第一篇：2011年職稱英語理工類閱讀理解新增篇目[范文]

2011年職稱英語理工類閱讀理解

新增文章篇目(名師押題)第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 第六篇 Waving With Light *第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses *第三十八篇 Longer Lives for Wild Elephants +第四十五篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others +第四十六篇 Marvelous Metamaterials

注：

1、+表示A級文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級文章； 2、2011年詞匯部分與2010年教材相比未作任何變化。

第二篇

World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict

In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy1＆Fuels．

Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting “peak oil”．“Peak oil ”is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines.Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or

2later.One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model.It assumes

3that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve.A related concept is 4that of “Peak Oil.” The term “Peal Oil” indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．

The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide． However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing

6countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil． They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier

7than anticipated.The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year.The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.詞匯：

Conserve v． 保護，保存 crude oil原油

spark v．閃耀；激發(fā)；鼓舞 curve n．曲線

irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改變的 insufficient adj.充分的，不足的

注釋：

1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美國化學學會)的縮寫。該學會成立于l876年，現(xiàn)已成為世界最大的科技協(xié)會。多年來，ACS一直致力于為全球化學研究機構、企業(yè)及個人提供高品質的文獻資訊及服務。ACS出版的期刊有34種，這些期刊在化學領域中是被引用次數(shù)最多的化學期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。

2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美國地質學家M．King Hubbert于1956年創(chuàng)建的，這是一個隨時間增長的模型，Hubbert將其引入油氣田開發(fā)，經推導使其成為一個可以預測油氣田累積產量、瞬時產量、年產量和可采儲量等多項開發(fā)指標的多功能預測模型。3．a bell shaped curve：鐘形曲線

4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。5．account for：說明，解釋

6．conventional crude oil：常規(guī)原油

7．oil reserves：石油儲量。通常使用復數(shù)形式reserves。

練習：

1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sparked” appearing in paragraph 2? A．flashed B．stimulated C．changed D．ended 2．The term “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will A．take the shape of a flat curve． B．keep growing． C．keep declining．

D．start to decline after global oil production peaks． 3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970． B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．

C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries． D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．

4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014． B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries． C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model． D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production． 5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model? A．American scientists． B．Kuwaiti scientists． C．British scientists．

D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．

答案與題解：

1．B spark一詞做及物動詞使用時有“發(fā)動”、“激發(fā)”的意思，在此意為stimulated，即“引發(fā)”，這個句子的意思是：全球石油消費的快速增長已引發(fā)了對“石油峰值”預測的興趣。2．D此句接下來的句子中所提到的a related concept即是與a bell shaped curve相關的概念，也就是說，接下來的這個句子對a bell shaped curve做了解釋，即世界石油生產達到最大峰值后將下降。

3．D 文章的第三段告訴我們，Hubbert預測模型精確地預測到美國石油生產于1970年將達到峰值。這一模型自受到公認后，已用于預測世界石油生產。第四段說，這一模型對于某些國家更加復雜的石油生產周期而言，其計算尚不充分。這些生產周期受到技術的改變、政策和其他因素的很大影響。所以，A、B和C都是對Hubbert模型的正確說明。

4．A選項

8、C和D所述內容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告訴我們，科學家使用新的模型評估了47個主要的產油國家的石油生產趨勢，并預計全球常規(guī)原油生產到2014年將達最高峰值。所以，A是答案。

5．B 短文第一段的第一個句子提供了答案。

第六篇

Waving With Light In the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico, the native Huichol 2people live much the way their ancestors did--without electricity.That’s because

3it’s too expensive to string power lines to the remote mountain areas where they live.To help support themselves, the Huichol create beautiful artwork.They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages.And without electricity--at home or on the road, they can only work during daylight hours.When it gets dark, they must stop whatever they’re doing.Now, a team of scientists, designers, and architects is using new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun sets．The scientists’ technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes, bags, or other items.By collecting the sun’s energy during the day, these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at night．Their inventors have named the fabrics “Portable Lights.” Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world, says project leader Sheila Kennedy．

“Our invention,” Kennedy says, “came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new markets for people who didn't have a lot of money．” At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness

6light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs．These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlights．

LEDs are completely different from the light bulbs．Most of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lights．Inside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2，200 degrees Celsius．At that temperature，bulbs give off light we can see．

Ninety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights, however, is heat——and invisible．With all that wasted energy, bulbs burn out quickly．They are also easily broken．

LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure．When an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces light．Unlike incandescent bulbs, they Can produce light of various colors．Within an LED, the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced．

詞匯：

Portable adj．輕便的，手提式的

light—emitting diode(LED)發(fā)光二極管 bulb n．燈泡；球狀物 incandescent adj．白灼的 coil n．線圈，卷，圈

molecule n．分子

注釋：

1．Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的馬德雷山脈o Sierra；一詞在西班牙語中本身就包含了“山脈”的意思，確切地說是“呈齒狀起伏的山脈”，因為在西班牙語中Sierra有“鋸子”的意思。2．Huichol people：維克人。他們是居住在墨西哥中西部地區(qū)馬德雷山脈的土著印地安人。該地區(qū)山路崎嶇，所以西班牙人未涉足于此，墨西哥文化也沒能影響維克人的土著文化。據(jù)估計，維克印地安人現(xiàn)僅存約一萬人。3．string power lines：架設輸電線。

4．Now，a team of scientists?is usin9：a team of scientists可以視作單數(shù)，也可以視作復數(shù)。本句用作單數(shù)，所以后接的謂語動詞是is。

5．At the core of：此處the core of意為the basic or most important part of(最重要的部分)。

6．At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high—brightness light—emitting diodes, or HB LEDs：本句是倒裝句，主語是“devices called high—brightness light—emitting diodes，or HB LEDs”，謂語動詞是“are”。high．brightness light．emitting diodes可譯為“高亮度發(fā)光二極管。

練習：

1．To make a living, the Huichol create artwork and A．sell it to tourists in their villages．

B．sell it in cities far away from their villages． C．display it in their village museum．

D．keep it in their homes to attract tourists． 2．Why can Portable Lights emit light? A．Electronic crystals are woven into fabrics．

B．Items such as clothes and bags are used to carry lights． C．The sun's energy is collected during the day． D．All of the above．

3．What does Sheila Kennedy say about Portable Lights? A．This invention can change the lives of people，both rich and poor． B．They are widely used in the United States．

C．Portable Lights can help poor people around the world to get light． D．They are expensive to make but easy to carry．

4．What is the most important part of the Portable Light technology? A．HB LEDs B．Glass Bulbs．

C．Incandescent lights． D．Heated metal coils．

5．LEDs are different from light bulbs in that A．LEDs are incandescent lights while light bulbs are not． B．LEDs have a metal coil while light bulbs have not． C．LEDs emit colored light while most light bulbs don't．

D．LEDs are made up of tiny pieces of rock while light bulbs are not．

答案與題解：

1．B 短文的第一段提供了答案，該段告訴我們，維克人為了謀生，制作工藝品，并到幾百英里以外的城市去銷售。

2．D文章的第二和第三段包括了A、B和C所述內容。所以D是答案。

3．C 短文的第四和第五段提供了答案。短文第四段的句子說了Potable Lights可以在世界范圍內改變窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤用不上電的人們的生活，C準確地表達了這層意思，所以是答案0 A不是答案，說Potable Lights能改變富人窮人的生活，不符合原文的意思。短文沒有提及Portable Lights在美國使用，也沒有說Portable Lights是否花費很大。所以B和D都不是答案。4．A第六段的第一句提供了答案。Portable Lights技術的最主要部分是high—brightness light—emitting diodes，即高亮度發(fā)光二極管。

5．C短文的第六段對light bulbs進行了描述。第二句中的those glass bulbs即指第一句中的light bulbs。因此，LEDs不是incandescent lights(白熾燈)，也沒有金屬絲。所以A和B均是錯誤的選擇。最后一段的第一個句子LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure中的like pieces of rock，不等于 pieces。

*第三十四篇

Batteries Built by Viruses What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’re all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to

1person．It's no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 2steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds． Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though．In Cambridge, 4Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．

Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange

5for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques． Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang，an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．” says Hammond． Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before．As these devices shrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside．

The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package．Right now，Belcher's model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch battery．But inside，its components are very small—so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope．

How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head．Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is—pretty thin，right? Although the width of each person's hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about l o of these virus—built battery parts，side to side，across one hair．These microbatteries may change the way we look at 7viruses．

詞匯：

chicken pox水痘

microorganism n．微生物 metallic adj．金屬的

collaborator n．合作者，協(xié)作者 pluck v．拔，摘，采

注釋：

1．no wonder：不足為奇的，難怪 2．steer clear of：避開，繞開 3．though：意思為“然而，可是”。在句中使用時通常放在句末。4．Cambridge，Massachusetts：馬薩諸塞州的劍橋市。本文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge即指坐落于劍橋市的麻省理工學院。麻省理工學院于1861年由著名自然科學家威廉·巴羅吉杰斯創(chuàng)立。這是美國的一所私立研究型大學，培養(yǎng)高級科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科為主的、世界一流的綜合性大學。5．came up with：提出

6．A，C and D batteries：A、C、D均為電池型號。

7．These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：這些微型電池可能會改變我們看待病毒的方式。作者想表達的意思是：人們一直認為病毒有害無益，現(xiàn)在病毒可用來制作電池，人們對病毒的看法可能會因此而發(fā)生變化。

練習：

1．According to the first paragraph，people try to A．kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc． B．keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible．

C．stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases． D．cure themselves of virus—related diseases by taking medicines． 2．What is Belcher's team doing at present? A．It is finding ways to get rid of viruses．． B．It is mass—producing microbatteries． C．It is making batteries with viruses． D．It is analyzing virus genes．

3．What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word “shrink” appearing in paragraph 5？ A．Broaden． B．Spread． C．Extend． D．Expand：

4.Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6？ A．It is made of metal．

B．It is a kind of watch battery．

C．It can only be seen with a microscope．

D．It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it． 5.How tiny is one battery part? A．Its width is one tenth of a hair． B．It equals the width of a hair． C．It is as thin as a piece of paper． D．Its width is too tiny to measure．

答案與題解：

1．C短文第一段的大致意思是，許多疾病都由病毒引起，諸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人們想盡辦法躲避病毒。這是C所表達的意思。A不是正確選擇，因為文章并沒有說人們想

方設法去殺死病毒。B的后半句的內容(病毒肉眼看不見)和D的內容(吃藥治療病毒引起的疾病)文中沒有提到.2．C短文的第二段明確提供了答案。

3．D 根據(jù)上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收縮”，即“縮小”。所以，它的反義詞是expand(增大，擴張)。C不是正確選擇，因為extend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加長”。A的意思是“加寬”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展開”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反義詞，但在第五段這個語境里，B不是最佳選擇。

4．D第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金屬圓盤”，它是微型電池的外形，其內部是由病毒構成的電池部件。微型電池不是由金屬組成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，這種電池looks like a regular watch battery，與手表里電池外形相似，但并不等同手表電池，所以B也不是正確選擇。文章只是說電池的部件(但并沒有說整個電池)小到只能用顯微鏡才能看到，所以C也不是正確的選擇。D才是第六段所要表達的主要內容，因此是答案。

5．A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about lo of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本題的答案。

*第三十八篇

Longer Lives for Wild Elephants Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals，where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators don't exist.Without such problems，lanimals in zoos should live to a ripe old age． But mat may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth.Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health．They develop diseases，joint problems and behavior changes．Sometimes．they even become infertile．or unable to have babies．

To learn more about how captivity affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands．Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care，documenting factors such as birth dates，illnesses，weight and death．These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe．The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo．born elephants with the life spans of thousands

3of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps，over approximately the same time period．

The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of l 6.9 years．Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years——more than three times as long．Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern．In zoos, they lived l 8．9 s years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 years．

Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants seem to fare so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts．Georgia Mason，a biologist at the University of Guelph

4in Canada who led the study, thinks stress and obesity may be to blame．Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild，and most are very fat．Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild，where they live in large herds and family groups．

Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos．Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive．

The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos．While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations，that doesn't appear to be the case with elephants．“Currently，zoos al e net consumers of elephants，not net producers，” Mason says．

詞匯：

Predator n．食肉動物 Ripe adj．成熟的

Infertile adj．不生育的 Captivity n．監(jiān)禁；束縛

Fare v．過活，生活

Obesity adj．過度肥胖；肥胖癥

注釋： 1．1ive to a ripe old age：這是一種固定用法，意思是live to an age that is considered to be very old(長壽，高壽)。

2．be true for：或者be true of：對??適用。短文中第二段第一句：But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth．這里，作為主語的that指的是第一段所陳述的內容。這個句子要傳達的意思是：動物園對其他動物來說是一個安棲之地，而對大象來說卻不然。

3．logging camps：伐木場。Loggin9作為名詞，意思是：伐木業(yè)。

4．stress and obesity may be to blame：壓力和肥胖是問題的根源。be to blame：該受責備，應承擔責任。

練習：

1．According to the first two paragraphs，unlike other zoo animals，zoo elephants A．have difficulty eating food． B．1ive to a ripe old age．

C：are not afraid of predators． D．develop health problems．

2．Which of the following about the international scientists' research on the life spans of elephants is NOT true?(See paragraph 3)? A．They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants．

B．They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care． C．They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos．

D．The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos． 3．What do the scientists find in their research? A．Female elephants live longer than male elephants．

B．Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts．

C．Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts． D．Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans． 4．What are the possible causes of stress and obesity zoo—raised elephants generally suffer from? A．They do not like living in herds． B．They do not get enough exercise．

C．They do not live with their families． D．Both B and C．

5．Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A．It may not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo． B．Elephants are no longer an endangered species．

C．Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully． D．Zoos should keep more animals except elephants．

