第一篇：2014全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)理工類新增文章--小抄版
2014年職稱英語(yǔ)理工類
第二部分 閱讀判斷第八篇 What Is a Dream?
1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they
cannot talk about.A Right
3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand
oneself.4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability
to dream as adults do.6．Men and women dream about different things.A Right7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.*第十篇The Biology of Music：
1．Humans, but not animals, can sing.2．People can use music to communicate their emotions.A
3．We use the same part of the brain for music and language.4．Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions5．It?s hard for humans to compose music.6．Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.7．Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.第四部分 閱讀理解第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach 1．The music composed by David cope is about 2．By developing a computer software，David cope aimed 3．What did cope realize about a great composer?s brain?
4．Who is Emmy? 5．We can infer from the passage that D Emmy did
much more work than a composer.第五部分 補(bǔ)全短文第十篇How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven?s hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity1, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view._In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played._2_ He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: “my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn?t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.2 After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs, to ? hear? music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods.”
How is it that the world we see，touch，hear，and
smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant3.__3 However, it might be possible to use the brain?s remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example, “The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow
communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4 __4_ He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ? clarity? to hearing in my head.5”
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect，but which can change their lives.the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.
第二篇：2014職稱英語(yǔ)新增文章——理工類B級(jí)完美版
2014職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類B級(jí)新增文章
一、閱讀判斷
第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B級(jí)）
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about.Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning.Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives.In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God.It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically.In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams(1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes.He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s.Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams.Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves.On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams.For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior.A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age.His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults.According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender.His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women's dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic.The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place.It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.詞匯：
psychologist n.心理學(xué)家 psychiatrist n.精神病學(xué)家（醫(yī)生）Austrian adj.奧地利的 gender n.性別
注釋：
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.費(fèi)洛伊德(1856-1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學(xué)家。精神分析學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人。他認(rèn)為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有《性學(xué)三論》《夢(mèng)的釋義》《圖騰與禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理學(xué)》《精神分析引論》《精神分析引論新編》等
2.Carl Jung:卡爾.榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人
3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做夢(mèng)會(huì)夢(mèng)到男人，并且常與打斗有關(guān);女人做夢(mèng)與男人則不同。
練習(xí)：
1.Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2.According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3.Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4.In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5.According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6.Men and women dream about different things.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
1.A這句話恰好表達(dá)了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人腦睡眠中的活動(dòng)沒(méi)有特別意義;而有些人則認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)可以揭示人的思維和情感。.2.A第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認(rèn)為夢(mèng)反映了人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)情況下害怕表達(dá)的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(榮格認(rèn)為夢(mèng)的用途是向做夢(mèng)者傳遞一個(gè)信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他認(rèn)為人們通過(guò)思考所做的夢(mèng)能夠更好地了解自己)。他給出了兩個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明他的論點(diǎn)。
4.C文中沒(méi)有提及。
5.A依據(jù)第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢(mèng)，做夢(mèng)是一種需要時(shí)間提高的技能。這就說(shuō)明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢(mèng)的能力。
6.A本文第七段講述了做夢(mèng)與性別的關(guān)系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢(mèng)是不同的。
7.B最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句講的是：夢(mèng)可能會(huì)有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會(huì)發(fā)生。因而不能預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)。
譯文：
什么是夢(mèng)？
許多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人們都對(duì)他們夢(mèng)到的奇異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，這種大腦的夜間活動(dòng)并沒(méi)有特殊含義。另一些人則認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)是生命中重要的一部分。實(shí)際上，許多專家認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)能揭示人的心理和情感活動(dòng)。
近代以前，很多人認(rèn)為夢(mèng)傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀(jì)，人們才開(kāi)始從科學(xué)的角度研究夢(mèng)。奧地利心理學(xué)家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或許是第一個(gè)用科學(xué)的方法研究夢(mèng)的人。在他的著作《夢(mèng)的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫道，夢(mèng)是一個(gè)人愿望的表達(dá)。他認(rèn)為夢(mèng)打開(kāi)了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達(dá)在生活中不敢表達(dá)的情感、思想和恐懼。
瑞士精神病學(xué)家卡爾·榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學(xué)生，但他對(duì)夢(mèng)的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認(rèn)為，做夢(mèng)的目的是要給做夢(mèng)的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢(mèng)，便能對(duì)自己有一個(gè)更深刻的了解。比如，如果夢(mèng)到從高處墜落，那么他應(yīng)該反思自己是不是白視過(guò)高。反過(guò)來(lái)，如果夢(mèng)中自己成了英雄，應(yīng)該想想平時(shí)可能太看低自己了。
現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)家還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展關(guān)于夢(mèng)的理論，來(lái)自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學(xué)的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)境和一個(gè)人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關(guān)，比方說(shuō)，一個(gè)罪犯就可能夢(mèng)到犯罪。
多姆霍夫還認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)和年齡也有關(guān)系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做夢(mèng)做的那么多。他認(rèn)為，做夢(mèng)也是一項(xiàng)心理機(jī)能，也需要隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)和性別之間的關(guān)系。通過(guò)研究，他發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性的夢(mèng)境常常是不同的。例 如，在男性夢(mèng)境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男性，而且常與打斗有關(guān)，而女性的夢(mèng)境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過(guò)研究包括來(lái)自現(xiàn)代文化以及傳統(tǒng)文化背景在內(nèi)的11種不同文化背景的人群夢(mèng)境中的性別差異得出了上述結(jié)論。
夢(mèng)能幫助我們更好地理解自己?jiǎn)幔啃睦韺W(xué)家還在嘗試通過(guò)不同方式來(lái)解答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，不過(guò)，有一件事他們是意見(jiàn)一致的：如果你夢(mèng)到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢(mèng)可能會(huì)有意義，但也不意味著你夢(mèng)到的一些恐怖事情就一定會(huì)發(fā)生。要記住，夢(mèng)中的世界并不是真實(shí)的世界。
第10篇：The Biology of Music（B級(jí)）
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing.better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited.It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However, people can use music to communicate things--especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication.But, biologically speaking, what is music?
