊甸園里（Garden of Eden），后來夏娃禁不住化身為蛇（serpent）的魔鬼撒旦（Satan, the Devil）的誘惑，偷吃了知善惡樹上的果子，她也讓亞當(dāng)吃了，亞當(dāng)從來沒吃過這樣的果子，來不及細(xì)嚼慢咽，結(jié)果果核卡在喉嚨里，吐不出咽不下，從此果核就留在亞當(dāng)?shù)暮韲道?，這就是男人的喉結(jié)，從此，亞當(dāng)?shù)淖幼訉O孫無(wú)一幸免，只有女兒家沒有。所以，在英語(yǔ)里，人們用“亞當(dāng)?shù)奶O果”（Adam?s apple）表示“男人的喉結(jié)”。

上帝怕亞當(dāng)和夏娃像他一樣聰明和長(zhǎng)壽，怕他們?cè)俪陨鼧渖系墓?，就把他們逐出伊甸園。上帝罰男人常年勞作，卻收獲極少；罰女人忍受分娩的痛苦；罰蛇用肚皮在地上爬，終生吃土。

2、Adam’s profession 亞當(dāng)?shù)穆殬I(yè)；園藝業(yè)；農(nóng)業(yè)。agriculture, gardening 據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第2章記載，上帝在東方的伊甸設(shè)立了一個(gè)園子，稱為伊甸園（Garden of Eden），把他造的人（亞當(dāng)）安置在里面，讓他照料看守這園子（And the Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to tend and keep it.）。從此，亞當(dāng)就在伊甸園除草松土，修剪樹枝，采摘果子，從事人類最早的園藝和農(nóng)事活動(dòng)，所以，“亞當(dāng)?shù)穆殬I(yè)”（Adam?s profession）就指的是“園藝業(yè)；農(nóng)業(yè)”。如： He has always been thinking of engaging in Adam?s profession when he retires.（他一直在想，當(dāng)他退休了，就種種花，養(yǎng)養(yǎng)草。）

My neighbor has green fingers.He keeps a very beautiful small garden of roses.He has been in Adam?s profession for many years.（我的鄰居精于園藝。他有一個(gè)漂亮的小玫瑰園，他干園藝這一行有多年了。）

3、alpha and omega 阿爾法和奧米伽 全部；始終。wholeness or the most important part Revelation1:8 “I am Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God, “who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty.”

e.g.Rice is the alpha and omega of their diet.Alpha和Omega是希臘語(yǔ)和閃語(yǔ)（Seitic）字母表中第一和最后一個(gè)字母的名稱。在更古的時(shí)候，希臘語(yǔ)的最后一個(gè)字母是Tan（T），所以在中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)中常說Alpha to Tan，Alpha to Tan比Alpha and Omega更常見?！妒ソ?jīng)·新約》（Bible, New Testament）里的《啟示錄》（Revelation）據(jù)說是為遭到迫害的基督徒寫的，目的是在他們受苦受難時(shí)給予鼓勵(lì)和希望，上面說，上帝通過主耶穌（Jesus Christ）終將打敗包括魔鬼撒旦（Satan, the Devil）在內(nèi)的一切敵人，給虔誠(chéng)的人降福，使他們得到一個(gè)新的天堂，一個(gè)新的人間。在《啟示錄》第1章8節(jié)中，上帝說：“我是阿爾法和奧米伽，是昔在、今在、以后永在的全能者?！保ā癐 am the Alpha and Omega, the Beginning and the End.” Says the Lord, “who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty.”）所以在英語(yǔ)里，alpha and omega表示 “全部；始終”。如：

A good knowledge of several languages is the alpha and omega if you are working in international business.（如果你從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易的話，通曉數(shù)門語(yǔ)言是非常重要的。）He knows the alpha and omega of his job.（他非常精通本職工作。）

Wheat is the alpha and omega of their diet.（他們的飲食以小麥為主。）

此外，在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里，人們用英語(yǔ)字母表中的首尾兩個(gè)字母組成一個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)：from A to Z，意思是“由始至終；徹頭徹尾；全部”。

4、apple of Sodom 所得瑪?shù)奶O果 華而不實(shí)的東西；徒有其表的東西。superficially clever or good but without practical use

Sodom and Gomorrah were two cities destroyed by God for people there were sinful.After the big fire that had destroyed everything, there appeared many trees on this land, which yielded pretty fruits.But if you taste these apples, they became ashes immediately.e.g.The bed he bought yesterday turned out to be an apple of Sodom.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第19章記載：所得瑪（Sodom）和蛾摩拉（Gomorrah）是古代死海（Dead Sea）岸邊的兩座臭名昭著的城市，那里的居民驕奢淫欲、罪孽滔天。上帝耶和華（Jehovah）降硫磺和火把一切都化為灰燼。此后，在死海這一帶出產(chǎn)一種蘋果，外表鮮艷可愛，食之則滿口灰味兒，可觀不可食，人們把這種蘋果稱為“所得瑪?shù)奶O果”（apple of Sodom），又稱為“死海之果”（Dead Sea Apple），現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)喻為：華而不實(shí)的東西，虛有其表、金玉其外、敗絮其中的事物，請(qǐng)看例句：

The girl is pretty in appearance but hideous in mind.People who know about her regard her as nothing but an apple of Sodom.這個(gè)女孩容貌美麗但心靈丑惡。了解她的人都認(rèn)為她金玉其外，敗絮其中。Nobody likes it;it?s nothing but an apple of Sodom.（沒人喜歡它，那只是個(gè)表面好看的東西罷了。）--Do you know him well enough?--But why is it said some people can fall in love at first sight?--At first sight? What in him attracts you?--He?s so handsome, so cool.--But let me tell you what.He is only the Apple of Sodom..（——你對(duì)他了解多少？

——那為什么人們說有些人可以一見鐘情？ ——一見鐘情？他身上有什么東西吸引你？ ——他那么瀟灑，那么酷。

——我告訴你吧，他只不過徒有其表而已。）

5、at one?s wit?s end 在某人智慧的末端；智窮計(jì)盡；無(wú)計(jì)可施。without effective ways to solve problem

The Psalms 107:27They reel back and forth, and stagger like a drunken man, And are at their wits' end.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·詩(shī)篇》（Bible, Old Testament，Psalms）第107章第27節(jié)記載：

上帝的威力無(wú)窮，航海者在海上體驗(yàn)到了上帝所行的各種奇事。上帝一吩咐，狂風(fēng)就起來，海中的波浪也揚(yáng)起。航海的人搖搖晃晃，東倒西歪，好像醉酒的智慧無(wú)法施展（They reel to and fro, and stagger like drunken men, and are at their wit?s end.）。

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用at one?s wit?s end表示“智窮計(jì)盡；無(wú)計(jì)可施”。如： Being at his wit?s end, he is asking anyone he can think of for help.（他到了山窮水盡的地步，能想到的人他都求了。）

With all three children at home all day, the mother was at her wit?s end trying to keep the house clean.（三個(gè)孩子都整天呆在家里，母親實(shí)在無(wú)法使屋子保持清潔。）

6、at the eleventh hour 在第十一個(gè)小時(shí)；還來得及at the last crucial moment 據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第20章第1至16節(jié)記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）給眾人講了一個(gè)天國(guó)的比喻，他說：“天國(guó)好比下面的故事，有一個(gè)葡萄園主清早出去，雇工人到他的葡萄園工作，每天給他們一塊銀幣。然后在上午9點(diǎn)、中午12點(diǎn)、下午3點(diǎn)、下午5點(diǎn)，他又分別雇用了幾個(gè)人，收工時(shí)，園主都給了他們一塊銀幣。那些從清早就干活的人抱怨，為什么在第十一個(gè)小時(shí)才進(jìn)來的人，只干了一個(gè)小時(shí)卻得到同樣的報(bào)酬，園主回答說：?朋友，我并沒有占你便宜，你不是同意每天一塊銀幣的工資嗎？拿你的錢回家去吧！我要給那最后進(jìn)來的跟你的一樣，難道我無(wú)權(quán)使用自己的錢嗎？為了我待人慷慨，你就嫉妒嗎？?”耶穌用這個(gè)比喻來喻指能夠進(jìn)入天國(guó)的，即使在最后時(shí)刻也來得及，凡進(jìn)入天國(guó)的人，上帝都對(duì)他們一視同仁，不分先后。

在英語(yǔ)中，人們用at the eleventh hour指“在最后時(shí)刻”、“還來得及”，請(qǐng)看例句：

1.If any guest failed at the eleventh hour, Todd was asked to dine.要是有什么客人到時(shí)不能來，托德就給請(qǐng)來湊數(shù)。2.The tow explorers were rescued at the eleventh hour.兩個(gè)探險(xiǎn)家在最后一刻被營(yíng)救了。

3.His eleventh-hour rise to power has been described as a miracle.他在最后一刻得以上臺(tái)，被稱為是個(gè)奇跡。

7、beam in one's own eyes 自己眼中的梁木 自身特別重大的缺點(diǎn) one’s own serious mistake(See Mathew 7:1-5)e.g.He is always quick to point out other peoples' faults, but can't see the beam in his own eyes.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第7章第1—5節(jié)記載，耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）在講到評(píng)論別人時(shí)說：“你們不要論斷人，免得被人論斷。因?yàn)槟銈冊(cè)鯓诱摂嗳?，也必怎樣被論斷。為什么看到你兄弟眼中有刺，卻不想自己眼中有梁木呢？（And why do you look at the mote in your brother's eye, but do not consider the beam in your own eye?）你自己眼中有梁木，怎能對(duì)你的弟兄說，容我去掉你眼中的刺呢。（Or how can you say to your brother, “l(fā)et me remove the mote from your eye,” and look, a beam is in your own eye?）你這偽善之人，先去掉自己眼中的梁木，然后才能看得清除，去掉你兄弟眼中的刺。（Hypocrite!first remove the beam from your own eye;and then you will see clearly to remove the mote out of your brother's eye.）”這里的“你兄弟”并非單純地指門徒的親兄弟，而是指廣大的百姓，他們的父親只有一個(gè)——天父耶和華(Jehovah)，所以普天之下皆為兄弟?！澳阈值堋敝赋阋酝獾摹皠e人”；“你兄弟眼中的刺”（the mote in your brother's eye），其中的mote指“塵埃、微?！?，轉(zhuǎn)喻為“庇點(diǎn)”，譯作“刺”，在英語(yǔ)中，a mote in sb's eye指（與自己的大缺點(diǎn)相比之下）某人的小缺點(diǎn)；小過失。請(qǐng)看例句：

But I refuse to condemn others for the mote in their eye when there is a beam in my own..但是我不能責(zé)備別人的小缺點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲易约河泻艽蟮娜秉c(diǎn)?！白约貉壑械牧耗尽保╰he beam in your own eye）中的beam指船或建筑物的橫梁，一般是圓木（log），“你兄弟眼中的刺”與“你自己眼中的梁木”相比顯得微乎其微，也就是說，“別人的缺點(diǎn)”與“你自己的缺點(diǎn)”相比顯得微不足道，所以去掉“你自己的大缺點(diǎn)”，“別人的小缺點(diǎn)”也就無(wú)所謂了。英語(yǔ)中用“beam in one's own eyes”來比喻（與他人相比）自身特別重大的缺點(diǎn)；嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。請(qǐng)看例句：

1.Kelmar, if he was unconscious of the beam in his own eye, was at least silent in the matter of his brother's mote.如果說凱爾馬爾不知道自己有很大的缺點(diǎn)，至少他對(duì)于他的兄弟的小缺點(diǎn)也是不加指摘的。2.If you are unconscious of the beam in your own eye, you should at least bear other's mote.如果你不知道自己的大缺點(diǎn)，至少應(yīng)該容忍別人的小缺點(diǎn)。

3.First take the beam out of your own eye, then you'll be able to see clearly the mote in your brother's eye.人必須有自知之明，才能客觀地評(píng)價(jià)他人。

8、Benjamin?s mess 便雅憫的份額 最大的份額；最豐厚的一份the dominant portion Joseph forgave his brothers and reunited with them.Before they went back to get their father Jacob to Egypt, he gave his brothers wagons, according to the commandment of Pharaoh, and gave them provision for the way.To all of them he gave each man changes of clothing, but to Benjamin he gave three hundred pieces of silver and five changes of clothing.e.g.In the joint venture, Benjamin's mess of the benefit goes to him.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第43章第34節(jié)記載，雅各是希伯來人（Hebrew）的第一代族長(zhǎng)亞伯拉罕（Abraham）的孫子，他共有12個(gè)兒子，其中約瑟（Joseph）和便雅憫（Benjamin）是同胞兄弟，雅各最疼愛約瑟，這引起了其余兒子的嫉恨，他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)把約瑟賣到埃及做奴隸，約瑟通過為法老說夢(mèng)而當(dāng)上了埃及的宰相。后來，約瑟的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生饑荒，雅各就派兒子們到矮及去買糧，便雅憫還小就沒讓他去。約瑟接待了他們，并設(shè)計(jì)讓哥哥回去把便雅憫帶來。兄弟們相認(rèn)，悲喜交加，約瑟原諒了哥哥們。約瑟設(shè)宴招待他們，席間，約瑟把他面前的食物分出來送給他們，但便雅憫所得的是別人的五倍，他們就飲酒，和約瑟一同宴樂。（And he took and sent messes to them from before him, but Benjamin?s mess was five times as much as any of theirs.And they drank, and were merry with him.）約瑟還給哥哥們每人一套衣服，而同胞弟弟便雅憫得到5套，300個(gè)銀元。

據(jù)此，人們用“便雅憫的份額”（Benjamin?s mess）表示“最大的份額；最豐厚的一份”。如： We put the same effort in that business, but Benjamin?s mess of the outfit went to him.（在那樁生意中我們投進(jìn)去的心血是一樣的，但利潤(rùn)他得大頭。）In the joint venture, Benjamin?s mess of the profit will go to him.（在這個(gè)合資項(xiàng)目中，他將得到最大份額的利潤(rùn)。）

9、build on the sand 建立在沙土上 建立于不穩(wěn)固的基礎(chǔ)上 build on not solid foundation [See Matthew 7:24-27] e.g.His plan, like a house built on sand, has no solid foundation.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第7章第21至27節(jié)記載，耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）在登山室訓(xùn)中講到什么樣的人能進(jìn)天國(guó)時(shí)，他說：“哪些稱呼我?主啊，主啊?的人并不都能進(jìn)天國(guó)；只有實(shí)行我天父旨意的人才能進(jìn)去。在末日來臨的時(shí)候，許多人要對(duì)我說：?主啊，主啊，我們會(huì)奉你的名傳上帝的信息，也曾奉你的名趕許多鬼，行許多奇跡！?那時(shí)候，我要對(duì)他們說：?我從來不認(rèn)識(shí)你們；你們這些作惡的，走開吧！?所以，所有聽我這些話而實(shí)行的，就像一個(gè)聰明人把房子蓋在磐石上；縱使風(fēng)吹雨打水沖，房子也不倒塌，因?yàn)樗幕A(chǔ)立在磐石上。

（Therefore whosoever hears these sayings of mine, and does them, I will liken him to a wise man, who built his house on a rock: And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house;and it did not fall: for it was founded on a rock.）

可是，那聽見我這些話而不實(shí)行的，就像一個(gè)愚蠢的人把房子蓋在沙土上，一遭受風(fēng)吹雨打水沖，房子就倒塌了，而且倒塌得多么慘重！”

（And every one that hears these sayings of mine, and does not do them, will be like a foolish man, who built his house on the sand;And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house, and it fell;and great was the fall of it.）耶穌講完了以上這些話，眾人對(duì)他的教訓(xùn)都感到十分驚奇；因?yàn)橐d跟他們的經(jīng)學(xué)教師不同，他的教訓(xùn)帶有權(quán)威。眾人隨同耶穌一同下了山。在現(xiàn)代的英語(yǔ)中，人們用build on the rock表示“建立在牢固的基礎(chǔ)之上”；用build on the sand 表示“建立于不穩(wěn)固的基礎(chǔ)上”。請(qǐng)看例句：

1.Local opinion was the rock on which，like a great tactician，he built.像一個(gè)大戰(zhàn)術(shù)家，他把一切建立在當(dāng)?shù)剌浾摰睦喂袒A(chǔ)上。

2.Labor unions are built upon the solid rock of the material welfare of the workers.工會(huì)是建立在工人的物質(zhì)福利這個(gè)堅(jiān)固的基礎(chǔ)上。

3.I'm not surprised to learn that his company is in debt--he has very little experience of business, and the whole organization was built on sand.聽到他公司虧空負(fù)債，我一點(diǎn)也不感到意外——他對(duì)商業(yè)不內(nèi)行，整個(gè)體制都建立在沙灘上。4.His plan, like a house built on sand, has no solid foundation.他的計(jì)劃如沙子上建房子，沒有牢固的根基。

10、by /with the skin of one?s teeth 只剩牙皮（逃脫）；僥幸；勉強(qiáng)；間不容發(fā)。by the skin of one’s teeth [Job]: almost fail in something or fortunate escape

God wanted to test Job and made him lose his wealth, children and suffer from illness.Job didn't make any complaint.When his friends came to see him, he said to them: “He hath put my brethren far from me, and mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me.My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends have forgotten me.They that dwell in mine house, and my maids, count me for a stranger: I am an alien in their sight.I called my servant, and he gave me no answer;I intreated him with my mouth.My breath is strange to my wife, though I intreated for the children's sake of mine own body.Yea, young children despised me;I arose, and they spake against me.All my inward friends abhorred me: and they whom I loved are turned against me.My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.” e.g.We drove to the station at full speed and caught the train by the skin of our teeth.該典故源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約·約伯記》（Bible, Old Testament，Job）第19章第20節(jié)。富翁約伯（Job）是個(gè)義人，對(duì)上帝很虔誠(chéng)，但上帝為了考驗(yàn)約伯的誠(chéng)心，使他接連失去所有財(cái)產(chǎn)和兒女，并使他渾身上下長(zhǎng)滿毒瘡，約伯痛苦不堪，對(duì)遠(yuǎn)道來看他的朋友嘆息道：“我的罪孽和罪過有多少呢？何以要遭受此種磨難？……”“我的熟人都不認(rèn)識(shí)我了，親戚朋友與我斷絕來往。從前的客人也都把我遺忘，我的使女把我當(dāng)成陌生人。我呼喚仆人，他拒絕回答，毫不理會(huì)我的苦苦哀求。我的妻子受不住我口中的氣味，自家兄弟再也不愿走近我，小孩都在藐視我嘲笑我。知心好友以厭惡的眼光看著我，連最親愛的人也與我翻臉。我的皮肉緊貼著骨頭，我只剩牙皮逃脫了（My bone cleaves to my skin and to my flesh, and I have escaped with the skin of my teeth.）?！?/p>

牙齒本沒有皮，約伯用此語(yǔ)是極言其險(xiǎn)，就像我們平時(shí)所說的“只差頭發(fā)絲的距離”，約伯除了性命以外，其他全部喪失了。所以，人們用“by /with the skin of one?s teeth”（只剩牙皮）用表示“僥幸；勉強(qiáng)；間不容發(fā)”。如：

1.The ship broke up;several were drowned;but four sailors managed to escape by the skin of their teeth.船撞破了，有幾個(gè)人溺死，只有四個(gè)水手幸免于難。

2.I only passed the exam by the skin of my teeth.我只差一點(diǎn)兒就考不及格。

3.The car missed me by inches.I escaped by the skin of my teeth.汽車差一點(diǎn)兒就撞上我了，我幸免于難

11、cast pearls before swine.把珍珠丟給豬；明珠投暗 cast pearls before swine: choose the wrong audience

Matthew7:6 “Don't give that which is holy to the dogs, neither throw your pearls before the pigs, lest perhaps they trample them under their feet, and turn and tear you to pieces.Swine指豬、豬玀、下流胚，在口語(yǔ)中指令人不快的東西，如：This car is a swine to drive at slow speeds.（這輛汽車慢速行駛時(shí)真難開。）另外swine單復(fù)數(shù)同形，除了用于cast pearl before wine中外平常很少用，一般用在獸醫(yī)上，如swine fever（豬瘟）、swinepox（豬痘）、swine plague（豬出血性敗血病）等，平常我們用“pig”比較多。據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第7章第6節(jié)記載，耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）上了山，對(duì)跟隨他的門徒說：“不要把圣物給狗，也不要把你們的珍珠丟在豬前，恐怕它踐踏了珍珠，轉(zhuǎn)過來咬你們?！保―o not give what is holy to dogs;nor cast your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn and tear you in pieces.）耶穌以此告誡門徒，不要不看對(duì)象就發(fā)表一些別人聽不懂的說教，不要講一些超出聽者理解水平的道理，也就是說不要“在不識(shí)好歹的人面前白費(fèi)精力”；不要“把珍貴的東西給了不識(shí)貨的人”。Cast pearl before swine與漢語(yǔ)中的“對(duì)牛彈琴”、“對(duì)驢說經(jīng)”、“明珠投暗”含義相仿，請(qǐng)看例句：

1.He explained the beauty of the music to her but it was casting pearls before swine.他跟她講解那音樂之美，可是這無(wú)異于對(duì)牛彈琴。