答案與題解：

1．D短文的第一段告訴我們，人們通常認為動物園內的動物沒有獵食的困難，也不受其他 獵食動物的威脅，所以一般壽命較長。但第一段并沒有提及大象。第二段則說，動物園內的大象卻不然，它們面臨很多健康問題。所以，除了D以外，其他選項均不符合這兩段內容。

2．B 第三段告訴我們，動物園，而不是這些研究人員，保存了所有園內動物的詳細相關信息。所以應該選擇8。其他三個選項均能在該段中找到相關內容。

3．C短文的第四段提供了答案。該段告訴我們，野生的雌性大象的平均壽命是動物園里的雌性大象平均壽命的3倍還多。

4．D短文的第五段提供了答案。該段第三句的意思是：動物園里的大象不像野生大象那樣活動，因此非常肥胖。他們也不像野生大象那樣過著群居的生活，即live in herds and family groups。

5．A短文通篇陳述了大象在動物園內的生存問題，最后一段是全文的總結。該段第一句指出，對動物園大象的研究向人們提出了一個問題：是否應該將更多的大象關進動物園。該段還重復了第一、第二段的觀點：其他動物在動物園能夠很好地繁衍生息，而大象卻不能。所以，A是正確選擇。B、C、D均沒有在文中被提及。

+第四十五篇

Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according

lto a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．

Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to

2reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare

3that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John

4Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator 0n the study． Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat．This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption． The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods

5such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．

“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,” said Hayes.“Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do.Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.” However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted．“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt，” he said．“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant

6because the bitterness is too pronounced．”

Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals．As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color．

“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because 7supertastin is not limited to bitterness．(476)

詞匯：

Publicize v．引起公眾對?的注意；(用廣告)宣傳

Dietary adj．飲食的；規(guī)定食物的 Ferment v．(使)發(fā)酵 Geneticist n．遺傳學家 Acuity n．敏銳；尖銳

注釋：

1．Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University--College of Agricultural Sciences賓州州立大學農學院。Penn是Pennsylvania的縮寫，是美國賓夕法尼亞州名。賓州州立大學建于1855年：在全國共有24個分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences用作定語，修飾food scientist。

2．Well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food：大力宣傳減少食物含鹽量的做法

3．1eft many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others：使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合他們口味的食物。fare相當于food。

4．1ead investigator：研發(fā)項目負責人

5．?carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips．on multiple occasion，spread out over weeks：??經過仔細篩選的實驗參與者，他們在幾周內的不同時間里品嘗了湯和薯條等含鹽食物。

6．too pronounced：此處pronounced為形容詞，意為very noticeable，conspicuous(明顯的，顯著的)。

7．supertasting：超重味感

練習：

1．In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that A．it is good to health to eat food without salt． B．many people reject low—salt food completely．

C．many people accept low—salt tasteless food reluctantly D．food with reduced salt tastes better． 2．The fourth paragraph describes briefly A．how to select subjects and what to do in the research． B．how to identify supertasters and nontasters．

C．why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons． D．why to select more male subjects than female ones． 3.The article argues that supertasters A．1ike the；taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food． B．1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor．

C．consume less salt because they don t like intensive tastes． D．1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters．

4.Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? A．They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness．

B．They like high．salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste． C．They prefer high—salt cheese．which tastes less bitter．． D.They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health．

5.What message do the last two paragraphs carry? A．Taste acuity is genetically determined．

B．Taste acuity is developed over time after birth． C．Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color． D．Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science．

答案與題解：

1．C 根據(jù)短文的第二段內容，很多人因為食物中的含鹽量降低，所以必須做出很大努力(struggling)去適應，而低鹽食物對于他們來說，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste?good to them)。選項C有accept reluctantly(勉強接受)表達了這層意思，所以是正確的選擇。A、B、D三個選項均是錯誤的。

2．A第四段介紹了科學家是如何設計這項研究的，它包含了研究對象的人數(shù)、性別、人選條件、咸度味感分級表等。選項A概括了這方面的內容，所以是答案。而選項B、C、D所述內容均不符合該段的意思。

3．B 短文的第五段提供了答案o supertaster在這里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反義詞，即，口味清談的人。該段告訴我們，口味重的人消耗更多的鹽；因為快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人對快餐較為偏愛。選項B表達了上述內容，所以是答案。

4．C 短文第六段提供了答案。該段告訴我們，奶酪發(fā)酵會產生苦味，supertasters不喜歡苦味，而高含鹽量可以蓋住奶酪里的昔味，這是他們偏愛高鹽奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正確選擇。

5．A 文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遺傳學專家的實驗。從這項實驗中，Hayes得出的結論是，Taste acuity(味覺敏度)上的差異與他們頭發(fā)和眼睛的顏色上的差異是同一類現(xiàn)象，也就是說，都是與生俱來的。第八段又說，這是一種biological difference(生物差異)，所以A是答案。B說味覺敏度是后天形成的，顯然與作者的結論相左0℃說味覺敏度的差異與頭發(fā)和眼睛的顏色上的差異有關，顯然是錯誤的。D的內容在最后兩段都沒有提到，所以不會是答案。

+第四十六篇

Marvelous Metamaterials 1 Invisibility cloaks would have remained impossible，forever locked in science

2fiction．had it not been for the development of metamaterials.In Greek, “meta” means beyond, and metamaterials car do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back 3together．If scientists ever manage to build a full—fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials．

“We are creating materials that don't exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature,” says engineer Dentcho Genov.“That is the most exciting thing.” Genov designs and builds metamaterials--such as those used in cloaking--at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials．Other applications are just as excitin9．In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens．A lens is a device——usually made of glass——that can change the direction of light waves．Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away．

A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials．And since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001．A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable—as small as the wavelength of visible light． Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials．“We need people who can imagine,” he says．

Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light．In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials． At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain．Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound．Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an “acoustic” cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way that's not found in nature．In an orchestra hall, for example．an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves——so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience．without distortion．

Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we'11 see one any time soon．“In principle，it is possible,” he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he adds．

Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields

6around islands or oil rigs as protection from tsunamis．A tsunami is a giant．destructive wave．The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island．and the wave would resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm．

詞匯：

Cloak n．斗篷，披風 Metamaterial n．超材料

full—fledged adj．完全成熟的，完全合格的 Hyperlens n．超透鏡 Acoustics n．聲學 Tsunami n.海震，海嘯

注釋：

1．Invisibility cloaks：隱形衣。在《哈利·波特與死亡圣器》(Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows)一書中，哈利通過鄧布利多的轉交繼承了他父親的隱形衣。該書是英國女作家J．K．羅琳創(chuàng)作的哈利·波特系列小說的第7部。

2．?had it not been for the development of metamaterials：??如果超材料尚未得到開發(fā)的話。該句使用的是虛擬過去時的倒裝結構。虛擬過去時表示與過去事實相反的假設；因為是倒裝結構，所以將情態(tài)動詞had提到主語之前。如使用正常語序，該句可寫為．．．．if it had not been for the development of metamaterials．

3．“meta” means beyond．and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object and then bring them back together：“meta”的詞義是“超越”，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我們在自然界看不到的事情，例如將光波移動到某個物體周圍，然后將光波全部收回。

4．Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大學，位于路易斯安那州拉斯頓市。該校為公立大學，1894年建校，是美國最為重要的研究型大學之一。5．the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain：瓦倫西亞理工大學，位于西班牙東南部的瓦倫西亞市，該校建于l968年。． 6．oil rigs：石油鉆塔

練習：

1．What is true for metamaterials? A．They will always remain in science fiction． B．They are already a reality． C．They are nonexistent in nature．

D．Scientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks． 2．A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lens A．as it can allow scientists to see small things．

B．as it can help photographers to capture images far away． C．even if it is made of ordinary materials．

D．as it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light． 3．Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to invent A．an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light． B．an invisible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound． C．an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound． D．a cloak that is made of materials found in nature． 4．According to Sdnchez—Dehesa，A．it is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon．

B．it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from．reality． C．it is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak.D．it is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak．

5．What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis?(Read the last paragraph．

A．Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields．

B．Stopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them． C．Building them with larger metamaterials to keep away tsunamis．

D．Using the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami．

答案與題解：

1．C A不是正確答案，因為短文一開始的句子使用了虛擬語態(tài)，句子的意思是：如果超材料尚未得到開發(fā)的話??。也就是說，科學家已經在研發(fā)超材料。短文的后面部分也進一步提到科學家正致力于超材料的開發(fā)。但是因為超材料尚未研發(fā)成功，科學家更沒有開始使用超材料來制造隱身衣，所以B和D也不是正確選擇。第二段的第一句提供了答案。

2．D A、B所述功效均是第三段中普通的lens能夠達到的功效，所以不是正確選擇。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是錯誤選擇。短文第四段對hyperlens做了描述，結合第四段內容可以得到D選項提供的結論。3．C 短文的第七段提供了答案。該段的大意是：瓦倫西亞理工大學的研究者Jose Sanchez．-Dehesa試圖研發(fā)acoustic cloak，其原理與invisible cloak相同，只是acoustic cloak移動聲波(shuffle waves of sound)，而不是移動光波(shuffle waves of light)。所以，只有C是正確的選擇。

4．B 短文的第八段提供了答案。工程師Sanchez-Dehesa認為，成功開發(fā)acoustic cloak在理論上是可能的，但他對是否能成功表現(xiàn)出懷疑。

5．A 短文的最后一段告訴我們，科學家也在研究如何將超材料應用于抵御海嘯的襲擊?？梢栽趰u嶼周圍使用超材料作為防護(shields)，因為超材料可以讓海嘯改變行走方向(redirect tsunarni)。A表達了這層意思，所以是答案。文章沒有說，在海嘯到達之前數(shù)小時用超材料將海嘯檔住，B不是答案。文章沒有建議用超材料建造海島和石油鉆塔，C不是答案。D的內容是用超材料制作海嘯預警器，文章中沒有提及，也不是答案。

第二篇：2012年職稱英語理工類閱讀理解新增文章(翻譯)

2012年職稱英語理工類翻譯

新增文章

閱讀理解（6篇）

第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep 第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1 *第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四＋五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers” 注：

1、+表示A級文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級文章

2、閱讀理解 3、2012年詞匯部分與2011年教材相比未作任何變化

理工類C級 第六篇 不要太在意睡眠

我們每個人的大腦里都有一個像我們床邊的鬧鐘一樣的生物鐘。人腦里的生物鐘24小時走一圈，這一圈也就是一次完整的晝夜節(jié)律，正是這個節(jié)律決定了我們吃飯、睡覺和起床的時間。

青春期時，人的生物鐘在定時方面會發(fā)生變化，生物鐘會提前。這時，青少年會比以前睡得晚，所以當你媽媽告訴你該睡覺時，你的生物鐘可能會讓你多推遲幾小時，并且電腦或電視光線可能會導致你熬夜到更晚。

生物鐘的這種變化對青少年說是正常的，但熬夜到太晚會打亂你生物鐘與晝夜時間循環(huán)之間的平衡，這樣就會帶來一些問題，例如：早晨很難按時起床。位于美國羅得州布郎大學睡眠方面的研究員Mary Carskadon說：“當青少年睡眠不足時會打不起精神，這將影響到他們心情、學習和思考問題的狀態(tài)?！?/p>

其實生物鐘與鬧鐘一樣，也是可調的，事實上，生物鐘每天都在進行著自我調節(jié)，其方式就是通過你眼睛接收到光線的變化。

很早之前，科學家就知道了晝夜光線強弱的變化對生物鐘調節(jié)起到了重要的作用，長久以來，研究者們認為眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系統(tǒng)。

但最近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類眼睛有兩個感光系統(tǒng)，一個是視覺系統(tǒng)，而另一個是感知晝夜的系統(tǒng)。

第十九篇 石墨烯的超強力量

當今重大科學技術均以“微型”來呈現(xiàn)，新手機和個人電腦每年都在變得更小，這就意味著電子設備要求內部零件更小，工程師們正在尋求制造這些零件的方法，他們逐漸把目光投向了石墨烯——一種由碳元素構成的超薄材料。這種材料將改變電子設備的未來。

今年的諾貝爾物理學獎頒發(fā)給了來自英國曼切斯特大學的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他們對石墨烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)。Novoselov說：“石墨烯不僅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料。”他把它稱作“神奇材料”。石墨烯極薄，25 000片石墨烯疊放在一起才與一張普通白紙一樣厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不會發(fā)現(xiàn)，因為你沒辦法看到它。

碳是宇宙中最多的一種元素，已知的生命體中都含有碳。石墨烯一個只有一個碳原子厚度的單層。你不用費心尋找石墨烯，它就在我們身邊。

如果你想得到這種高技術材料，一支筆、一張紙和一小段膠條就足夠了。用鉛筆在紙上涂黑一片區(qū)域，將膠條粘在上面，當你拉開膠條你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它粘起了很薄的一片鉛筆涂的陰影，這一片陰影就叫做石墨烯，一種世界上最軟的礦物質。

現(xiàn)在，再將膠條粘上另外一張紙上，把它拉起來，你會得到更薄的一層。想象一下當你重復做，直到在紙上得到最薄的一層物質，這層物質只有一個原子的厚度，你根本無法看到。石墨是由一層層的石墨烯組成的，所以當你得到最薄的一層時，你已經找到了石墨烯。

理工類B級 第三十八篇 土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象

科學家們說，在土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了外星生命跡象并宣布了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。美國國家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者們對卡西尼號探測器所傳回來的數(shù)據(jù)進行了分析，數(shù)據(jù)表明，土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆衛(wèi)星有以甲烷為基礎的生命的存在跡象。

據(jù)報道，科學家們已經找到了在土衛(wèi)六高濃度氫氣大氣層里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的線索。