If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities.For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's.mate.For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.However ,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.詞匯：
automatically adv.自動(dòng)地
note n．音符 stroke n．中風(fēng)
注釋：
1.It is also true that humans，not animals，have developed musical instruments：人研制出了樂(lè)器，而動(dòng)物則不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科學(xué)家們正在研發(fā)新藥用以治療癌癥。
練習(xí)：
1.Humans,but not animals, can sing.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2.People can use music to communicate their emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned.3.We use the same part of the brain for music and language.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4.Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5.It's hard for humans to compose music.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6.Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7.Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案與題解：
1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些動(dòng)物會(huì)唱歌，而不只人類會(huì)唱歌。
2.A第三段的第三句：However，people can use music to communicate things—especially their emotions.這句清楚表明，人們可以用音樂(lè)來(lái)表達(dá)情感。
3.B第四段說(shuō)明：科學(xué)證明人們用大腦的不同區(qū)域處理語(yǔ)言和音樂(lè)。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明人腦處理語(yǔ)言和音樂(lè)的位置不同，Shebalin中風(fēng)以后不能講話也聽(tīng)不懂別人的話，但他卻能創(chuàng)作樂(lè)曲。
4.A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller，a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.這句說(shuō)明Miller對(duì)音樂(lè)和愛(ài)(情感)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究，他得出的結(jié)論是：音樂(lè)和愛(ài)有密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。
5.C文中沒(méi)有提及創(chuàng)作樂(lè)曲是否困難。
6.B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句說(shuō)明必須具備好的記憶力記音符才能唱得符合調(diào)子。
7.A最后一段講的是：科學(xué)家們需要做更多的研究才能解釋為什么有些聲音影響我們的情感會(huì)如此之深。也就是說(shuō)，科學(xué)家不能全部解釋音樂(lè)對(duì)人類的影響。譯文：第十篇 音樂(lè)生物學(xué)
人們把音樂(lè)作為一種高效的交流方式，在愛(ài)情中它也可能會(huì)起到重要的作用。但是音樂(lè)是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科學(xué)界還沒(méi)有給出答案。
哪兩項(xiàng)事物使得人類不同于動(dòng)物？一個(gè)是語(yǔ)言，另一個(gè)是音樂(lè)。當(dāng)然一些動(dòng)物會(huì)唱歌(并且許多鳥(niǎo)唱得比很多人都好聽(tīng))，但是，動(dòng)物的歌聲是有限的，比如鳥(niǎo)類和鯨魚(yú)。同樣，是人類而不是動(dòng)物開(kāi)發(fā)出了樂(lè)器。
音樂(lè)是個(gè)奇怪的東西，它與語(yǔ)言有明顯的不同。但是，人們能夠用音樂(lè)去傳達(dá)——尤其是情感。當(dāng)音樂(lè)與歌曲中的語(yǔ)言結(jié)合在一起的時(shí)候，它就是一種強(qiáng)有力的表達(dá)方式。但是，從生物學(xué)來(lái)講，音樂(lè)是什么？
如果音樂(lè)與語(yǔ)言真的不同，那么我們應(yīng)該在大腦的不同區(qū)域內(nèi)對(duì)音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行加工處理，科學(xué)證據(jù)也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。
有時(shí)，受過(guò)腦損傷的人會(huì)喪失他們處理語(yǔ)言的能力。但是，他們不會(huì)自動(dòng)地丟失音樂(lè)才能。比如，維沙翁·舍巴林，一位蘇聯(lián)作曲家，在1953年得了中風(fēng)。他的大腦的左半邊受到損害，他再也不能說(shuō)話或是理解別人的話，但是他仍然能夠譜曲，直到十年后他離開(kāi)人世。另一方面，中風(fēng)有時(shí)會(huì)使人們喪失音樂(lè)能力，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌蛘f(shuō)話也能聽(tīng)懂別人的話。這就說(shuō)明大腦是分別加了處理音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言的。通過(guò)研究音樂(lè)在人身體上的物理效應(yīng)，科學(xué)家也了解到許多關(guān)于音樂(lè)是如何影響情感的。但是，為什么音樂(lè)對(duì)我們有如此強(qiáng)烈的影響？這是一個(gè)更難回答的問(wèn)題。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的研究員杰弗里·米勒認(rèn)為音樂(lè)和愛(ài)有緊密的關(guān)，音樂(lè)需要特殊才能、練習(xí)和體能。這也許是一種方式讓你展示你適合做某人的伴侶。比如，按調(diào)唱歌或者彈奏樂(lè)器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的記憶力來(lái)記住音符。能正確地演奏或者唱出這些音符也證明你的聽(tīng)力也非常好。所以，當(dāng)一個(gè)男人唱給他心愛(ài)的女人時(shí)(反之亦然)音樂(lè)就可能成為一種展示的方式。
然而，米勒的理論仍然不能解釋為什么聲音的特定結(jié)合可以深深地影響我們的情感。對(duì)于科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，這顯然是一個(gè)需要深入研究的領(lǐng)域。
二、閱讀理解
第29篇：I'll Be Bach（B級(jí)）
I'll Be Bach
Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software.Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music.He realized that composers' brains work like big databases.First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take out the music that they dislike.Finally, they make new music from what is left.According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach.The software analyzed the data: it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns;Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren't good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work todo-he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software.Soon it could analyze more.complex music.He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.，A few years later, Cope's computer program, called “Emmy”, was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music ,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!
詞匯：
original adj．有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的 collaboration n．合作 review n．評(píng)論
feedback n．反饋
注釋：
1.J.S.Bach：約翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫(德語(yǔ)：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日--1750年7月28日)，巴洛克時(shí)期的德國(guó)作曲家，杰出的管風(fēng)琴、小提琴、大鍵琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德?tīng)柡吞├章R名。巴赫被普遍認(rèn)為是音樂(lè)史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊稱為“西方‘現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)’之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。
練習(xí)：
l.The music composed by David cope is about
A classical music.B pop music.C drama.D country music.2.By developing a computer software, David Cope aimed A to be like Bach.B to study Bach.C to write an opera.D to create a musical database
3.What did Cope realize about a great composer's brain?
A It forms new musical patterns all by itself.B It writes a computer program.C It can recognize any music patterns.D It creates an accurate database.4.Who is Emmy?
A a database
B a computer software
C a composer who helped David D an opera
5.We can infer from the passage that
A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach's music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.答案與題解：
1.A第一段的第一句：David Cope發(fā)明了一個(gè)可以編寫出古典音樂(lè)的電腦軟件。
2.c從第二段的第一句可以看出，David編寫電腦軟件的目的是寫歌劇。A、B和D都屬于創(chuàng)作歌劇的一部分。
3.D第二段的后半部分講的是偉大的歌劇作者與一般的歌劇作者的不同之處是通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的構(gòu)建、記憶而后創(chuàng)作出新的音樂(lè)形式。
4.B從第五段第一句可知Emmy是一計(jì)算機(jī)軟件?！?/p>
5.D從本文第一句可知David是一個(gè)作曲家，不是計(jì)算機(jī)程序員，所以排除A;B、C內(nèi)容沒(méi)有提及;從本文的第五段和第六段可知，Emmy大大提高了David的創(chuàng)作速度，最后一句，大部分困難的工作都由Emmy來(lái)做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。
譯文：我也能成為巴赫
作曲家大衛(wèi)·科普發(fā)明了一個(gè)電腦軟件，它能寫出古典音樂(lè)的原創(chuàng)作品?？破栈?0年才完成這個(gè)軟件，現(xiàn)在科普的電腦寫出的作品與德國(guó)注明作曲家J.S.巴赫寫的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。
這一切始于1980年的美國(guó)，那時(shí)科普正在寫一部戲劇，但是他無(wú)法創(chuàng)作出新的旋律，于是他編寫了一個(gè)電腦軟件來(lái)幫他編曲。最開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，軟件寫出的樂(lè)曲并不動(dòng)聽(tīng)?？破帐窃趺醋龅哪?？他開(kāi)始重新考慮人們作曲的方式。他認(rèn)識(shí)到作曲家的大腦就像一個(gè)大數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，他們先是吸收他們聽(tīng)過(guò)的所有音樂(lè)，然后去除他們不喜歡的，最后再根據(jù)留下的音樂(lè)來(lái)創(chuàng)作出新的旋律?？破照J(rèn)為，只有偉大的作曲家才能建立好數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，并能熟記于心，從而創(chuàng)造出新的音樂(lè)。
科普根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的音樂(lè)建立了龐大的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，最開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包含了幾百部巴赫的作品?？破盏能浖⑦@些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析：首先它將音樂(lè)拆解成小的片段，從中找出固定模式，然后將片段組合成新的模式。不久，這個(gè)軟件就能夠?qū)懗龊桶秃诊L(fēng)格很像的小曲子。它們并不完美，但這只是個(gè)開(kāi)始。
科普知道，他要做的還有很多——他得寫出一整部歌劇。他進(jìn)一步完善他的軟件，不久他就能夠?qū)懗龈鼜?fù)雜的音樂(lè)了。他還在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。
幾年后，科普的軟件“艾米”已經(jīng)能夠幫助他創(chuàng)作歌劇了。創(chuàng)作過(guò)程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合?？破振雎?tīng)艾米寫出的音樂(lè)片段，從中選取他認(rèn)為好的。有了艾米的幫助，科普只用了兩個(gè)星期就完成這部歌劇，叫做《搖籃墜落》。演出獲得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以來(lái)最高的評(píng)價(jià)，但是沒(méi)有人知道他究竟是怎樣創(chuàng)作出這部歌劇的。
從那以后，艾米已經(jīng)寫了上千部作品?？破宅F(xiàn)在依然會(huì)給艾米反饋，告訴她自己哪些音樂(lè)是他喜歡的，哪些是不喜歡的，但是現(xiàn)在大部分艱巨的工作是由艾米來(lái)完成的。
三、補(bǔ)全短文
第10篇： How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear（B級(jí)）
How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view.l.In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.2.He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to 'hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods.”
How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant.3.However,it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all Clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example,“ The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4.He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head.”