2.I won't waste good advice on John any more because he never listens to it.I won't cast pearls before swine.我不再白費(fèi)口舌勸約翰了，因?yàn)樗麖牟宦爠?。我決不再對(duì)牛彈琴了。

3.Don?t waste good advice on Helen for she will never listen to it.Don?t cast pearls before swine.不要再勸海倫了，她根本不會(huì)聽，何必對(duì)牛談琴呢？

12、covenant of salt 鹽約；不可背棄的盟約。contracts never betrayed Numbers18:19All the heave-offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer to Yahweh, have I given you, and your sons and your daughters with you, as a portion forever: it is a covenant of salt forever before Yahweh to you and to your seed with you.e.g.Once you have made a covenant of salt, you should keep to it.該語(yǔ)來自《圣經(jīng)·舊約·民數(shù)記》（Bible, Old Testament, Numbers）第18章第19節(jié)。亞倫（Aaron）是以色列民族領(lǐng)袖摩西（Moses）的兄長(zhǎng)，是猶太教的第一位大祭司（Priest），上帝對(duì)他說：“凡以色列人所獻(xiàn)給耶和華圣物中的舉祭，我都賜給你和你的兒女，你們永遠(yuǎn)可以享用這份祭品，這是給你和你的后裔，在耶和華面前作為永遠(yuǎn)的鹽約?！保ˋll the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer to the Lord, I have given to you and your sons and daughters with you as an ordinance forever;it is a covenant of salt forever before the Lord with you and your descendants with you.）又說“你將不會(huì)有任何的遺產(chǎn)，以色列的任何一塊土地都不會(huì)分配給你，你所需要的一切就是我——上帝?！?/p>

在古代，鹽是非常珍貴的，而且不會(huì)變壞的，所以，“鹽約”（covenant of salt）是“不可背棄的盟約”。如：

1.The two lovers, head over heel in love, made a covenant of salt that they would remain loyal to each other for the life.兩個(gè)熱戀中的情人信誓旦旦：彼此忠誠(chéng)直到永遠(yuǎn)。

2.Once you have made a covenant of salt, you should keep to it.一旦訂立不可違背的鹽約，就應(yīng)信守不渝。

13、curious as Lot's wife 像羅德之妻一樣地好奇；非常好奇；好奇心過重。

be too curious(as the consequence of her curiosity, she was turned into a pillar of salt)好奇心是人的天性，只不過不同的人好奇心輕重不同。世界上有許多好奇心過重的人，這種好奇心，往往會(huì)給他們帶來災(zāi)難。英語(yǔ)中有一句諺語(yǔ)說的是“Curiosity killed a cat.”，意思是“好奇?zhèn)怼！保妒ソ?jīng)》中的羅德之妻（Lot's wife）就是因?yàn)楹闷嫘倪^重而丟掉了性命。據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊經(jīng)·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）記載：由于所得瑪（Sodom）和蛾摩拉（Gomorrah）兩座城市罪孽深重，上帝在毀滅這兩座城市之前，顧念所得瑪?shù)牧x人羅德（Lot），就派天使告訴羅德讓他帶領(lǐng)親人快速離開，并囑咐他們逃走時(shí)，不管身后有什么動(dòng)靜，都不要回頭看。于是，上帝降下硫磺和火，兩座城市陷入一片火海之中，羅德的妻子按捺不住女人的好奇心，回頭一看，立刻變成了一根鹽柱（a pillar of salt）。后來人們就用“像羅德之妻一樣好奇”（curious as Lot's wife）來形容某人的好奇心過重；用“羅德之妻”（Lot's wife）或“鹽柱”（a pillar of salt）表示“極度的好奇心以及由此引起的懲誡”。請(qǐng)看例句： 1.Curious as Lot's wife, she has made herself unpopular among her friends.她這個(gè)人好奇心太重，在朋友中不怎么受歡迎。

2.While it is ill-advised to be curious as Lot's wife, some of the inventions and discoveries are achieved out of curiosity.過分好奇固然不好，但是有一些發(fā)明與發(fā)現(xiàn)確實(shí)是因?yàn)楹闷娴脕淼摹?/p>

14、Daniel in the den of lions 獅坑中的但以理；大難不死，僥幸逃生的人。a person of integrity stand severe tests or a fortunate survivor Daniel Daniel was a prophet and was set in higher position than satraps.Then this Daniel was distinguished above the presidents and the satraps, because an excellent spirit was in him;and the king thought to set him over the whole realm.Then the presidents and the satraps sought to find occasion against Daniel as touching the kingdom;but they could find no occasion nor fault, because he was faithful, neither was there any error or fault found in him.Then said these men, We shall not find any occasion against this Daniel, except we find it against him concerning the law of his God.Then these presidents and satraps assembled together to the king, and said thus to him, King Darius, live forever.All the presidents of the kingdom, the deputies and the satraps, the counselors and the governors, have consulted together to establish a royal statute, and to make a strong interdict, that whoever shall ask a petition of any god or man for thirty days, save of you, O king, he shall be cast into the den of lions.Now, O king, establish the interdict, and sign the writing, that it not be changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which doesn't alter.Therefore king Darius signed the writing and the interdict.When Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into his house and he kneeled on his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God, as he did before.Then these men assembled together, and found Daniel making petition and supplication before his God.Then they came near, and spoke before the king concerning Daniel's violation against the king's interdict.Then the king, when he heard these words, was sore displeased, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him;and he labored until the going down of the sun to rescue him.Then these men assembled together to the king, and said to the king, Know, O king, that it is a law of the Medes and Persians, that no interdict nor statute which the king establishes may be changed.Then the king commanded, and they brought Daniel, and cast him into the den of lions.Now the king spoke and said to Daniel, Your God whom you serve continually, he will deliver you.A stone was brought, and laid on the mouth of the den;and the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his lords;that nothing might be changed concerning Daniel.Then the king went to his palace, and passed the night fasting;neither were instruments of music brought before him: and his sleep fled from him.Then the king arose very early in the morning, and went in haste to the den of lions and found Daniel safe and sound because God had sent his angel to shut the lions' mouths.Then was the king exceeding glad, and commanded that they should take Daniel up out of the den.The king commanded, and they brought those men who had accused Daniel, and they cast them into the den of lions, them, their children, and their wives;and the lions had the mastery of them, and broke all their bones in pieces, before they came to the bottom of the den.該語(yǔ)來自《圣經(jīng)·舊約·但以理》（Bible, Old Testament, Daniel）第6章章第1-24節(jié)。但以理是古代先知（prophet），很受國(guó)王器重，被任命為大公，監(jiān)督總督（governor），總督們想方設(shè)法置但以理于死地。他們知道但以理每天都要向上帝禱告，就誘騙國(guó)王下令30天之內(nèi)全國(guó)上下禁止任何祈禱。但以理處于對(duì)上帝的虔誠(chéng)被迫違反了這一禁令，國(guó)王只好按照禁令把但以理投入獅坑（the den of lions）。國(guó)王度過了一個(gè)不眠之夜，但第二天卻驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)但以理在獅坑中安然無(wú)恙。但以理告訴國(guó)王上帝派天使閉上了獅子的嘴，因?yàn)樗菬o(wú)辜的。國(guó)王下令把總督們投入獅坑，結(jié)果饑餓的獅馬上撲上去，把他們?nèi)核榱恕?/p>

所以，在英語(yǔ)中人們用“Daniel in the den of lions”（獅坑中的但以理）表示“大難不死，僥幸逃生的人。”

15、David: young heroes

16、Delilah: seductive bad women

17、David and Johnthan 大衛(wèi)和約拿丹；莫逆之交；生死之交；肝膽相照的朋友。bosom friends 該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約·撒母耳記上》（Bible, Old Testament, Samuel 1）。

約拿丹（Johnthan）是以色列王掃羅（Saul）的兒子，是王位繼承人，大衛(wèi)（David）是掃羅提拔的最年輕的都督，后來，大衛(wèi)的才能遭到掃羅的嫉妒，他想方設(shè)法除死大衛(wèi)。約拿丹非常敬佩大衛(wèi)，與之結(jié)成至交，他處處保護(hù)大衛(wèi)，每當(dāng)父親要?dú)⒋笮l(wèi)時(shí)，他總是設(shè)法幫大衛(wèi)脫險(xiǎn)，甚至與父王發(fā)生激烈沖突，不惜失去王位繼承權(quán)。所以，人們用“David and Johnthan”（大衛(wèi)和約拿丹）表示“莫逆之交；生死之交；肝膽相照的朋友?！比纾?/p>

1.Being David and Johnthan, they always help each other when in trouble.作為生死之交，他們總是在危急時(shí)刻互相幫助。

2.It was known to all that the David and Johnthan of the establishment were David and Johnthan no longer;that war waged between them, and if all accounts were true, they were ready to fly each at the other?s throat.眾所周知，這個(gè)公司里的兩位莫逆之交已經(jīng)不再莫逆了，假如人們傳說的沒有錯(cuò)，他們?cè)谀菆?chǎng)爭(zhēng)斗中，恨不得互相捏對(duì)方的喉嚨。

說到“莫逆之交”，在西方還廣為流傳著這樣一段佳話：達(dá)蒙（Damon）和皮西厄斯（Pythias）古時(shí)居住在意大利的一對(duì)莫逆之交，皮西厄斯冒犯了國(guó)王被處以死刑，行刑前，皮西厄斯要求回家見母親最后一面，國(guó)王不同意，怕他逃走，達(dá)蒙主動(dòng)要求作為人質(zhì)留下，如果皮西厄斯不回來，就把他殺死，國(guó)王允許。結(jié)果到行刑時(shí)，皮西厄斯還沒回來，達(dá)蒙被押赴刑場(chǎng)，就在最后關(guān)頭，皮西厄斯歷經(jīng)千辛萬(wàn)苦終于趕到了刑場(chǎng)，場(chǎng)面非常感人，國(guó)王也被他們的深情厚誼所感動(dòng)，就下令釋放了皮西厄斯。所以，在西方，人們用“Damon Pythias”（達(dá)蒙和皮西厄斯）表示“莫逆之交”。人們這樣說；

Johnthan was to David what Damon was to Pythias;they were two typical pairs of devoted friends.（約拿丹之于大衛(wèi)正像和達(dá)蒙之于皮西厄斯；他們是兩對(duì)典型的莫逆之交。）

18、double-edged sword 雙刃劍；同時(shí)具有正反兩方面作用的事物。[Proverbs 5:3-4]: something with both positive and negative functions(more stress on negative side)e.g.The argument he used to justify his position proved to be a double-edged sword which ultimately led to his own defeat.該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約全書·詩(shī)篇》（Bible, Old Testament, Psalms）：“愿他們口中稱贊上帝為高，手里有雙刃的刀……（Let the high praises of God be in their throats and two-edged swords in their hands …）”；另外，在《圣經(jīng)·舊約·箴言》（The Bible, Old Testament，Proverbs）中也提到該語(yǔ)：“……至終卻苦似苦艾，快如雙刃的刀……”（… but in the end she is bitter as woodworm, sharp as a two-edged sword...）。現(xiàn)在，人們用“double-edged sword”（雙刃劍）表示“同時(shí)具有正反兩方面作用的事物?！钡撜Z(yǔ)在運(yùn)用時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)不利因素的場(chǎng)合要多一些。如： 1.Your decision to leave the house is a double-edged sword.You think to hamper me by such behaviour but remember at the same time you lose a home.你決定離家出走，這一招兒既害人又害己。你想用這來給我制造困難，但記住，你這樣做也就同時(shí)失去了家。

2.The argument he used to justify his position proved to be a double-edged sword which ultimately led to his own defeat.他用以證明自己立場(chǎng)正確的論據(jù)，結(jié)果卻成了導(dǎo)致他自己敗北的雙刃利劍了。

19、fall from grace 失去恩寵；失寵；墮落；誤入歧途。go astray, degenerate, or be out of favor It refers to the story that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and were driven out of Eden, which was human beings' original sin.該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)》（Bible）。人類始祖亞當(dāng)（Adam）和夏娃（Eve）由于偷食禁果而被上帝逐出伊甸園（Garden of Eden），基督教稱之為“人的墮落（the fall of man）”。

當(dāng)耶穌（Jesus Christ）的福音開始在非猶太人中傳播并廣受歡迎時(shí)，教會(huì)中開始討論要成為真基督是否必須遵守摩西（Moses）的律法的問題。圣徒保羅（St.Paul）認(rèn)為沒有這個(gè)必要，但加拉太省的幾個(gè)教會(huì)中，有人反對(duì)保羅的主張，保羅就寫了書信——《加拉太書》給他們，目的是把那些接受謬誤教訓(xùn)的信徒們帶回到正確的信仰和生活中。保羅在書信中指出，在只有籍著信仰，人才得以跟上帝和好，建立正確的關(guān)系。在《圣經(jīng)·新約·加拉太書》（The Bible, New Testament, Galatians）第5章第1-4節(jié)，保羅是這樣寫的：“為了要使我們得自由，基督已經(jīng)釋放了我們。所以，你們要挺起胸脯，不要讓奴隸的軛再控制你們！我保羅鄭重地告訴你們，如果你們接受割禮（to be circumcised）基督就對(duì)你們毫無(wú)益處?，F(xiàn)在我再次警告你們?nèi)魏我粋€(gè)接受割禮的人必須遵守全部的律法！想依靠遵守律法而得以跟上帝和好的人就是跟基督切斷了關(guān)系，自絕于山上帝的恩典（All of you who aim at justification by the law are severed from Christ;you have fallen away from grace.）?！?/p>

據(jù)此，人們用“fall from grace”（失去恩寵）表示“失寵；墮落；誤入歧途?！比纾?/p>

He has assisted in extricating from the consequences of their folly several young girls of good family who had fallen from grace and could not otherwise be secured.他曾幫助過幾個(gè)誤入歧途再別法挽回的好人家的姑娘，把她們從不幸的遭遇中拯救出來。

20、feet of clay 泥足；根本的弱點(diǎn)；致命的弱點(diǎn)。fatal shortcoming, famous persons? unknown defects The king of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar, was troubled by his dream in which he beheld a great image, which was mighty, and whose brightness was excellent.As for this image, its head was of fine gold, its breast and its arms of silver, its belly and its thighs of brass, its legs of iron, its feet part of iron, and part of clay.He saw until a stone was cut out without hands, which struck the image on its feet that were of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces.Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken in pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshing floors;and the wind carried them away, so that no place was found for them: and the stone that struck the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.Daniel was invited to interpret the dream.He said, the king was the head of gold with whom God endowed great power.After him shall arise another kingdom to replace his.As the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.Since iron does not mingle with clay, the king's kingdom would be disintegrated.Then the king fell on his face, worshiped Daniel, gave him many great gifts, and made him to rule over the whole province of Babylon, and to be chief governor over all the wise men of Babylon.e.g.I discovered that my uncle had feet of clay;he had stolen money from my father.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·但以理書》（Bible, Old Testament, Daniel）第2章記載：巴比倫（Babylon）國(guó)王尼布甲尼撒（Nebuchadnezzar）做了一個(gè)夢(mèng)，天下哲士無(wú)人能解，國(guó)王大怒，下令殺絕哲士，被擄到巴比倫的猶太人但以理（Daniel）自稱能圓國(guó)王的夢(mèng)，被帶到國(guó)王面前，但以理說：“陛下夢(mèng)見的是一個(gè)泥足巨人，他的頭是精金的，胸膛和臂膀是銀的，肚腹和腰是銅的，腿是鐵的，腳是半鐵半泥的（This image?s head was of fine gold, its chest and arms of silver, its belly and thighs of bronze, its legs of iron, its feet partly of iron and partly of clay.），當(dāng)你正觀看時(shí)，突然從山上飛來一塊石頭，正好打在這巨人的腳上，把腳砸碎，嘩啦一聲巨響，金銀銅鐵泥都一同砸得粉碎，那石頭變成一座大山，充滿天下。金銀銅鐵泥象征著巴比倫國(guó)興衰的不同時(shí)期，開頭是金子做的，意味著國(guó)家繁榮昌盛，隨后的銀、銅、鐵就是逐漸弱下去的意思，及至成泥，最后這個(gè)國(guó)家必然滅亡。那塊巨石表明必然有一國(guó)，打碎滅絕一切國(guó)，從而萬(wàn)古長(zhǎng)存?！钡岳戆褖?mèng)解完，尼布甲尼撒王俯伏在地，向但以理下拜，賞賜許多禮物，并派他掌管巴比倫全省，掌管巴比倫的一切哲士。但以理的經(jīng)歷不免讓人想起《創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》中曾為埃及法老（Pharaoh）圓夢(mèng)的猶太人約瑟（Joseph）。

由這個(gè)故事，人們用feet of clay來比喻根本的弱點(diǎn)，致命的缺陷。英語(yǔ)中還有一個(gè)類似的成語(yǔ)“阿喀琉斯腳踵”（Achilles' heel）也表示唯一致命的弱點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)看例句： 1.Eric is sad because his idol has feet of clay.埃里克心里很難受，又為他所崇拜的偶像竟是泥足巨人。2.In the first days of the invasion, the defending army gave the appearance of having feet of clay.入侵開始后不久，守軍就顯出致命的弱點(diǎn)。

21、fig leaf 無(wú)花果樹葉；遮羞布；掩飾物。

something to hush up one?s scandal or to cover up one?s embarrassment After Adam and Eve ate the apple, both of their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked.They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.e.g.Come straight ahead;you don't have to put your idea in fig leaves.該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第3章第6-7節(jié)。

人類始祖亞當(dāng)（Adam）和夏娃（Eve）在魔鬼撒旦（Satan,the Devil,）的誘惑下，違背了上帝的禁令，偷吃了知善惡樹上的果實(shí)，書中是這樣記載的：

“于是，女人見那棵樹的果子好作食物，也悅?cè)说难勰浚沂强上矏鄣?，能使人有智慧，就摘下果子來吃了，又給她丈夫吃了。

（So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree desirable to make one wise, she took off its fruit and ate.She also gave to her husband with her, and he ate.）”

“他們兩人的眼睛就明亮了，才知道自己赤身裸體，便那無(wú)花果樹的葉子，為自己編做裙子。（Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked;and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves coverings.）”

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“fig leaf”（無(wú)花果樹葉）表示“遮羞布；掩飾物?！比纾?/p>

1.When we were small children we used to swim a lot in summer without fig leaves on in a pond by the village.我們小時(shí)候，夏天經(jīng)常光著身子在村旁的池塘里游泳。

2.Come straight ahead;you don?t have to put your ideas in fig leaves.有話直說，不必遮遮掩掩。

3.Their new constitution was a fig leaf to conceal their brtrayal of the masses.他們的新憲法是一塊遮羞布，用以掩蓋他們對(duì)大眾的背叛。

22、fly in the ointment 膏油里的一只蒼蠅 美中不足之處；讓人掃興之事；一粒老鼠屎壞了一鍋粥。a blemish in an otherwise perfect thing Ecclesiastes 10:1Dead flies cause the oil of the perfumer to send forth an evil odor;so does a little folly outweigh wisdom and honor.e.g.I find the house wonderful but there is a fly in the ointment-it is too far from the town.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·傳道書》（Bible, Old Testament, Ecclesiastes）第10章第1節(jié)記載： “死蒼蠅使作香的膏油發(fā)出臭氣。這樣，一點(diǎn)愚昧，也能敗壞智慧和尊榮。（Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savor: so does a little folly him that is in reputation for wisdom and honor.）智慧的人心居右，愚昧的人心居左。并且愚昧人行路顯出無(wú)知，對(duì)眾人說，他是愚昧。掌權(quán)者的心若向你發(fā)怒，不要離開你的本位，因?yàn)槿岷湍苊獯筮^?！?/p>

在這里，把“愚昧”比作“蒼蠅”，把“智慧”和“尊榮”比作“膏油”，蒼蠅使膏油發(fā)出臭氣，一點(diǎn)愚昧也能敗壞“智慧和尊榮”，這與漢語(yǔ)中所說的“一條魚腥了一鍋湯”、“一粒老鼠屎壞了一鍋粥”有異曲同工之妙。在英語(yǔ)中，人們用它來表示“美中不足之處；使人掃興的（?。┦隆薄Ｕ?qǐng)看例句：

1.I enjoy my job--the fly in the ointment is that I start early in the morning.我喜歡我的工作，美中不足的是我得很早動(dòng)身。2.The journey was perfect;the only fly in the ointment was that on our way our car broke down and there was no repair shop nearby.旅途非常順利，唯一美中不足的是：在回家的路上，我們的車子拋錨了，而且附近沒有修理店。

3.He finds the place wonderful but there is a fly in the ointment: it is too far from the town.（他發(fā)現(xiàn)這地方太棒了，唯一不足的是離城里太遠(yuǎn)了。）

4.They enjoyed their holiday very much.The only fly in the ointment was the bad weather.（他們的假期過得很愉快，唯一煞風(fēng)景的是天氣不好。）

英國(guó)散文家蘭姆（Charles Lamb, 1775-1834）在他的《窮親戚》（）里對(duì)窮親戚下了一個(gè)定義，說他們?cè)趧e的東西中間，就像膏油里的蒼蠅。