他們認為，氫氣在到達布滿甲烷河流湖泊的土衛(wèi)六類似行星一樣的表層前就已經被吸收了。這就證明在這個不及半個地球大小的衛(wèi)星表面有某種微生物在依靠氫氣生存。

美國國家航空航天局的科學家Chris Mckay說，“我們提出有氫氣的消耗，是由于它是土衛(wèi)六上生命賴以生存的顯而易見的氣體，就像我們地球上用氧氣呼吸一樣。如果這些跡象最終證明是生命的跡象，它會加倍令人興奮，因為它會代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二種生命?！?/p>

時至今日，盡管地球上的依賴液體水的微生物在甲烷里生長良好或把它作為廢物排出，科學家在任何地方都沒有探測到這種生命的形式。在土衛(wèi)六上，絕對溫度達到90度(相當于攝氏-273．15度)，依賴于甲烷的微生物不得不用某種液

體物質作為生存的介質，這種液體不是水，水在土衛(wèi)六上會凍成冰塊，不能融化。我們知道，冰塊太冷不能維持生命。

科學家們原指望太陽與大氣層中的化學物質相互作用會在土衛(wèi)六上產生一層乙炔。但卡西尼號在它的表面沒有探測到乙炔。

Mark Allen是美國宇航局土衛(wèi)六項目組的主要負責人，他說道，既然在土衛(wèi)六的表面沒有探測到乙炔，那就充分說明上面沒有生物。

Allen說：“科學界的保守主義者們建議，要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結論，首先必須對土衛(wèi)六上所有沒有生物的觀點做出回應；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們任重道遠。極為可能的是，一種化學過程而非生物學能解釋這些結果?！?/p>

第四十篇 教數(shù)學，教焦慮

在最新一項關于小學生學數(shù)學的研究中，芝加哥大學的心理學家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 發(fā)現(xiàn)，女教師的想法和女學生的學習之間有著驚人的聯(lián)系：如果女教師對自己的數(shù)學能力感到焦慮，她的女學生很可能認為男孩子數(shù)學比女孩學得更好。

“如果一直由對數(shù)學有焦慮的女教師教授數(shù)學，就會對她們的數(shù)學成績產生雪球效應”，Levine說。換言之，女孩子們最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學的焦慮。該研究表明，如果女孩子們在一個認為男孩比女孩數(shù)學好的環(huán)境中成長，那么她們的數(shù)學可能會不如在更自信的狀態(tài)下學得好。

如同學生，教師也會覺得某些學科難學和難教，這就是研究者所言的“焦慮”：不自在或擔心。

此研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，教師對數(shù)學的焦慮能夠傳染給她的女學生們。該研究的研究對象包括65個女孩，52個男孩和17位在中西部教一二年級的教師。學生們在學年的開始和結束時都進行數(shù)學測試，研究者們比較得分。

研究者們測試學生是否認為數(shù)學明星一定會是男孩。然后研究者們測試教師，試圖找出哪些教師對數(shù)學感到焦慮，研究者們問教師們當碰到數(shù)學問題諸如閱讀銷售清單時的感受，如果一位教師一看到銷售清單的數(shù)字就感到緊張，那么她很可能對數(shù)學存在焦慮。

平均來說，教師的焦慮不會影響到男孩子。但是，一般說來，如果教女孩子的教師有數(shù)學焦慮癥，那么女孩子們在學年結束時測試得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在關于是否認為數(shù)學明星應該是男孩的測試中，有20個女孩認為男孩數(shù)學比女孩好，這20個女孩的老師都是女性，且都患有數(shù)學焦慮癥。

來自密蘇里大學的心理學家David Geary說“這是一個有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結果，需要用更大的調查樣本進行重復驗證”。

理工類A級 第四十五篇 小而聰明

12月14日，美國國家航空航天局發(fā)射了一個體積小而威力大的望遠鏡，它的名字叫“WISE”(聰明)，大約只有一個垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬不要輕視這個小東西，WISE可是一款高強數(shù)碼相機，它將在人類已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來的巨大塵埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE項目的科學家，他說：“我十分興奮，因為我們就要看到以前從未看到過的那部分宇宙”。

到達宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉。(這意味著，每轉一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近)。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會抓拍天空一個不同的部分。六個月之后，它將把整個天空拍攝完畢。

然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會像我們日常的數(shù)碼相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(廣域紅外戡測探測器)的縮寫。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發(fā)出紅外線輻射物體的相片。

輻射是波浪狀行進的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個例子。當普通的數(shù)碼相機給一棵樹照相時，它能接收到樹反射回來的、可見的光波。光波通過鏡頭進入到相機里，相機對它進行加工，然后把圖像合成。

紅外線的波長比可見光長，所以，普通的數(shù)碼相機捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長紅外線帶來的溫暖。

這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見光的方式呈現(xiàn)出來。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，象WISE這樣的紅外線望遠鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務就是拍攝成千上萬的小行星圖像。

WISE的另一任務是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽的能量那樣啟動相同的反應。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發(fā)出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在紅外頻譜中，它們是發(fā)光的。

第四十六篇 螞蟻作為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對環(huán)境影響巨大

?？怂固卮髮W所做的研究表明，螞蟻作為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動物的行為對當?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動物生態(tài)雜志上，它表明螞蟻對當?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。

第一，通過筑巢而挪動土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動物種群的數(shù)量。

第二，它們捕食的動物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。

Dirk Sanders是該大學生態(tài)和保護中心所做的此項研究的作者，他說：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強的領地意識，并且會竭盡全力對抗其他的食肉動物來保衛(wèi)自己的領地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對周圍環(huán)境影響巨大。”

“在該研究中，我們第一次對螞蟻帶來的影響程度及微妙程度進行研究。所得的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：盡管是食肉動物，螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。并對當?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實重要的作用，對大草原的食物鏈影響巨大。”Sanders說。

該研究在德國進行，它對花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個歐洲包括英國都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小，而其他動物尤其是食草動物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產生同樣的影響，或者產生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少，其對土壤的營養(yǎng)水平的影響會對動物族群產生積極的效果。但是如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加，其捕食的影響會達到最大化，因此會抵消螞蟻通過生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響”。

螞蟻是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不僅因為它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因為其作為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學家還不清楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護作用。螞蟻通過變動物理的和化學的環(huán)境，通過對植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關重要的作用。

第四十五篇 小而聰明

12月14日，美國國家航空航天局發(fā)射了一個體積小而威力大的望遠鏡，它的名字叫“WISE”（聰明），大約只有一個垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬不要輕視這個小東西，WISE可是一款商強數(shù)碼相機，它將在人類已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來的巨大塵埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE項目的科學家，他說：“我十分興奮，因為我們就要看到以前從未看到過的那部分宇宙”。

到達宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉。（這意味著，每轉一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近）。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會抓拍天空一個不同的部分。六個月之后，它將把整個天空拍攝完畢。

然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會像我們日常的數(shù)碼相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer（廣域紅外勘測探測器）的縮寫。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發(fā)出紅外線輻射物體的相片。

輻射是波浪狀行進的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個例子。當普通的數(shù)碼相機給一棵樹照相時，它能接收到樹反射回來的、可見的光波。光波通過鏡頭進入到相機里，相機對它進行加工，然后把圖像合成。

紅外線的波長比可見光長，所以，普通的數(shù)碼相機捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長紅外線帶來的溫暖。

這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見光的方式呈現(xiàn)出來。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，像WISE這樣的紅外線望遠鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務就是拍攝成千上萬的小行星圖像。

WISE的另一任務是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽的能量那樣啟動相同的反應。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發(fā)出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在線外頻譜中，它們是發(fā)光的。

第四十六篇 螞蟻作為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對環(huán)境影響巨大

?？怂固卮髮W所做的研究表明，螞蟻作為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動物的行為對當?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動物生態(tài)雜志上，它表明螞蟻對當?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。

第一，通過筑巢而挪動土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動物種群的數(shù)量。

第二，它們捕食的動物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。Dirk Sanders是該大學生態(tài)和保護中心所做的此項研究的作者，他說：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強的領地意識，并且會竭盡全力對抗其他的食肉動物來保衛(wèi)自己的領地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對周圍環(huán)境影響巨大。”

“在該研究中，我們第一次對螞蟻帶來的影響程度及微妙程度進行研究。所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：盡管是食肉動物，螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。并對當?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實重要的作用，對大草原的食物鏈影響巨大。”Sanders說。

該研究在德國進行，它對花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個歐洲包括英國都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小，而其他動物尤其是食草動物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產生同樣的影響，或者產生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少，其對土壤的營養(yǎng)水平的影響會對動物族群產生積極的效果。如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加，其捕食的影響會達到最大化，因此會抵消螞蟻通過生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響?！?/p>

螞蟻是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不僅因為它占有很大部分的生物量，而且

因為其作為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學家還不消楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護作用。螞蟻通過變動物理的和化學的環(huán)境，通過對植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關重要的作用。

2012年職稱英語理工、綜合和衛(wèi)生教材（電子版已經發(fā)布，歡迎下載）

第三篇：職稱英語閱讀理解講義(理工類)

新東方在線 [004km.cngineering“ projects that might be used to counteract global warming.”I use the analogy of methadone1 ,“ says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global.warming.”If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab.But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.“ Basically the idea is to apply ”sunscreen“ to the whole planet.One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun's rays.It's controversial, hut recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect.Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun's rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling' of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more.第十八篇 石油匱乏

全世界每天都要消耗相當于億桶石油的能源。地球上的大部分能源來自于太陽。事實上，每分鐘到達地球表層的來自于太陽的能源就足已滿足我們一整年的需求，我們只是需要有效地加以利用而已。到目前為止，石油一直是一種較便宜、易獲得的能源。但當供應縮減時，情況就會改變，我們就不能像現(xiàn)在這樣不加節(jié)制地消耗石油了。

在蒸汽工業(yè)命時代，高能煤成為首選燃料之前，燃木能滿足大部分能源需求?，F(xiàn)在，煤仍然大量地運用于發(fā)電站，滿足我們四分之一的能源需求。但自從我們開始大量開采石油后，煤的使用就已經在逐漸衰退。煤是使用效率最低、最不健康、最不環(huán)保的化石燃料，但因其供應充足——煤的儲量是石油的6倍，煤的使用量又有所回升。

今天，石油作為一種從地表層挖掘出，用于生產汽油、柴油和其他各種化學物質的礦物油，供應著大約40%的世界能源需求，其中大部分用于供給機動車輛；美國消耗著世界四分之一的石油，同時排放出大約全球1/4的溫室氣體。

大部分的石油來自中東，牛東擁有50％的世界已勘探石油儲存量。其他的石油產地包括俄羅斯、北美、挪威、委內瑞拉和北海。阿拉斯加北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)最新成為美國能源的又一主要供應地，減少了美國對國外進口石油的依賴。

盡管意見和評價各有不同，但大多數(shù)專家預測人類將在50年之內輕而易舉地耗盡現(xiàn)行的所有儲備石油。未來的幾十年，當供不應求時我們會很快陷入能源危機。當常規(guī)能源不容易獲得時，代之使用的可能是諸如油頁巖和瀝青砂等能源。石油也可從煤中提煉獲得。

自從我們開始使用化石燃料，我們已經釋放出4000億噸碳。當化石燃料全部用完時，世界溫度將上升13攝氏度。更恐怖的是，這將會導致所有熱帶雨林的破壞和北極冰的溶解。新東方在線 [004km.cnic or home, it‘s telling other ants that it‘s deads.What keeps ants from hauling away the living dead ? Choe found that Argentine ants have two additional chemicals on their bodies, and these tell nearby ants something like, ―Wait— I‘m not dead yet.” So Choe‘s research turned up two sets of chemical.signals in ants: one says, ―I‘m dead,‖ the other set says, ―I‘m not dead yet.”

Other scientists have tried to figure out how ants know when another ant is dead.If an ant is knocked unconscious, other ants leave it alone until it wakes up.That means ants know that unmoving ants can still be alive.Choe suspects that when an Argentine ant dies, the chemical that says ―Wait-I‘m not dead yet‖ quickly goes away.Once that chemical is, gone, only the one that says ―I‘m dead‖ is left.―It‘s because the dead ant no longer smells like a living ant that it gets carried to the graveyard, not because its body releases new unique chemicals after death ,‖ said Choe.When other ants detect the ―dead‖ chemical without the ―not dead yet‖ chemical, they haul away the body.This was Choe‘s hypothesis.To test his hypothesis, Choe and his team put different chemicals on Argentine ant pupae.When the scientists used the ―I‘m dead‖ chemical, other ants quickly hauled the treated pupae away.When the scientists used the ―Wait — I‘m not dead yet‖ chemicals, other ants left the treated pupae alone.Choe believes this behavior, shows that the ―not dead yet‖ chemicals override the ―dead‖ chemical when picked up by adult ants.And that when an ant dies, the ―not dead yet‖ chemicals fade away.Other nearby ants then detect the remaining ―dead‖ chemical and remove the body from the nest.46 新東方在線 [004km.cn ] 2011職稱英語強化班網絡課堂電子教材系列

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第三十九篇 克隆農場

工業(yè)化農場很快會進入一個大產量的新領域。美國的公司正在開發(fā)一項需要大規(guī)?？寺⌒‰u的技術。一旦一個具有所期望特性的小雞被孵化出來或被基因改造，每小時成千上萬的雞蛋會孵出如出一轍的小雞滾下生產線。每年上百萬的克隆小雞能被孵化出來，從而為雞場提供以相同比例生長，重量相同并且味道相同的小雞。

這至少是美國國家科技院的夢想，科技院給OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California，以及EmbrexofNorthCaroling470萬基金以資助研究。這個預想為擔憂增加雞場小雞痛苦的動物福利組織拉響了警報。