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives.5.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.注釋：
1.the triumph of will over adversity:the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力戰(zhàn)勝不幸
2.I couldn't differentiate between what/heard and real hearing: 我無(wú)法區(qū)別真正聽(tīng)到的和曾經(jīng)聽(tīng)過(guò)的聲音。
3.cochlear implant:a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals 人工耳蝸;耳蝸植入
4.But when it came to his beloved mumble,flag, implant was of no help.但是，當(dāng)聽(tīng)到鐘愛(ài)的音樂(lè)時(shí)，人工耳蝸就毫無(wú)用處(我不用人工耳蝸就能聽(tīng)出來(lái))。
5.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in my head:我手指的移動(dòng)以及對(duì)琴鍵的感覺(jué)使我聽(tīng)到的聲音在腦海里更加清晰
練習(xí)：
A.No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B.When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano.C.Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant.D.Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.E.Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F.Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.答案與題解：
1.F本段的開(kāi)頭講：貝多芬的例子是一個(gè)意志力戰(zhàn)勝失聰?shù)臉O好的例子。但是，他的傳記作家Maynard Solomon卻持不同的意見(jiàn)。貝多芬的失聰不是一種災(zāi)難;相反，對(duì)他成為作曲家起到了促進(jìn)作用。后一句解釋了失聰是如何使貝多芬更好地創(chuàng)作。
2.D該句是本段的開(kāi)頭，根據(jù)后一句：他描述了在3個(gè)月之內(nèi)發(fā)生的奇妙的現(xiàn)象：我之前的音樂(lè)經(jīng)歷開(kāi)始在腦中回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
3.A依據(jù)前一句：只有人工耳蝸才能使外部刺激和內(nèi)心感知聯(lián)系起來(lái)(失聰?shù)娜送ㄟ^(guò)人工耳蝸聽(tīng)到外部的聲音)。人工耳蝸就是一種man-made device，后一句也是在講人工耳蝸的功能。所以A是對(duì)的。
4.B依據(jù)后一句的play the piano呼應(yīng)When he wanted to appreciate music.Eagar played the piano，可以斷定答案為B。
5.C前一句講人工耳蝸的作用：它能使失聰?shù)娜寺?tīng)到聲音，盡管不完美，但改變了他們的生活;Still表示轉(zhuǎn)折，該句承上啟下，雖然人工耳蝸能幫助失聰?shù)娜?，?談到音樂(lè)的和聲時(shí)聽(tīng)力就無(wú)關(guān)緊要了(聽(tīng)力不起作用)。所以后一句講貝多芬在他生命的最后時(shí)刻創(chuàng)作第九交響曲時(shí)，無(wú)論多么完美的人工耳蝸對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)都沒(méi)有用。
譯文：第十篇 如何讓失聰?shù)娜烁菀茁?tīng)見(jiàn)
大多數(shù)人把貝多芬的聽(tīng)力受損看作是他作曲的障礙。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里創(chuàng)作出來(lái)的，那時(shí)他完全失聰。
這是最值得稱道的用意志戰(zhàn)勝不幸的案例之一，但是他的傳記作家梅納德·所羅門卻持不同的觀點(diǎn)。梅納德認(rèn)為，貝多芬的失聰“促進(jìn)了他作為作曲家的成就，在他完全失聰?shù)氖澜缋?，他能擺脫外在世界聲音的干擾，自由地創(chuàng)作新的表現(xiàn)形式與和聲?！?/p>
聽(tīng)力受損似乎不會(huì)影響失聰?shù)囊魳?lè)家的音樂(lè)才能。他們能繼續(xù)“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)”音樂(lè)，與他們能真正聽(tīng)見(jiàn)音樂(lè)相比，他們“聽(tīng)”得同樣準(zhǔn)確，甚至更準(zhǔn)確。
2003年去世的邁克爾·伊加，在他21歲時(shí)失聰。他曾經(jīng)描繪過(guò)一幅發(fā)生在三個(gè)月內(nèi)的迷人的事情：“我之前的音樂(lè)經(jīng)歷開(kāi)始在腦中回放，我無(wú)法區(qū)別真正聽(tīng)到的和曾經(jīng)聽(tīng)過(guò)的東西。許多年以后，聽(tīng)到這些回放，“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)”對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是新鮮的音樂(lè)，為我所有的情緒找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的?！?/p>
內(nèi)心的感受？把外在刺激和內(nèi)在感知相結(jié)合的最好的例子就是耳蝸植入。沒(méi)有任何人工的裝置能代替聽(tīng)覺(jué)能力，但是，利用大腦非凡的能力來(lái)理解植入物產(chǎn)生的電信號(hào)還是有可能的。
當(dāng)邁克爾·伊加最先“開(kāi)啟”題的人工耳蝸時(shí)，他聽(tīng)到的聲音一點(diǎn)都不清楚。經(jīng)過(guò)艱苦的努力，他漸漸地開(kāi)始辨認(rèn)出日常的聲音，比如他說(shuō)道“持續(xù)的電話響聲幾乎是立刻就變得清晰了?！?/p>
耳蝸植入最主要的目的就是能夠與人交流。當(dāng)人們與伊加交談時(shí)，他能聽(tīng)到他們的聲音“像是從接觸不良的長(zhǎng)途電話中傳來(lái)的”。但是當(dāng)聽(tīng)他鐘愛(ài)的音樂(lè)時(shí)，耳蝸植入就毫無(wú)用處。每當(dāng)伊加想要欣賞音樂(lè)時(shí)，他就開(kāi)始彈鋼琴。他說(shuō)“我像往常那樣彈奏鋼琴，同一時(shí)間在頭腦中就聽(tīng)見(jiàn)它。我手指的移動(dòng)以及對(duì)琴鍵的感覺(jué)使得頭腦中聽(tīng)到的聲音更加“清晰”。
耳蝸植入讓耳聰?shù)娜艘砸环N不完美的方式再次聽(tīng)見(jiàn)聲音，但是它改變了他們的生活。盡管如此，正如邁克爾·伊加發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，當(dāng)涉及到音樂(lè)和聲時(shí)，聽(tīng)力就無(wú)關(guān)緊要了。甚至最完美的耳蝸植入對(duì)貝多芬在他生命的最后階段創(chuàng)作第九交響曲也毫無(wú)用處。
第三篇：2012年職稱英語(yǔ)理工類新增文章(帶習(xí)題翻譯)
2012年職稱英語(yǔ)理工類
新增文章
閱讀理解（6篇）
…… …… …… ……3頁(yè)
第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep 第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength*第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四＋五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”
完形填空（6篇）
…… …… …… ……20頁(yè)
第三篇 Germs on Banknotes
第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness *第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities *第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk +第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells +第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
注：
1、+表示A級(jí)文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級(jí)文章；
2、閱讀理解，請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)第3頁(yè)；完形填空，請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)第20頁(yè)； 3、2012年詞匯部分與2011年教材相比未作任何變化。
閱讀理解
第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains.Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle.This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock.The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to.When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay 3 upfor several hours more.And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift is natural for teenagers.But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5.It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too.Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI.It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset.In fact，it automatically resets itself every day.How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks.For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems.One system allows us to see.The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.詞匯：
circadian/s3:'keidi?n/ adj.晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的 adolescent/?d?u'les?nt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ 'pju:b?ti/ n．發(fā)育；青春期 sync/si?k/ n.（口語(yǔ)）同步；和諧，協(xié)調(diào)
synchronize/'si?kr?naiz / V.（使）同時(shí)發(fā)生；（使）同步
注釋：
1.make light of ：輕視，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)凸浪麄兊某删汀?/p>
2.your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock（生物鐘）。3.stay up：不睡覺(jué)，熬夜
4.This shift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時(shí)間的變化青少年上床時(shí)間越來(lái)越晚的現(xiàn) 象。
5.get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打亂了你的生物鐘與
晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡
6.gray cloud ：提不起精神的狀態(tài)
7.Brown University in Providence，RI：位于美國(guó)羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)。RI是Rhode Island（羅得島）的首字母縮寫；Providence 是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學(xué)是美國(guó)一流大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1764 年，是世界聞名的美國(guó)“常春藤聯(lián)盟”（還包括哈佛大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、布朗大學(xué)、哥倫比亞大學(xué)、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)、達(dá)特茅斯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)）中的一員。8.the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)
練習(xí)：.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.5.According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.答案與題解：
1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。2.C 第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過(guò)了青春期（puberty），由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡幾小時(shí)。所以C是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。3.B 第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。
4.C 根據(jù)第四和第五段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時(shí)間，但生物鐘能通過(guò)眼睛接
受的日光來(lái)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因?yàn)轸[鐘不能自動(dòng)重新設(shè)定時(shí)間。
5.B 問(wèn)題使用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，問(wèn)的是研究者在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)（recent discoveries）之前對(duì)眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類的視覺(jué)系 統(tǒng)），也就是說(shuō)，研究者之前認(rèn)為人類的眼睛只有一個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)。但最新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)。
第十九篇
Graphene's Superstrength1
Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they've turned their
2eyes to graphene，a superthin material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn't just small, it's“the thinnest possible material in this world，” says Novoselov.He calls it a“wonder material.”It's so thin that you would need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe.Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find grapheme —it's all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive tape.Use the pencil to shade a small area on the paper, and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up —there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.詞匯：
graphene/ 'gr?fi:n/ n．石墨烯
abundant/?’b?nd?nt / adj．豐富的，充裕的 atom/ '?t?m/n．原子
adhesive/ ?d'hi:siv/ n．膠粘劑； adj.黏著的 stack/st?k/ v．使成堆，堆放 graphite / 'gr?fait / n．石墨
注釋：
51.superstrength：超強(qiáng)的力量。該詞是一個(gè)合成詞，由兩部分組成，super（超級(jí)的）和strength（力量）。2.superthin：超薄。見(jiàn)注釋1。
3.Nobel Prize for Physics ：諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)
4.the University of Manchester：曼徹斯特大學(xué)。這是一所位于英國(guó)曼徹斯特市的公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1851 年。
5.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers：句子使用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)椴豢赡軐缀跞庋劭床坏降氖┓旁谥讣馍稀?/p>
6.wonderstuff：神奇物。該詞為合成詞，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（東西）兩個(gè)詞構(gòu)成。wonderstuff 指的是第二段提到的wonder material。
7.apply a small piece of adhesive tape over? ：將一小片膠帶敷在??上。