23、from Dan to Beersheba: from one bottom to another, all over the world Judges

Dan was the northmost city in Palestine, while Beersheba the southmost town there.So if you traveled from Dan to Beersheba, you will travel across the whole Palestine.e.g.You might travel from Dan to Beersheba without finding such a beautiful vase.24、gift of the Magi: the most precious gift

25、Goliath: gigantic person or object(See David?s story)

26、good Samaritan 善良的撒瑪利亞人；樂施好善者。kind persons ready to help others Luke10:30Jesus answered, ”A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead.10:31By chance a certain priest was going down that way.When he saw him, he passed by on the other side.10:32In the same way a Levite also, when he came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side.10:33But a certain Samaritan, as he traveled, came where he was.When he saw him, he was moved with compassion, 10:34came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine.He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him.10:35On the next day, when he departed, he took out two denarii, and gave them to the host, and said to him, 'Take care of him.Whatever you spend beyond that, I will repay you when I return.' 10:36Now which of these three do you think seemed to be a neighbor to him who fell among the robbers?“ 據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·路加福音》（Bible, New Testament, Luke）第10章第33-34節(jié)記載：一個(gè)行人不幸落入強(qiáng)盜手中，被強(qiáng)盜打得半死扔在路旁。一個(gè)祭司和一位利末人先后路過這里，都裝做沒看見?？墒怯幸粋€(gè)撒瑪利亞人行路來到這里，看見他就動(dòng)了憐憫之心，上前用油和酒倒在他的傷口上，包裹好了，扶他騎上自己的牲口，帶到店棧去照應(yīng)他。

（But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was.And when he saw him, he had compassion.So he went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring in oil and wine;and he set him on his own animal.Brougt him to an inn, and took care of him.）

據(jù)此，后人用“good Samaritan”（善良的撒瑪利亞人）表示“樂施好善者?！比纾?1.He begged, “You good Samaritans, have pity on me!” 他哀求道：“你們這些樂施好善的人，可憐可憐我吧！”

2.He acted as a good Samaritan, and took the poor woman to the hospital.他樂施好善，把那個(gè)貧苦的婦人送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。

3.I was really in a hurry to get home to watch a footaball match on telly but I decided to be a good Samaritan and turn back with her without saying so.我確實(shí)想急忙趕回家看一場(chǎng)電視足球賽，但我還是決定做個(gè)樂于助人的好人，只字不提看球賽的事，而轉(zhuǎn)回去陪她。

27、handwriting/writing on the wall 墻上的字跡；兇兆。an ill omen Daniel 5:1-19

When the ancient Babylonian king Belshazar（伯沙撒）was giving a feast in his palace, he suddenly saw a mysterious finger writing some unknown letters on the wall opposite to where he sat.The king then sent for Daniel, the imprisoned Jewish prophet, to explain for him the meaning of the handwriting on the wall.Daniel read the writing and told him it meant some disaster would soon arrive.It so happened that Belshazar was killed that very night.His kingdom was conquered by the Persians and Darius became the new king.e.g.The official saw the writing on the wall and fled the country 據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·但以理書》（Bible, Old Testament, Daniel）第5 章記載：巴比倫（Babylon）王尼布甲尼撒（Nebuchadnezzar）的兒子伯沙撒（Belshazzar）繼承王位，一天晚上，王宮里舉行盛大的宴會(huì)。伯沙撒下令把他父親從耶路撒冷（Jerusalem）圣殿里搶來的金杯銀碗搬出來，用它們飲酒作樂。突然間，空中出現(xiàn)一只手，在燈臺(tái)對(duì)面的宮墻上寫下三個(gè)神秘的字：MENE，TEKEL，PERES。伯沙撒驚恐萬(wàn)分，忙召人解謎。被擄到巴比倫的猶太人但以理（Daniel）被請(qǐng)來解謎，他說：“MENE就是上帝已經(jīng)數(shù)算你國(guó)的年日到此完畢；TEKEL就是你被稱在天平里顯出你的虧欠；PERES就是你的國(guó)分裂，歸與瑪代人和波斯人。當(dāng)夜，預(yù)言應(yīng)驗(yàn)：伯沙撒被殺，瑪代人大利烏（Darius）奪了巴比倫王位。

后來，人們用handwriting on the wall指兇兆；厄運(yùn)臨頭的預(yù)兆；用see(read)the handwriting on the wall 來表示覺察到一種制度（或生活方式、傳統(tǒng)等）即將滅亡。如：

1.At times, however, the words about his having spoiled his opportunities, repeated to him as coming from Mrs.Charmond, haunted him like a handwriting on the wall.但是，查門夫人說他錯(cuò)過了機(jī)會(huì)這一句話，時(shí)時(shí)盤旋在他腦海之中，象兇兆一樣。

2.John's employer had less and less work for him;John could read the handwriting on the wall and looked for another job.約翰的老板給他的工作愈來愈少，他覺察出解雇之日不遠(yuǎn)了，于是便尋找別的工作。

28、have itching ears 耳朵發(fā)癢；好打聽；愛聽新奇的事。inquisitive or eager to know news Paul's Second letter to Timothy Paul encouraged Timothy to be faithful to Jesus in spite of the difficulties and shoulder the responsibility of a missionary.He said, For the time will come when they will not listen to the sound doctrine, but, having itching ears, will heap up for themselves teachers after their own lusts;e.g.Yesterday Mrs.Humphry asked me whether I had heard my neighbors quarrelling with each other;she has itching ears.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·提摩太后書》（Bible, New Testament，2 Timothy）第4章第3節(jié)記載，耶穌（Jesus Christ）使徒保羅（Paul）勸勉其門徒提摩太（Timothy）要始終忠于耶穌，擔(dān)負(fù)起教師和傳道人的責(zé)任，他說：“要傳福音，不管時(shí)機(jī)成熟不成熟都要傳，用最大的耐心勸勉、督責(zé)、鼓勵(lì)、教導(dǎo)。時(shí)候?qū)⒌剑菚r(shí)人要拒絕健全的教義，隨從自己的欲望，到處拜人為師，好來滿足他們發(fā)癢的耳朵（For the time will come when they will not endure the sound doctrine;but, having itching ears, will heap to themselves teachers after their own lusts.）。他們掩耳不聽真理的話，卻傾向荒唐的傳說。但是，你無(wú)論在任何情況下都要謹(jǐn)慎；要忍受苦難，做傳道人應(yīng)做的工作，忠心履行上帝仆人的職務(wù)。”

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“have itching ears”（耳朵發(fā)癢）表示“好打聽；愛聽新奇的事；愛聽東家長(zhǎng)西家短?！比纾?/p>

The day before yesterday, Mrs.Humphry asked me whether I had heard my neighbours quarreling with each other;she has itcing ears.前天，漢弗萊太太問我有沒有聽見我的兩家鄰居吵架，她就是愛聽個(gè)新鮮事兒。

29、heap coals of fire on sb.’s head [Proverbs 25:21-22]: make others repent by bidding good to evil

Proverbs by Solomon If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat;/If he is thirsty, give him water to drink: /For you will heap coals of fire on his head, /And Yahweh will reward you.e.g.Frederick stole the Bishop's silver, but the Bishop heaped coals of fire on his head by giving the silver to him.30、Job: a person dogged by bad luck or an extremely patient man Job

There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job.That man was blameless and upright, and one who feared God, and turned away from evil.He had seven sons and three daughters, and a large portion of possession.Santan argued to Yahweh that Job was pious to Him just because He endowed him with numerous wealth.So Yahweh decided to test him.It fell on a day when Job's children were eating and drinking, there came a messenger to Job, and said, ”The oxen were plowing, and the donkeys feeding beside them, and the Sabeans attacked, and took them away.Yes, they have killed the servants with the edge of the sword, and I alone have escaped to tell you.“ While he was still speaking, there also came another, and said, ”The fire of God has fallen from the sky, and has burned up the sheep and the servants, and consumed them, and I alone have escaped to tell you.“ While he was still speaking, there came also another, and said, ”The Chaldeans made three bands, and swept down on the camels, and have taken them away, yes, and killed the servants with the edge of the sword;and I alone have escaped to tell you.“ While he was still speaking, there came also another, and said, ”Your sons and your daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house, 1:19and, behold, there came a great wind from the wilderness, and struck the four corners of the house, and it fell on the young men, and they are dead.I alone have escaped to tell you.“ Then Job arose, and tore his robe, and shaved his head, and fell down on the ground, and worshiped.He said, ”Naked I came out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return there.Yahweh gave, and Yahweh has taken away.Blessed be the name of Yahweh.“ In all this, Job did not sin, nor charge God with wrongdoing.Later God permitted Satan to test Job, who made Job grow malignant sores all over his body.Though painful, Job bore no complaint against God.Due to his piety, God restored him more wealth and children.31、Job?s comforter 約伯的慰問者；增加對(duì)方痛苦的安慰者。a person who fails to comfort others while make them sadder When Job's three friends heard of all the evil that had come upon him, they came every one from his own place, and they made an appointment together to come to bemoan him and to comfort him.When they lifted up their eyes afar off, and knew him not, they lifted up their voice, and wept;and they rent every one his mantle, and threw dust upon their heads toward heaven.So they sat down with him upon the ground seven days and seven nights, and none spoke a word unto him;for they saw that his grief was very great.e.g.Mrs.Baker was a Job's comforter, while sympathizing with the mother who had lost her child, she told the mother that it was her fault for not sending the child to hospital sooner.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·約伯記》（Bible, Old Testament，Job）第1 章至第2章記載：

烏斯地有個(gè)義人叫約伯，是個(gè)很有名望的富翁，他經(jīng)常向上帝耶和華（Jehovah）獻(xiàn)全燔祭，行潔凈禮儀，約伯敬畏上帝，對(duì)上帝充滿信心。魔鬼撒旦（Satan）對(duì)耶和華說，約伯敬畏你是因?yàn)槟憧偸潜Ｗo(hù)他全家及他所有的一切，否則的話，他肯定不再敬畏上帝。為了考驗(yàn)約伯對(duì)上帝的誠(chéng)心，上帝同意讓撒旦使約伯失去了所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)和所有兒女，約伯變得一貧如洗，但他對(duì)上帝的誠(chéng)心絲毫沒有動(dòng)搖；撒旦又讓約伯渾身上下長(zhǎng)滿毒瘡，流血化膿，約伯痛苦不堪。

約伯的三個(gè)朋友聽說他的遭遇，就來安慰他，他們遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地舉目觀看，認(rèn)不出他來，就放聲大哭。各人撕裂外袍，把塵土向天揚(yáng)起來，落在自己的頭上。他們同約伯七天七夜坐在地上，一個(gè)人也不向他說話，因?yàn)樗麄兛匆娝麡O其痛苦。

好友以利法（Eliphaz）開口勸說約伯，實(shí)際上是在責(zé)備他：“……約伯啊，你呼喊吧，看看是否有誰(shuí)回答你，難道某個(gè)天使會(huì)幫助你嗎？焦慮而死者實(shí)乃愚人，憂憤喪生者不足為訓(xùn)。饑餓者吞食愚人的莊稼，連荊棘中的谷粒也不放過。邪惡不會(huì)從田野里走出來，災(zāi)難也不會(huì)從地面冒頭。否！人生在世必遭憂患，如火星必欲上騰?！?/p>

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“Job?s comforter”（約伯的慰問者）表示“增加對(duì)方痛苦的安慰者?！比纾?1.Though he was a Job?s comforter, I thanked him all the same.I knew he meant well.雖然他的安慰只能使人徒增煩惱，我還是很感謝他。我知道他用心是好的。

2.Mrs Baker was a Job?s comforter, while sympathising with the mother who has lost her child, she told the mother that it was her fault for not sending the child to hospital sooner.貝克太太真不會(huì)安慰人，她一面對(duì)失去孩子的母親表示同情，一面卻責(zé)怪她沒有早點(diǎn)把孩子送進(jìn)醫(yī)院。

32、Jonah: a person who brings bad luck Jonah

Yahweh sent Jonah to tell the wicked people in Nineveh about their coming destruction.But Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish on a ship from the presence of Yahweh.Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea, and there was a mighty tempest on the sea, so that the ship was likely to break up.Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man to his god.They all said to each other, ”Come, let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is on us.“ So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah.Jonah had to tell them the truth.Then the men were exceedingly afraid, and said to him, ”What shall we do to you, that the sea may be calm to us?“ For the sea grew more and more tempestuous.He said to them, ”Take me up, and throw me into the sea.Then the sea will be calm for you;for I know that because of me this great tempest is on you.“ So they took up Jonah, and threw him into the sea;and the sea ceased its raging.Yahweh prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.Yahweh spoke to the fish, and it vomited out Jonah on the dry land.So Jonah arose, and went to Nineveh for Yahweh's message.e.g.He regarded Mike as his Jonah because he spoiled the whole matter at the critical moment.33、Jonah’s gourd: something with a very short life Jonah went to Nineveh and told the inhabitants about God's coming punishment.All the people were terrified.They repented and prayed for God's mercy.Yahweh agreed to forgive them, so Jonah's words didn't come true.He was very unpleasant and went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made himself a booth, and sat under it in the shade, until he might see what would become of the city.Yahweh prepared a vine, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to deliver him from his discomfort.So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the vine.But God prepared a worm at dawn the next day, and it chewed on the vine, so that it withered.It happened, when the sun arose, that God prepared a sultry east wind;and the sun beat on Jonah's head, so that he fainted, and requested for himself that he might die, and said, ”It is better for me to die than to live.“ God said to Jonah, ”Is it right for you to be angry about the vine?“ He said, ”I am right to be angry, even to death.“ Yahweh said, ”You have been concerned for the vine, for which you have not labored, neither made it grow;which came up in a night, and perished in a night.Shouldn't I be concerned for Nineveh, that great city, in which are more than one hu ndred twenty thousand persons who can't discern between their right hand and their left hand;and also much cattle?“

34、kick against the pricks 腳踢刺棒；自討苦吃。unprofitable rebel or ask for trouble 該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·新約·使徒行傳》（Bible, New Testament, Apostles）第9章第5節(jié)。保羅（Paul）原名叫掃羅（Saul），本來信仰猶太教，還曾參加迫害基督徒的行動(dòng)，當(dāng)虔誠(chéng)的基督徒司提反（Stephen）被石頭砸死的時(shí)候，有人看見掃羅就在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，他還挨家挨戶地搜查基督徒，把他們從家里拖出來，送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。一次，掃羅在去大馬士革（Damascus）捉拿基督徒的路上，他看見從天上發(fā)出的光，就撲倒在地，只聽一個(gè)聲音對(duì)他說：“掃羅，掃羅，你為什么要迫害我？”掃羅忙問：“你是誰(shuí)？”“我是受你迫害的耶穌，你用腳踢刺棒是難的（I am Jesus whom you persecuted, it is hard for you to kick against the pricks）。起來進(jìn)城去吧，有人會(huì)告訴你該做什么。”掃羅從地上爬起來，眼睛什么也看不見，這時(shí)，一個(gè)人走上前來，把他領(lǐng)到大馬士革。進(jìn)城后，掃羅三天三夜不吃不喝，三天后，有一個(gè)人來看他，把手放在他頭上對(duì)他說：“掃羅兄弟，主耶穌派我來，讓你的眼睛恢復(fù)光明，讓圣靈充滿你的眼睛?！睆拇?，掃羅信仰改變，開始相信耶穌，并受了洗（was baptised），取名為保羅。保羅外出宣揚(yáng)耶穌，傳播基督教，保羅是第一個(gè)在外國(guó)傳播耶穌思想的人，他使基督教成為一種世界性的宗教。公元64年，在一次反基督教的**中，保羅為道殉難。據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“kick against the pricks”（腳踢刺棒）表示“自討苦吃?！比纾?1.In appealing the case again, you will just be kicking against the pricks.你再去上訴，那簡(jiǎn)直是自討苦吃。

2.It is wise for him to make good in his retreat instead of kicking against the pricks.他安全撤出而不是以卵擊石，這才是明智的。

35、land of Nod 挪得之地；睡鄉(xiāng)。land of dreaming After he killed his brother, Cain went out from Yahweh's presence, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.Later the English writer, Jonathan Swift used ”going into the land of Nod“ in his work ”Polite Conversation“ to mean fall asleep.e.g.I didn't want to wake him;he looked so peaceful and happy in the land of Nod.該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第4章第16節(jié)。

亞當(dāng)（Adam）和夏娃（Eve）被上帝趕出伊甸園（Garden of Eden）后，生了兩個(gè)兒子該隱（Cain）和亞伯（Abel），該隱因?yàn)榧刀拾训艿軄啿畾⒘?，上帝罰該隱背井離鄉(xiāng)，該隱搬到伊甸園以東的挪亞之地（land of Nod）。在那里，該隱與妻子生了兒子。

英國(guó)諷刺小說家斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）在《彬彬有禮的談話》（Polite Conversation）中曾使用“going into the land of Nod”來表示“入睡”。后來，該語(yǔ)逐漸流行起來，“l(fā)and of Nod”成為“睡鄉(xiāng)”的代名詞。如：

The book was so dull that it had him into the land of Nod in half an hour.這本書枯燥無(wú)味，他看了還不到半小時(shí)就睡著了。

英國(guó)歷史小說家司各特（Walter Scott, 1771-1832）在《米爾德西恩的監(jiān)獄》（The Heart of Midlothian）中有這樣的描寫：

“And d?ye ken, lass,” said Madge, “there?s queer things chanced since ye have been in the land of Nod.”

（“你可知道，孩子?！泵芳f，“自你進(jìn)入?挪得之地?后，發(fā)生了許多古怪的事情?！保?/p>

36、lost sheep /stray lamb 迷途的羊；誤入歧途的人；不務(wù)正業(yè)的人。a person who goes astray and makes mistakes Matthew18:12”What do you think? If a man has one hundred sheep, and one of them goes astray, doesn't he leave the ninety-nine, go to the mountains, and seek that which has gone astray? 18:13If he finds it, most assuredly I tell you, he rejoices over it more than over the ninety-nine which have not gone astray.18:14 Even so it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.e.g.Many people became lost sheep because their shepherd led them astray.該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·新約全書·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第18章第10-14節(jié)。耶穌（Jesus Christ）在傳教時(shí)講了一個(gè)這樣的比喻一個(gè)人有100只羊，其中一只丟失了，他撇下那99只，去尋找那只迷失的羊（lost sheep），他找到了那只羊一定很高興，比他有那99只沒有迷失的羊高興多了。同樣你們的天父不愿意任何一個(gè)微不足道的人迷失。據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“l(fā)ost sheep”（迷途的羊）表示“誤入歧途的人；不務(wù)正業(yè)的人?！比纾?1.Many people became lost sheep because their shepherd led them astray.許多人成了迷途知返的羔羊，因?yàn)轭I(lǐng)路人把他們引入歧途。

2.In a way we are stray lambs, for to err is human.So we constantly need guidance in our lives.從某種意義上說我們都是迷途的羔羊，因?yàn)槿朔高^錯(cuò)，在所難免。免所以在我們一生中，經(jīng)常需要指點(diǎn)。

美國(guó)幽默作家馬克·吐溫（Mark Twain, 1835-1910）在《哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩》（The Adventures of Huchkleberry Finn, 1884）中描寫了好心的道格拉斯寡婦（Widow Douglas）收養(yǎng)了父親是醉鬼的哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩，想把他教育成一個(gè)體面的孩子，但哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩受不了各種規(guī)矩，他逃了出來，對(duì)好朋友湯姆說：“寡婦女對(duì)我大哭一場(chǎng)，把我叫做一只迷途知返的羔羊，還叫我別的許多名稱，不過，她絕對(duì)沒有什么惡意

37、make bricks without straw 制無(wú)草之磚；做無(wú)米之炊；做非常困難的事。do something without indispensable materials or conditions 該典故源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約·出埃及記》（Bible, Old Testament，Exodus）第5章第7節(jié)。

上帝見以色列人在埃及倍受奴役，就號(hào)召以色列人摩西（Moses）帶領(lǐng)以色列人離開埃及。摩西請(qǐng)法老允許以色列人去曠野祭祀上帝。法老不僅不同意，還責(zé)備他們有意曠工，就吩咐監(jiān)工：“你們不可照常把草給百姓做磚，呀叫他們自己去撿草。他們素常做磚的數(shù)目，你們你們?nèi)耘f向他們要，一點(diǎn)不可減少，因?yàn)樗麄兪菓卸璧?，所以呼求說：?容我們?nèi)ゼ漓胛覀兊纳瘛?你們要把更重的工作加在這些人身上，叫他們忙碌，不聽虛假的言語(yǔ)?！币陨腥酥缓米约簱觳葜拼u，但卻完不成規(guī)定的任務(wù)。

“You shall no longer give the people straw to make brick as before.Let them go and gather straw for themsselves.And you shall lay on them the quota of bricks which they made beofore.You shall not reduce it.For they are idle;therefore they cry out, saying, ?Let us go and sacrifice to our God.? Let more work be laid on the men, that they may labor in it, and let them not regard false words.” 據(jù)此，人們用“make bricks without straw”（制無(wú)草之磚）表示“做無(wú)米之炊；做非常困難的事。”如：

1.John could not go to a library, and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw.約翰不能去圖書館，因此這篇報(bào)告是在缺乏資料的情況下寫就的。