那好像并沒有讓使家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)氣餒，然而，他們想使抗痛小雞吃得更少，長得更快，―養(yǎng)殖者希望減少投入但仍獲得相同的產量，‖MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen說，為了達到這個要求，Origen致力于―制造一個有效克隆體的小雞，‖他說，正常的克隆技術對鳥類無效，因為卵不能被移動或移植。然而，公司正試圖大量繁殖剛產下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干細胞。技巧是在細胞開始顯示其差別前對其進行培育，這樣它們還保持多能性?！現(xiàn)itzgerald說。

運用早已形成的技術，這些干細胞會被注入剛孵出的，已受精的，要接受細胞植入的雞蛋的胚胎中，形成一個嵌合體的小雞。嚴格地說，嵌合體的小雞不是克隆雞，因為它既有植入的細胞又有本身的細胞。但Fitzgerald說，如果小雞身體的95%是由被植入的細胞發(fā)展而來的就足夠了。―在家禽界，不是100%也沒關系?！?/p>

Origen面臨的另一個挑戰(zhàn)是提高生產量。為了做到這點，他和Embrex合作研制了一個可將疫苗注入50000個雞蛋中的儀器。Embrex正試圖改造那個儀器，從而使胚胎和注射的細胞落在準確的位置而不殺死它。

在將來，Origen設想將不同品種小雞的干細胞冷凍，如果定單要某一種小雞，成百萬的卵能在幾個月甚至幾個星期被生產出來，目前，維持市場可能需要的各種小雞對養(yǎng)殖者來說太昂貴了，那要花數(shù)年的時間培育足夠多的小雞以生產出農民需要的上百萬雞蛋。

Clone Farm Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production.Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to ―clone‖ chickens on a massive scale.Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour.Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.This, at least, is the vision of the US‘s National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research.The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.That‘s unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wants disease resistant birds that grow faster on less food.―Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,‖ says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen.To meet this demand, Origen aims to ―create an animal that is effectively a clone‖, he says.Normal cloning doesn‘t work in birds because eggs can‘t be removed and implanted, Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as they‘re laid.―The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent,‖ says Fitzgerald.Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a ―chimera‖.Strictly speaking a

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chimera isn‘t a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient.But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken‘s body develops from donor cells.―In the poultry world, it doesn‘t matter if it‘s not 100 percent,‖ he says.Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production.To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs an hour.Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken.If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks.At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.第四十篇 污染云團在太平洋兩岸均被測量

科學家密切地關注去年春天的煙霧污染，使用衛(wèi)星跟蹤被污染云團跨過太平洋，在北美洲經由卡加拉、加拿大到達亞利桑那州。現(xiàn)在看來，這是第一次，太平洋兩岸的研究人員對同一云團同時進行了詳盡的測量，這片云團中既含有戈壁沙漠的灰塵也含有來自工業(yè)污染的碳氫化合物。

華盛頓一所大學的化學博士生Health Price發(fā)現(xiàn)被空氣中微粒反射的光線的數(shù)量比正常年份的這個時間多出了550%。這片污染云團所含的各種被測污染物質的程度比正常標準都高。Price說，“但惟一近乎驚人的事是個別微粒的含量?！?/p>

這片在西部停留的云團被新聞媒體廣泛報道，對這片云團的測量一直延伸到了科羅拉多州的阿斯彭滑雪圣地。

在太平洋西岸進行的浮質細小固體特性實驗，是一項旨在了解空氣中的物質怎樣影響地球氣候的工程。額外的測量也在同一時間在同一地區(qū)由國家航空航天局發(fā)起的一個工程中進行。

知道污染云團正在華盛頓州靠近，Price于4月14日將測量設備運到一架租來的比奇飛機上并發(fā)往西北海岸的Neah海灣。從取自15,000英尺到220,000英尺不同高度的樣品中，她測量了灰塵、臭氧、一氧化碳和碳氫化合物的含量?！皬奈业母瘪{駛座，灰塵厚得用肉眼可以看到，”Price說。

現(xiàn)在，她正試圖將她的研究成果和太平洋彼岸的兩個研究小組的研究結果進行比較與對比，在那里的一個地方污染云團的面積比日本還大。衛(wèi)星拍攝到的圖片上清晰可見的大片云團充分地警告Price云團已向華盛頓靠近?！澳隳芸吹竭@兩團黑糊糊的云從蒙古沙漠升起并在亞洲上空變大，然后越過太平洋，最終到達北美洲，”她說。她打算繼續(xù)測量華盛頓沿岸的空氣樣品并尋找來自亞洲以外的明顯被污染的云團?！拔覀兿Ｍ纯茨芊竦玫絹碜詺W洲的空氣污染信號，因為電腦中的模型顯示歐洲的污染源也能穿越太平洋，”她說?！叭欢?，我們預計歐洲的空氣污染，對北美洲造成的影響能小于亞洲污染氣團?！?/p>

Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific Scientists watched closely last spring as a haze of pollution, which had been tracked by satellite as it crossed the Pacific Ocean, settled over a large swath of North America from Calgary, Canada, into Arizona.Now it appears that, for the first time, researchers on both sides of the Pacific took detailed measurements of the same plume, a could that contained Gobi dessert dust as well as hydrocarbons from industrial pollution.Heather Price, a University of Washington doctoral student in chemistry, found that the

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amount of light reflected by the particles in the air was more than 550 percent greater than normal for that time of year.The mass of Asian air contained elevated levels of all pollutants measured.Price said, ―but the only thing that came close to being alarming was the level of particulate matter.‖

The haze that settled across the western part of the country was widely reported by the news media, and it was measured as far inland as the ski slopes of Aspen, Colo.Readings on the western side of the Pacific came from the Aerosol Characterization Experiments, a project aimed at understanding how particles in the atmosphere affect Earth‘s climate.Additional measurements were taken in the same region at the same time under a project sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Knowing the pollution was approaching Washington state, Price loaded sensing equipment aboard a rented Beechcraft on April 14 and flew to Neah Bay on the state‘s Northwest coast.Taking samples at various levels from 15,000 feet to 20,000 feet in altitude, she monitored10 quantities of dust, ozone, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.―From my copilot‘s seat, the dust was thick enough to see with the naked eye,‖ Price said.Now she‘s trying to correlate her findings with those of the two research teams operating on the other side of the Pacific, where at one point the pollution plume was larger than Japan.The huge size of the cloud showed up clearly in satellite images that gave price plenty of warning the haze was on its way.―You can see these two blobs coming out of the deserts of Mongolia and growing over Asia, then getting swept out over the ocean and finally setting over North America,‖ she said.She intends to continue measuring air samples off the Washington coast and will be looking for air masses with evidence of pollution originating somewhere other than Asia.―We‘d like to see if we can get a signature of pollution coming from Europe because computer models suggest that European sources also can be transported across the pacific,‖ she said.―However, we expect that sources in Europe will contribute less than Asian sources.‖

三、職稱英語閱讀理解文章譯文(參加理工A級考試需要掌握文章)第四十一篇 全球變暖“缺油”

根據(jù)本周在瑞典烏普薩拉大學新發(fā)表的一個具有爭議性的分析，石油和天然氣會在全球變暖這一世界末日的場景到來之前耗盡。作者警告說，在使大氣中含有足夠的二氧化碳造成冰冠融化和溫度升高等場景出現(xiàn)之前，石化燃料會先消耗殆盡。來自政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）的專家為自己的預測變化說,他們是根據(jù)一系列的石油及天然氣存量來預測，并指出燃煤可減輕填補不足的差額。不過所有人都同意燃煤將會對地球造成更糟的影響。

IPCC的全球冰雪融化預測推動了1997年京都協(xié)議書的簽訂，簽署國同意將縮減二氧化碳的總排放量。IPCC預測了一系列包含從無節(jié)制的使用石化燃料至快速過度到較環(huán)保能源所將產生的未來場景。但是烏普薩拉大學的地質學家Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett 和Colin Campbell表示，即使是IPCC最保守的40個預測場景，也沒有足夠的石油和天然氣存量使其成真。

盡管烏普薩拉大學對石油和天然氣存量的估算差別很大，但越來越多的研究者認為2010年將是石油供應的高峰期，緊接著就是天然氣。他們的分析表明石油和天然氣的存儲總量在35，000億桶左右。而IPCC最樂觀的估算是50，000億桶左右。對世界石油和天然氣存量的平均預測是8，000億桶，這甚至是瑞典人估算值的兩倍。

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Nebojsa Nakicenovic 是奧地利維也納大學的能源專家和經濟學家。他領導了多達80人的IPCC研究小組并做出了上述預測。他說，IPCC對世界燃料的存量估計仍然站得住腳。他認為和保守的瑞典人相比，IPCC的估算考慮到一些范圍更廣的、國際認定的燃料存在。

即使石油和天然氣消耗殆盡，“還有大量的地下煤可以開采，”他說，煤的燃燒能使IPCC的預言成為現(xiàn)實。但他指出，這一轉換會 災難性的后果。煤比石油和天然氣臟，每一能量單位的使用會產生更多的二氧化碳，并釋放出大量的微粒。他說最近的研究給政策制定者們潑了盆冷水。

Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden.The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures.Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up the shortfall.But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet.The IPCC's predictions of global meltdown pushed forward the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions.The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources.But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleldett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass.Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after.Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC.Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world's remaining reserves.Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel's work still stands.He says they factored in a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the ”conservative“ Swedes.Even if oil and gas run out, ”there's a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited“, he says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous.Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2 for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates.He says the latest analysis is a ”shot across the bows'' for policy makers.第四十二篇 可再生能源

現(xiàn)今，汽油滿足了世界上約百分之四十的能源需要，大多用來為汽車提供燃料。煤仍被使用，主要是在發(fā)電站，以解決我們四分之一的能源需求。但煤卻是最無效率，最不健康，最不環(huán)保的礦物燃料。天然氣的儲量可填補部分石油短缺。但這些儲量也不能維持到22世紀。許多專家預計，我們很容易在50年內耗盡可采掘的燃料儲備。我們將很快遇到能源危機。我們需要立即發(fā)展可持續(xù)的方案來為未來提供能源。污染少的可再生能源為我們提供了一個更現(xiàn)實的長期解決方案。這些能源也會對世界上的窮人有益。“可再生”是指這些能源

第四篇：職稱英語理工類詞匯

參加2010年職稱英語考試沒有一定語法知識的儲備，是無法正確理解所讀文章的內容并做出正確判斷的，在職稱英語備考中對于語法知識的復習也是非常重要的。2010職稱英語語法的復習是備考中既重要又讓考生頭痛的環(huán)節(jié)。

非謂語動詞的用法詳解，可以幫助考生更好的掌握非謂語動詞的相關考點，為進行閱讀學習打下良好的語法基礎。

非謂語動詞也叫非限定動詞或動詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動詞主要包括動名詞、不定式和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)，即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外，具有動詞的部分語法特征，可以承擔句子的任何成分。

一、動名詞 1.定義：

動名詞是由動詞或動詞短語轉換而成的名詞性結構，其構成的形式是在動詞或動詞短語的動詞后面加上ing。

2.功能：

動名詞(或動名詞短語)在句中起名詞的作用，可用作主語、表語、賓語(動詞或介詞的賓語)和定語等。

(1)作主語

e.g.Reading aloud is very helpful.朗讀是很有好處的。(2)作表語

e.g.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產卵。

(3)作賓語(動詞或介詞的賓語)e.g.We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。

(4)作定語

e.g·He can't walk without a walking-stick.他沒有拐杖不能走路。

3.考點：

動名詞在職稱英語中往往不是不直接進行考察，而是把動名詞結構放在英語的句子中，然后考察考生對句含動名詞結構的這個句子的句意的準確了解。所以，考生在復習中主要需要弄清楚動名詞在英語句子中的四種語法功能。

4.與分詞做定語的區(qū)別：

現(xiàn)在分詞由原形動詞+ing構成，如designing，leaving，stopping等現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示正在進行的動作，或經常性的動作，或表示現(xiàn)狀。由此可見現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞結構在“形”上相似?？忌枰軈^(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和動名詞作定語的情況。動名詞作定語往往表示所修飾的名詞的功能/用語，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語強調分詞結構中的動作正在進行。

Give the note to theloudly-speaking(現(xiàn)在分詞作定語)man.請把便條交給坐在正在高聲說話的人。

I?d like to buy a washing(動名詞作定語)maching。(a machine for washing).我想要一臺洗衣機。

5.常接動名詞作賓語的動詞：

acknowledge，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，advise，avoid，admit，consider，delay，deny，dislike，enioy，escape，excuse，fancy，favor，finish，f1orgive，imagine，include，involve，justify，keep，mind，miss，pardon，practice，postpone，permit，report，resent，resume，risk，resist，suggest，tolerate

6.動名詞的習慣用法與句型： be busy/active doinz sth。

have difficulty/trouble/problems/struggle(in)doing sth。It's no good/use doing sth。

have a good/hard/difficuh time doing sth。spend/waste time doing sth。

There is no point/sense/harm/use/good(in)doing sth。cannot help doing sth。There is no use doing sth

二、不定式

1、動詞不定式形式：(to)+do具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征;否定式：not+(to)do

2、不定式的句法功能：(1)作主語：

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard。To lose your heart means failure。

動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes。

It means failure to lose your heart。常用句式有：

1、It+be+名詞+to do。

2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。

3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。

4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。

常用careless，clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞，不定式前的sb?？勺髌溥壿嬛髡Z。

(2)作表語：

Her job is to clean the hall。He appears to have caught a cold。(3)作賓語：

常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語(不定式)后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如：

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如： I have no choice but to stay here。

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike。

動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English。

(4)作賓語補足語： 在復合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite。

此外，介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema。

有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road./He was seen to cross the road。

(5)作定語：

動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關系：

①動賓關系：

I have a meeting to attend。

注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如：

He found a good house to live in。The child has nothing to worry about。

如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞： He has no place to live。

This is the best way to work out this problem。

如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：

Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent? ②說明所修飾名詞的內容：

We have made a plan to finish the work。

③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：

He is the first to get here。

3、難點解析

(1)接不定式或動名詞在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞： fmean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建議(做某事)forget to do忘記(要做的事)remember to do記得(要做某事)forget doing忘記(已做的事)remember doing記得(已做過的事)

regret to do(對將要做的事)遺憾go on to do繼而(做另一件事)regret doing(對已做過的事)后悔go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)

fstop to do停下來去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在做的事

(2)下列動詞短語中的to是介詞，后面應接動名詞或名詞： object to，resort to，react to，contribute to，look forward to，be accustomed to，be committed to.be exposed to，be subjected to，be devoted to，be dedicated to，be opposed to，be reconciled to，be contrary to

三、分詞 1.分詞作定語

1)分詞作定語既可以放在所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語，也可以放在所修飾的詞后面，作后置定語。其作用相當于一個定語從句。例如：

Where are the reserved seats?(=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)

預定的座位在哪里?