練習(xí)：.What would change the future of electronics according to engineers? A Big technology.B Creative ways.C Graphene.D Both A and B.2.According to the second and third paragraphs，what is true of graphene? A It can be used to make paper.B It is possible to see it with our naked eye.C It is easy to find graphene.D It is possibly the thickest material in the world.3.Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply”in paragraph 4? A request.B polish.C use.D put.4.Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs? A Graphene is made of graphite，one of the softest materials in the world.B Graphite is made of layers of graphene，the thinnest material in the world.C When we get to the thinnest possible layer of graphite，we find graphene.D With a pencil，a sheet of paper and a piece of adhesive tape，we can find graphene.5.Graphene's superstrength lies in the fact that A It is the thinnest material in the world.B It is made of the most abundant elements in the world.C It can help to make electronic components smaller.D It helps engineers to produce more sensitive electronic products.答案與題解：
1.C 第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程師將眼光投向石墨烯，一種由碳原子組成的超薄材料，這種材料能夠改變電子產(chǎn)品的未來(lái)。
2.C 第二段倒數(shù)第二句告訴我們，25,000 層石墨烯才能堆砌成一張普通白紙的厚度，這是為了說(shuō)明石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是說(shuō)它可以用來(lái)造紙，所以A不是正確答案。第三段最后一句說(shuō)明石墨烯就在我們周圍，因此C是答案。B和D的表述內(nèi)容都與該兩段內(nèi)容不符合。
3.D apply...over：將??涂（敷）在??上。
4.A 最后兩段告訴我們，用一張紙，一支鉛筆和一片膠帶就能找到石墨烯；無(wú)數(shù)層石墨烯構(gòu)成石墨，當(dāng)鉛筆留在紙上的石墨被膠帶剝離到最薄一層時(shí)，我們就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后兩段的表述內(nèi)容。
5.C 第一段提供了答案。隨著電子產(chǎn)品越來(lái)越小，需要更小的電子組件（components)，而石墨烯作為最薄的材料可以幫助工程師實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。這就是石墨烯力量所在。
*第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan
Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2.The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are“breathing” in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers.This,they say,points to the existence of some“bugs”5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.“We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,”says NASA scientist Chris McKay.“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.” To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product.On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself.Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface.But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.“Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,”Allen said.“We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations.It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results.” 詞匯：
Saturn /'s?t?n/ n．土星 methane/'mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼氣 Titan/'tait?n/ n．土衛(wèi)六 acetylene/?'setili:n/ n．乙炔 alien/'eilj?n/ n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相異的 conservatism/k?n's?:v?tiz?m/ n．保守主義,守舊
3注釋：
1.hints of alien life：外星生命跡象。
2.the Saturn's moon：指土衛(wèi)六（Titan)。土衛(wèi)六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆。3.NASA：美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼號(hào)探測(cè)器，以出生于意大利的法國(guó)天文學(xué)家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務(wù)是環(huán)繞土星飛行，對(duì)土星及其大氣、光環(huán)、衛(wèi)星和磁場(chǎng)進(jìn)行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六噸的“卡西尼”號(hào)星際探測(cè)器被發(fā)射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀(jì)發(fā)射的最后一艘行星際探測(cè)的大飛船?！翱ㄎ髂帷碧?hào)用了將近七年時(shí)間，在2004 年7月1日飛達(dá)土星軌道。5.bugs：微生物。非正式口語(yǔ)表達(dá)，所以使用了引號(hào)。
6.Kelvin：可翻譯成“絕對(duì)溫度”。Kelvin Scale，絕對(duì)溫標(biāo)，開(kāi)氏溫標(biāo)，是由Kelvin 勛爵于19世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)明的溫度計(jì)量方法，其零度相當(dāng)于攝氏一273.15“ C，被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計(jì)量方法多為科學(xué)家使用。
7.principal investigator：研究項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人 8.rule out：排除??的可能性
練習(xí)：.What have scientists found about Saturn? A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.2.What do scientists say about Titan? A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.3.To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does”this form of life“ refer to? A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4.What can be inferred from what Allen said? A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.5.Which of the following can replace the title of this passage? A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan,a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案與題解： 1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學(xué)家在土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的跡象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的。
2.A根據(jù)第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are 'breathing' in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，說(shuō)明土衛(wèi)六（Titan）有生命跡象。因此A是答案。
3.B this form of life 指的是土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。
4.A科學(xué)家至今對(duì)土衛(wèi)六是否存在生物有不同的觀點(diǎn)和解釋。Allen 說(shuō)要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生
物的結(jié)論，首先必須對(duì)Titan 上沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)，我們還須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。
5.D該短文的主題是，科學(xué)家在土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種與地球生物不同的生命形式的跡象，即以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學(xué)家還未能最后驗(yàn)證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。第四段中的一個(gè)句子能夠揭示該短文的主題：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”
*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.”If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine.In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers.The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn--and teach.The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word “anxiety” to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math.The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest.The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy.Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety.On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math--and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.54“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,” said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.詞匯：
snowball /'sn?ub?:l/雪球；滾雪球式增長(zhǎng)的事 replication/repli'kei??n/ n ．重復(fù)，復(fù)現(xiàn) superstar/'sju:p?sta:/ n．超級(jí)明星
練習(xí)：
1.University of Chicago：芝加哥大學(xué)。位于美國(guó)伊利諾伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1891 年。
2.keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)。此處getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)沒(méi)有自信的心理狀態(tài)。另見(jiàn)第三段最后一句對(duì)anxiety的解釋。
3.snowball effect on their math achievement：在數(shù)學(xué)成就上的雪球效應(yīng)。其含義是：在數(shù)學(xué)上越來(lái)越?jīng)]有信心。
4.end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后從老師那里獲得的是對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。End up doing something：最終會(huì)做某事 5.sales receipt：銷售清單
6.in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證。replication 在量化實(shí)證研究中的意思是“重復(fù)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）”。
7.the University of Missouri：密蘇里大學(xué)。位于密蘇里州，是美國(guó)一所公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1839年。
練習(xí)：
1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph? A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.答案與題解：
1.D 該段告訴我們女教師的想法（what female teachers think）和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)（what female students learn）之間有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)度，也就是說(shuō)，女教師如果對(duì)自己的數(shù)學(xué)技能沒(méi)有自信，她的女學(xué)生很可能相信男孩子會(huì)在數(shù)學(xué)方面超過(guò)女孩子。
2.B 第三段的大意是，數(shù)學(xué)對(duì)任何人來(lái)說(shuō)都可能有難度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同學(xué)生，教師也會(huì)覺(jué)得數(shù)學(xué)難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的焦慮。所以，可以推斷，作者是要告訴我們，教師會(huì)因?yàn)閿?shù)學(xué)這門學(xué)科的難度而對(duì)教授該課程不自信。其他選項(xiàng)都不是該段所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。
3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意為“記住數(shù)字”；saving the numbers意為“保存數(shù)字”；filling in the numbers意為“陸續(xù)編入數(shù)字”，而且文中沒(méi)有提到a sales report；它們均不是答案。
4.A 短文的第六段是對(duì)前一段所述調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果的討論，即，男學(xué)生較少受對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師影響，而那些數(shù)學(xué)成績(jī)較低的女生都有對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師（girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有認(rèn)為男生數(shù)學(xué)肯定比女生強(qiáng)的女生，其數(shù)學(xué)教師都是有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮感的女教師（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.)。D所以不是正確的選擇，因?yàn)橹惶岬絫eachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。
5.B 根據(jù)David Geary的說(shuō)法，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果還是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的樣本對(duì)其進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他沒(méi)有認(rèn)為該實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程不可靠，所以A不是正確選項(xiàng)；他認(rèn)為實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本不夠大，所以D也不是正確選項(xiàng)。
+第四＋五篇 Small But Wise On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space.The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan.Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.“I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen
3before,”said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes.After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however.WISE stands for“Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.”As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave.Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation.When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree.When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings.Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't.Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light.Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them.They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see.But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them.During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures.These objects are“failed” stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun.Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down.They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.詞匯：
trashcan / 'tr??,k?n/n．垃圾箱 infrared/'infr?'red/ adj．紅外線 asteroid/'?st?r?id/ n.小行星 dwarf/dw?:f/ n.矮星 注釋：
1.NASA（美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局）是縮寫詞，全稱是National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2.the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天體。wild 有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的” 87
意思。
3.faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無(wú)法觀察到的天體。4.polar orbit：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運(yùn)行時(shí)能到達(dá)南北極區(qū)上空，即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行觀測(cè)和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星、地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。5.lap：一圈。原指競(jìng)賽場(chǎng)的一圈或游泳池的一個(gè)來(lái)回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap.她最后一圈超過(guò)了其他參賽者。6.infrared radiation：紅外線輻射
7.spectrum of light：光譜，即，光輻射的波長(zhǎng)分布區(qū)域。
8.Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。9.jump start: 啟動(dòng) 練習(xí)：.What is so special about WISE? A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2.Which is NOT the synonym for the word “snap” in the third paragraph? A make.B shoot.C take D photograph.3.The camera on WISE A is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4.Which of the following is NOT correct about“asteroids” according to paragraph 7? A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids' pictures by ordinary cameras, D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids 5.What is implied in the last paragraph? A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案與題解：
1.C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之處就在于，雖然體積小，但它的數(shù)碼相機(jī)能拍到任何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測(cè)到宇宙空間中（in the known universe）的未知天文現(xiàn)象。其他選項(xiàng)都不是短文表達(dá)的意思。
2.A snap 是個(gè)多義詞，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是“拍快照”。這里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同義詞。
3.C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機(jī)看到的光是visible lights，看不見(jiàn)。
紅外線輻射（infrared radiation)，而WISE 的相機(jī)能夠看到。
4.A 短文第七段第二句說(shuō)并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會(huì)發(fā)出可見(jiàn)光，比如asteroids，所以A是正確選項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容都可以在該段中找到。5.B 最后一段的第一句說(shuō)，褐矮星能出現(xiàn)在WISE 照片中，根據(jù)上文對(duì)WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡的描述只有WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能拍到紅外線射線，所以B是正確選擇。
+第四十六篇
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators.The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness.However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem． Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.詞匯：
predator /' pred?t?/ n．食肉動(dòng)物
nutrient/' nju:tri?nt/ n ．營(yíng)養(yǎng)物；adj．營(yíng)養(yǎng)的
32decomposer/,di:k?m'p?uz?/ n．腐生物；分解體 prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的動(dòng)物 subtlety/ 's?tlti/ n，微妙，精妙 herbivore/ 'h?:biv?: / n ．食草動(dòng)物
注釋：
1.the University of Exeter ：?？怂固卮髮W(xué)。1851 年建校，位于英國(guó)西南部重要商業(yè)中心埃克斯特市，是英國(guó)著名的傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)之一。2.nest building ：筑巢
3.territorial ：領(lǐng)地的。在此用來(lái)形容螞蟻的本性，即具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)地意識(shí)，并且會(huì)竭盡全力保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。
4.an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他動(dòng)物群體在數(shù)量和品種上的增長(zhǎng)。
5.biomass ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和mass 兩部分組成，意為“生物量”“生物質(zhì)”。6.biodiversity ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和diversity 兩部分組成，意為“生物多樣性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。8.below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）過(guò)程，即影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的過(guò)程。練習(xí)：.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2.As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soil C collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants A can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案與題解：
1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正確答案，因?yàn)椴⒉皇且驗(yàn)槲浵仌?huì)筑巢才被譽(yù)為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師，而是因?yàn)樗鼈冎埠瞳@取食物的方式改變了土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平，為整個(gè)食物鏈提供了很好的生態(tài)環(huán)境
（見(jiàn)第二段）。
2.A答案能夠從短文的第三段直接找到。該段告訴我們，螞蟻的掠食范圍很廣，甚至包括比它們體積更大的動(dòng)物（larger animals)。prey 在這里的意思是“捕獵，捕食”，作為動(dòng)詞，后面跟介詞on或upon。
3.D Dirk Sanders說(shuō)：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正確選擇。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：螞蟻對(duì)環(huán)境影響的精妙之處。
4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，螞蟻數(shù)量?。╝ low density of ants）的話，能使其他動(dòng)物的品種和數(shù)量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），從而給環(huán)境帶來(lái)積極影響；第三句說(shuō)，如果螞蟻的數(shù)量大（At higher densities），就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者是相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動(dòng)會(huì)抵銷螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表達(dá)了大體相同的內(nèi)容。
5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告訴我們，螞蟻極易受人類的影響（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告訴我們，科學(xué)家還不清楚人類對(duì)螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。
完形填空
第三篇 Germs on Banknotes People in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing 1in common: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years.At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country.In a new study, Frank Vriesekoopand other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5.Vriesekoop is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia.He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations.The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total;all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria----no more than 10 per square centimeter.Chinese yuan had the most----about 100 per square centimeter.Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper.The U.S.dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8.Different countries may use different 9 to print their money.Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton.Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers.They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.3
4The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton.Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes.This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces.Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned.Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it;after all5, you never know where your money 's been.Or what's living on it 詞匯：
pesos/pi:s?vs/ n ．比索 bacterium /k?k'ti?ri?m/ n ．細(xì)菌（單數(shù)）germ/d??:m/ n．病菌 bacteria /b?kti?ri?／細(xì)菌（復(fù)數(shù)）
banknote/b??kn?vt/ n．紙幣 centimeter/senti,mi:t?。/ n．厘米
microbiologist /,maikr?v,bai?l?d?ist/n.微生 polymer/p?lim? / n.［高分子」聚合物 物學(xué)家 harbor/ha:b?/ v．懷有，藏有 vendor/vend?I/n．小販
注釋：
1.have one thing in common ：有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)
2.well over ：大大超過(guò)
3.Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大學(xué)的食品微生物學(xué)家，他率領(lǐng)一個(gè)全球研究小組對(duì)至少10個(gè)國(guó)家的紙幣展開(kāi)了分析。他的研究結(jié)果是：相對(duì)于比較落后貧窮的國(guó)家，富裕發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的紙幣所攜帶的病菌較少。重要的是，世界各地紙幣上的病菌數(shù)量都沒(méi)有達(dá)到令人擔(dān)心的程度。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)紙幣使用的年限和材質(zhì)對(duì)紙幣的污染程度也有影響。
4.University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亞巴拉瑞特大學(xué)。該校建立于1994年，位于維多利亞省的巴拉瑞特市。5.after all：畢竟
練習(xí): 1.A coins B money C cheques D loans 2.A different B clean C hard D foreign 3.A anniversary B year C decade D century 4.A along B with C within D outside 5.A countries B areas C regions D provinces 6.A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed 7.A because B though C when D where 8.A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper 9.A languages B colors C substances D materials 10.A family B team C advisor D boss 11.A expenses B banks
C statements
D currencies 12.A nearly B mostly 13.A dirt B water
C likely D merely
C germs D oil
D command D clothes 14.A compare B connect C conduct 15.A arms B hands C face 答案與題解: 1.B 冒號(hào)后面說(shuō)的是各國(guó)使用錢幣的名稱:“yuan in China，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom，dollars in the United States，Aus往'alia and New Zealand”，所以填人的詞必 定與這些錢幣有關(guān)，而且應(yīng)該是錢幣的總括詞。因此選 money 最為恰當(dāng)。coins 是“硬幣”，cheques 是“支票”，loans是“貸款”，它們都不會(huì)是答案。