2.Sheila has lovely hair anyway.The best hairdresser in the world couldn?t do much with mine.You can?t make bricks without straw.希拉有一頭漂亮的頭發(fā)，而我就這幾根稀疏的頭發(fā)，全世界最高級(jí)的理發(fā)師也拿我沒辦法。

38、make light of 不理睬；不理會(huì)；不在乎。turn a deaf ear or not mind

Matthew22:2“The Kingdom of Heaven is like a certain king, who made a marriage feast for his son, 22:3and sent out his servants to call those who were invited to the marriage feast, but they would not come.22:4Again he sent out other servants, saying, 'Tell those who are invited, ”Behold, I have made ready my dinner.My oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready.Come to the marriage feast!“' 22:5But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his own farm, another to his merchandise, 22:6and the rest grabbed his servants, and treated them shamefully, and killed them.22:7 When the king heard that, he was angry, and he sent his armies, destroyed those murderers, and burned their city.該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·新約全書·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第22章第5節(jié)。耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）傳教時(shí)用了一個(gè)比喻：天國(guó)好比一個(gè)國(guó)王為自己的兒子預(yù)備的婚宴，他派遣仆人催促他所邀請(qǐng)的客人來參加婚宴，可是他們不愿意來。國(guó)王再派遣另一批仆人去請(qǐng)，他們?nèi)圆焕頃?huì)（but they made light of it and went away…），甚至把仆人殺了。國(guó)王大為震怒，派兵去滅了他們并燒毀他們的城市。之后，國(guó)王吩咐仆人到大街上，把碰到的人無(wú)論好壞都請(qǐng)來赴宴，這樣，喜堂里才坐滿了客人。最后，耶穌說：“被邀請(qǐng)的人多，但被選上的人少！”

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“make light of”（不理睬）表示“不理會(huì)；不在乎?！比纾?1.They made light of their handicaps.他們對(duì)自己的不利條件并不在乎。

2.His rudeness was made light of by his wife when they were with others, but they argued violently about it when alone.別人在場(chǎng)時(shí)他妻子對(duì)他的粗魯舉止只當(dāng)沒看見，可夫妻倆私下里卻為此大吵大鬧。

39、new wine in old bottle 舊瓶裝新酒；新事物用舊形式new content is limited by old form Matthew9:17Neither do people put new wine into old wineskins, or else the skins would burst, and the wine be spilled, and the skins ruined.No, they put new wine into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved.” Jesus meant that the Gospel of Christianity was new wine and could not be poured into the old bottle of Judaism.《圣經(jīng)·新約全書》（Bible, New Testament）中關(guān)于“new wine in old bottle”有兩處記載，一處是在《馬太福音》（Matthew）第9章第17節(jié)，另一處是在《路加福音》（Luke）第5章第33至39節(jié)，兩處的記載都差不多，就讓我們看看《馬太福音》中是怎樣記載的。施洗約翰（John the Baptist）的門徒來問耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）：“我們和法利賽人（the Pharisees，敵視耶穌的人）常常禁食（fast），你的門徒都不禁食，為什么呢？”耶穌回答：“新郎還在婚宴的時(shí)候，賀喜的客人會(huì)悲傷嗎？當(dāng)然不會(huì)?？墒侨兆訙?zhǔn)到，新郎要從他們當(dāng)中被帶走，那時(shí)候就要進(jìn)食了。”耶穌以這個(gè)比喻說明新舊法則之間的不協(xié)調(diào)性，不要老是用舊法規(guī)去看待新法則，“禁食”也要因時(shí)而異。

耶穌又講了另一個(gè)比喻：“沒有人拿新布去補(bǔ)舊衣服，因?yàn)樾〉难a(bǔ)丁會(huì)扯破那衣服，使裂痕更大。也沒有人拿新酒裝在舊皮袋里。這樣做的話，皮袋會(huì)脹破，酒漏掉，連皮袋也損壞了。要把新酒裝在新皮袋里；那么，兩樣就都保全了。（”Neither do men put new wine into old bottles;else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish;but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved.）

由耶穌的這兩個(gè)比喻，人們就用new wine in old bottle來比喻“新的事物用舊形式”、“舊形式適當(dāng)不了新內(nèi)容”。請(qǐng)看例句：

1.The writer was merely putting new wine in old bottles.這位作家只不過是把新酒裝進(jìn)舊瓶罷了。

2.New ideas need new measures.It won't do to put new wine in old bottles.新建議需要新措施，不能穿新鞋走老路。

3.To put new wine in old bottles often does harm to literary creation.用舊瓶裝進(jìn)新酒，常常有害于文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。

40、Noah's Ark 挪亞方舟；避難所；大難之中僅存的安全地。asylum, the only shelter in disasters 挪亞方舟（Noah's Ark）是大家比較熟悉的典故。據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）記載：該隱殺弟之后，人類開始不斷地犯罪作惡，上帝后悔造人，決定以洪水滅世。上帝顧念義人挪亞，就吩咐挪亞造一只大船，這就是挪亞方舟。洪水來臨時(shí)，挪亞一家人及其一些飛禽走獸都上了方舟，世界遭到了滅頂之災(zāi)。洪水逐漸退去，方舟擱淺在亞拉臘山（Mountains of Ararat），挪亞放出一只烏鴉（raven）去探聽消息，負(fù)心的烏鴉一去不再?gòu)?fù)返，挪亞又放出一只鴿子（dove），不久，鴿子飛回來了，嘴里銜著一片剛從樹上擰下的橄欖葉子（Olive leaf），挪亞由此判定地上的水已退。一片橄欖葉子表達(dá)了和平的信息，從此，鴿子和橄欖枝就成了和平的象征。挪亞一家人及其一些飛禽走獸因?yàn)槎阍诜街劾?，才幸免于難，后來的人們就用“挪亞方舟”來比喻“避難所”、“大難之中僅存的安全地”。請(qǐng)看例句： 1.During the war,the little village became Noah's Arkfor the whole family.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，這個(gè)小村莊成了這一家人的“避難所”。

2.He was on the black list and had to go abroad to stayin his uncle's home,which was the only Noah's Ark.他被列在黑名單上，只好出國(guó)，柱在他伯父家里，那是他唯一安全的地方。

41、pottage of lentiles 紅豆湯；蠅頭小利；因小失大。

try to save a little only to lose a lot(See the story between Esau and Jacob)

這則典故出自《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》（Bible, Old Testament,Genesis）第25章34節(jié)。猶太人祖先亞伯拉罕（Abraham）的兒子以撒（Issac）有一對(duì)孿生子：以掃（Esau）和雅各（Jacob）。以掃喜歡打獵，深得父親的喜歡；雅各常幫母親料理家務(wù)，所以母親很喜歡他。有一次，雅各正在熬紅豆湯（pottage of lentiles），以掃從外面回來，又餓又渴，就向雅各要紅豆湯喝，雅各說：“你把長(zhǎng)子權(quán)賣給我，我就給你湯喝。”饑渴難忍的以掃同意了，就這樣，以掃因?yàn)橐煌爰t豆湯而失去了長(zhǎng)子權(quán)，因小失大。

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“pottage of lentiles”（紅豆湯）表示“蠅頭小利；因小失大?！比纾?/p>

It was argued that by joining the Common Market Britain would be giving away her national rights and advantage for a pottage of lentiles.（有人爭(zhēng)辯說，加入西歐共同市場(chǎng)英國(guó)將失去民族權(quán)利和優(yōu)勢(shì)，是因小失大。）

42、prodigal son 浪子；迷途知返的浪子。

an idle person or a person willing to correct their mistakes [It is from a parable told by Jesus] 據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·路加福音》（Bible, New Testament, Luke）第15章第11-32節(jié)記載：一個(gè)人有兩個(gè)兒子，大兒子在家務(wù)農(nóng)，小兒子帶著分得的一份家業(yè)遠(yuǎn)走高飛，不久他就在外面揮霍一空，生活十分窘迫，于是他帶著悔恨的心情回到家里。父親遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)就認(rèn)出了自己的兒子，便跑上去，抱著他的脖子親吻，并吩咐仆人把肥牛犢宰了。大兒子卻生氣，父親對(duì)他說：“兒呀，你常和我同住，我一切所有的都是你的；只是你這個(gè)兄弟是死而復(fù)活，失而復(fù)得的，所以我們理當(dāng)歡喜快樂?！?/p>

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“prodigal son”（浪子）表示“迷途知返的浪子?！比纾?-“They?ve got the painters in next door.”

--“That?ll be for the return of the prodigal son.I hear that all is forgiven.”

——“他們已把油漆工叫到隔壁房間去了?！薄澳鞘菫榱擞永俗踊仡^，我聽說所有一切都被原諒了。

43、salt of the earth 世上的鹽；高尚的人backbone elements in the society e.g.An honest, hard-working man is the salt of the earth.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（The Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第五章記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）接受了施洗者約翰（John the Baptist）的施洗以后，抵擋住了魔鬼撒旦（Satan）的種種誘惑，初收門徒，開始一邊傳教，一邊給人治病，醫(yī)治好了許多疑難病癥，名聲大振，跟從他的人逐漸增多，他從中挑選了十二門徒。耶穌登上一座山，門徒和眾人都隨他上山，聽他傳道。

耶穌對(duì)門徒說：“你們是世上的鹽，鹽若失去了味，怎能叫它再咸呢？（Ye are the salt of the earth;but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted?）以后無(wú)用，不過丟在外面，被人踐踏了?！币d的這一番話，是鼓勵(lì)門徒要充分發(fā)揮他們的骨干作用，用心傳教，否則，就象失去咸味的鹽，再也不能發(fā)揮作用了。

在四方，古時(shí)候，鹽非常難得，“物以稀為貴”，鹽就顯得特別珍貴，用鹽款待朋友被看成是最高的禮遇，吃了某人的鹽（eat sb's salt）意味著“在某人處做客；受到某人款待”。同客人一塊用餐時(shí)，鹽罐放在餐桌中間，客人坐在鹽罐上首（above the salt），離主人近，視為貴賓；因此above the salt指在上席，尊為上賓；普通客人往往坐在鹽罐的下首（below the salt），離主人遠(yuǎn)，是末座，因而below the salt指居下席，屈為末座。

由此可見，為什么耶穌把他的門徒喻作“鹽”，“世上的鹽”（salt of the earth），其中earth 指人類，salt表示象往食品中加鹽一樣，人類社會(huì)的精華賦予人類生活最偉大的價(jià)值，因而salt of the earth指“社會(huì)精華，最優(yōu)秀的人，最高尚的人?！?請(qǐng)看例句： 1.An honest, hard-working man is the salt of the earth.誠(chéng)實(shí)而勤勞的人才是社會(huì)的中堅(jiān)分子。

2.We no longer accept these country gentlemen as the salt of the earth..我們?cè)僖膊怀姓J(rèn)這些鄉(xiāng)紳為社會(huì)中堅(jiān)分子。

44、separate the sheep from the goats 區(qū)分綿羊和山羊；區(qū)分好人和壞人 distinguish unqualified persons from qualified ones Matthew 25:31But when the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory.25:32Before him all the nations will be gathered, and he will separate them one from another, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats.25:33He will set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left.e.g.The exams at the end of the first year usually separate the sheep from the goat.在以耕作業(yè)為主的中國(guó)，綿羊和山羊除了本身的特點(diǎn)外，并沒有寓意上的聯(lián)想，沒有什么文化內(nèi)涵；但在以游牧業(yè)為主的西方各國(guó)，人們對(duì)綿羊和山羊的喜惡可就非常明顯，綿羊（sheep）能提供羊毛，換來財(cái)富，而且性格溫順，受人偏愛，是溫和、純潔和天真無(wú)邪的象征。雖然山羊也提供羊奶、羊肉、羊皮等多種有用的東西，但因其性情好動(dòng)，尾部散發(fā)惡臭，常用來指劣等人、劣質(zhì)物、色鬼等，在英語(yǔ)中，get sb's goat指使人惱怒，挫傷某人，嘲弄某人；play the giddy goat指做傻瓜；干蠢事，胡鬧。在《圣經(jīng)》里，信奉上帝的人被稱作sheep，耶穌·基督被稱為“上帝的羔羊”（lamb of God），耶穌又是牧羊人（shepherd），他帶領(lǐng)著迷途的羔羊（lost sheep）跟從上帝。據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第25章第31至41節(jié)記載，在最后的審判（the Final Judgement）來臨時(shí)，“人子（Son of Man指耶穌·基督）作王，天使跟他一齊來臨，他要坐在榮耀的寶座上；地上萬(wàn)民都要聚集在他面前。他要把他們分為兩群，好像牧羊人從山羊中把綿羊分別出來一樣。（And before him shall be gathered all nations;and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats.）他要把綿羊放在右邊，山羊放在左邊。然后，王要對(duì)在他右邊的人說：?蒙我父親賜福的人哪，你們來吧！來承受從創(chuàng)世以來就為你們預(yù)備的國(guó)度?！?然后，王要對(duì)在他左邊的人說：?走開！受上帝詛咒的人哪，你們離開我吧！進(jìn)到那為魔鬼和他的爪牙所預(yù)備永不熄滅的火里去！……?”

由此，在英語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)成語(yǔ)separate the sheep from the goats，指明辨好壞，區(qū)分好人和壞人，請(qǐng)看例句：

1.The need for workers was so keen that the employer did not take the time to separate the sheep from the goats.由于急迫需要工人，雇主沒有時(shí)間進(jìn)行挑選。

2.This examination is intended to separate the sheep from the goats.這次考試要區(qū)分程度的高低。

45、shake the dust from one's feet 抖掉腳上的塵土；憤然離去leave angrily or without any regret Matthew Whoever doesn't receive you, nor hear your words, as you go out of that house or that city, shake off the dust from your feet.Most assuredly I tell you, it will be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment than for that city.e.g.If he wants me to work for him, I'll jump at it!I'll be glad to shake the dust off this small town off my feet.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第10章第1至15節(jié)記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）把他的12門徒（Apostles）召集在一起，賜給他們驅(qū)鬼、治病的能力，要他們到各地去宣講福音，傳播上帝的道。臨行前，耶穌吩咐道：“不要到外邦人的地區(qū)，也不要進(jìn)撒馬利亞（Samaritan）的城市。你們要到以色列人那些迷失的羔羊那里去，所到的地方要宣講：天國(guó)快實(shí)現(xiàn)了！你們要醫(yī)治病人……錢袋里不要帶金、銀、銅幣；……你們無(wú)論進(jìn)哪一城，哪一村，都要打聽那里誰(shuí)是好人，就住在他家……凡不接待你們，不聽你們?cè)挼娜?，你們離開那家或是那城的時(shí)候，就把腳上的塵土跺下去。（And whosever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, when ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust of your feet.）我實(shí)在告訴你們，在審判的日子，所多瑪和蛾摩拉（Sodom and Gomorrah因罪孽深重而被上帝降下硫磺和火所滅）所遭受的懲法比那些地方所受的要輕些呢！”

據(jù)說，古代西方人與朋友決裂，怒氣沖沖地走出房門，不僅要“摔門而去”，還要在房門口使勁“跺跺腳”，表示連一粒塵土也不愿帶走。耶穌也說的“把腳上的塵土跺下去”也表達(dá)了相同的意思，即與哪些“不接待你們，不聽你們?cè)挼娜恕币皬氐讻Q裂，斷絕關(guān)系”、“輕蔑地離去”，那些人將會(huì)收到上帝的懲法，比所得碼和蛾摩拉所受的懲罰還要重。后來，在英語(yǔ)中，人們用shake the dust off one's feet表示“憤然離去”、“輕蔑地離開”，請(qǐng)看例句： 1.Shaking the dust of that alien land off his feet, he returned to his homeland.他憤然離開那異鄉(xiāng)客地，回到了祖國(guó)。

2.I had lived in the town for four months and made no friends, so I decided to shake the dust off my feet and look for a job somewhere else.我在這個(gè)城里已經(jīng)住了4個(gè)月，但是一個(gè)朋友也沒交上，因此，我決定離開這個(gè)城市，到別的地方找個(gè)工作住下。

46、Sodom and Gomorrah: sinful places, the origin of sins

47、Spare the rod and spoil the child.惜了棍棒，害了兒女；孩子不打不成器。spoil the child Proverbs 13:24 One who spares the rod hates his son, /But one who loves him is careful to discipline him.e.g.The British poet Samuel Butler, in his Hudibras, wrote that “Spare the rod and spoil the child.” 《圣經(jīng)·舊約·箴言》（Bible, Old Testament，Proverbs）通過一系列箴言（proverbs）陳述了一些道德和宗教方面的教義，但她不只是一部說教書，而且還是關(guān)于人的行為規(guī)范的書，下面這些箴言都來自《箴言》：不以外貌取人；白白地得來，也要白白地舍去；不要為明天憂慮，因?yàn)槊魈熳杂忻魈斓膽n慮；智慧人的眼目光明；愚昧人在黑暗里行；吃素菜，彼此相愛，強(qiáng)如吃肥牛，彼此相恨；相近的鄰舍，強(qiáng)如遠(yuǎn)方的兄弟。

除此之外，《箴言》第13章第24節(jié)是關(guān)于怎樣調(diào)教孩子的，上面說：“He that spareth his rod hateth his son;but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes”，即“不忍用杖打兒子的，是恨惡他；疼愛兒子的隨時(shí)管教?！庇纱顺霈F(xiàn)一句箴言：Spare the rod and spoil the child.即惜了棍棒，害了兒女；不管不成器，棒頭底出孝子。現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，就有一些人，篤信這條“真理”，“不打不成器”，在教育孩子的問題要么狠打狠罵，要么放之任流，其實(shí)，這曲解了《圣經(jīng)》所要表達(dá)的含義。《圣經(jīng)》里這一句話的意思就是：要隨時(shí)管教好孩子，不可放任自流。這里的rod并非指真的“棍棒”，只是表示“嚴(yán)厲的管教”。凡事不要操之過急，教育孩子需要時(shí)間，需要選擇方式，更需要言傳身教。請(qǐng)看例句：

1.He believed in sparing the rod and spoiling the child, but his son left home alone and never came back.他相信“棒頭底下出孝子”，但他兒子卻離家出走，再也沒有回來。

2.The real meaning of the proverb spare the rod spoil the child is that if you don't punish your son, you don't love him;if you do love him, you will correct him.諺語(yǔ)“孩子不打不成器”的真正含義是：不管教孩子就是不愛他，如果你愛他，你要管教他。

The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak。

48、心靈固然愿意，肉體卻軟弱；心有余而力不足ability not equal to one?s ambition Matthew After the last supper, Jesus went to pray.When he came to the disciples, he found them sleeping, and said to Peter, “What, couldn't you watch with me for one hour? Watch and pray, that you don't enter into temptation.The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.”

e.g.I wish I could stop drinking, and the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第26章第36至46節(jié)記載： 耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）在與12門徒共進(jìn)最后的晚餐（Last Supper）之后，他們唱了詩(shī)，往橄欖山（the Mount of Olives）去，來到客西馬尼園（Gethsemane），耶穌對(duì)門徒說：“你們坐在這里，等我禱告。”于是帶著彼得（Peter）、雅各（Jacob）和約翰（John）同去。預(yù)感到自己將死，耶穌心里非常難過，他對(duì)三個(gè)門徒說：“我心里難過得要命，你們?cè)谶@里，等候警醒?！币d稍往前走，俯伏在地，禱告上帝。等他回到三個(gè)門徒那里，發(fā)現(xiàn)他們都睡著了，就對(duì)彼得說：“你們不能跟我一起警醒一個(gè)鐘頭嗎？要警醒禱告，免得陷入迷惑。你們心靈固然愿意，肉體卻是軟弱的。（And he(Jesus)cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep, and saith unto Peter, what, could ye not watch with me one hour? Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.）”

當(dāng)耶穌第三次禱告回來，見他們?nèi)匀凰?，就?duì)他們說：“現(xiàn)在你們?nèi)匀凰X安歇吧。時(shí)候到了，人子（Son of Man指耶穌自己）被賣在罪人手里了。起來，我們走吧?？茨模u我的人近了！” 在英語(yǔ)中，人們用“The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.”來表示“心有余而力不足”、“力不從心”，有時(shí)候，“the spirit is willing”和“the flesh is weak”可以單獨(dú)使用。請(qǐng)看例句：

1.Sorry I can not give you the job.To tell you the truth, I am not the one who have the last word.The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.對(duì)不起，我不能給你這份工作。實(shí)話告訴你吧，這里不是我說了算，我這可真是力不從心哪。2.I wish I could stop smoking;the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.但愿我能把煙戒掉，可是，思想上愿意，嘴巴跟不上。

49、still small voice 微弱的聲音；良心的呼聲。voice from the conscience Kings The King of Israel, Ahab, married a very licentious and cruel woman, Jjezebel, who worshipped the God of Baalim.In order to please her, Ahab built a temple for Baalim.They maltreated people and did a lot of evil things.Elijah accused Ahab under Yahweh's instruction and killed the prophet of Baalim.Jezebel hated him and swore to kill him, and Elijah had to flee.He hid himself in a cave.Yahweh passed by, and a great and strong wind tore the mountains, and broke in pieces the rocks before Yahweh;but Yahweh was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake;but Yahweh was not in the earthquake: 19:12and after the earthquake a fire;but Yahweh was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice.At this sound, Elijah knew that Yahweh was there, so he told Him the whole thing.該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約·列王傳記》（Bible, Old Testament，Kings）第19章第1-18節(jié)。