This is a pressing problem.(=This is a problem which is pressing。)

這是一個緊迫的問題。

2)分詞作后置定語可分為限制性(緊跟在所修飾的中心詞之后)和非限制性(用逗號與其所修飾的中心詞分開)兩種，其作用分別相當于一個限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。例如： The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for helping the homeless。

籌集的資金主要用來幫助那些無家可歸的人。

There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined。

有許多學生在等待檢查。This book，written(= which is written)in simple English，is suitable for beginners。

本書是用淺顯的英語寫的，適合初學者。

3)分詞常和形容詞、副詞或名詞構成合成形容詞作定語。例如：

The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone。那位手持鮮花的姑娘一定在等人。

The newly-built building is our office building。這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓。

4)有些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，并不表示被動的意思而是表示完成。這類過去分詞常作前置修飾語。例如：

There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn。秋天有許多落葉。

The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man。

這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。

常用的這一類詞有：fallen，faded，returned，retired，risen，grown up，vanished等。

2.分詞作賓語補足語

1)跟分詞作賓補的動詞有：catch，have get，keep，hear，find，feel，leave，make，want，start，notice，observe，watch，set等。例如：

When they returned home from the holiday，they found their house stolen。

當他們度假完回到家時，發(fā)現(xiàn)房子被盜了。(過去分詞表示被動)2)在復合賓語中，用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，說明賓語是動作的發(fā)出者，形成邏輯上的主謂關系;用過去分詞作賓補，表示賓語是動作的承受者，構成邏輯上的動賓關系。例如：

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard。

由于十分吵鬧，講話人沒法讓人聽到他的聲音。

When he awoke，he found himself being looked after by an old woman。

他醒來的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)一位老大娘正在照顧他。

3.分詞作狀語

1)分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。通?？赊D換成相應的狀語從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況的可以轉換成并列句或非限制性定語從句。例如：

Confined to bed(= Because she was confined to bed)，she needed to be waited on in everything。

她臥病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因狀語)

Having only book knowledge(= If you only have book knowledge)，you will not be

able to work well。

如果只有書本知識，你就不可能做好工作。(作條件狀語)They stood there waiting for the bus.(=They stood there and waited for the bus。)

他們站在那里等公共汽車。(作方式狀語)

2)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時的用法比較

不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞作狀語，如果單獨作狀語，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致。分詞作狀語通?？梢赞D換成一個相應的狀語從句，如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為被動結構，就用過去分詞;如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為主動結構，就用現(xiàn)在分詞。有時為了強調，分詞前可帶連詞when，while，if，though，as if，unless等一起作狀語，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如：

Working hard(If you work hard)，you will succeed。如果你努力，你會成功的。

Defeated(= Though he was defeated)，he remained a popular boxer。

雖然他被擊敗了，但他仍然是一個受人喜愛的拳擊手。4.分詞的獨立結構

1)分詞作狀語時，要特別注意其邏輯主語必須和謂語動詞的主語一致。否則，分詞必須有自己的主語，這種帶主語的分詞被稱為分詞的獨立結構，或叫獨立主格。在句中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件等。例如：

The project finished，they had a two weeks' leave。完成那個計劃后，他們休了兩周假。He being absent，nothing could be done。由于他缺席，什么事也沒法干。

2)獨立結構有時也可以用“with/ without +名詞(或代詞的賓語)+ 分詞”的結構，表示伴隨狀況。例如：

They sat there silently，(with)their eyes fixedon the lake。他們靜靜地坐在那里，眼睛看著湖面。

With him helping me，I felt lucky。

有他的幫助，我感到很幸運。5.容易混淆的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞 像 interesting 和 interested 一類的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下區(qū)分：

(1)一部分表示“情感;心情”等意義的動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有“令人……的;具有……性質的”的意思，常用來說明人或事物的特征或性質。如：

The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday。

(2)它們的過去分詞有“感到……的”的意思，用來指人的感覺或所處的狀態(tài)，因而它的主語一般不可能是指物的詞。如：

He was too excited to fall asleep。

這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有： encouraging, encouraged;disappointing, disappointed;exciting, excited;inspiring, inspired;interesting, interested;puzzling, puzzled;astonishing, astonished;surprising, surprised 等。

經典例題解析：

1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did?t include women players until 1919.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 析：根據(jù)題干，必須選表示被動的選項，故排除A、D;因B選項表“將要被舉行”意，不合題干之用，只有C選項(相當于which was first played)才合用。

2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world。

A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 析：B、C是謂語動詞，在此不可用。D項to make或表目的，或表“將要使得”，這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語，表結果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語例： The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay。公共汽車被大風雪所阻，因而耽誤了。

3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening。A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 析：根據(jù)this evening,應選表示將來義的選項，C、D應排除。Take后無賓語，必然要用被動式，故答案為A。

4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment。A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 析：根據(jù)be made to do sth。句式，可定答案為A。5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation。have/gain access to可以獲得

gain/have an advantage over勝過，優(yōu)于 take advantage of利用，趁…之機 d0/try one?s best盡力，努力 make the best of充分利用，妥善處理

A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating

析：根據(jù)warn sb。(not)to do sth。句式，可排除B、D兩項;又根據(jù)非謂語動詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律，又可排除A，而定C。

6.——I usually go there by train.——Why not ______ by boat for a change?

A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 析：此題可根據(jù)why not后直接跟原形動詞規(guī)律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項改為try to go，則要根據(jù)其與try going意義之別來確定答案。依據(jù)題干對話內容，乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣，所以答案仍為D。

7.______ a reply,he decided to write again。A.Not receiving B.Receiving not

C.Not having received D.Having not received

析：非謂語動詞的否定式not應置于首位，B、D皆為錯誤形式。A項不能表達先于decided的動作，只有選C項才表沒收到信在先，決定再寫信在后，所以C為正確答案。

8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer。

A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented 析：consider表“考慮”意時，其后動詞用doing形式，此處不表“考慮”，而表“認為”，這時consider后作賓語補足語或主語補足語多為to do,to have done,to be等形式。據(jù)此可排除B、D兩個選項。又因A表“要發(fā)明”意，不合題用，只有C表“發(fā)明了”意，才合題用，故選C。

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（1）重難點詞組

1)動詞詞組根據(jù)其后的搭配又可分為①動+名;②動+介;③動+副;

2)后接動名詞的固定搭配、形容詞詞組、易混詞組 動詞+名詞形式

catch one?s breath屏息，歇口氣 take care of照顧，照料 take charge of擔任，負責 take a delight in以…為樂 take…into account考慮 pay the way for為...鋪平道路 pay attention to注意 get the best of 勝過 get the.better of打敗，致勝 take care小心.當心 take a chance冒險一試 keep company with與…交往 make a/the difference有影響，很重要 put into effect實行，生效 take effect生效，起作用 keep an eye on留意，照看 find fault埋怨，挑剔 come/go into force生效，實施

be friends with對…友好，與…交上朋友 keep one?s head保持鎮(zhèn)靜

carry/bring into effect使生效，使起作用 come/go into effect生效，實施 catch one eye引人注目 make a face做鬼臉 catch fire著火

make friends交朋友，友好相處 make fun of取笑，嘲弄 lose heart喪失勇氣，失去信心 get hold of抓住，掌握

throw/cast light on使明白，闡明 have…in mind記住，考慮到，想到 come/go into operation使投入生產，使運轉 keep/hold pace with跟上，與...同步 take place發(fā)生，進行

come to the point說到要點，扼要地說 get/learn by heart記住，背誦

keep house管理家務，做家務 bear/keep in mind記住 make up one?s mind下決心 put…in order整理，檢修 play a part in起作用 take the place of代替

bring/carry into practice實施，實行 make progress進步，進展 make sense講得通，有意義 keep in touch保持聯(lián)系 lose touch失去聯(lián)系 put…to use使用，利用 lead the way帶路，引路 make way讓路，開路 give rise to引起，使發(fā)生 catch the sight of發(fā)現(xiàn)，突然看見 take one?s time不急不忙，從容進行keep track通曉事態(tài)，注意動向 make use of利用 give way讓路，讓步 make one?s way前進，進行 keep one?s word遵守諾言 attempt at企圖，努力 interference in干涉 appeal to呼吁，要求 attitude to/towards態(tài)度，看法 influence 0n影響

interference with妨礙，打擾 introduction to介紹 lots of大量，很多 a matter of(關于...)的問題

reply to回答，答復 a lot(of)許多(的)，大量(的)fall in love with相愛，愛上 a number of若干，許多 a series of一系列，一連串 其他固定搭配 credit card信用卡 next door隔壁 face to face面對面地 a few有些，幾個

a little一點，稍微，一些，少許 quite a little相當多，不少 the moment(that)一……就 I.D.card身份證 no doubt無疑，必定 out of doors在戶外

as a matter of fact實際情況，真相 quite a few還不少，有相當數(shù)目的little by little逐漸地 no matter無論 no more不再

fair play公平競賽;公平對待 rest room廁所，盥洗室 side by side肩并肩，一個挨一個 step by step逐步 all the time一直，始終 once in a while偶爾，有時 word for word逐字地 in demand有需要，銷路好 primary school小學 heart and soul全心全意

ahead 0ftime提前 once upon a time從前 no wonder難怪，怪不得 decline with thanks婉言謝絕 動詞+介詞形式 account for說明(原因等)allow for考慮到 arrive at達成，得出 ask for請求，要求 begin with從開始 break off斷絕，結束

break up中止，結束;打碎，折斷 aim at瞄準，針對 appeal to呼吁，要求 ask after詢問，問候 attach to附屬于，隸屬于 break into闖入 break through突破 bring about帶來，造成 bring down打倒，挫傷;降低 bringforth產生，提出 bringforward提出

bring up教育，培養(yǎng)，使成長 call for邀請;要求，需求 call off放棄，取消

call on/upon訪問，拜訪;號召，呼吁care for照管，關心;喜歡，意欲 early on繼續(xù)下去;從事，經營 come to總計，達到;蘇醒，復原 count up把…相加 bring out使出現(xiàn);公布;出版 build up積累;堵塞;樹立，逐步建立;增進;鍛煉 call forth喚起，引起;振作起，鼓起 catch at抓住(東西)call up召集，動員;打電話 carry off奪去

carry out貫徹，執(zhí)行;實現(xiàn) count on依靠;期待，指望 cover up掩飾，掩蓋 deal with處理，對付，安排 fill in/out填充，填定 get into進入，陷入 g0 into進入;研究，調查 go through經歷，經受;詳細檢查 go without沒有...也行 keep to保持，堅持 live up t0不辜負

cut across走捷徑，抄近路 d0 without沒有...也行 get at得薊，接近;意思是 go after追求

go for竭力想到得;喜愛;支持，擁護 go with伴隨，與…協(xié)調 improve on改進 lie in在于

live 0n/by靠…生活，以…為食 look after照管，照料 look for尋找，尋求 look over檢查.查看，調查

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（2）break down損壞，分解，瓦解 break in闖入;打斷;插嘴

make for走向，駛向;有助于 play with以...為消遣，玩弄 run for競選

see to注意，負責，照料，修理 live through度過，經受過 look at看望，注視

look into調查，觀察，過問;窺視 look through仔細查看，瀏覽，溫習occur t0被想到，被想起 refer to參考，查閱，涉及，提到 run into撞上，偶然碰見 send for派人去請，召喚;索取 send in呈報，遞交，送來 set aside挑出，撥出，留出;拒絕 stand by支持，幫助;袖手旁觀 stand against反抗，抵抗 take after與…相像

take in接受，吸收;了解，理解 touch on關系到，涉及 turn to變成;求助于，借助于 serve as作為，用作 sit for參加

stand for代替，代表，意味著 stick to堅持，忠于，信守 take for把…認為是，把…看成是 take to喜歡，親近turn into變成

turn 0ff關上：出產;解雇 動詞+副詞形式

break out光出;突然發(fā)生，爆發(fā) burn out燒掉

catch on理解，明白

check out結賬后離開;檢驗，核查 cheer up使高興，使振奮 clear up收拾;澄清;放晴 come off實現(xiàn)，成功，奏效 come out出版;出現(xiàn)，顯露;結果是 bring to使恢復知覺

burn up燒起來，旺起來;燒完 check in辦理登記手續(xù) check up(on)校對，檢查，檢驗 clear away掃除，收拾 make it clear that弄清楚 come on來吧，快點;出場，上演 come round(around)來訪;蘇醒，復原come up走近，上來;發(fā)生，被提出 cut back削減，減少 cut in(汽車)搶道;插嘴，打斷 cut out刪除

die down漸漸消失，平息 draw in(火車、汽車)到站 dress up穿上盛裝，打扮得很漂亮 dry out干透，使干 come through經歷，脫臉 cross out刪去，取消 cut down削減，降低 cut 0ff切斷;刪去;停止 cut short突然停止 die out消失，來絕