2.A 本題的句子說(shuō)的是:雖然各國(guó)使用的紙幣各不相同，它們有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，那就是紙幣上 有病菌。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中 different 是答案。
3.D 選century 最合理。選 anniversary(周年)，year(年)或decade都不合邏輯。4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本題的線索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究與以前的科學(xué)家的研究不同，他比較了各國(guó)錢幣上的病菌數(shù)量，在他之前的科學(xué)家的研究范圍局限于一個(gè)國(guó)家的紙幣。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 within 表達(dá)“在(一個(gè)國(guó)家)里”的意思。
5.A 經(jīng)過(guò)第四題選詞的思索過(guò)程，本題的形容詞很自然會(huì)在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的國(guó)家。
6.C 上一句說(shuō) Vriesekoop 比較不同國(guó)家紙幣攜帶病菌的數(shù)量。本題的句子明確指出他對(duì)比 的紙幣涉及十個(gè)國(guó)家。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 gathered(收集)與上下文的意思相匹配。7.A 填詞所在的句子與前面的主句存在因果關(guān)系。為什么要從食品店和食品攤收集紙幣
呢?因?yàn)檫@些地方常要用現(xiàn)金支付。本題答案是 because。8.C fabric 是“織物”，其制作原料不會(huì)是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber(橡膠)。選 paper 也不對(duì)，因?yàn)楸揪涫钦f(shuō)明紙幣的制作原料通常不是紙。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton(棉花)，這是合 乎常理的。而且該段倒數(shù)第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。
9.D 本段說(shuō)紙幣的材料一般不是紙，通常是用棉花織物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以選擇
materials(材料、原料)是正確的。
10.B 本題應(yīng)當(dāng)選 team。與 family(家庭成員)，advisor(顧問(wèn))或 boss(老板)合作研究不是 沒(méi)有可能，但總有些離譜。與團(tuán)隊(duì)合作研究比較合理。
11.D 本段第二句提供了線索，它列出三種紙幣，即 the Australian dollar，the New Zealand dollar 和 some Mexican pesos。選 currencies 是最合理的。另外三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適;expenses 是“支出”，banks 是“銀行”，statements 是“賬單”。12.B 本題只有選 mostly，上下文意思才連貫。13.C 前一句說(shuō)用高分子聚合物制作的錢幣含菌數(shù)量較少。本題的句子接著分析說(shuō)，在高分子聚合物上存活較難。誰(shuí)存活較難？當(dāng)然是病菌。本題答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是 非生物，不存在生存的問(wèn)題。
14.A 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)填入句子后，句子成了： “?compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明顯；connect（連接）/conduct（實(shí) 施）/command（控制）amounts of time是無(wú)法成立的。只有compare(比較）不同紙幣上病菌存活的時(shí)間才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新課題。
15.B人們通常是用手接觸紙幣的。所以接觸紙幣后要洗手。答案是hands。
第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries． 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and 2 ．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel． “For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making people think of their nearest and dearest.In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment.Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food． 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness．
Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．”We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．“says Troisi．”Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．“In 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends.In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort
food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it.Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others,” Troisi says．“Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness． 詞匯：
mashed /m??t/ adj．被搗成糊漿的 macaroni/ macaroni/ n．通心粉 cheese / t?i:z / n．奶酪
artery/ artery / n．動(dòng)脈
assignment / ?'sainm?nt / n．指定作業(yè) reminder / reminder/ n．起提醒作用的東西 remedy /remedy/ n．治療方法，藥物 virtual/'v?:t?u?l/ adj．虛擬的 注釋：
1.comfort food：爽心食品
2.graduate student：研究生
3.The University of Buffalo：布法羅大學(xué)，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（Buffalo City)，屬于紐約州立大學(xué)，因此稱為紐約州立大學(xué)水牛城分校。4.lead author：首席作者
5.their nearest and dearest：他們最接近和最親愛(ài)的人 6.levels of loneliness：孤獨(dú)程度 7.only if: 只有（在??情況下）
8.Throughout everyone's daily lives：在每一個(gè)人的日常生活中。through 有“貫穿”的意思。練習(xí)：
1．A but B if C though D while 2．A personality B movement C emotions D will 3．A privately B usefully C awfully D personally 4．A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up 5．A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying 6．A with B on C by D at 7．A professors B participants C assistants D scientists 8．A group B class C section D part 9．A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally 10．A remember B explain C rewrite D complete 11．A sad B secure C shy D angry 12．A your B our C his D their 13．A accident B harm C experience D model 14．A eating B exchanging C buying D keeping l 5．A expressions B estimation C cooperation D connections 答案與題解：
l.A本句前半句說(shuō)土豆泥、通心粉等對(duì)血管有害（bad)，后半句說(shuō)這些食物對(duì)心臟有利(good)。很明顯，前半句與后半句意思相反，所以要選轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞but加以連接。
2.C 根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷，吃土豆泥不會(huì)對(duì)personality（性格）.movement（移動(dòng)）或will（意志力）產(chǎn)生有利影響。隨后的文章，多處提到吃爽心食品（favorite food）有助于排解孤獨(dú)感。所以選emotions 是正確的。
3.D本題的答案是personally0 For me personally（就我個(gè)人而言）與下文的意思很連貫。privately（私下地）、usefully（有用地）或awfully（可怕地）與下文的意思搭不上，所以不會(huì)是答案。4.B 本題的答案是looked at0?！發(fā)ooked at non-human things” 相當(dāng)于“studied（研究）nonhuman things”，與上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（尋找）、looked after（照顧）和looked up（查找）與下文的意思搭配不上。
5.A本句的意思是：人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋?dú)感，常常把自己和電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯(lián)系起 來(lái)。選項(xiàng)中有四個(gè)形容詞，應(yīng)該選哪一個(gè)形容詞去修飾TV shows 呢？應(yīng)該選褒義的形容
詞： favorite（喜愛(ài)的）或trustful(可信任的）。但對(duì)電視劇來(lái)說(shuō)談不上信任的問(wèn)題。favorite 最合理，是本題答案。
6.C 上一句說(shuō)到，人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋?dú)感，常常把自己和喜愛(ài)的電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯(lián) 系起來(lái)。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通過(guò)吃爽心食品讓他們想起親近的人，是不是也能產(chǎn)生 同樣的排解孤獨(dú)感的效果呢？四個(gè)介詞中只有by的詞義是“通過(guò)”。其余三個(gè)介詞在含義
上都不合適。
7.B 選professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科學(xué)家）不合常理，科學(xué)家選實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象時(shí)不會(huì)選他們。participants(參與者）是本題的答案。
8.A本題應(yīng)該選group，指每一組的參與者。用class（班級(jí)）, section（部門）或part（部分）在意義上顯然都不合適。
9.D 本段敘述試驗(yàn)的幾個(gè)步驟。第一步要一部分受試者描寫與親人的爭(zhēng)斗，其他受試者寫 情感上中性的話題。第二步（文中用then 加以連接）將上述兩組受試者中的每一組再一分 為二，一些人描寫吃爽心食品的經(jīng)歷，另一些人描寫吃新食品的經(jīng)歷。接下來(lái)應(yīng)該是第三步 了。從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中尋找，只有Finally 最合適，原來(lái)第三步就是最后一步了。
1O.D 實(shí)驗(yàn)的最后一步是受試者被要求書面回答10個(gè)問(wèn)題。complete 是答案。要求他們 remember（記?。?、delete（刪除）或rewrite（重寫）questions 都不合乎邏輯。
11.B 與親近的人爭(zhēng)吵會(huì)引發(fā)孤獨(dú)感，但是，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，人們的關(guān)系若是通常處于什么狀態(tài)，通過(guò)寫出他們吃爽心食物的經(jīng)歷會(huì)降低他們的孤獨(dú)感呢？一定不會(huì)是sad、shy或angry，答案應(yīng)該是secure（穩(wěn)定的）。
12.D 修飾essays 的所有格代詞在人稱與數(shù)上要與they 一致，所以their 是答案。
13.C “eating food with family and friends” 是一種experience（經(jīng)歷），不會(huì)是一個(gè)accident（事故）、harm（危害）或model（樣式）。很明顯，experience 是本題的答案。
14.A 文章中幾次提到吃爽心食物有助于緩解孤獨(dú)感。所以本題選eating 是很自然的。其他 三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，exchanging（交換）、buying（買）或keeping（保留）若填入句子中，與后面的賓語(yǔ)chicken soup in the lab 連用，意思上說(shuō)不通。
15.D 本題的答案是connections。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在意思上都不合適。
*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao.”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their
residents.” Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change.Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ．
The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters.Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather.Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs.They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use.In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.詞匯：
vulnerable / 'v?ln?r?bl / adj ．易受傷害的
infrastructure / 'infr?,str?kt?? / n ．基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 sociologist /,s?usi'?l?d?ist /n．社會(huì)學(xué)家 substandard / ,s?b'st?nd?d / adj．標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以下的 dioxide / dai'?ksaid / ．二氧化物
floodplain /'fl?dplein / n ．泛濫平原
注釋：
1.likely：很可能，或許。在本句中用作副詞。
2.be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容詞，用作表語(yǔ)。3.findings：調(diào)查結(jié)果
4.storm surges：風(fēng)暴潮
5.paved cities：鋪上瀝青路面的城市 6.spring up：涌現(xiàn)
7.rhetoric...responses：修辭反應(yīng)。這個(gè)詞的意思是：（地方政府）話講得很漂亮，但內(nèi)容空洞。8.a hands-off approach：一種不插手的政策
練習(xí)：
1．A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back 2．A economic B industrial C rural D urban 3．A reduce B increase C study D measure
4．A crops B gases C fruits D Plant5 5．A educate B evaluate C protect D identify 6．A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major 7．A uses B chances C cures D benefits 8．A threats B interests C functions D differences 9．A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildly l0．A provide B improve C lack D update 11．A without B with C in D on 12．A moreover B therefore C however D though 13．A other than B more than C less than D rather than 14．A train B automobile C bus D bike 15．A idle B smart C busy D secure 答案與題解：
1.C 本題的答案是carried out（執(zhí)行；完成）?！癆 new examination of urban policies has been carried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（攜帶）、carried away（運(yùn)走）和carried back（運(yùn)回）與下文的意思搭配不上。
2.D通篇文章討論的是氣候變化對(duì)城市的影響及其應(yīng)對(duì)措施，并沒(méi)有涉及economic（經(jīng)濟(jì) 的）、industrial（工業(yè)的）和rural（農(nóng)村的）的話題。所以，這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不可能是答案，urban才是答案。