以色列王亞哈（Ahab）娶了狠毒的女人耶洗別（）為王后，她崇拜巴力神，亞哈為討她的歡心，建了巴力神廟。而且他們還違背上帝的旨意，虐待百姓，為所欲為。先知以利亞（）奉上帝之命斥責(zé)亞哈王，并且率眾殺死了巴力的先知。耶洗別痛恨以利亞，想方設(shè)法殺死他，以利亞被迫四處逃命。以利亞躲到一個(gè)山洞里，上帝從這里經(jīng)過，頓時(shí)狂風(fēng)大作，山崩石裂，上帝卻不在風(fēng)中。風(fēng)后地震，上帝不在其中。地震后有火，上帝也不在其中，或后有微小的聲音（And after the earthquake afire, but the Lord was not in the fire;after the fire a stll small voice.）。聽著這微小的聲音，以利亞知道上帝在此，便向他講述情由。

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“still small voice”（微弱的聲音）用表示“良心的呼聲?！比纾?Everyone was encouaging me to hit him, but a still small voice warned me not to.人人都慫恿我去揍他，但我的良心警告我不要這樣做。

英國(guó)小說家史蒂文生（Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850-1894）在《失事船只》（The Wrecker）中有這樣的描寫：

Of course, I am wholly modern in sentiment, and think nothing more noble than to publish people?s private afffais at so much a line.They like it and if they don?t, they ought to.But a stll small voice keeps telling me they will not like it always, and perhaps not always stand it.（當(dāng)然，我在思想感情方面是完全現(xiàn)代化的，所以我認(rèn)為寫文章揭露人家的隱私，每行取得若干稿費(fèi)是高尚的事情。他們對(duì)此表示歡迎，如果不喜歡也應(yīng)該喜歡。但我的良心一直在告訴我，他們不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)歡迎這個(gè)，甚至不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)容忍這個(gè)。）

50、tower of Babel巴別塔；空中樓閣；空想的計(jì)劃。castles in the air 該語(yǔ)源于《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》(Bible, Old Testament,Genesis）第11章第1～9節(jié)。

上帝用洪水滅世以后，幸存者諾亞（Noah）的子孫在地球上繁衍生息，人們都使用同一種語(yǔ)言。后來，人們往東遷移時(shí)，在示拿（Shinar）見到一片平原，就住下來，他們說：“讓我們建造一座城和一座塔，塔頂通天，為要傳揚(yáng)我們的名，免得我們分散在大地上。”于是人們開始熱火朝天地干起來，塔越蓋越高，塔頂直沖云霄。上帝對(duì)天使們說：“看哪，他們成為一樣的人民，都用一樣的語(yǔ)言，如今既做起這事來，以后他們要做的事就沒有不成功的了。我們下去，在那里變亂他們的口音，使他們的語(yǔ)言彼此不通?！庇谑?，建塔的人們語(yǔ)言不通，彼此無(wú)法溝通，只好停工，各自離去。那沒有建成的塔就叫“巴別塔（tower of B

abel）”，在希伯來語(yǔ)中是“變亂”的意思。

現(xiàn)在，人們用“tower of Babel”（巴別塔）表示“空中樓閣；空想的計(jì)劃”。如： 1.He is more fond of empty talk than solid work, so all his plans are the tower of Babel. 他這人只愛空談，不喜歡干實(shí)事，所以他的計(jì)劃全都落空了。

2.You must give up your plan to swim across the Strait of Gibraltar.It is but the tower of Babel. 你一定要放棄游過直布羅陀海峽，那是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

51、voice(crying)in the wilderness 曠野里的呼聲；無(wú)人響應(yīng)的號(hào)召；無(wú)人理睬的改革者主張。reformer without any support;call without response Isaiah 40:3The voice of one who cries, Prepare you in the wilderness the way of Yahweh;make level in the desert a highway for our God.40:4Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low;and the uneven shall be made level, and the rough places a plain: 40:5and the glory of Yahweh shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together;for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it.This is the voice of John, the Baptist, who preached repentance.e.g.He was a man who had some excellent ideas, but other men had greater influence in the company and he was just a voice crying in the wilderness.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·以賽亞書》（Bible, Old Testament,Isaiah）第40章第3～5節(jié)記載，上帝對(duì)先知以賽亞（Isaiah）說：“安撫我的子民，鼓勵(lì)耶路撒冷民眾，告訴他們，他們?yōu)榉赶碌淖镆咽艿搅藨土P，現(xiàn)在罪已經(jīng)被赦免?！庇谑?，在曠野里有人喊道：“預(yù)備好耶和華的路，在沙漠地為我們的主修建筆直的大道。一切山洼都要填滿，大小山岡都要削平；崎嶇不平之地要變成平原……”（The voice of one in the wilderness, “Prepare the road of the lord;make straight in the desert a highway for our God.Every valley shall be exalted and every mountain and hill brought low;the crooked places shall be made straight and the rough places smooth”）

據(jù)此，英語(yǔ)里用“voice（crying）in the wilderness”（曠野里的呼聲用）表示“無(wú)人響應(yīng)的號(hào)召；無(wú)人理睬的改革者”。如：

1.Mr.Hopkins is used to the view of others and chases the wind and catches at shadows in doing things, so he is the voice in the wilderness.霍普金斯先生習(xí)慣于人云亦云，辦起事來捕風(fēng)捉影，所以他的主張沒人相信。

2.He was a man who has some excellent ideas, but other men had greater influence in the company and he was just a voice crying in the wilderness.他有一些很好的主張，但在公司里別人更有勢(shì)力，所以他的主張是不受重視的

52、wash one's hands of: 洗手；洗手不干。break relationship with sth.;no longer do sth.據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第27章記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）被捕后，所有的祭祀長(zhǎng)（chief priests）們和猶太人的長(zhǎng)老商議，要處死耶穌，他們把耶穌綁起來，解交羅馬總督（the Roman governor）彼拉多（Pilate）。每逢逾越節(jié)（the Passover），總督照慣例為群眾釋放一個(gè)他們所要的囚犯，剛好有一個(gè)出名的囚犯叫耶穌·巴拉巴（Jesus Barabbas），彼拉多開庭審斷的時(shí)候，他的夫人派人來告訴他說：“那無(wú)辜者的事，你不要管，因?yàn)槲易蛲韷?mèng)中為他吃盡苦頭?！北死啾緛碚J(rèn)為耶穌·基督?jīng)]有什么罪，就想釋放他，但祭祀長(zhǎng)和長(zhǎng)老唆使眾人叫嚷一定要除掉基督。彼拉多問眾人：“這兩個(gè)耶穌，你們要釋放哪一個(gè)呢？”他們回答：“巴拉巴！”彼拉多又問：“那么，我該怎樣處理那為基督的耶穌呢？”他們都喊：“把他釘十字架！”彼拉多問：“他做了什么壞事呢？”他們更大聲喊叫：“把他釘十字架！”彼拉多看那情形，知道再說也沒有用，反而可能激起暴動(dòng)，就拿水在眾人面前洗手，說：“流這個(gè)人的血，罪不在我，你們自己承擔(dān)吧！”（he took some water, washed his hands in front of the crowed, and said, “I'm not responsible for the death of this man!This is your doing!”）眾人異口同聲地說：“這個(gè)人的血債由我們和我們的子孫承擔(dān)！”彼拉多只好釋放耶穌·巴拉巴，又命令把耶穌·基督鞭打了，然后交給人去釘十字架。

由此可見，“wash sb's hand”表面意思是“洗手”，深層意思是“對(duì)某事不再負(fù)責(zé)”，此外，它還表示“洗手不干某事”、“不再管某人或某事”、“和……斷絕關(guān)系”。請(qǐng)看例句： 1.He washed his hands of the schemers.他與那些陰謀家斷絕關(guān)系了。

2.The lawyer washed his hands of the entire case as the client still refused to cooperate.由于當(dāng)事人仍然拒絕合作，律師干脆撒手不管這個(gè)案子了。3.Harrison washed his hands of politics five years ago.哈里森五年前就脫離政界了。Helen of Troy 直譯“特洛伊的海倫”，源自源自荷馬史詩(shī)Iliad中的希臘神話故事。

Helen是希臘的絕世佳人，美艷無(wú)比，嫁給希臘南部邦城斯巴達(dá)國(guó)王墨涅俄斯（Menelaus）為妻。后來，特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希臘，在斯巴達(dá)國(guó)王那里做客，他在愛與美之神阿芙羅狄蒂的幫助下，趁著墨涅俄斯外出之際，誘走海倫，還帶走了很多財(cái)寶

此事激起了希臘各部族的公憤，墨涅俄斯發(fā)誓說，寧死也要奪回海輪，報(bào)仇雪恨。為此，在希臘各城邦英雄的贊助下，調(diào)集十萬(wàn)大軍和1180條戰(zhàn)船，組成了希臘聯(lián)軍，公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷門農(nóng)（Agamemnon）為聯(lián)軍統(tǒng)帥，浩浩蕩蕩，跨海東征，攻打特洛伊城，企圖用武力奪回海輪。雙方大戰(zhàn)10年，死傷無(wú)數(shù)，許多英雄戰(zhàn)死在沙場(chǎng)。甚至連奧林匹斯山的眾神也分成2個(gè)陣營(yíng)，有些支持希臘人，有些幫助特洛伊人，彼此展開了一場(chǎng)持久的惡斗。最后希臘聯(lián)軍采用足智多謀的奧德修斯（Odusseus）的“木馬計(jì)”，里應(yīng)外合才攻陷了特洛伊。希臘人進(jìn)城后，大肆殺戮，帕里斯王子也被殺死，特洛伊的婦女、兒童全部淪為奴隸。特洛伊城被掠奪一空，燒成了一片灰燼。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)實(shí)后，希臘將士帶著大量戰(zhàn)利品回到希臘，墨涅俄斯搶回了美貌的海輪重返故土。這就是特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的起因和結(jié)局。正是由于海輪，使特洛伊遭到毀滅的悲劇，真所謂“傾國(guó)傾城”，由此產(chǎn)生了Helen of Troy這個(gè)成語(yǔ)。

特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的真實(shí)性，已為19世紀(jì)德國(guó)考古學(xué)家謝里曼在邁錫尼發(fā)掘和考證古代特洛伊古城廢墟所證實(shí)。至于特洛伊城被毀的真正原因，雖然眾說紛紜，但肯定決不是為了一個(gè)美女而爆發(fā)這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的，與其說是為了爭(zhēng)奪海輪而打了起來，毋寧說是為了爭(zhēng)奪該地區(qū)的商業(yè)霸權(quán)和搶劫財(cái)寶而引起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的。所謂“特洛伊的海倫”，實(shí)質(zhì)上是財(cái)富和商業(yè)霸權(quán)的化身。中國(guó)歷史上也有過“妲己亡商”，“西施沼吳”等傳說，以及唐明皇因?qū)櫁钯F妃而招致“安史之亂”，吳三桂“沖冠一怒為紅顏”等說法。漢語(yǔ)中有個(gè)“傾國(guó)傾城”的成語(yǔ)（語(yǔ)出《漢書·外戚傳》：“一顧傾人城，再顧傾人國(guó)‘。）這里的”傾“字一語(yǔ)雙光，既可指美艷非凡，令人傾倒；也可紙傾覆邦國(guó)。其含義與Helen of troy十分近似。

在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，Helen of Troy這個(gè)成語(yǔ)，除了表示a beautiful girl or woman；a beauty who ruins her country等意義外，還可以用來表示a terrible disaster brought by sb or sth you like best的意思。

g：It is unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.She didn't think of the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family.Because of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time.To meet Waterloo（倒霉，受毀滅性打擊，滅頂之災(zāi)）

滑鐵盧是一代天驕拿破侖遭受殘敗的地方。遭遇滑鐵盧，對(duì)一個(gè)人來說，后果不堪設(shè)想。無(wú)怪據(jù)說二戰(zhàn)期間，在準(zhǔn)備諾曼底反攻時(shí)，溫斯頓·丘吉爾和隨員冒雨去某地開會(huì)，其隨員因路滑而摔了一跤，脫口說一句“To meet Waterloo！”丘吉爾竟聯(lián)想到拿破侖兵敗滑鐵盧的典故，惱怒地斥責(zé)他：“胡說！我要去凱旋門呢！”

It's Greek to me．（我不知道）

英國(guó)人一般都不懂希臘語(yǔ)。這句話的直譯是：對(duì)于我這是希臘語(yǔ)。自然是不明白的意思。

Greek Kalends（幽默，詼諧方式表達(dá)的永遠(yuǎn)不）

Kalends是羅馬日歷的第一天。古希臘不用羅馬日歷，永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有這一天。

Castle in Spain（西班牙城堡，幻想，夢(mèng)想。相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的空中樓閣）

中世紀(jì)某一時(shí)期，西班牙是一個(gè)頗富浪漫色彩的國(guó)家，這句成語(yǔ)是和Castle in air（空中城堡）相齊名的。

Set the Thames on fire（火燒泰晤士河，這是何等偉大的壯舉）

但是這句成語(yǔ)經(jīng)常是反其義應(yīng)用，指那些人對(duì)某事只是夸下?？?，而不是真正想去做。

From China to Peru（從中國(guó)到秘魯）

它的意義非常明白，指從世界的這一邊到世界的那一邊，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的遠(yuǎn)隔重洋。

Between Scylla and Charybdis（錫拉和卡津布迪斯之間———在兩個(gè)同樣危險(xiǎn)的事物之間：一個(gè)人逃出一種危險(xiǎn)，而又落入另一種危險(xiǎn)）

錫拉是傳說中生活在意大利巖石的怪獸，卡津布迪斯是住在海峽中一端經(jīng)常產(chǎn)生旋渦的另一個(gè)怪獸。水手為了躲避其中一個(gè)的危害，而常又落入另一個(gè)災(zāi)難。意大利這一方的海角叫凱尼斯（Caenys），西西里島那一方的海角叫皮羅魯姆（Pelorum）。

Spoil Egyptians（掠奪埃及———迫使敵人提供自己所需要的東西）

源于圣經(jīng)：上帝答應(yīng)摩西，埃及人必須借給以色列他們所需要的東西。

Do in Rome as Romans Do（在羅馬，就按羅馬人的方式辦）

和我們的入鄉(xiāng)隨俗的意思一樣。

Carry Coals to Newcastle（把煤送到紐卡斯?fàn)枺?/p>

把某種東西送到一個(gè)人們根本不需要的地方。紐卡斯?fàn)柺a(chǎn)煤，送煤到那里，豈不是多此一舉。有趣的是法國(guó)也有類似的成語(yǔ)“del'eau a la riviere（送水到大河里）?！?/p>

A Penelope's Web亦作The Web of Penelope故意拖延的策略；永遠(yuǎn)做不完的工作

A Penelope's Web或The Web of Penelope，直譯為“珀涅羅珀的織物”，典故出自荷馬史詩(shī)《奧德賽》卷2.這部史詩(shī)的主人公奧德修斯是希臘半島西南邊伊大卡島（Ithaca）的國(guó)王，他有個(gè)美麗而忠誠(chéng)的旗子，名叫珀涅羅珀。奧德修斯隨希臘聯(lián)軍遠(yuǎn)征特洛伊，十年苦戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，希臘將士紛紛凱旋歸國(guó)。惟獨(dú)奧德修斯命運(yùn)坎坷，歸途中又在海上漂泊了10年，歷盡無(wú)數(shù)艱險(xiǎn)，并盛傳他已葬身魚腹，或者客死異域。正當(dāng)他在外流浪的最后三年間，有一百多個(gè)來自各地的王孫公子，聚集在他家里，向他的妻子求婚。堅(jiān)貞不渝的珀涅羅珀為了擺脫求婚者的糾纏，想出個(gè)緩賓之策，她宣稱等她為公公織完一匹做壽衣的布料后，就改嫁給他們中的一個(gè)。于是，她白天織這匹布，夜晚又在火炬光下把它拆掉。就這樣織了又拆，拆了又織，沒完沒了，拖延時(shí)間，等待丈夫歸來。后來，奧德修斯終于回轉(zhuǎn)家園，夫妻兒子合力把那些在他家里宴飲作樂，胡作非為的求婚者一個(gè)個(gè)殺死，終于夫妻團(tuán)圓了。

由于這個(gè)故事，英語(yǔ)中的Penelope一詞成了a chaste woman（貞婦）的同義詞，并產(chǎn)生了with a penelope faith（堅(jiān)貞不渝）這個(gè)短語(yǔ)。而A Penelope's Web這個(gè)成語(yǔ)比喻the tactics of delaying sth on purposel；the task that can never be finished的意思

eg：Mr Jones made a long speech at the meeting.Everyone else thought it a Penelope's web.My work is something like the Penelope's web，never done，but ever in hand.Swan Song最后杰作；絕筆

Swan Song字面譯做“天鵝之歌”，源于希臘成語(yǔ)Kykneion asma.天鵝，我國(guó)古代叫鵠，是一種形狀似鵝而體形較大的稀有珍禽，棲息于海濱湖畔，能游善飛，全身白色。因此，英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)black swan，用以比喻稀有罕見的人或物，類似漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“鳳毛麟角”之意。

在古希臘神話中，阿波羅（Apollo）是太陽(yáng)神、光明之神，由于他多才多藝，又是詩(shī)歌與音樂之神，后世奉他為文藝的保護(hù)神。天鵝是阿波羅的神鳥，故常用來比喻文藝。傳說天鵝平素不唱歌，而在它死前，必引頸長(zhǎng)鳴，高歌一曲，其歌聲哀婉動(dòng)聽，感人肺腑。這是它一生中唯一的，也是最后的一次唱歌。因此，西方各國(guó)就用這個(gè)典故來比喻某詩(shī)人，作家，作曲家臨終前的一部杰作，或者是某個(gè)演員，歌唱家的最后一次表演。即a last or farewell appearance；the last work before death之意；偶爾也可指某中最后殘余的東西。

Swan Song是個(gè)古老的成語(yǔ)，源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。早在公元前6世紀(jì)的古希臘寓言作家伊索（Aisopos）的寓言故事中，就有“天鵝臨死才唱歌”的說法。古羅馬政治家、作家西塞羅（Cicero，公元前106-前43）在其《德斯肯倫別墅哲學(xué)談》等論文中，就使用了“天鵝之歌”來比喻臨死哀歌。在英國(guó)，喬叟，莎士比亞等偉大詩(shī)人、劇作家，都使用過這個(gè)成語(yǔ)典故。如：莎翁的著名悲劇《奧噻羅》（othello）中塑造的愛米莉霞的形象，她在生死關(guān)頭勇敢得站出來揭穿其丈夫的罪行。她臨死時(shí)把自己比做天鵝，一生只唱最后一次歌。

eg：All the tickets have been sold for the singer's performance in London this week——the public clearly believes that this will be her swan song

The Tempest was W.Shakespeare's swan song in 1612.8.Win/Gain Laurels獲得榮譽(yù)；贏得聲望

Look to One's Laurels愛惜名聲；保持記錄

Rest on One's Laurels坐享清福；光吃老本

Laurel（月桂樹）是一種可供觀賞的常綠喬木，樹葉互生，披針形或者長(zhǎng)橢圓形，光滑發(fā)亮；花帶黃色，傘形花序。laurels指用月桂樹葉編成的“桂冠”。古代希臘人和羅馬人用月桂樹的樹葉編成冠冕，獻(xiàn)給杰出的詩(shī)人或體育競(jìng)技的優(yōu)勝者，作為獎(jiǎng)賞，以表尊崇。這種風(fēng)尚漸漸傳遍整個(gè)歐洲，于是laurels代表victory，success和distincion.歐洲人這種習(xí)俗源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，可上朔到古希臘神話。相傳河神珀納斯（Peneus）的女兒達(dá)佛涅（Daphne）長(zhǎng)的風(fēng)姿卓約，艷麗非凡。太陽(yáng)神阿波羅為她的美所傾倒，熱烈追求她，但達(dá)佛涅自有所愛，總是逃避權(quán)利很大的太陽(yáng)神的追求。一天，他倆在河邊相遇，達(dá)佛涅一見阿波羅，拔腿就跑，阿波羅在后邊窮追不舍，達(dá)佛涅跑得疲乏不堪，情急之下只好請(qǐng)她父親把她變成一株月桂樹。阿波羅非常感傷，無(wú)限深情地表示：“愿你的枝葉四季長(zhǎng)青，裝飾我的頭，裝飾我的琴，讓你成為最高榮譽(yù)的象征”。他小心得將這株月桂樹移植到自己神廟旁邊，朝夕相處，并取其枝葉遍成花冠戴在頭上，以表示對(duì)達(dá)佛涅的傾慕和懷念。

因此，古希臘人把月桂樹看做是阿波羅的神木，稱為“阿波羅的月桂樹”（The Laurel of Apollo）。起先，他們用月桂枝葉編成冠冕，授予在祭祀太陽(yáng)神的節(jié)目賽跑中的優(yōu)勝者。后來在奧林匹亞（Olympia）舉行的體育競(jìng)技中，他們用桂冠贈(zèng)給競(jìng)技的優(yōu)勝者。從此世代相傳，后世歐洲人以“桂冠”作為光榮的稱號(hào)。