draw up寫上，畫上;草擬;停住 drop bv/in順便來訪 dry up干涸，枯竭

drop 0ff減弱，減少 fall behind落后 fall throug}l落空，失敗 find out查明

get around/round走動，旅行;(消息)傳開 get by通過，經過 get in進入;收獲，收集 get over克服;(從病中)恢復過來 have got t0(d0)不得不，必須 drop out退出，離隊 fall out爭吵;結果是 feed in輸入

get across解釋清楚，使人了解 get away逃脫，離開 get down從...下來;寫下

get 0ff從…下來;離開，動身，開始 get through結束，完成;接通電話 get together集合，聚集 give away泄露;分送 give in交上，投降，屈服 give out分發(fā)，放出 go ahead開始，前進;領先

go down下降，降低;被載人，傳下去 got out外出;熄滅 go round/around足夠分配 go through通過，審查，完成 get up起床;增加，增強 give back送還，恢復 give off放出，釋放 give up停止，放棄 go by過去 go off爆炸，發(fā)射;動身，離開 go over檢查，審查;復習，重溫 go under下沉，沉沒;失敗;破產 g0 up上升，增加;建起 hand in交上，遞交 hand out分發(fā)，散發(fā)，發(fā)給 hang about閑蕩，徘徊，逗留 hand down流傳下來，傳給，往下傳 hand on傳下來，依次傳遞 hand over交出，移交，讓與 hang back猶豫，躊躇，畏縮 hang on抓緊不放，繼續(xù)下去 have back要回，收回

hold back躊躇，退縮;阻止，抑制 hold out維持，支持;堅持，不屈服 hang up掛斷(電話)have 0n穿著，戴著 hold 0n繼續(xù)，握住不放

hold up舉起，阻擋，使停止;搶劫 hurry up(使)趕快，迅速完成 keep down控制，壓制，鎮(zhèn)壓;壓低 keep up保持，維持;繼續(xù)，堅持 let in讓...進入，放…進來 let out放掉，放出，發(fā)出 look back回顧，回頭看 look on旁觀，觀看;看待，視作 look in順便看望

make out of用…做，從…得出 keep back阻止，阻擋;隱瞞，保留 keep off不接近，避開 let down放下，降低;使失望

let off放(煙，煙火)，開(槍)line up排隊，使排成一行 look out留神，注意，提防，警惕 look up查閱，查考;尋找(某人)make out辨認，區(qū)分;理解，了解 make up構成，拼湊;賠償;化裝 pass away去世，逝世 pass to轉到，討論，傳到 pay back償還，回報

pay down即時交付，用現(xiàn)金支付 mix up混淆，混合，搞糊涂 pass 0ff中止，停止 pass out失去知覺，昏倒 pay 0ff還清(債)pay up全部付清

pick out選出，挑出，揀出;辨認

pick up拾起，(偶然)得到;(車船)中途搭(人)，學會 pull down拆毀.拉倒;拉下，降低 pull in(車)停下，進站，船(到岸)pull on穿，戴 pull together齊心協(xié)力 put aCrOSS解釋清楚，說明 put away放好，收好;儲存 put forward提出

put on穿上，戴上;上演。put right改正(錯誤)，整理 pull 0ff脫(帽、衣)

pull out拔出，抽出;(車、船)駛出 pull up(使)停下 put aside儲存，保留

put down記下，放下;鎮(zhèn)壓，平定 put in駛進

put out熄滅，關(燈);出版，發(fā)布;生產

put up提起，舉起，提(價);為…提供住宿，投宿 nng off掛斷電話

rub down撞倒，撞沉;追捕，追查

run over略讀，略述;輾過，瀏覽，匆匆復習see through看穿，識破;干完，干到底 set down卸下，放下，記下，記入 set off出發(fā)，動身;引起，使發(fā)生 set up創(chuàng)立，建立，樹立;資助 show off炫耀，賣弄 rub out擦掉，拭去

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（3）add up to合計，總計 break away(from)脫離，逃跑 come true實現(xiàn)，達到 come up with提出，提供 do away with廢除，去掉?

have nothing to do with和…毫無關系 make believe假裝 catch up with追上，趕上 come up to達到，符合

concern with關心，掛念;從事于 have something to do with和…有點關系 fall back on求助于，轉而依靠 fall in with符合，與…一致 as follows如下

get through到達，完成，及格 be fed up with感到厭煩

get along/0n with有進展，有進步 get somewhere有些;結果

run 0ff復印，打印 see 0ff給…送行

set back推遲，延緩，阻礙 set forth闡明，陳述 set out陳列，顯示;動身;制定 show in領人

show up使呈現(xiàn)，使醒目 sitin列席，旁聽 speed up使加速 stand up站起來，耐用.step in插入，介入 take away 其他固定搭配

get down to開始，著手 get the better 0f占上風，勝過 give onese~away泄露，露馬腳

give way to給…讓路，對…讓步，被…代替 go back on違背 go before居前

have to/have got t0不得不，必須 help oneself自取所需(食物)keep out of躲開，置身…之外 get out of逃避，改掉 have get有

give oneself up自首，投降，投案 go along with陪同前往，隨行 g0 in for從事，致力于，追求 hang on to緊握住，堅持下去 have t0 do with與…有關 hold on t0緊緊抓住，堅持 keep up with向...看齊，跟上…

let alone不干涉;更不用說 let go放開，松手

look down 0n看不起，輕視 be made up of由…構成，由…組成 never mind不要緊，沒關系 put up with容忍，忍受 run out of用完，用盡，耗盡 lend itself to適用于，對…有用 let loose放開，放松，釋放 live up to做到，不負 look up to尊敬，敬仰 make up for補償，彌補 put in for申請

refer t0...as把…稱作，把...當做

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（4）above all首先，畢竟 at a11完全，根本 all over遍及，到處 not at all一點也不

leave alone聽其自然，更不用說 one after another一個接一個

anything but除…以外任何事(物)，根本不 as for至于，就…方面說 after all終于，畢竟;雖然這樣 all but幾乎，差一點 in all總共，總計

aU out全力以赴，竭盡全力 alongwith與…一起 one another互相 as...as像…一樣 as if好像，仿佛 as though好像，仿佛

serve right活該，給應得的待遇 set in來臨，流行 stand up for為...辯護;維護 come to stay木已成舟 take…as把…作為

think better 0f改變主意，重新考慮 throw down推倒 set out to打算，著手

stand up t0面對，堅決抵抗;經得起 stay by守在一邊

think 0f…as把…看做是，以為…是 throw about亂丟(東西)，亂花(錢)throw(a)light on照亮，闡明

其他重要的固定搭配 as well也，又

not as/so...as不如…那樣 back of在…后部，在...背部 had better最好還是，應該 but for除...以外，倘沒有，除非

either...or或…或，不是…就是;無論...還是even if/though即使，雖然 as to至于，關于

as well as(除...之外)也，既...又 back and forth往返，來來往往地 because 0f由于，因為 both…and既…又…，兩個都 each other互相 or else否則，要不然 even then即使那樣 except for除…之外 by far...得多，最

so far迄今為止 if only要是…就 in itself本身

at least至少，最低程度 a little一點;一些，少許 quite a little相當多，不少 as/so far as遠至，到...程度 far from遠非，遠離 first of aⅡ首先，第一 by itself獨自，單獨 at last最終，終于

no less than決不少于，不亞(次)于 little by little逐漸地 as/so long as只要，如果 no longer不再，已不 many a許多的 more 0r less或多或少

no more than不過，僅僅;和...一樣 make the most of充分利用

every now and then有時，時時，偶爾now and then時而，不時 0ff and on斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，不時地 a great/good many 0f許多，大量 nlore and mole越來越 no more不再

at(the)most最多，至少，不超過 neither…nor既不…也不 just now剛才，一會兒以前 now that既然，由于 and so on等等

all at once突然;同時，一起

once(and)for all一勞永逸，限此一次 by oneself獨自地，單獨地 other than不同于 all right好，行

ever since從那時起，自那時以來 ever so非常，極其

so…as to結果是;如此...以至于 at once立刻，馬上 once more再一次，又一次 every other每隔一個地 over and over(again)一再，再三 all round周圍，處處 and so on/forth等等 or so大約，左右 sofar迄今為止

s0 that以便，為的是;結果是 such as像....that is(=i.e.)就是說，即 up t0起來，從事于，忙于;直至

what if如果……將會怎樣，即使…又如何whether…0r是…還是，不管…還是 and yet可是，然而 abide by堅持;遵守

adapt to(使)適應，適合;改編 so…that如此...以至于 such…that那樣的…以致 as though好像

what about(對于)…怎么樣 g0 wrong發(fā)生故障，出毛病 as yet到目前(那時)為止 accustom t0使習慣 adhere t0粘附，膠著;堅持 cling to粘住;依附;堅持 compensate for補償，賠償 conceive 0f設想，構思;以為 consult with商量，商議

apologize(一ise)to sb.for sth.道歉，認錯 collide with抵觸

comply with照做，遵照，應允 conform to遵守，依照，符合，順應 cooperate with合作，協(xié)作，相配合 cope with競爭，對抗;對付，應付;妥善處理 derive from導出，由...來 dispose 0f處理。處置 deduce from演繹，推斷 deviate from背離，偏離 dispose for布置，安排 dwell on凝思;詳述 impose on把...強加給

originate in/from起源，發(fā)生;首創(chuàng)，創(chuàng)造 preside at/over主持 reconcile t0/with使一致 restrain from抑制，制止 scrape through擦過，勉強通過 hinder from阻止，妨礙 intervene in干涉，干預;插入 participate in參與，參加;分享

prevait over/against取勝，占優(yōu)勢;流行，盛行 reign over統(tǒng)治;盛行

sacrifice for，to犧牲，獻出j獻祭

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（5）hear of聽到，聽說

specialize in專攻，專門研究，專業(yè)化 testify t0證明，證實 queue up排隊，排隊等待 correspondence with通信 dependence on依靠;依賴;信賴 exposure t0受到 objeetion to反對，異議 proficiency in熟練，精通 thirst for渴望，熱望

flare up突然燃燒起來;突然發(fā)怒 acquaint sb.with使認識，使了解 congratulation on祝賀

dissatisfaction with/at不滿，不平longing for渴望

preference for，to偏愛，喜愛;優(yōu)惠;優(yōu)選 requirement for需要，需要的東西，要求by comparison比較起來 in sequence依次，逐一 in accordance with與…一致 be accustomed to習慣于 be bound to必定，一定 to and fr0來來回回 on schedule按預定時間 at stake在危險中，利害攸關 on behalf 0f代表…，為了...on the sly偷偷地，冷不防地 in excess 0f超過

at random隨機地，任意地 on sight一見就…，立即 要求掌握的基本短語結構 put into effect生效

get out of control失控 come to a conclusion得出結論 decline invitation辭謝邀請 put into use使用，應用 put into practice落實 be satisfied with滿足 hardly…when剛…就… avoid doing sth.避免干某事 come about發(fā)生，出現(xiàn) in support of支持 bring about發(fā)生，引起 be different from與…不同 out of the question絕不可能 in time及時 indifferent to不在乎 above all最重要的 prepare for準備 first of a11首先 get to開始;到達 at the moment此刻 be on sale 出售 carry through完成 be in demand需要

the key to…的答案(線索、辦法)cure sb.of治好某人… aIl the way從遠道，從頭至尾 glance at瞥見，一瞥 take interest in對…發(fā)生興趣 be on good terms with sb.與某人友好take charge of負責 take a chance冒一下險

clean up打掃;清除 hundreds of數(shù)以百計的 in proportion to按...的比例 be beneficial to對…有益 put out撲滅

entrust sb.with sth.委托某人某事 break into tears(cheers)突然哭(歡呼)起來 in no way決不 make an attempt試圖 come uD with提出 call on號召 on the way在途中 keep on with堅持 make up for彌補 break away from從...脫離 give rise to導致 be subiected to遭受 not on any account決不 a multitude of大量(接復數(shù)名詞)run into陷入

be involved in卷入，陷入 超綱的其它固定搭配 be satisfied of相信 may(might)as well還是…好 rule out排斥

agree on/upon取得一致意見 argue about爭論

take(make)a stand for捍衛(wèi) take(make)a stand against反對 come after跟隨 lie up躺著休息 without question毫無疑問 beside the question離題 bring to mind使人想起 compile dictionary編字典 ask for要價

refresh one§memory使人記起 present sb.with sth.送給某人某禮物 against oneg will違心地 in one's will在…遺囑中 with ease容易，不費力 fall off下降

televise live實況轉播 go on strike罷工 at will隨意

of one's free will出于自愿 at ease不拘束 fall away背離

for the moment暫時，目前 have intention of有意，打算 have not the least idea of不知道 have desire to do sth.想做某事 be particular about講究 pass through通過，經過 bv the moment到…時 no intention of無意，不打算 have no desire for對…沒有欲望 have sth.in stock有現(xiàn)貨 carry about隨身攜帶 pass by從…旁邊經過 pass over不注意，忽視 get out使…出去

be of little value沒什么價值 pull back撤退 pull along沿…拉 die off死去，凋謝

something of在某種程度(意義)上 pass for被認為(當做)now that既然，由于 at oneg wits end不知所措 pull round掉頭，轉向;康復 die away(漸漸)消失 drop down落下

do sth.for a living靠做某事謀生 make a name of oneseff出名，揚名 put sb.throu曲為某人接通電話 beyond oneg power超出某人的能力 ahead of schedule提前 turn away轉變方向;拒絕 be answerable for應對...負責 glimpse of瞥見，一瞥

entitle sb.(to do)sth.給予某人(干)某事的權利 part with放棄，離開 turn back翻過來 lay up擱置;貯存 be lacking in缺乏

in correspondence with與….聯(lián)系(通信)be it that即使

in connection with與…相連 be advantageous to對...有利 in debt to sb.欠某人的債

assure sb.of sth.使某人對某事放心 dwell on細想，詳解 put(set)right使恢復正常，糾正錯誤 offthe way遠離正道 escape doing sth.躲避干某事 within the limit of在…范圍內 go dim(大腦)混沌