3.A前面一句談到，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的飛速成長(zhǎng)的城市備受氣候變化的折磨。本句緊接上一句 的意思，大多數(shù)城市沒(méi)有做到減少二氧化碳的排放量。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，要選reduce。4.B 減少的不僅是二氧化碳，還有g(shù)reenhouse gases（溫室氣體）。gases 是答案。5.C 城市應(yīng)該采取有效的措施應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。采取措施的目的當(dāng)然是為了保護(hù)城市居民。可是Lankao 發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣做的城市太少了。本題選protect 最合適。
6.D前面說(shuō)到大多數(shù)城市沒(méi)有做到減少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。這說(shuō)明“Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases”（城市是溫室氣體的主要來(lái)源），不會(huì)是doubtful sources（不能確定的來(lái)源）, possible sources（可能的來(lái)源），更不會(huì)是repeatable sources（不斷重復(fù)的來(lái)源）。7.D城市居民最易受氣候變化的傷害，所以 Lankao 建議地方政府要進(jìn)行政策介入以降低居 民因氣候變化受到的傷害，而這會(huì)帶來(lái)立即的和長(zhǎng)期的益處。因此，uses、chances 和cures 可以排除。benefits（益處）才是答案。
8.A 由climate change 引發(fā)的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 給城市居民造成傷害。interests、functions 和differences 這三個(gè)詞與storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的傷害掛不上號(hào)，不會(huì)是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 對(duì)城市居民會(huì)構(gòu)成威脅。因此threats 才是答案。
9.B 為什么prolonged hot weather 對(duì)城市居民造成的傷害超過(guò)對(duì)其周邊地區(qū)居民造成的傷 害？因?yàn)槌鞘械缆肥谴罅夸佋O(shè)瀝青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不符合上述意 思。
10.C 貧窮社區(qū)更易受到傷害，句子給出有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的各個(gè)方面。貧窮社區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一 定是不盡如人意的。所以要選lack。
1LA貧窮國(guó)家許多人住在不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和 basic services 這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，從上下文判斷，貧窮居民不會(huì)享有這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。所以選 without 比較合理。
12.B 本題的答案是therefore。上文說(shuō)的是氣候變化給城鎮(zhèn)居民帶來(lái)的種種問(wèn)題。下文說(shuō)的 是地方政府應(yīng)該采取相應(yīng)的對(duì)策以保護(hù)城鎮(zhèn)居民。兩部分的敘述是一種因果關(guān)系，所以要 選therefore。
13.D rhetoric responses（言辭反應(yīng)，即用言語(yǔ)予以搪塞的反應(yīng)）和meaningful responses（有 意義的反應(yīng)）是兩種截然不同的反應(yīng)。地方政府的反應(yīng)是前者還是后者？隨后的句子，特 別是a hands-off approach，說(shuō)明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningful responses。所以本題要選rather than（而不是）。14.B 句中的“?emphasize mass transit”提示，要減少的運(yùn)輸工具不會(huì)是大眾交通工具，因此選項(xiàng)中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驅(qū)動(dòng)，不會(huì)釋放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile。私人汽車排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。15.A “..many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示，Lankao 敦促地方政府改變的一定是他們無(wú)所作為（idle)的政策。idle 是正確的選擇。
*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a new study．
Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood.A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4.In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．
Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack.Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.” “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed.It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．
When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters.Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal． 詞匯：
statin/'st? tIn!n．降膽固醇藥物 outlet/'autlit/ n．銷售點(diǎn)
cholesterol/ k?'lest?r?l / n．膽固醇 offset /,?f'set/ V.抵消，補(bǔ)償
cheeseburger/ 't?i:z,b?:ɡ? / n．芝士漢堡包 milkshake!'milk?eik / n．奶昔 condiment /'k?ndim?nt]!n ．調(diào)味品
sachet /'s?t?ei / ii ．小袋，小包 rational / 'r???n?l / adj．合理的
注釋：
1.Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一種委婉表達(dá)建議的用詞，意為“可以”。
2.Imperial College London: 帝國(guó)理工學(xué)院。該學(xué)院于1907 年由城市和行會(huì)學(xué)校、皇家礦業(yè)學(xué)校以及皇家科學(xué)學(xué)院合并組成。學(xué)院于2007 年7月正式脫離倫敦大學(xué)成為一所獨(dú)立大學(xué)。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四個(gè)學(xué)院，工程學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、自然科學(xué)院和生命科學(xué)院
3.LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的縮寫形式。
4.a wealth of trial data: 大量的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。a wealth of意為“大量的，許多”。5.American Journal of Cardiology: 美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)雜志 6.French fries:炸薯?xiàng)l
7.It makes sense...: make sense 意為“說(shuō)得通，合情合理”。
8.a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖?？觳偷暌话銈溆写?，供飲咖啡或熱奶的顧客免費(fèi)取用。練習(xí)：
1．A change B charge C chain D chance 2．A trust B decide C suggest D calculate 3．A number B amount C volume D product 4．A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk 5．A severe B enough C weak D active 6．A buying B preparing C eating D cooking 7．A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful 8．A examination B suffering C determination D possibility 9．A degree B dimension C angle D range 10．A use B hate C reject D like 11．A transported B provided C preserved D convened 12．A cook B patient C customer D visitor 1 3．A measures B care C advantages D turns 14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing 1 5．A increasing B finding C lowering D taking 答案與題解：
1.B本文介紹說(shuō)，吃漢堡包等快餐食品容易引發(fā)心臟病，而服用statin能降低心臟病發(fā)作的 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，一正一負(fù)正好抵消。statin 價(jià)格便宜，文章建議快餐店像免費(fèi)供應(yīng)調(diào)味品那樣免費(fèi)供 應(yīng)statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意為“免費(fèi)”。選擇charge 是對(duì)的。
2.C 本題要選suggest，因?yàn)槠渌齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)在意思上都不合適。此外，本句主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了could(provide)，委婉地含有“建議”的意思。所以suggest 是個(gè)不二的選擇。
3.B 與降低unhealthy “LDL” cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number（數(shù)字）、volume（體積）或product（乘積）。
4.D從上下文判斷，要降低（lower）的當(dāng)然是risk。lower frequency（降低頻率）、lower treatment（降低治療）或lower diagnosis（降低診斷）與上下文的意思都不匹配。
5.B 本句表達(dá)的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的論文中說(shuō)，經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算，一粒statin 降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)足以抵消吃一個(gè)奶酪漢堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以本題的答案是enough。
6.C 顧客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying
cheeseburger不會(huì)增加心臟病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。7.A從上下文判斷，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本題的答案。
8.D本句中的in terms of 意為“就??而言”，要與后半句“一正一負(fù)相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心臟病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。
9.A本句的意思與第五題的意思相同，即statin降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與快餐增加的心臟病 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在程度（degree）上大致相當(dāng)。如果選擇其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，意思變成了，“尺寸(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范圍（range）上大致相當(dāng)”，就說(shuō)不通了。
1O.D 填詞所在的句子的意思告訴我們，具有諷刺意味的一點(diǎn)是：顧客可以隨心所欲地免費(fèi)享用不健康的調(diào)味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意為“隨某人所愿，隨某人所喜歡”。所以，like 是答案。其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)用在本句中都不合適。11.B transported（運(yùn)輸）、preserved（保存）或converted（轉(zhuǎn)換）填人句子中，意思都不順。只有填入provided（提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。
12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人當(dāng)然是customer。
13.A 為了降低開(kāi)車和吸煙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，人們被鼓勵(lì)要采取一些安全措施。作者借此說(shuō)明為了降低食用快餐的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們也要采取措施。根據(jù)這層意思，選擇measures是正確的。take measure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適：take care是“注意，小心”，take advantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“輪流，依次”。
14.B 本題很明顯要選wearing，因?yàn)樯舷挛牡囊馑际恰跋瞪习踩珟А?。buying a seatbelt, cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都與上下文的意思相去太遠(yuǎn)。
15.C通篇文章都在闡述statin能降低患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。+第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an “optical 1 ,” said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.Light has electric and magnetic components.Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored.What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected.4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.“This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation,” Rand said.“In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat.Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2.Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3.Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6.”What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of “optical rectification4,” says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics.In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges in a material.This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification.The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass.And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8.Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, 6
5but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.9“In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as.11 in producing charge separation as laser light is,” Fisher said.This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say.They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy.That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.“To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing,” Fisher said.“All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it.Glass works for 15.It's already made in bulk, and it doesn't require as much processing.Transparent ceramics might be even better.”