由于阿波羅是主管光明。青春。音樂和詩(shī)歌之神，歐洲人又把源自“阿波羅的月桂樹”的桂冠，獻(xiàn)給最有才華的詩(shī)人，稱“桂冠詩(shī)人”。第一位著名的“桂冠詩(shī)人”就是歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期人文主義的先驅(qū)者。意大利詩(shī)人彼特拉克（Francesco Petrarch，1304-1374）。他的代表作<抒情詩(shī)集>，全部為14行詩(shī)體，系詩(shī)人獻(xiàn)給他心中的女神勞拉的情詩(shī)（彼特拉克喜歡了勞拉一輩子，但是勞拉從來都不知道），抒發(fā)他對(duì)戀人的愛情，描寫大自然的景色，渴望祖國(guó)的統(tǒng)一。這部被稱為西方“詩(shī)三百'的詩(shī)集，雖不能與我國(guó)古代<詩(shī)經(jīng)>相提并論，但不失為世界文學(xué)的瑰寶。

中古時(shí)代英國(guó)的大學(xué)，也曾授予過“桂冠詩(shī)人”的稱好，但是這只是一種榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)，而非目前含義的類似職務(wù)，學(xué)銜的專用名稱。

作為專名的“桂冠詩(shī)人”（The Poet Laureate，也稱The Laureate），系英國(guó)王室賜予御用詩(shī)人的專用稱號(hào)，從17世紀(jì)英皇詹姆士一世（James I，1566-1625）開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，已歷三個(gè)世紀(jì)了。凡獲得“桂冠詩(shī)人”稱號(hào)者，可領(lǐng)取宮廷津貼，每遇到王室喜慶或官方盛典時(shí)，都要寫作應(yīng)景詩(shī)以點(diǎn)綴和宣揚(yáng)喜慶事件，歌功頌德，粉飾升平。17世紀(jì)，在英國(guó)被封為第一位“桂冠詩(shī)人”的是約翰·德萊頓（John Dryden，1631-1700），他一生為貴族寫作，美化君主制度，不過他創(chuàng)造的“英語(yǔ)偶句詩(shī)體”，成為英國(guó)詩(shī)歌的主要形式之一。從1670到1972這三百年間，英國(guó)王室相繼封了17位“桂冠詩(shī)人”年限最長(zhǎng)的是19實(shí)際的浪漫詩(shī)人阿弗里德·丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson，1809-1892），他從1850年獲得這個(gè)稱號(hào)一直到逝世，長(zhǎng)達(dá)42年，算是“終身桂冠詩(shī)人”了。英國(guó)最近的“桂冠詩(shī)人”是約翰·本杰明（John Benjamin）。其實(shí)，所謂“桂冠詩(shī)人”大部分是徒具虛名的，在英國(guó)文學(xué)史上享有盛名者極少；就象中國(guó)封建時(shí)代的“欽點(diǎn)狀元”，從公元960到1904（清關(guān)緒30年最后一屆科舉止）近1000年，歷代狀元341名，在中國(guó)文學(xué)史上著名的寥寥無(wú)幾。

eg：Shakespeare won laurels in the dramatic world.The student gained laurels on the football field，as well as in his studies.Tom won the broad jump，but he had to look to his laurels Getting an A in chemistry almosst cause Mike to rest on his laurels

9.Under the Rose秘密地；私下得；暗中

Under the rose直譯“在玫瑰花底下”，而實(shí)際上卻表示in secret； privately confidentially的意義，語(yǔ)言外殼與內(nèi)涵，似乎風(fēng)馬牛不相及。它源自古羅馬的神話故事和歐洲的風(fēng)尚。

羅馬神話中的小愛神丘比特（Cupid），也稱希臘神話里的厄洛斯（Eros），在文藝作品中以背上長(zhǎng)著雙翼的小男孩的形象出現(xiàn)，常攜帶弓箭在天空中遨游，誰(shuí)中了他的金箭就會(huì)產(chǎn)生愛情。丘比特是戰(zhàn)神瑪斯（Mars）和愛與美之神維納斯（venus）所生的兒子。維納斯，也就是希臘神話里的阿芙羅狄蒂（Aphrodite），傳說她是從大海的泡沫里生出來，以美麗著稱，從宙斯到奧林匹帕斯的諸神都為起美貌姿容所傾倒。有關(guān)她的戀愛傳說很多，歐洲很多文藝作品常用維納斯做題材。小愛神丘比特為了維護(hù)其母的聲譽(yù)，給沉默之神哈伯克拉底（Harpocrates）送了一束玫瑰花，請(qǐng)他守口如瓶不要把維納斯的風(fēng)流韻事傳播出去。哈伯克拉底受了玫瑰花就緘默不語(yǔ)了，成為名副其實(shí)的“沉默之神”

古羅馬人對(duì)維納斯非常尊崇，不僅奉為掌管人類的愛情?；橐?。生育的愛與美的神，而且尊為豐收女神。園藝女神。羅馬的統(tǒng)治者愷撒大帝甚至追搠維納斯是羅馬人的祖先。由于上述神話傳說，古羅馬人把玫瑰花當(dāng)作沉沒或嚴(yán)守秘密的象征，并在日常生活中相尚成風(fēng)。人們?nèi)ゴT做客，當(dāng)看到主人家的桌子上方畫有玫瑰，客人就了解在這桌上所談的一切行為均不應(yīng)外傳。于是在語(yǔ)言中產(chǎn)生了Sub rosa在玫瑰花底下這個(gè)拉丁成語(yǔ)。據(jù)<牛津英語(yǔ)詞典>解釋，英語(yǔ)under the rose系源自德語(yǔ)unter der Rosen.古代德國(guó)的宴會(huì)廳。會(huì)議室以及旅店的餐室，在天花板上常畫有或雕刻著玫瑰花，用來提醒在場(chǎng)者要守口如瓶，嚴(yán)守秘密，不要把玫瑰花底下的言行透露出去。這個(gè)流行于15至17世紀(jì)的德語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)反映了這種習(xí)俗。

羅馬帝國(guó)全盛時(shí)，其勢(shì)力幾乎席卷了整個(gè)歐洲，羅馬某些文化風(fēng)尚也隨著他的軍事力量滲透到歐洲各國(guó)。因此，以玫瑰花象征沉默的習(xí)俗，并不限于德國(guó)??

under the rose 是個(gè)狀語(yǔ)性成語(yǔ)，在句中修飾動(dòng)詞，其含義因所修飾的動(dòng)詞的不同而略有不同。如：born under the rose“私生的”“非婚生的”；do under the rose“暗中進(jìn)行”

eg：The senator told me under the rose that there is to be a chance in the cabinet.The matter was finally settled under the rose.Do what you like undeer the rose，but don't give a sign of what you're about??

10.The Augean Stable（s）骯臟的地方；藏垢納穢之所；積弊

The Augean Stable（s）直譯“奧吉亞斯的牛圈”，源自古希臘神話中關(guān)于赫拉克勒斯的英雄傳說。

奧吉亞斯（Augeas）是古希臘西部厄利斯（Elis）的國(guó)王。他有一個(gè)極大的牛圈，里面養(yǎng)了2000頭年（一說3000匹馬），30年來未清掃過，糞穢堆積如山，十分骯臟。因此，the Augean stable=very dirty place.古希臘神話中的英雄赫拉克勒斯（Heracles），亦稱海格立斯（Hercules），是宙斯同底比斯國(guó)王之女阿爾克墨涅所生的兒子，自幼在名師的傳授下，學(xué)會(huì)了各種武藝和技能，神勇無(wú)敵，成為遐邇聞名的大力士。他因受到心胸狹窄的天后赫拉的迫害，不得不替邁錫尼國(guó)王歐律斯透斯服役十幾年。赫拉克勒斯拒絕了“惡德”女神要他走享樂道路的誘惑，而聽從了“美德”女神的忠告，決心在逆境中不畏艱險(xiǎn)，為民除害造福。他在十二年中完成了12項(xiàng)英勇業(yè)績(jī)，其中之一就是在一天之內(nèi)將奧吉亞斯的牛圈打掃干凈。赫拉克勒斯先在牛圈的一端挖了深溝，引來附近的阿爾裴斯河和珀涅俄斯河的喝水灌入牛圈，而在另一端開一出口，使喝水流經(jīng)牛圈，借用水利沖洗積糞。這樣，他在一夜之間將30年沒有打掃過的骯臟不堪的牛圈，打掃的干干凈凈。奧吉亞斯曾許諾事成之后把牛群的十分之一給赫拉克勒斯，作為勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬，后來當(dāng)他獲悉赫拉克勒斯是奉歐律斯透斯之命來完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的，竟自食其果，于是被赫拉克勒斯殺死

這個(gè)神話傳說反映了古代人民苦干加巧干的精神，體現(xiàn)了人類征服自然的力量和智慧。偉大的革命導(dǎo)師馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林在他們的著作中，多次引用夠這個(gè)典故。在馬列主義經(jīng)典中，這個(gè)成語(yǔ)有時(shí)譯為“骯臟的馬廄”，有時(shí)譯為“奧吉亞斯的牛圈”。在這里，stable除了泛指地點(diǎn)外，還可代表某些不良的制度，下流的習(xí)俗和惡劣的作風(fēng)等等。由此，人們用the Augean stable這個(gè)成語(yǔ)來比喻非常的地方或長(zhǎng)期形成的積弊。它常比to clean，to cleanse，to reform等動(dòng)詞連用，表示to bring about a drastic reform in some public evil的意思

eg：how to clean the Augean stables of this city remains a critical problem.Although they know it is not easy to reform the Augean stables of ths sociey，they are still trying to do it.11.A Procrustean Bed

A Procrustean Bed直譯是“普洛克路斯貳斯的床”，源自古希臘神話的典故。

在雅典國(guó)家奠基者（Theseus）的傳說中，從墨加拉到雅典途中有個(gè)非常殘暴的強(qiáng)盜，叫達(dá)瑪斯貳斯，綽號(hào)普洛克路斯貳斯。希臘問Procrustes的意思是“拉長(zhǎng)者”、“暴虐者”。據(jù)公元前1世紀(jì)古希臘歷史學(xué)家狄奧多（Diodoros，約公元前80-前29年）所編《歷史叢書》記述：普洛克路斯貳斯開設(shè)黑店，攔截過路行人。他特意設(shè)置了2張鐵床，一長(zhǎng)一短，強(qiáng)迫旅店躺在鐵床上，身矮者睡長(zhǎng)床，強(qiáng)拉其軀體使與床齊；身高者睡短床，他用利斧把旅客伸出來的腿腳截短。由于他這種特殊的殘暴方式，人稱之為“鐵床匪”。后來，希臘著名英雄提修斯在前往雅典尋父途中，遇上了“鐵床匪”，擊敗了這個(gè)攔路大盜。提修斯以其人之道還治其人之身，強(qiáng)令身體魁梧的普洛克路斯貳斯躺在短床上，一刀砍掉“鐵床匪”伸出床外的下半肢，除了這一禍害。

由此，在英語(yǔ)中遺留下來a Procrustean bed這個(gè)成語(yǔ)，亦做the Procrustes' bed或the bed of Procrustes，常用以表示an arrangement or plan that produces uniformity by violent and arbitrary measures之意。按其形象意義，這個(gè)成語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“削足適履”、“截趾穿鞋”頗相同；也類似俗語(yǔ)“使穿小鞋”、“強(qiáng)求一律”的說法

eg：I didn't put forth the plan as a Procrustean bed，to which exact conformity is to be indispensable.Don't stretch the facts to fit the Procrustean bed.12.A Gordian Knot難解的結(jié)；難題；難點(diǎn)

A Gordian Knot直譯“戈耳迪之結(jié)”。

戈耳迪（Gordius）是小亞細(xì)亞佛律基亞（Phrygia）的國(guó)王，傳說他原先是個(gè)貧苦的農(nóng)民。一天，他在耕地的時(shí)候，有只神鷹從天而且降，落在他馬車的軛上，久不飛走。戈耳迪就趕著馬車進(jìn)城去請(qǐng)求神示。其時(shí)，佛律基亞的老王突然去世，一國(guó)無(wú)主，上下**不安，于是人們請(qǐng)求神示由誰(shuí)來做國(guó)王。神示說：“在通向宙斯神廟的大陸上，你們遇到的第一個(gè)乘馬車者就是新王。”恰好這時(shí)戈耳迪正乘著牛車前往宙斯的神廟，人們看見巍然屹立在車軛上的神鷹，認(rèn)為這是掌握政權(quán)的象征，就一致?lián)泶鞲甓蠟閲?guó)王。戈耳迪當(dāng)了國(guó)王后，就把那輛象征命運(yùn)的馬車獻(xiàn)給宙斯，放置在嬸廟中。他用繩索打了個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的死結(jié)，把車軛牢牢得系在車轅上，誰(shuí)也無(wú)法解開。

由此，人們常用a Gordian knot比喻a knot difficult or impossibe to unite；the difficult problem or task.eg：We must try to solve the problem even if it is really a Gordian knot.The knot which you thought a Gordian one will untie it before you.13.Cut the Gordian Knot

Cut the Gordian Knot直譯“斬?cái)喔甓现Y(jié)”，源自上篇的同一典故。

佛律基亞（Phrygia）的國(guó)王戈耳迪，用亂結(jié)把軛系在他原來使用過的馬車的轅上，其結(jié)牢固難解，神諭凡能解開此結(jié)者，便是亞洲之君主。好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)過去了，沒有人能解開這個(gè)結(jié)。公元前3世紀(jì)時(shí)，古希臘羅馬的馬其頓國(guó)王亞歷山大大帝（Alexander the Great，公元前356-323），在成為希臘各城邦的霸主后，大舉遠(yuǎn)征東方。公元前334年，他率領(lǐng)進(jìn)入小亞細(xì)亞，經(jīng)過佛律基亞時(shí)，看到這輛馬車。有人把往年的神諭告訴他，他也無(wú)法解開這個(gè)結(jié)。為了鼓舞士氣，亞歷山大拔出利劍一揮，斬?cái)嗔诉@個(gè)復(fù)雜的亂結(jié)，并說：“我就是這樣解開的”因此，to cut the Gordian knot 就是意味著to solve a complicated difficulty by quick and drastic action；to end a difficulty by using a vigorous or violent method；to solve a problem by force.按其形象意義，這個(gè)成語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“快刀斬亂麻”，“大刀闊斧，果斷處置”十分相似。

eg：They have decided to cut the Gordian knot to wipe out the enemy at a blow.Jean is afraid of everything，How can she cut the Gordian knot in her work？ 14.Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh

Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh直譯“骨中之骨，肉中之肉”，出自<圣經(jīng)>中關(guān)于上帝造人的神話。

據(jù)<舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)>第2章敘述：太初之際，混沌未開，耶和華上帝開天辟地。第一天耶和華創(chuàng)造了白天和夜晚；第二天創(chuàng)造了天空和風(fēng)云；第三天創(chuàng)造了高山峻嶺。平原河流，以及富饒的土地和芳香的花果；第四天他又創(chuàng)造了太陽(yáng)。月亮和星辰，確定年歲。季節(jié)。月份和日期；第五天他創(chuàng)造了各種形狀和大小的魚類和飛禽；第六天他才創(chuàng)造了各種陸上動(dòng)物，然后他按照自己的形象用地上的塵土造出一個(gè)男人，名叫亞當(dāng)（Adam），這就是神話中人類的始祖。后來，耶和華見押當(dāng)獨(dú)居無(wú)伴侶幫助他，于是，趁亞當(dāng)沉睡的時(shí)候，從他身上取下一根肋骨造成了一個(gè)女人叫夏娃（Eve），領(lǐng)到他面前，亞當(dāng)說：“This is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh”（這是我骨中之骨，肉中之肉）。從此兩人結(jié)為夫妻

Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh常用來比喻血緣上的親屬關(guān)系或思想上的團(tuán)結(jié)一致，即as close as flesh and blood；to be inseperately linked to each other等的意思。

eg：Our army is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the people.The I.W.W was bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the floating workers.（W.Foster：Pages from a Worker's Life.）

15.Adam's Apple喉結(jié)

亞當(dāng)是圣經(jīng)中人類的始祖，而蘋果的歷史比人類的歷史還悠久。在世界各文明古國(guó)的民間故事和神話傳說中，蘋果都是受人喜愛的一種果實(shí)。英語(yǔ)中有個(gè)諺語(yǔ)：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.但據(jù)圣經(jīng)故事上說，蘋果也給人類帶來了麻煩，男人的喉結(jié)就是因吃蘋果引起的。

《舊約。創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》第3章講到人類的起源，傳說上帝創(chuàng)造人類的始祖亞當(dāng)和夏娃，在東方的伊甸（Eden）建立了一個(gè)園子給他們居住。伊甸園里生長(zhǎng)著悅?cè)搜勰康母鞣N樹木，樹上長(zhǎng)著各種各樣的果實(shí)。上帝吩咐亞當(dāng)說：你可以隨意吃園中的各種果子，只是不能吃那棵分別善惡樹上的果實(shí)，吃了必定要死。這種“禁果”就是apple.后來，亞當(dāng)?shù)呐渑枷耐蘼犘派叩恼T惑，不顧神諭，吃了善惡樹上的禁果，還把這果子給它丈夫吃。亞當(dāng)因心懷恐懼，吃時(shí)倉(cāng)促，有一片果肉哽在吼中，不上不下，留下個(gè)結(jié)塊，就叫“亞當(dāng)?shù)奶O果”兩人吃了這果子就心明眼亮，能知善惡美丑。但是由于他們違背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸園。從此，亞當(dāng)就永遠(yuǎn)在脖子前端留下“喉結(jié)”，作為偷吃禁果的“罪證”。上帝還懲罰亞當(dāng)，“必汗流滿面才能糊口”

不過也說一說是正當(dāng)亞當(dāng)吃的時(shí)候，上帝來了，所以亞當(dāng)急忙吞下去，不料哽在喉嚨間了。

eg：Your Adam's apple isn't apparent.Adam's apple can be more clearly seen on men than women's throats.16.Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages因小失大；見利棄義

Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages直譯是：“為了一碗紅豆湯而出賣了長(zhǎng)子繼承權(quán)”。

《舊約。創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》第25章記述了這樣一個(gè)故事傳說：猶太族長(zhǎng)以撒的妻子利百加懷孕期間，感覺到2個(gè)胎兒在她腹內(nèi)互相踢打，就去問耶和華，耶和華對(duì)她說：“兩國(guó)在你腹內(nèi)，兩族要從你身上出來，這族必強(qiáng)于那族，將來大的要服小的?！?/p>

后來，利百加果然生下一對(duì)孿生兄弟，哥哥叫以掃，弟弟叫雅各。兩兄弟長(zhǎng)大后，以掃好動(dòng)，常外出打獵；雅各則常在家里幫助料理家務(wù)。有一天，以掃打獵回來，又饑又渴，看見弟弟雅各在熬豆湯，就對(duì)他說：“我餓極了，給我喝點(diǎn)紅豆湯吧！”雅各說：“你要喝湯，就把你的長(zhǎng)子權(quán)賣給我?！币話哒f：“你都要餓死了，要這長(zhǎng)子權(quán)有什么用呢？”于是，他便按雅各的要求，對(duì)天起誓，把長(zhǎng)子權(quán)賣給雅各，換來餅和紅豆湯。以掃吃飽喝足后，起身走了。他哪里想到，為了這碗紅豆湯，他的后裔便注定要服事雅各的后裔。

由此，人們用to sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage短語(yǔ)，來比喻to exchange something of lasting value for something that is of value for a short time only；to suffer a big loss for a little gain.這個(gè)成語(yǔ)?？s略為for a mess of pottage的形式。有時(shí)也可用to sell one's birthrights.eg：It was argued that joining the Common Market??would be giving away her national rights and advantages for a mess of pottage.There are many，many people who are willing to prostitute their intelligence for a mess of pottage.17.The Apple of Ones' Eye

The Apple of Ones' Eye的字面意思是“某人眼里的蘋果”，在這里，apple指的是the pupil（瞳孔，眼珠），大概因眼珠圓的象蘋果之故。瞳孔是眼睛最重要的部分，失去瞳孔，光線就無(wú)法通過虹膜中心的圓孔進(jìn)入眼內(nèi)而變成了瞎子。所以，這個(gè)成語(yǔ)常用來比喻象愛護(hù)眼珠一樣愛護(hù)某個(gè)最心愛的人或珍貴的東西，即表示a cherished person or object；sth extrmely precious to one； sb dearly loved等意

這個(gè)成語(yǔ)來字《舊約。申命記》（Deuteronomy）第32章“耶和華遇見他在曠野荒涼、野獸吼叫之地，就環(huán)繞他，看顧他，保護(hù)他如同保護(hù)眼里的瞳人?！痹谑ソ?jīng)其他地方也有類似的話。英文版《舊約。詩(shī)篇》（Psalm）第17章有這樣的句子：“Keep me as the apple of the eye，hide me under the shadow of the wings”