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（6）1.just，tair just合乎情理的 fair事情公平的 2.frank，honest，sincere frank坦城的 honest誠實的 sincere真誠的 3.admire，respect admire羨慕 respect尊敬

4.alter。change，transform alter(局部)發(fā)生變化

change(整體)發(fā)生變化

transform(物質本質/性質)發(fā)生變化 5.cure.heal cure治愈疾病 heal治愈傷口 6.damage，destroy damage(部分)破壞/損壞 destroy(徹底地)毀壞 7.decrease，deduce decrease在數(shù)量和程度上減少 deduce在尺寸或速度上減少 8.assure，ensure，insure assure使(人)相信，放心，保證

in the mood for sth.對某事有心境? set a limit to限制 call at訪問

go blank(頭腦)變成空白 go faint暈過去 ensure確保，保證 insure保險 9.1ater.1ately，latter later稍后，以后 lately近來，最近latter(多指兩者中的)后者 1o.adjacent和adjloining

這些詞都有next to“緊挨”的意思。

adiacent“毗鄰的，鄰近的”，但它們可能并不相互直接接觸。adioining和conti?guous指相互接觸，通常之間有一個edge或boundary。

11.advise和advice

advise”勸告”(動詞);advice“勸告”(名詞)。

12affect和effect

affect”影響”vt.，它的第二個意思是“假裝”，Though she attectes indifference,I Knew She was really very upset

effect n.“結果”，“效力”。vt.“產生”，“導致”，它比“to cause，to bring out'?更為正式。His aim was to effect a radical change in the party structure.13.all ready和already

all ready意思是“COBpletely prepared'? already'?已經”。He had already had his hmeh.14.altogether和all together altogether(in total)“總共”，all together意思是“in a group'?。如：We put the sheep all together in one field.這兩個詞還可以分開。We put all the sheep together in one field.15.besides和beside

besides意思是“in addition to”“加之，還有，另外”;而beside“在……旁邊”，“在……一側”。Duncan is the tall man standing beside my father.站在我爸爸旁邊的高個子男子是鄧肯。16.coherence和cohesion coherence”統(tǒng)一,一致性”;cohesion“結合力，團結”，The cohesion or molecules分子的結合力。，17.compare with和 compare to compare with'?和……比起來”

compare to”好比”。He compared the moon to a silver plate.他把月亮比成一個大銀盤。

18.impel和compel impel“推動，驅使，激勵”。impel sb.to do sth.激勵某人做某事;compel”強迫，脅迫，迫使”。compel sb.to oneg will強迫人服從自己。

19.complement和compliment

complement“補足(物)，補全”，“補足語”。

compliment”恭維話，贊辭，敬意”;Your presence is a great compliment.承蒙光臨，不勝榮幸。

2o.continual和continuous continual“連續(xù)，繼續(xù)”;“頻繁的”;continual bouts of toothache一陣接一陣的牙痛。(這中間可能有停頓或間斷。)continuous”連續(xù)”(指從不間斷的);we've had three weeks of continuous rain.我們這里連續(xù)三周下雨不停。

21.might和could might表明“possibility'?。

could應該用來表明“permission”.Mum said we could(might)go to the football match.22.council和counsel council“議事機構”，委員會a cabinet council內閣會議。counsel”商議，勸告”;follow sb.'s counsel close牢記某人忠告。23.economical和economic economic“經濟學的，經濟上的”an economic survey of Scotland蘇格蘭經濟調查;an economic block.ade經濟封鎖;economical”節(jié)儉的，經濟的”;He's had to learn to be more economical now that his only in.come is a small pension.24.historical和historic

imply“含有……的意思”;Do you realize what his words imply?你理解他說話的含意嗎?I do not imply that you are wrong.我的意思不是說你錯了。

26.intense和intensive.intense“激烈的，強烈的”，“緊張的”an intense light強烈的燈光;intense heat酷熱;an intense life奮發(fā)圖強的生活。

intensive“加強的，集中的”;“深入細致的，徹底的”;an intensive bombardment密集炮擊;an inten—sive study徹底的研究;an intensive reading精讀(opp.Extensive reading泛讀)。

27.apt和prone

它們都具有“tending to or in the habit of¨的意思，但是prone只用于人。Elderly people are prone to falls，often because of arthritic joints or dizziness.28.1oose和lose loose“松的，寬的”。

lose”丟失”;lose oneg balance失去平衡，跌倒;lose oneg head被搞糊涂。

29.magical和magic

它們都和magic有關系，但是magical也有“wonderful，entrancing'?的意思。

3o.masterly和masterful

masterly(showing great skill or the skill of a master)“熟練的;名家的”。

Masterful(showing power or authority)“主人派頭的，專橫的”;Youi'e so strong and masterful.2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（7）

1.修飾功能 2.副詞的位置

A短語之中depend largely on，different fundamentally from stem largely from，result partially from B副+限+形+名adv.+限定詞+n轉 almost all，not a woman

approximately 272，nearly a hundred 23 boys C并列連詞之后，從屬連詞之前

historical”有關歷史的“，“歷史的”，the historical period歷史階段;historical personage歷史人物。?historic“歷史上有名的，有歷史意義的”，historic town歷史名城。

25.infer和imply

and thus，and thereby，and therefore;

and then，and even，and also;and not，and yet;or even long before，simply because，ever since，only if，even though infer”猜想，臆測”，“推斷”;infer a motive from an effect從效果推知動機。

3.用于修飾比較級 rather，much，even，far，vastly，fairly，a lot，considerably so主要用作副詞，代詞;such主要用作形容詞和代詞。這兩個a bit，a little，a little/bit，slightly，somewhat 4.greatly只修飾動詞及分詞，much不修飾形容詞原形 great/greater great/greatly 5.副詞的最高級可不加定冠詞 flies live longest in the cool temperature.6.so與such的用法 lead引導，指引 leave使，讓 like喜歡 mean意欲，打算 need需要

oblige不得不

order命令 permit允許 persuade勸導 pray請求 prefer喜歡，寧愿 press迫使 prompt促使

pronounce斷定，表示 recommend勸告，推薦 remind提醒 report報告 request請求 require要求

show(how)/summon傳喚 teach教 tell告訴 tempt勸誘 train訓練 urge激勵，力說

詞都可以與that搭配使用，形成“如此…以至于…”的語意，在“so…that-.'?結構中so是副詞，在“such…that…”的結構中such是形容詞，因為詞性的不同，所以考生使用這兩個詞的時候要注意：such修飾名詞性結構，so修飾形容詞或副詞。

She had such繭自縛a fright(名詞)that she fainted.她嚇得昏倒了。

It is so small(形容詞)that you cannot see it.小得你看不出來。2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（8）

want想要 wish希望 經典例句：

1.They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs.他們訓練狗嗅出毒品來。

2.11l get somebody to repair the machine.我去找人修理機器。

3.I recommend you to do what he says.我勸你照他說的去做。

4.The radio urged people t0 contribute to the Red Cross.電臺要求人們向紅十字會捐助。

A.下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語 afford負擔得起 aim針對 agree同意 appear似乎，顯得 arrange安排 ask問 attempt企圖 bear隨 begin開始 beg請求

bother擾亂，煩惱 eare關心，喜歡 cease停止 choose選擇 claim要求

contrive設法，圖謀 consent同意，贊同 decide決定 decline推卻 demand要求 design設計，預定 desire愿望 determine決定 destine洽談室 dread害怕 enable能夠 endeavour努力 expect期望 fail不能 forget忘記 happen碰巧 hate憎恨，厭惡 hesitate猶豫 hope希望 incline有......傾向 intend想要 admit承認

advocate提倡，主張 appreciate感激，欣賞avoid避免 cant help不禁 cant stand受不了 consider考慮 cease停止 commence開始 complete完成 confess坦白

contemplate細想 defer拖延 delay延遲 deny否認 detest嫌惡 dislike不喜歡 discourage使沮喪 dread可怕 endure忍受 enjt，y享有，喜愛 envy嫉妒 escape逃跑，逃避 excuse借口 fancy幻想，愛好 hate討從 keep保持

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（9）loathe不喜歡，討厭 mention提到.說到 mind介意，留意 miSS錯過 pardon原諒，饒怒 permit允許 postpone延遲;延期 practice實踐 prevent阻止 resume恢復 risk冒險 suggest建議 save營救，儲蓄 stand堅持忍受 tolerate寬容，忍受 understand明白，理解 典型例句：

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。，“should(可省略)動詞原形”用于如下結構中的that從句中： A.用于表示意原、建議、命令、提議，請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中，這類動詞有：

ask要求 beg請求 demand要求 insist堅持

(3)動名詞作介詞的賓語。

move建議，動員

幾乎所有介詞都可用動名詞作賓語。主要有以下搭配關系：

A：動 介 動名詞(we insist 0n your leaving…)

B：名詞(形容，不及物動詞)介詞to(不要把它視為動詞不定式的標志)。

下面大綱中所列短語中的”tof?為介詞：(be)contrary t0與……相反(be)opposed to反對 be used t0習慣于 resort to訴諸于 be accustomed to習慣于 be committed to委身于 with regard t0關于 contribute to貢獻等 with a view to為……起見 in contrast t0與……成對比(照)be exposed t0/be dedicated to致力= as t0關于

be devoted to獻身于

react to對……反應

look forward to期待

2010職稱英語詞匯表：職稱英語理工類詞匯（10）

C：動 副 介 動名詞

Look forward to her coming soon.D：形容詞(或具有形容詞性質的一ed分詞)介詞 ing(詳見形容詞詞組)

advise建議

command命令

desire渴望 intend打算 propose提議 arrange安排 decide決定 determine決定 maintain堅持，主張 objeet反對

order命令prefer建議require需要

request要求resolve下決心recommend推薦 suggest建議stipulate約定規(guī)定urge強調，促進 vote公認，提議decree頒布(法令)prey請求

B.用于it is 形容詞或過去分詞 主語從句中，這類形容詞或分詞有：

advisable明智的，合理的decided決定的crucial關鍵的

appropriate恰當?shù)膁etermined決定的commanded命令的

arranged安排的essential緊要的，基本的complied遵照

anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的

desirable合意的better較好的，更好insistent堅持的

desired想要的asked請求keen渴望的

incredible難以置信的adamant堅定不移的natural自然的

insisted堅持的necessary必要的suggested建議 urgent緊迫的ordered命令shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的possible可能的strange奇怪的 preferable好一點proposed提議proposed提議 requested要求的required要求的recommended推薦 resolved決定的probable可能的pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾

C·表示建議、要求，命令，請求等含義的名詞引導表語從句和同位語從句;?？嫉挠校?/p>

advice忠告decision，demand，desire，insistence，motion提議

necessity必要性order命令

preference偏愛，選擇proposal，pray懇求 recommendation推薦request要求 requirement要求resolution決心 suggestion勸告，忠告 典型例句：

1.He ordered that parking be prohibited on Main street during the rush hour

2.It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Aoollo mission.

第五篇：2014職稱英語新增文章——理工類B級完美版

2014職稱英語教材理工類B級新增文章

一、閱讀判斷

第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B級）

What Is a Dream?

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about.Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning.Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives.In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God.It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically.In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams(1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes.He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s.Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams.Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves.On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams.For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior.A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age.His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults.According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender.His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women's dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic.The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place.It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.詞匯：

psychologist n.心理學家 psychiatrist n.精神病學家（醫(yī)生）Austrian adj.奧地利的 gender n.性別

注釋：

1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.費洛伊德(1856-1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學家。精神分析學派的創(chuàng)始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有《性學三論》《夢的釋義》《圖騰與禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理學》《精神分析引論》《精神分析引論新編》等

2.Carl Jung:卡爾.榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學的創(chuàng)始人

3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做夢會夢到男人，并且常與打斗有關;女人做夢與男人則不同。

練習：

1.Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2.According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.Men and women dream about different things.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

1.A這句話恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學家認為，人腦睡眠中的活動沒有特別意義;而有些人則認為，夢可以揭示人的思維和情感。.2.A第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認為夢反映了人們在現(xiàn)實情況下害怕表達的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。

3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(榮格認為夢的用途是向做夢者傳遞一個信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他認為人們通過思考所做的夢能夠更好地了解自己)。他給出了兩個例子來說明他的論點。

4.C文中沒有提及。

5.A依據(jù)第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢，做夢是一種需要時間提高的技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢的能力。

6.A本文第七段講述了做夢與性別的關系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢是不同的。

7.B最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句講的是：夢可能會有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。因而不能預測未來。

譯文：

什么是夢？

許多世紀以來，人們都對他們夢到的奇異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學家認為，這種大腦的夜間活動并沒有特殊含義。另一些人則認為，夢是生命中重要的一部分。實際上，許多專家認為，夢能揭示人的心理和情感活動。

近代以前，很多人認為夢傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀，人們才開始從科學的角度研究夢。奧地利心理學家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或許是第一個用科學的方法研究夢的人。在他的著作《夢的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫道，夢是一個人愿望的表達。他認為夢打開了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達在生活中不敢表達的情感、思想和恐懼。

瑞士精神病學家卡爾·榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學生，但他對夢的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認為，做夢的目的是要給做夢的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢，便能對自己有一個更深刻的了解。比如，如果夢到從高處墜落，那么他應該反思自己是不是白視過高。反過來，如果夢中自己成了英雄，應該想想平時可能太看低自己了。

現(xiàn)代心理學家還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展關于夢的理論，來自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認為，夢境和一個人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關，比方說，一個罪犯就可能夢到犯罪。

多姆霍夫還認為，夢和年齡也有關系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做夢做的那么多。他認為，做夢也是一項心理機能，也需要隨著年齡增長而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現(xiàn)夢和性別之間的關系。通過研究，他發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性的夢境常常是不同的。例 如，在男性夢境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男性，而且常與打斗有關，而女性的夢境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過研究包括來自現(xiàn)代文化以及傳統(tǒng)文化背景在內的11種不同文化背景的人群夢境中的性別差異得出了上述結論。

夢能幫助我們更好地理解自己嗎？心理學家還在嘗試通過不同方式來解答這個問題，不過，有一件事他們是意見一致的：如果你夢到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢可能會有意義，但也不意味著你夢到的一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。要記住，夢中的世界并不是真實的世界。

第10篇：The Biology of Music（B級）

The Biology of Music

Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing.better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited.It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However, people can use music to communicate things--especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication.But, biologically speaking, what is music?