成語(yǔ)the apple of one's eye是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，不得寫成the apple of the eye of?的形式；在搭配上，它常與動(dòng)詞be，keep，care for等連用。按其想象意義，它與漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“掌上明珠”頗相似，但其比喻的對(duì)象較漢語(yǔ)“掌珠”更廣，因“掌珠”通常指心愛的女兒，而不能用與其他場(chǎng)合。

eg：Little Mary is the apple of her father's eye Mind the reputation of your school as you care for the apple of your eye.19.Not an iota of沒有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，絲毫也不

iota是希臘字母表中第9個(gè)字母“Ｉ”的名稱。not an iota of 出自《新約。馬太福音》第5章：“律法的一點(diǎn)一畫都不能廢去，都要成全?！币?yàn)閕ota是希臘字母表中最小的一個(gè)字母，它有時(shí)可以寫作一短橫置于其他字母之上；遺漏這一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)對(duì)發(fā)音并無(wú)什么影響，只按規(guī)則不能減少而已。《福音書》所說的律法，系指“摩西律”，意即無(wú)論何人都不允許隨便廢去這戒律哪怕是最小的一條，甚至其中的一個(gè)字母，一個(gè)小小短橫也不得更動(dòng)或遺漏。

由此，在語(yǔ)言中遺留下來這個(gè)成語(yǔ)，轉(zhuǎn)義表示not a bit of ；not one jot or little；not at all等意思。iota在這里，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)“小不點(diǎn)兒”的意思。

Eg：Science deals with things in a practical way.Science means honest，solid knowledge，allowing not an iota of falsehood，and it involves herculean efforts and gruelling toil.There is not an iota of truth in the story.20.The Salt of the Earth社會(huì)中堅(jiān)；民族精華；優(yōu)秀份子

The Salt of the Earth這個(gè)成語(yǔ)，字面意思“世上的鹽”

鹽是飲食中不可缺少的調(diào)味品，人體若缺鹽，健康就會(huì)受到影響，出現(xiàn)種種疾病。鹽還有殺菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多種功用，它既是“百藥之王”，又是工業(yè)之母，確是值得珍視的東西。在許多民族的習(xí)俗匯總，鹽被當(dāng)作敬客的高貴禮品。

The Salt of the Earth一詞出自《圣經(jīng)》，據(jù)《新約。馬太福音》（Matthew）第5長(zhǎng)記載：耶穌對(duì)他的門徒說：“Ye are the salt of the earth：but if the salt have lost his savor，wherewith shall it be salted？ ” 在這里，salt用于轉(zhuǎn)義，表示flavor；of the earth即of the world.這是耶穌登山垂訓(xùn)論“?！保v福音結(jié)尾的話，他把門徒比做“世上的鹽”，這是極高的稱贊。這句話在后世不斷引用變成了一個(gè)典故性成語(yǔ)，轉(zhuǎn)義為the most valuable members of sociey；the finest type of humanity；a person or a group of people having the best character 之意

eg： He does a lot of good jobs and is considered to be the salt of the world.You all are the salt of the earth.Our hope is placed on you

21.Cast pearls before swine對(duì)牛彈琴；白費(fèi)好意

To Cast pearls before swine的意思是“珍珠頭在豬玀前面”。

swine是個(gè)舊詞，書面詞，即今為pigs，不過swine單復(fù)同行，本句為復(fù)數(shù)。

這個(gè)成語(yǔ)源自《新約。馬太福音》第7章：“Give not that which is holy unto the dogs，neither cast ye your pearls before swine，lest they trample them under their feet，and turn again and rend you”。由于to cast pearls efore swine，比喻確切，在后世不斷引用中而成為一個(gè)國(guó)際性成語(yǔ)，常用來表示to offer sth valuable or beautiful to those who can't appreciate it；to give what is precious to those who are unable to understand its value等意思，含有輕蔑嘲笑色彩。按其字面意義，這個(gè)成語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“明珠按投”相似，但是寓意不同，基本上不對(duì)應(yīng)；按一比喻意義，它相當(dāng)于“對(duì)牛彈琴”，“向驢說經(jīng)”“一番好意給狗吃”“狗咬呂洞賓，不識(shí)好人心”等。

She read them Shakespeare，but it was casting pearls before swine

I won't waste good advice on John any more because he never listens to it.I won't cast pearls before swine.??and when I let the upper floor to Cap'en Cuttle，oh i do a thankless thing，and cast pearls before swine

22.a wolf in sheep's clothing批著羊皮的狼；貌善心惡的人

耶穌在加利利一帶傳道布教，收了很多信徒。有一天，他對(duì)門徒說：“Beware of false prophets，which come to you in sheep's clothing，but inwardly they are ravening wolves”

eg：Mrs.Martin trusted the lawyer until she realized that he was a wolf in sheep's clothing

One who teaches morality and practises immorality is a wolf in lamb's skine

23.separate the sheep from the goats區(qū)別好壞，分清良莠

《新約。馬太福音》記述：“And before him shall be gathered all nations：and he shall separate them one from another，as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats”

由于《圣經(jīng)》的影響，sheep和goat在英語(yǔ)中的形象截然不同，前者比喻好人，后者比喻壞人。英語(yǔ)中有關(guān)goat的成語(yǔ)，大多貶義。如：to play the goat=play the fool（瞎胡鬧）；to get sb's goat（觸動(dòng)肝火）；等等。《圣經(jīng)》說牧羊人要分辨綿羊和山羊，“把綿羊安置右邊，山羊左邊”。據(jù)說野山羊?；爝M(jìn)羊群里，引誘綿羊，故牧養(yǎng)人必須把它們區(qū)分開來，以免混淆。

由此，人們用to separate the sheep from the goats這個(gè)成語(yǔ)，來比喻to separate the good from the wicked； to divide good or useful people from bad or useless

eg：We'll go through the list of members，and separate the sheep from the goats

Have faith in me，please.I can separate the sheep from the goats

To not get to first base(沒有取得初步成績(jī))原指棒球手沒有跑到第一壘，轉(zhuǎn)義偉一開市或很快就失敗了。如： she attracted him at first sight and he made elaborate plans to court her, but he didn’t even get to first base.To have two strikes against on(三擊中已有兩擊不中)原指棒球擊球手已擊兩球不中，如第三擊再不中，就要出局。義：處境不利，形式不妙。如：when he applied for the job, he already had two strikes against him: he didn’t have a college diploma like the other applicants, and he was ten minutes late for his interview.To carry the ball（負(fù)主要責(zé)任）原指橄欖球運(yùn)動(dòng)員執(zhí)球，轉(zhuǎn)義：對(duì)完成某項(xiàng)任務(wù)負(fù)主要責(zé)任。如：the negotiations are the key to the undertaking, we’d better ask Mumford to carry the ball.An armchair quarterback(坐在扶手椅上的指揮官)quarterback原指橄欖球賽指揮進(jìn)攻的四分衛(wèi)，加了armchair一詞，往往指局外人大談應(yīng)如何做某事而未身體力行不用負(fù)任何責(zé)任。如： it?s east to be an armchair quarterback but your idea wouldn?t have worked at all.To be down and out(被困難壓倒，完全失敗)原指在拳擊中被擊倒而不能繼續(xù)比賽，轉(zhuǎn)義：雖然經(jīng)過努力掙扎，但已處于絕望境地而徹底垮臺(tái)。如：he made one last effort, but it didn?t work.There was nothing left to do but close shop---he was down and out.To hit below the belt(用不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄未驌魟e人)原指拳擊比賽中打?qū)Ψ较律淼姆敢?guī)行為，轉(zhuǎn)義在比賽或打交道時(shí)，用不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄蝹?duì)方。How could you do a thing like that? That?s hitting below the belt.A Rambo（蘭博）蘭博是80年代中期美國(guó)電影中的一個(gè)著名人物，他是在越戰(zhàn)中為美軍賣過命的漢子，足智多謀、沉默寡言、性情孤僻，行為有點(diǎn)古怪。在電影中，他歷盡艱辛，常使用暴力，又奇跡般死里逃生，他用射箭、刀砍、轟炸及火燒殺出一條血路，雖然情節(jié)令人難以置信，卻是許多美國(guó)男孩和青年心目中的當(dāng)代英雄。

As American as apple pie，常說蘋果餡餅是美國(guó)人發(fā)明的食物，最流行的食物。真正美國(guó)式的。

An Ivy Leaguer(名牌大學(xué)學(xué)生)指在美國(guó)東北部八所名牌大學(xué)的學(xué)生，Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Pennsylvania, Cornell, Dartmouth, Brown.That?s something for Ripley(那簡(jiǎn)直是里普利的奇聞)—美國(guó)有許多報(bào)紙刊登里普利寫的“信不信由你”這一專欄，所報(bào)道的都是一些稀奇古怪或異乎尋常的事，卻是真實(shí)的，經(jīng)過核實(shí)的。

第二篇：英語(yǔ)典故

1、柏拉圖式愛情 Platonic Love

柏拉圖（公元前427～公元前347），古希臘著名哲學(xué)家。蘇格拉底的學(xué)生，亞里士多德的老師。其哲學(xué)思想對(duì)唯心主義在西方的發(fā)展影響極大，代表作有 《理想國(guó)》、《法律》等。他主張人的絕對(duì)精神，而忽視肉體感受?！鞍乩瓐D婚姻”即是沒有肉體性欲，而是絕對(duì)精神的男女愛戀。

2、諾亞方舟 Noah’s Ark

出自《圣經(jīng)》。上帝對(duì)人類所犯下的罪孽非常憂慮，決定用洪水消滅人類。而諾亞是個(gè)正直的人，上帝吩咐他造船避災(zāi)。經(jīng)過40個(gè)晝夜的洪水，除諾亞一家和部分動(dòng)物外，其他生物都被洪水吞沒了。后來人們常用此語(yǔ)比喻災(zāi)難中的避難所或救星。

3、滑鐵盧 Waterloo

1815年，在比利時(shí)的滑鐵盧，拿破侖率領(lǐng)法軍與英國(guó)、普魯士聯(lián)軍展開激戰(zhàn)，法軍慘敗。隨后，拿破侖以退位結(jié)束了其政治生涯。因此，“滑鐵盧”常常被用來比喻慘痛的失敗。

4、第二十一條軍規(guī) Catch-2

2本是名著《第二十一條軍規(guī)》的書名，作者為英國(guó)的約瑟夫·海勒。軍規(guī)規(guī)定：面臨真正的、迫在眉睫的危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，對(duì)自身安全表示關(guān)注，乃是頭腦理性活動(dòng)的結(jié) 果；如果你認(rèn)為你瘋了，可以允許你停止飛行，只要你提出請(qǐng)求就行?？墒悄阋惶岢稣?qǐng)求，就證明你不是瘋子，就得繼續(xù)飛行。此語(yǔ)常用來比喻圈套、枷鎖等。它雖 看不見，摸不著，但卻無(wú)處不在，無(wú)所不包。自相矛盾的一套詭辯邏輯，任何人也逃不出它的手心。

5、皮格馬利翁效應(yīng) Pygmalion Effect

皮格馬利翁是古希臘神話中的塞浦路斯國(guó)王，善雕刻。一次他雕刻了一座美麗的少女像，在夜以繼日的工作中，皮格馬利翁把全部的精力，全部的熱情，全部的愛 戀都賦予了這座雕像。后來，愛神阿佛洛狄忒見他感情真摯，就給雕像以生命，使兩人結(jié)為夫妻。于是“皮格馬利翁效應(yīng)”成為一個(gè)人只要對(duì)藝術(shù)對(duì)象有著執(zhí)著的追 求精神，便會(huì)發(fā)生藝術(shù)感應(yīng)的代名詞。

6、繆斯 Muse

繆斯是希臘神話中九位文藝和科學(xué)女 神的通稱。她們均為主神和記憶女神之女。她們以音樂和詩(shī)歌之神阿波羅為首領(lǐng)，分別掌管著歷史、悲劇、喜劇、抒情詩(shī)、舞蹈、史詩(shī)、愛情詩(shī)、頌歌和天文。古希 臘的詩(shī)人、歌手都向繆斯禱告，祈求靈感。后來，人們就用“繆斯”來比喻文學(xué)、寫作和靈感等。

7、斯芬克司之謎 Riddle of the Sphinx

斯芬克司是希臘神話中以隱謎害人的怪物，埃及最大的胡夫金字塔前的獅身人面怪獸就是她。她給俄狄浦斯出的問題是：什么東西早晨用四只腳走路，中午用兩只 腳走路，傍晚用三只腳走路？俄狄浦斯回答：是人。在生命的早晨，他是個(gè)孩子，用兩手兩腳在地上爬行；到了生命的中午，他變成壯年，只用兩條腿走路；到了生 命的傍晚，他年老體衰，必須借助拐杖走路，所以被稱為三只腳。俄狄浦斯答對(duì)了，斯芬克

司羞愧墜崖而死?！八狗铱怂局i”常被用來比喻復(fù)雜、神秘、難以理解 的問題。

8、猶大的親吻 Judas Kiss

猶大是《圣經(jīng)》中耶穌基督的親信子弟12門徒之一。耶 穌傳布新道雖然受到了百姓的擁護(hù)，卻引起猶太教長(zhǎng)老司祭們的仇恨。他們用30個(gè)銀幣收買了猶大，要他幫助辨認(rèn)出耶穌。他們到客馬尼園抓耶穌時(shí)，猶大假裝請(qǐng) 安，擁抱和親吻耶穌。耶穌隨即被捕，后被釘死在十字架上。人們用“猶大的親吻”比喻可恥的叛賣行為。

9、象牙塔 Ivory Tower

出自19世紀(jì)法國(guó)詩(shī)人、文藝批評(píng)家圣佩韋·查理·奧古斯丁的書函《致維爾曼》。奧古斯丁批評(píng)同時(shí)代的法國(guó)作家維尼作品中的悲觀消極情緒，主張作家從庸俗 的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)現(xiàn)實(shí)中超脫出來，進(jìn)入一種主觀幻想的藝術(shù)天地——象牙之塔。于是“象牙塔”就被用來比喻與世隔絕的夢(mèng)幻境地?，F(xiàn)在也有人把大學(xué)說成是“象牙塔 ”。

10、硅谷Silicon Valley

舊金山往南，從帕洛河爾托到圣何塞，有一條30英里長(zhǎng)、10英 里寬的地帶，這就是聞名世界的“硅谷”。這里聚集著“惠普、英特爾、蘋果”等數(shù)以千計(jì)的微電子工業(yè)和其他高技術(shù)企業(yè)，成為信息社會(huì)的發(fā)祥地。1981年第 一臺(tái)個(gè)人電腦問世以來，從286、386、486一直到“奔騰”(pentium,586)，都是在這里醞釀和誕生的。用“硅”制成的半導(dǎo)體芯片是微電子 工業(yè)的基本產(chǎn)品。因此，1971年《微電子新聞》開始稱這個(gè)地帶為“硅谷”。這里是美國(guó)第九個(gè)最大的制造業(yè)中心，是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)最快、最富裕的地區(qū)，這里 有博士6000多人?？墒且姴坏揭粋€(gè)煙囪，聽不到一點(diǎn)機(jī)器的聲響，它不像人們習(xí)慣理解的工業(yè)區(qū)，倒像是一個(gè)大花園。以至“硅谷”已成了最新最尖端技術(shù)、信 息產(chǎn)地的代名詞。

11、達(dá)摩克利斯劍 Th Sword of Damocles

達(dá)摩克利斯是希臘神話中暴君迪奧尼修斯的寵 臣，他常說帝王多福，以取悅帝王。有一次，迪奧尼修斯讓他坐在帝．王的寶座上，頭項(xiàng)上掛著一把僅用一根馬鬃系著的利劍，以此告訴他，雖然身在寶座，利劍卻 隨時(shí)可能掉下來。帝王并不多福，而是時(shí)刻存在著憂患。人們常用這一典故來比喻隨時(shí)可能發(fā)生的潛在危機(jī)。

12、鱷魚的眼淚 Crocode tears

西方傳說，鱷魚捕到獵物時(shí)，一邊貪婪地吞噬，一邊假惺惺地流淚。因此，“鱷魚的眼淚”常喻指虛假的眼淚，偽裝的同情。后又被引申為一面?zhèn)e人，一面裝出悲天憫人的陰險(xiǎn)狡詐之徒。

13、山姆大叔 Uncle Sam

山姆大叔是美國(guó)的綽號(hào)，1812年美英戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，紐約州一位誠(chéng)實(shí)能干的肉類包裝商被人們親切地稱為“山姆大叔”。他擔(dān)任紐約州和新澤西州的軍需檢驗(yàn)員，負(fù)責(zé)在供應(yīng)軍隊(duì)的牛肉桶和酒桶上打戳。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)該廠的牛肉桶上都蓋有E．A—U．S．標(biāo)記。本來，E．A是一個(gè)軍火承包商的名字，U．S是美國(guó)的縮寫。碰 巧山姆大叔（UndeSam）的縮寫與美國(guó)的縮寫（U．S）相同，人們就管美國(guó)叫“山姆大叔”。美

國(guó)人把“山姆大叔”誠(chéng)實(shí)可靠、吃苦耐勞以及愛國(guó)主義精神 視為民族的驕傲和共有的品質(zhì)。1961年，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)正式承認(rèn)“山姆大叔”為美國(guó)的民族象征。

14、潘多拉的盒子 Pandora’s Box

潘多拉是希臘神話中第一個(gè)塵世女子。普羅米修斯盜天火給人間后，主神宙斯為懲罰人類，命令神用黏土塑成一個(gè)年輕美貌、虛偽狡詐的姑娘，取名“潘多拉”，意為“具有一切天賦的女人”。并給了她一個(gè)禮盒，然后將她許配給普羅米修斯的弟弟埃庇米修斯(意為“后知”)。埃庇米修斯不顧禁忌地接過禮盒，潘多拉趁機(jī) 打開它，于是各種惡習(xí)、災(zāi)難、疾病和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等立即從里面飛出來了。盒子里只剩下唯一美好的東西：希望。但希望還沒來得及飛出來，潘多拉就將盒子永遠(yuǎn)地關(guān)上 了。故此“潘多拉的盒子”常被用來比喻造成災(zāi)害的根源。

15、多米諾骨牌 Dominoes

是一種西洋游戲。將許多長(zhǎng)方形的骨牌豎立排列成行，輕輕推倒第一張牌后，其余骨牌將依次紛紛倒下。用于比喻時(shí)，“多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)”常指一系列的連鎖反應(yīng)，即等同于人們所說的“牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身”之意。1 a cup of Joe

一杯咖啡。A cup of Joe也就是a cup of coffee。這個(gè)說法是從紐約一家公司Martinson's Coffee的Joe Martinson的名字得來的，據(jù)說當(dāng)時(shí)臨近街區(qū)都彌漫著咖啡的芳香，所以人們都稱咖啡為 a cup of Joe。Martinson's Coffee在美國(guó)歷史悠久，它的追隨者25％都是紐約人。average Joe

平常人，普通人。

An average Joe refers to someone who is just like everyone else;a normal person.'Average' means 'in the middle' or 'not extreme', and 'Joe' is a common male name.So 'average Joe' refers to a man who is not extremely different from everyone

else.Average意思是“平均的，一般水平的”，而Joe又是一個(gè)極其常見的名字，所以人們就用average Joe來表示很普通的一個(gè)人。例如我們會(huì)說，雷·羅馬諾是這個(gè)時(shí)代全美最受歡迎的電視明星之一，可他卻似乎不把自己當(dāng)成什么大人物，仿佛就是與你生活在同一座城市里的 “average Joe”。not know Jack about

對(duì)某事一無(wú)所知。如： I don't know Jack about fishing意思就是 I don't know anything about fishing（我對(duì)釣魚一無(wú)所知）。而I don’t know Jack的意思就是“我什么也不知道”。關(guān)于Jack，還有兩個(gè)常見的句子。Do you know Jack shit? 意思就是問別人, “你知不知道什么叫無(wú)知? 在美國(guó)的口語(yǔ)中，Jack shit 算是一句粗話，意思是什么也沒有。John Q.Public

普通人。在美語(yǔ)中，John Q.Public也是指“普通人，民眾”。類似的詞組是：John Q.Citizen.美語(yǔ)里還有很多與John有關(guān)的詞組，如：big John（新兵），cheap John（亂殺價(jià)的商人;叫賣小販），honest John（誠(chéng)實(shí)的人;容易上當(dāng)?shù)娜耍瑂quare John（誠(chéng)實(shí)可靠的人;奉公守法的人）。Jeez Louise

表示驚訝。如：One million? Jeez-Louise!You get any of that?(一百萬(wàn)？老天！有你的份嗎？)

Jeez Louise, don't you know that all banks are closed today? It is Saturday.（天啊，你難道不知道今天銀行不營(yíng)業(yè)嗎？今天可是周六）。For Pete’s sake

感嘆詞，用以強(qiáng)烈表達(dá)情緒，意為“哎呀，天哪”，有些地方也譯作“看在上帝面上；千萬(wàn)；務(wù)必” 等。在這個(gè)短語(yǔ)中，Pete是耶酥大弟子St．Peter的昵稱。常在懇求或請(qǐng)求他人時(shí)使用。如：For Pete's sake，stop making so much noise．(哎呀，天哪！別弄出那么討厭的聲音啦!)此外，它還應(yīng)用于其他種種不同的場(chǎng)合。假設(shè)你向別人道了歉，他還沒完沒了，這時(shí)你可以說：I said I was sorry．What else do you want me to do, for Pete's sake?(我已經(jīng)說對(duì)不起了，拜托，你還想叫我怎樣啊?)a doubting Thomas

生性多疑的人。源自《圣經(jīng)·新約·約翰福音》第20章。該篇講到耶穌復(fù)活后出現(xiàn)在眾人面前，十二門徒之一托馬斯沒有親眼見到，聲稱除非看到他手上的釘痕，用手探入他的肋旁，否則不信他已復(fù)活。后來人們用“doubting Thomas”指那些不肯輕易相信別人的人。a plain Jane

長(zhǎng)相不起眼，外貌平凡的女人。這里的plain是“不惹人注目的，樸素的”，而Jane是一般女人名，plain與Jane合轍押韻。如：I wonder why a handsome man like Jeff married such a plain Jane.我很奇怪像杰夫這樣出色的男子怎么與一個(gè)不怎么起眼的姑娘結(jié)婚。Joe Blow

老百姓，普通人。Joe Doakes也可以表示這個(gè)意思。美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中，Joe College指典型的美國(guó)大學(xué)生，Joe Miller則指滑稽書，笑話集。Sheila

在口語(yǔ)中表示少女，年輕貌美的女子。一般為女子英文名，譯為希拉，類似于Shelly, Cecilia.No way, Jose

“不可能的荷西”，常用于熟人之間拒絕做某事。Jose并不表示叫這個(gè)名的人，而是跟way押韻，說

起來響亮，好聽。這種說法始于20世紀(jì)60年代美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村。not know a person from Adam

不知（某人）模樣如何，與（某人）素不相識(shí)。源自《圣經(jīng)·舊約·士師記》第2、3章。上帝創(chuàng)造了世界上的第一個(gè)男人，取名為亞當(dāng)（Adam）。因?yàn)閬啴?dāng)非女人所生，所以沒有肚臍，是最容易辨認(rèn)的人，“not know somebody from Adam”就表示“完全不認(rèn)識(shí)某人”。

Mrs.Smith is a friend of mine, but I don’t know her husband from Adam.史密斯太太是我的朋友，但我完全不認(rèn)識(shí)她丈夫。Jack of all trades

萬(wàn)事通。一般指雜而不精，也就是我們平時(shí)所說的“三腳貓”。Jack of all trades and master of none.門門精通，樣樣稀松。Uncle Sam

美國(guó)。它源自1812-1814年間美英戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期的一個(gè)歷史傳說。相傳在紐約州的特洛伊城（Troy)）有位年長(zhǎng)的肉類加工商，名叫山繆爾?威爾遜(Samuel Wilson)。他勤勞、誠(chéng)實(shí)、能干，很有威信，人們親切地叫他山姆大叔(Uncle Sam)。他也是一位愛國(guó)者，與父兄曾參加過美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。在1812年的美英戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，他的工廠與政府簽了一份為軍隊(duì)生產(chǎn)桶裝牛肉的合同，美國(guó)政府每當(dāng)收到他交來的經(jīng)其親自檢驗(yàn)合格的牛肉，就將肉裝入特制的木桶，并在桶上蓋上US的記號(hào)。由于Uncle Sam的首字母是US，而美國(guó)(The United States)的縮寫也是U.S.，于是人們便把這兩個(gè)名稱合二為一了。當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藗兙桶选吧侥反笫濉碑?dāng)成美國(guó)的綽號(hào)，并逐漸流傳開來。John Hancock

親筆簽名。John Hancock是在 The Declaration of Independence(美國(guó)獨(dú)立宣言)上署名的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)士中,將自己的名字簽得又好又大的一個(gè)人，他的簽名美觀大方而且個(gè)頭也比別的簽名大。所以美國(guó)人常把John Hancock當(dāng)作signature(署名,簽名)的意思.。如：I need your John Hancock.我需要您的簽名。Johnny One Note

五音不全的人。也可以指思想狹隘，看問題片面的人。Note在這里的意思是音符。

第三篇：英語(yǔ)6級(jí)作文超全模版

英語(yǔ)6級(jí)作文超全模版，考試你就收了吧！

2013-12-11 14:20:39 來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò) 編輯：huangqiaoxiao 點(diǎn)擊：2619次

月薪2萬(wàn)的英語(yǔ)水平，你有嗎？ 每天2小時(shí)，學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不是夢(mèng)！

Hot Issue型

(1)模板一

With the development of modern industry, more and more people are concerned about the problem that ____(主題問題).Accordingly, ___(伴隨主題問題出現(xiàn)的新問題)is becoming more and more serious.Confronted with _____(主題問題), we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing, ______(解決方法1).For another, ______(解決方法2).Finally, _____(解決方法3).As far as I am concerned, the best way out is ______(解決方法3).Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ______(解決方法3的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和好處).(2)模板二 With the development of the society, with the advent of _____(相關(guān)事物或現(xiàn)象), we have to face a problem that _______(主題問題).What are the reasons for it? In the following paragraphs, I’ll venture to explore the reasons.To start with, _______(闡述原因1).Moreover, ______(闡述原因2).In addition, ______(闡述原因3).In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken.For one thing, it is high time that people all over China realized the importance of _____(解決主題問題).For another, the government should issue strict laws and regulations in order to put the situation under control.利弊型

(1)模板一

Nowadays many people prefer ______(主題)because it plays a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.On the one hand, _______(主題的優(yōu)點(diǎn)1).On the other hand, _____(主題的優(yōu)點(diǎn)2).But everything can be divided into two.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that _______(主題的缺點(diǎn)1).To make matters worse, _____(主題的缺點(diǎn)2).Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects.Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, ________(主題)itself is neither good nor bad.It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to our society.(2)模板二

With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality.Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful.The phenomenon of ________(主題現(xiàn)象)is an example of the former / latter one.There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.To start with, _______(原因1).Furthermore, ______(原因2).Eventually, _______(原因3).Good as _______(主題現(xiàn)象)is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages.The apparent example is that ________(缺點(diǎn)例子1).In addition, _________(缺點(diǎn)例子2).On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society.There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate _______(主題現(xiàn)象)and make our life more comfortable.Currently, XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuable than XX It is clear that(1).If you(2), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(3).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(4).You don’t have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(5).It will exert a profound influence upon(6).With reference to my standpoint, I think(7).1.對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)式

A.有人認(rèn)為X 是好事，贊成X，為什么？ B.有人認(rèn)為X 是壞事，反對(duì)X，為什么？ C.我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一個(gè)原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一個(gè)原因。However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反對(duì)X 的第一個(gè)理由。An example can give the details of this argument: 一個(gè)例子。

There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一個(gè)壞處。2.批駁觀點(diǎn)式 A.一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。B.我不同意。

Many people argue that 錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。By saying that, they mean 對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的進(jìn)一步解釋。An example they have presented is that 一個(gè)例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 贊成這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)或者受到這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)的影響)。

There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 與錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)相反的觀點(diǎn)。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下參照辯論文的議論文寫法)。3.社會(huì)問題(現(xiàn)象)式 A.一個(gè)社會(huì)問題或者現(xiàn)象。B.產(chǎn)生的原因

C.對(duì)社會(huì)和我們生活的影響 D.如何杜絕。(如果是問題的話)E.前景的預(yù)測(cè)。Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 調(diào)查內(nèi)容說明這種現(xiàn)象的情況。(或者是一個(gè)例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面參照辯論式議論文的寫法。

X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.參照辯論式議論文的寫法。

A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.參照辯論式議論文的寫法。

Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..作文布局謀篇八種常用句型

一)原因

1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to(lead to)(account for)the phenomenon(problem).2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...4.The factors that contribute to this situation include...5.The change in...largely results from the fact that...6.We may blame...,but the real causes are...7.Part of the explanations for it is that...One of the most common factors(causes)is that...Another contributing factor(cause)is...Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that 二)比較

1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...4.It is reasonable to maintain that...but it would be foolish to claim that...5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.6.Like anything else, it has its faults.7.A and B has several points in common.8.A bears some resemblances to B.9.However, the same is not applicable to B.10.A and B differ in several ways.11.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.12.People used to think..., but things are different now.13.The same is true of B.14.Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.15.It is true that A..., but the chief faults(obvious defects)are...三)批駁

1)It is true that..., but one vital point is being left out.2)There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3)Some people say..., but it does not hold water.4)Many of us have been under the illusion that...5)A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6)It makes no sense to argue for...7)Too much stress placed on...may lead to...8)Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that...9)Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that...四)后果

1.It may give rise to a host of problems.2.The immediate result it produces is...3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...4.Its consequence can be so great that...五)舉例

1)A good case in point is...2)As an illustration, we may take...3)Such examples might be given easily.4)...is often cited as an example.六)證明

1)No one can deny the fact that...2)The idea is hardly supported by facts.3)Unfortunately, none of the available data shows...4)Recent studies indicate that...5)There is sufficient evidence to show that...6)According to statistics proved by..., it can be seen that...七)開篇

1)Many nations have been faced with the problem of...2)Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3)Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4)Recently the issue has aroused great concern among...5)Nowadays there is a growing concern over...6)Never in our history has the idea that...been so popular.7)Faced with..., quite a few people argue that...8)According to a recent survey,...9)With the rapid development of...,...八)結(jié)尾

1)From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that...2)It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop...3)It is necessary that steps should be taken to...4)In conclusion, it is imperative that...5)There is no easy method, but...might be of some help.6)To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must...7)In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.8)With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9)We might do more than identify the cause;it is important to take actions to...10)Taking all these into account, we...11)Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...使用率最高的基本句式

以下是英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)短文寫作中使用率最高、覆蓋面最廣的基本句式，每組句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根據(jù)自己的情況選擇其中的1-2個(gè)，做到能夠熟練正確地仿寫或套用。1.表示原因

1)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reason for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that...6)We have good reason to believe that...例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.注：如考生寫第一個(gè)句子沒有把握，可將其改寫成兩個(gè)句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life.There are three reasons for this.這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達(dá)失誤。新四六級(jí)備考專題：包含報(bào)考信息、四六級(jí)新題型介紹、四級(jí)滿分牛人經(jīng)驗(yàn)談等 2.表示好處

1)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a lot.4)It is beneficial to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例如：

Books are like friends.They ca n help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3.表示壞處

1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much harm.3)It is harmfulto us.例如：

However，everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi-sion.4.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient，possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.5.表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures.2)We should try our best to overcome(con quer)the difficulties.3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.6.表示變化

1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.例如： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.7.表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀

1)We cannot ignore the fact that...2)No one can deny the fact that...3)There is no denying the fact that...4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5)However，that's not the case.例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.8.表示比較

1)Compared with A，B...2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.3)There is a striking contrast between them.例如：

Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.新四六級(jí)備考專題：包含報(bào)考信息、四六級(jí)新題型介紹、四級(jí)滿分牛人經(jīng)驗(yàn)談等 9.表示數(shù)量

1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...2)The population in this city has now increased(decreased)to 800，000.3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.例如：

With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has dec reased while that spent on education has increased.10.表示看法

1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth.2)People have different opinions on this problem.3)People take different views of(on)the question.4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.注：一個(gè)段落有時(shí)很適宜以問句開始，考生應(yīng)掌握這一寫作方法。11.表示結(jié)論

1)In short，it can be said that...2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that...例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved.注：例句1可用于任何一個(gè)段落的結(jié)論句;例句3則多用文章結(jié)論段的第一句。12.套語(yǔ)

1)It’s well known to us that...2)As is known to us，...3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that...5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.結(jié)尾段的常用核心句型

It is high time that we placed great emphasis on the improvement of…

It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation(tendency/phenomenon)of… There is no easy solution to the problem of…, but… might be useful.Unless there is a common realization of…, it is very likely that…

It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the situation.It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of… It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding(developing/improving)… Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of…

To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards…

To put all into a nutshell, I…

第四篇：考研英語(yǔ)小作文超全

注：小作文格式比較固定，大家一定要記住格式。

如果時(shí)間比較緊張，可以只看著一個(gè)文檔，如果有時(shí)間，建議大家看下【小作文模板，稍繁復(fù)版】因?yàn)槠渲杏泻芏嗵鎿Q句子可以使用

在看完后，就算不寫出來，也要用歷年真題或者模擬題去套用下，看能否寫出

寫作時(shí)，盡量用自己熟悉的句子，可以具體，千萬(wàn)不要自己造句，不要有過于簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。

1.感謝信

Dear..., I am writing to express my appreciation to you for you and I really don’t know how to thank you enough for your timely and generous help.don’tI feel that the consequence might have been much more serious.(橫線部分和括號(hào)內(nèi)的橫線部分可替換)

My gratitude is beyond the word’s description.I hope that I will have the opportunity to repay/return your kindness.(注：第二段表示感謝的原因，根據(jù)具體的題目要求，這部分可以多寫一點(diǎn)，可以簡(jiǎn)單，但是要正確)

Yours Sincerely,Li Ming

2.致歉信

Dear…,第一段可以參考感謝信，只是需要替換陰影部分

Appreciation 替換為 regret或者apology

Thank替換為compensate或者make up for your loss等

第二段：第一句根據(jù)題目解釋自己犯錯(cuò)的原因：the reason is that for one thing…for another(具體原因要根據(jù)題目要求來寫。比如，I have no time to spare to…； I make a mistake…；I forget to… ；I neglect that…；I haven’tinto account so that it caused so much trouble等)第二句：解決措施：，I wonder if it is possibleI hope that I can do something possible to compensate for your loss, such 第三段：Hope you can accept my sincere apology and understand my position.I am terribly sorry to have put you to so much trouble.或者I am terribly sorry for any inconvenience caused.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming

（注：第二段一定要根據(jù)題目靈活來寫，寧愿具體不要抽象，寫自己能掌控的單詞和句子）

3.慰問信：

Dear…,I heard from 某個(gè)人，比如your mother that you are suffering from(具體事情).As your close friend, I know you are sad/upsetting/painful and I do hope my consolidation can comfort you to some extent).Besides, I also want to give you a visit when it is convenient for you.第二段具體根據(jù)題目，寫出一些具體的安慰。比如失?。篒 firmly believe that if you can learn from it and rebuild yourself mentally and physically, you can finally achieve it at last.What’s more, such a failure may be a bless, for experience is of great importance for us.比如看

?。篜lease take a good rest so as to recover soon.Do not worry about the work/study, I will see to it.Do follow the doctor’s instruction and take medicine on time.在這里也可以加上感謝信的某些話，比如回顧自己當(dāng)時(shí)遇到相似困難，收信人如何幫助的，或者道歉信：表示很遺憾當(dāng)時(shí)未能幫上忙如when it happened, I was away from here on business and couldn’t to help you）

第三段：具體期望。Hope you can recover from it soon.或者替換：I known it is hard for you to overcome/go through it, but you have to move on and I believe your positive and optimistic attitude can help you make it.也可加上Enclosed with the letter is a small gift and I hope it can comfort you to some extent.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming

4.祝賀信：這個(gè)題目2011年英語(yǔ)二剛考過，對(duì)于這類信件，可以看下作文特訓(xùn)手冊(cè)的范文即可。

第一段寫信目的，按照感謝信替換：把thank 替換為congratulation.比如：I am writing to extend my congratulation to you for your achievement.也可以加上I heard from my parents that you have(取得的具體成就).第二段內(nèi)容根據(jù)祝賀的題目要求適當(dāng)替換。對(duì)取得的成就給予肯定Due to your effort and diligence, you have achieved such a great success, and you deserve the honor.You have worked for it day and night, there is no doubt that you can realize your goal.第三段再次表示祝賀。Congratulate again for your success and I am sure that you can get even more greater one in the near future.5.投訴信

Dear…,It is a great pity that I have to write to you to complain about the（一般是產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)）I expect that it can meet our needs for its advertisement is so charming.However, I am sorry to find that(產(chǎn)品→)there are something wrong with it and it doesn’t work even though I follow the instruction.(服務(wù)→)one of the staff is impolite and rude.He refused to answer my questions and blamed me that everything is all my own fault.模板句：Needless to say, suchof the authorities concerned.I would be grateful if you could help me to solve it quickly and properly.(產(chǎn)品→)I hope you can change it for another one or you can send someone to repair it(服務(wù))I hope you can make a formal apology to me and make up for my loss.I trust you will consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this kind.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming

6.申請(qǐng)信

Dear…,I am writing this letter to apply for the vacant position advertised in the newspaper yesterday.I wish to be considered as an applicant for this vacancy.I bed to state my qualification as follows:

As present, I am a senior in the Department of Law at Peking University.For the past three years, due to my diligence, my GPA ranked to the top three.What’s more, my paper was admitted by one of the best professional journals in this field.My love and devotion for my major has

earned me several awards for excellent students in our university.Besides, since last year, I have been working part-time as(兼職職位)in(兼職單位)I believe my qualification and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job.Thanks for your time and consideration.I would be grateful if you would grant me a chance for interview.If you would like to give me a chance, I would be reached at 1234566.Enclosed with the letter is my resume.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming

7.推薦信

推薦信和申請(qǐng)信基本是一致的，只需替換

1.第一段：With reference to your requirements, I shall, without reservation,recommended…as an ideal candidate.后邊的I bed to state my qualification as follows: 把my替換為him、her即可

2.第二第三段中的I全部替換為he, she,him,her即可

8.辭職信 這類信件2005年英語(yǔ)一考過，所以可以把當(dāng)年范文看下

Dear…,It is with high regret and anticipation that I submit this letter of resignation to resign from the position of The decision was a difficult one for me, because I have enjoyed my working relationships here.It has been my genuine pleasure to work for …二—末句：辭職原因。As you known, my primary interest has been the…Although I do enjoy work with the team, I want to make a change so that I can be put back in touch with my dream.I regret to leave here and hope we can be friends always.I hope you will understand my decision to resign.My best wishes for the company’s continued growth.Yours sincerely,Li Ming

1.They give me valuable opportunity to practice in ….2.receive invaluable experience

9.建議信2012年英語(yǔ)一剛考過，今年考過的可能很小，看下范文即可

10.邀請(qǐng)信：

Dear…,I am writing(on behalf of)to invite you to…we would be honored to have you there with us.During the party/conference/meeting, we will have lots of activates you will be interested in.firstly, secondly….(介紹活動(dòng)內(nèi)容，或者誰(shuí)也會(huì)參加活動(dòng)，活動(dòng)的目的等，根據(jù)要求來寫)

If you do not have any prior appointment that day, we look forward to the pleasure of your accompany.Yours sincerely,Li Ming

第五篇：超實(shí)用中文簡(jiǎn)歷模版3

倪 璐

北京市海淀區(qū)中關(guān)村東路18號(hào)財(cái)智國(guó)際大廈B802100083

86-10-82600072

zeamany@hiall.com.cn

教育背景2001.09 –2005.07北京大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)系

英語(yǔ)學(xué)士GPA: 3.93/4

主修課程:英語(yǔ)精讀、英語(yǔ)視聽、口語(yǔ)、應(yīng)用文寫作、英語(yǔ)寫作、英譯漢、漢譯英、漢英口譯等。

2002.09 –2005.07北京大學(xué)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究中心

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)學(xué)士GPA: 3.94/4

主修課程:國(guó)際貿(mào)易、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷、中級(jí)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、計(jì)

量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、微積分、線性代數(shù)、概率統(tǒng)計(jì)等。

2003.09 –2004.07北京大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院

法語(yǔ)（二外,學(xué)制一年）

獲獎(jiǎng)情況2001-2004年 “董氏東方”獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金（獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)全校前1%學(xué)生）3次

2001-2003年 北京大學(xué)“三好”學(xué)生（獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)全校前1%學(xué)生）2次

2003-2004年 北京大學(xué)“三好”學(xué)生標(biāo)兵1次

實(shí)踐活動(dòng)2004.10 至今 紐哈斯國(guó)際教育咨詢公司項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理

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? 負(fù)責(zé)出國(guó)留學(xué)咨詢項(xiàng)目 協(xié)助制定營(yíng)銷策略（電視，報(bào)紙和網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷等），銷售額成功提升28%系統(tǒng)調(diào)查競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，提出應(yīng)對(duì)建議 聯(lián)絡(luò)和采訪社會(huì)知名人士許國(guó)慶（哈佛商學(xué)院MBA），杜景濤（羅瀾交友CEO,芝加哥大學(xué)2003屆商學(xué)院主席），鄭云端（寶潔北京市技術(shù)有限公司人事資

源高級(jí)經(jīng)理）等

安排職場(chǎng)咨詢系列講座

協(xié)調(diào)小組成員工作，推動(dòng)各部門互動(dòng)

輔導(dǎo)北大附中學(xué)生參加“科普英語(yǔ)”競(jìng)賽

制定授課計(jì)劃

每日輔導(dǎo)三小時(shí)

在十天內(nèi)成功教會(huì)逾一千單詞

約稿，統(tǒng)稿，供稿 ? ? 2004.09 –2004.10家教 ? ? ? ? 2001.09 –2002.09北京大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院院刊《繆斯》專欄編輯 ?

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? TOEFL: 653作文：6/6 專四：優(yōu)秀 專八：將于2005年3月參加考試 熟練使用Office，Stata等文檔編輯和統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件，打字嫻熟。英語(yǔ)考試及IT技能

補(bǔ)充資料

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨預(yù)備黨員。