If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities.For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's.mate.For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.However ,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.詞匯：

automatically adv.自動地

note n．音符 stroke n．中風

注釋：

1.It is also true that humans，not animals，have developed musical instruments：人研制出了樂器，而動物則不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科學家們正在研發(fā)新藥用以治療癌癥。

練習：

1.Humans,but not animals, can sing.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

2.People can use music to communicate their emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned.3.We use the same part of the brain for music and language.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

4.Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

5.It's hard for humans to compose music.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

6.Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

7.Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

答案與題解：

1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些動物會唱歌，而不只人類會唱歌。

2.A第三段的第三句：However，people can use music to communicate things—especially their emotions.這句清楚表明，人們可以用音樂來表達情感。

3.B第四段說明：科學證明人們用大腦的不同區(qū)域處理語言和音樂。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子進一步說明人腦處理語言和音樂的位置不同，Shebalin中風以后不能講話也聽不懂別人的話，但他卻能創(chuàng)作樂曲。

4.A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller，a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.這句說明Miller對音樂和愛(情感)的關系進行了研究，他得出的結論是：音樂和愛有密切的關聯(lián)。

5.C文中沒有提及創(chuàng)作樂曲是否困難。

6.B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句說明必須具備好的記憶力記音符才能唱得符合調子。

7.A最后一段講的是：科學家們需要做更多的研究才能解釋為什么有些聲音影響我們的情感會如此之深。也就是說，科學家不能全部解釋音樂對人類的影響。譯文：第十篇 音樂生物學

人們把音樂作為一種高效的交流方式，在愛情中它也可能會起到重要的作用。但是音樂是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科學界還沒有給出答案。

哪兩項事物使得人類不同于動物？一個是語言，另一個是音樂。當然一些動物會唱歌(并且許多鳥唱得比很多人都好聽)，但是，動物的歌聲是有限的，比如鳥類和鯨魚。同樣，是人類而不是動物開發(fā)出了樂器。

音樂是個奇怪的東西，它與語言有明顯的不同。但是，人們能夠用音樂去傳達——尤其是情感。當音樂與歌曲中的語言結合在一起的時候，它就是一種強有力的表達方式。但是，從生物學來講，音樂是什么？

如果音樂與語言真的不同，那么我們應該在大腦的不同區(qū)域內對音樂和語言進行加工處理，科學證據(jù)也證實了這一點。

有時，受過腦損傷的人會喪失他們處理語言的能力。但是，他們不會自動地丟失音樂才能。比如，維沙翁·舍巴林，一位蘇聯(lián)作曲家，在1953年得了中風。他的大腦的左半邊受到損害，他再也不能說話或是理解別人的話，但是他仍然能夠譜曲，直到十年后他離開人世。另一方面，中風有時會使人們喪失音樂能力，但是他們仍然能夠說話也能聽懂別人的話。這就說明大腦是分別加了處理音樂和語言的。通過研究音樂在人身體上的物理效應，科學家也了解到許多關于音樂是如何影響情感的。但是，為什么音樂對我們有如此強烈的影響？這是一個更難回答的問題。倫敦大學學院的研究員杰弗里·米勒認為音樂和愛有緊密的關，音樂需要特殊才能、練習和體能。這也許是一種方式讓你展示你適合做某人的伴侶。比如，按調唱歌或者彈奏樂器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的記憶力來記住音符。能正確地演奏或者唱出這些音符也證明你的聽力也非常好。所以，當一個男人唱給他心愛的女人時(反之亦然)音樂就可能成為一種展示的方式。

然而，米勒的理論仍然不能解釋為什么聲音的特定結合可以深深地影響我們的情感。對于科學家來說，這顯然是一個需要深入研究的領域。

二、閱讀理解

第29篇：I'll Be Bach（B級）

I'll Be Bach

Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software.Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music.He realized that composers' brains work like big databases.First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take out the music that they dislike.Finally, they make new music from what is left.According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach.The software analyzed the data: it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns;Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren't good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work todo-he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software.Soon it could analyze more.complex music.He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.，A few years later, Cope's computer program, called “Emmy”, was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music ,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!

詞匯：

original adj．有獨創(chuàng)性的 collaboration n．合作 review n．評論

feedback n．反饋

注釋：

1.J.S.Bach：約翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫(德語：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日--1750年7月28日)，巴洛克時期的德國作曲家，杰出的管風琴、小提琴、大鍵琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德爾和泰勒曼齊名。巴赫被普遍認為是音樂史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊稱為“西方‘現(xiàn)代音樂’之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。

練習：

l.The music composed by David cope is about

A classical music.B pop music.C drama.D country music.2.By developing a computer software, David Cope aimed A to be like Bach.B to study Bach.C to write an opera.D to create a musical database

3.What did Cope realize about a great composer's brain?

A It forms new musical patterns all by itself.B It writes a computer program.C It can recognize any music patterns.D It creates an accurate database.4.Who is Emmy?

A a database

B a computer software

C a composer who helped David D an opera

5.We can infer from the passage that

A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach's music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.答案與題解：

1.A第一段的第一句：David Cope發(fā)明了一個可以編寫出古典音樂的電腦軟件。

2.c從第二段的第一句可以看出，David編寫電腦軟件的目的是寫歌劇。A、B和D都屬于創(chuàng)作歌劇的一部分。

3.D第二段的后半部分講的是偉大的歌劇作者與一般的歌劇作者的不同之處是通過對數(shù)據(jù)進行準確的構建、記憶而后創(chuàng)作出新的音樂形式。

4.B從第五段第一句可知Emmy是一計算機軟件?！?/p>

5.D從本文第一句可知David是一個作曲家，不是計算機程序員，所以排除A;B、C內容沒有提及;從本文的第五段和第六段可知，Emmy大大提高了David的創(chuàng)作速度，最后一句，大部分困難的工作都由Emmy來做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。

譯文：我也能成為巴赫

作曲家大衛(wèi)·科普發(fā)明了一個電腦軟件，它能寫出古典音樂的原創(chuàng)作品?？破栈?0年才完成這個軟件，現(xiàn)在科普的電腦寫出的作品與德國注明作曲家J.S.巴赫寫的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。

這一切始于1980年的美國，那時科普正在寫一部戲劇，但是他無法創(chuàng)作出新的旋律，于是他編寫了一個電腦軟件來幫他編曲。最開始的時候，軟件寫出的樂曲并不動聽。科普是怎么做的呢？他開始重新考慮人們作曲的方式。他認識到作曲家的大腦就像一個大數(shù)據(jù)庫，他們先是吸收他們聽過的所有音樂，然后去除他們不喜歡的，最后再根據(jù)留下的音樂來創(chuàng)作出新的旋律。科普認為，只有偉大的作曲家才能建立好數(shù)據(jù)庫，并能熟記于心，從而創(chuàng)造出新的音樂。

科普根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的音樂建立了龐大的數(shù)據(jù)庫，最開始的時候，數(shù)據(jù)庫包含了幾百部巴赫的作品?？破盏能浖⑦@些數(shù)據(jù)進行分析：首先它將音樂拆解成小的片段，從中找出固定模式，然后將片段組合成新的模式。不久，這個軟件就能夠寫出和巴赫風格很像的小曲子。它們并不完美，但這只是個開始。

科普知道，他要做的還有很多——他得寫出一整部歌劇。他進一步完善他的軟件，不久他就能夠寫出更復雜的音樂了。他還在數(shù)據(jù)庫中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。

幾年后，科普的軟件“艾米”已經能夠幫助他創(chuàng)作歌劇了。創(chuàng)作過程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合?？破振雎牥讓懗龅囊魳菲?，從中選取他認為好的。有了艾米的幫助，科普只用了兩個星期就完成這部歌劇，叫做《搖籃墜落》。演出獲得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以來最高的評價，但是沒有人知道他究竟是怎樣創(chuàng)作出這部歌劇的。

從那以后，艾米已經寫了上千部作品?？破宅F(xiàn)在依然會給艾米反饋，告訴她自己哪些音樂是他喜歡的，哪些是不喜歡的，但是現(xiàn)在大部分艱巨的工作是由艾米來完成的。

三、補全短文

第10篇： How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear（B級）

How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear

Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view.l.In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.2.He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to 'hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods.”

How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant.3.However,it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all Clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example,“ The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”

The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4.He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head.”

Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives.5.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.注釋：

1.the triumph of will over adversity:the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力戰(zhàn)勝不幸

2.I couldn't differentiate between what/heard and real hearing: 我無法區(qū)別真正聽到的和曾經聽過的聲音。

3.cochlear implant:a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals 人工耳蝸;耳蝸植入

4.But when it came to his beloved mumble,flag, implant was of no help.但是，當聽到鐘愛的音樂時，人工耳蝸就毫無用處(我不用人工耳蝸就能聽出來)。

5.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in my head:我手指的移動以及對琴鍵的感覺使我聽到的聲音在腦海里更加清晰

練習：

A.No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B.When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano.C.Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant.D.Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.E.Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F.Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.答案與題解：

1.F本段的開頭講：貝多芬的例子是一個意志力戰(zhàn)勝失聰?shù)臉O好的例子。但是，他的傳記作家Maynard Solomon卻持不同的意見。貝多芬的失聰不是一種災難;相反，對他成為作曲家起到了促進作用。后一句解釋了失聰是如何使貝多芬更好地創(chuàng)作。

2.D該句是本段的開頭，根據(jù)后一句：他描述了在3個月之內發(fā)生的奇妙的現(xiàn)象：我之前的音樂經歷開始在腦中回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰當?shù)摹?/p>

3.A依據(jù)前一句：只有人工耳蝸才能使外部刺激和內心感知聯(lián)系起來(失聰?shù)娜送ㄟ^人工耳蝸聽到外部的聲音)。人工耳蝸就是一種man-made device，后一句也是在講人工耳蝸的功能。所以A是對的。

4.B依據(jù)后一句的play the piano呼應When he wanted to appreciate music.Eagar played the piano，可以斷定答案為B。

5.C前一句講人工耳蝸的作用：它能使失聰?shù)娜寺牭铰曇?，盡管不完美，但改變了他們的生活;Still表示轉折，該句承上啟下，雖然人工耳蝸能幫助失聰?shù)娜?，?談到音樂的和聲時聽力就無關緊要了(聽力不起作用)。所以后一句講貝多芬在他生命的最后時刻創(chuàng)作第九交響曲時，無論多么完美的人工耳蝸對他來說都沒有用。

譯文：第十篇 如何讓失聰?shù)娜烁菀茁犚?/p>

大多數(shù)人把貝多芬的聽力受損看作是他作曲的障礙。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里創(chuàng)作出來的，那時他完全失聰。

這是最值得稱道的用意志戰(zhàn)勝不幸的案例之一，但是他的傳記作家梅納德·所羅門卻持不同的觀點。梅納德認為，貝多芬的失聰“促進了他作為作曲家的成就，在他完全失聰?shù)氖澜缋?，他能擺脫外在世界聲音的干擾，自由地創(chuàng)作新的表現(xiàn)形式與和聲。”

聽力受損似乎不會影響失聰?shù)囊魳芳业囊魳凡拍?。他們能繼續(xù)“聽見”音樂，與他們能真正聽見音樂相比，他們“聽”得同樣準確，甚至更準確。

2003年去世的邁克爾·伊加，在他21歲時失聰。他曾經描繪過一幅發(fā)生在三個月內的迷人的事情：“我之前的音樂經歷開始在腦中回放，我無法區(qū)別真正聽到的和曾經聽過的東西。許多年以后，聽到這些回放，“聽見”對我來說是新鮮的音樂，為我所有的情緒找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的。”

內心的感受？把外在刺激和內在感知相結合的最好的例子就是耳蝸植入。沒有任何人工的裝置能代替聽覺能力，但是，利用大腦非凡的能力來理解植入物產生的電信號還是有可能的。

當邁克爾·伊加最先“開啟”題的人工耳蝸時，他聽到的聲音一點都不清楚。經過艱苦的努力，他漸漸地開始辨認出日常的聲音，比如他說道“持續(xù)的電話響聲幾乎是立刻就變得清晰了?！?/p>

耳蝸植入最主要的目的就是能夠與人交流。當人們與伊加交談時，他能聽到他們的聲音“像是從接觸不良的長途電話中傳來的”。但是當聽他鐘愛的音樂時，耳蝸植入就毫無用處。每當伊加想要欣賞音樂時，他就開始彈鋼琴。他說“我像往常那樣彈奏鋼琴，同一時間在頭腦中就聽見它。我手指的移動以及對琴鍵的感覺使得頭腦中聽到的聲音更加“清晰”。

耳蝸植入讓耳聰?shù)娜艘砸环N不完美的方式再次聽見聲音，但是它改變了他們的生活。盡管如此，正如邁克爾·伊加發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，當涉及到音樂和聲時，聽力就無關緊要了。甚至最完美的耳蝸植入對貝多芬在他生命的最后階段創(chuàng)作第九交響曲也毫無用處。