詞匯：
optical / '?ptik?l / adj．光學(xué)的 incoherent /, ink?u’hi?r?nt/ adj．非相干的 capacitive / k?'p?sitiv/ adj.電容（量）的 semiconductor /,semik?n’d?kt?／ n．半導(dǎo)體 rectification /, rektifi'kei??n/ n．改正，修正 ceramics / si' r?miks／ n．陶瓷
注釋：
1.University of Michigan：密歇根大學(xué)。建校于1817 年，是美國(guó)名列前茅的公立大學(xué)，擁有優(yōu)良的師資和頂尖的商學(xué)院、法學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院和工學(xué)院。2.heat load：熱負(fù)荷
3.magnetic moment：磁矩
4.optical rectification：光學(xué)校正
5.doctoral student：博士生
6.positive and negative charges：正電荷與負(fù)電荷
7.shone through：shone是shine的過(guò)去式。shine through是“（光）通過(guò)”。
8.an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千萬(wàn)瓦特的強(qiáng)度 9.incoherent light：非相干光
10.It's already made in bulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生產(chǎn)。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。
練習(xí)：
1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery 2.A modifications B effects C applications D results 3.A frequently B privately C previously D formally 4.A Under B At C On D Over 5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism 6.A plant B equipment C source D line 7.A down B up C together D apart 8.A this B that C those D it 9.A material B lens C meter D detector 10.A produce B convey C use D conduct 11.A remote B poor C effective D rare 12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle 13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting 14.A compact B modern C durable D handy 15.A others B some C all D both
答案與題解：
1.D第一段說(shuō)密歇根大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，光所產(chǎn)生的巨大磁效應(yīng)有望用于太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電，從而取代傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽(yáng)能電池。因此本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是battery。optical battery是“光電池”。
optical microscope（光學(xué)顯微鏡）、optical instrument（光學(xué)儀器）或optical fiber（光纖）與第一段的意思沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。
2.B 選擇本題的答案的依據(jù)還是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始詞語(yǔ)是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light“。本篇文章中心議題是用magnetic effect of light開(kāi)發(fā)新型的太陽(yáng)能電池。而以前的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去關(guān)注它。因此，本題選effects與上下文的意思很連貫。
3.C 本句的意思是：當(dāng)光通過(guò)一種絕緣材料時(shí)，光場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)比以前想象的要強(qiáng)一億倍。previously是當(dāng)然的選擇。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)填入句子中，意思不合邏輯：frequently（頻繁地）/privately（私下地）/formerly（正式地）expected。
4.A under these circumstances 是固定詞組，意為“在這種情況下”。也可以說(shuō)in these circumstances，而at、on或over 都不與circumstances 連用。
5.A通篇文章談的是光產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)，所以在太陽(yáng)能電池中，當(dāng)然是光進(jìn)入某種材料起作用。答案是選項(xiàng)A。
6.C 密歇根大學(xué)的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽(yáng)光產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的磁效應(yīng)，再轉(zhuǎn)換為電，所以磁效應(yīng)是產(chǎn)生電的源泉（source）。power plant（發(fā)電廠）、power equipment（電力設(shè)備）或power line（輸電線）與上文的意思接不上。
7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的詞語(yǔ)是解釋專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)charge separation（電荷分離）。選apart與pushing構(gòu)成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相當(dāng)于separation。所以本題的答案是D。8.B 從上下文判斷，要填人的代詞是替代前面的voltage。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法，替代單數(shù)名詞的代詞要用that，替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞的代詞要用those。voltage 是單數(shù)，所以that 是答案。
9.A從本句句末的such as glass 判斷，要填入的詞一定是包括glass 的概括詞。因此，只有選項(xiàng)material 符合這個(gè)條件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁場(chǎng)效應(yīng)是由光通過(guò)一個(gè)不導(dǎo)電的材料（material）而產(chǎn)生的。
10.D 答案的根據(jù)可以在第三段中找到。原句是：”What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”選項(xiàng)conduct 是答案。11.C 激光通過(guò)特定材料時(shí)能產(chǎn)生charge separation。密歇根大學(xué)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，陽(yáng)光通過(guò)特定材料時(shí)也像激光一樣能產(chǎn)生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、poor 或rare，密歇根大學(xué)科學(xué)家所說(shuō)的利用光磁場(chǎng)效應(yīng)開(kāi)發(fā)新型的太陽(yáng)能電池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。12.C 說(shuō)這種樣機(jī)（this prototype）、技巧（this skill）或這一奇跡（this miracle）能降低太陽(yáng)能的價(jià)格，似乎離題太遠(yuǎn)。只有用這一技術(shù)（this technology）概括上一段的意思才準(zhǔn)確。因此本題答案是technology。
13.A 科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)，通過(guò)改進(jìn)材料，可使太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)化成可用能源的效率達(dá)到10%。本題的答案是converting。而obtaining（得到）、delivering（輸送）和transmitting（發(fā)射）與“能量轉(zhuǎn)換”掛不上號(hào)。
14.B 通篇文章沒(méi)有談到新型太陽(yáng)能電池是compact（緊湊小型的）、durable（耐用的）或handy（使用便利的），所以不會(huì)是答案。選modern是合理的，因?yàn)槊苄髮W(xué)科學(xué)家研發(fā)的不用半導(dǎo)體的太陽(yáng)能電池是先進(jìn)的。
15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”這兩點(diǎn)。
+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
The massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil
“l(fā)iquefaction”2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.“We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe,” said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5.“Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,” Ashford said.“The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3.We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.”
7Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake.It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake.This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5.But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said.The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.“With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,” he said.“And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable.” The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.“There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ,” Ashford said.“Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.” Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground.The “young” sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more.In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse.Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.詞匯：
subduction /s?b'd?k??n/ n．俯沖 sediment /'sedim?nt/ n．沉積；沉淀物
liquefaction /likwi'f?k??n/ n．液化 infrastructure /'Infr?,str?kt??/ n．基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施
8geotecnical /d?i?u'teknik?l] adj．巖土技術(shù) compaction /k?m'p?k??n/ n．壓緊的 vulnerable /'v?ln?r?bl/ ad]．易受傷害的
注釋：
1.subduction zone：俯沖帶。亦稱下降帶、潛沒(méi)帶、消亡帶。板塊構(gòu)造說(shuō)認(rèn)為，當(dāng)大洋板塊移動(dòng)并與大陸板塊相遇時(shí)，由于大洋板塊巖石密度較大，地位也低，便俯沖到大陸板塊之下，這一俯沖部分叫做俯沖帶。俯沖帶兩側(cè)板塊會(huì)聚邊界稱會(huì)聚邊緣（convergent boundary)。俯沖帶上面反映震源活動(dòng)的地帶稱“貝尼奧夫地震帶（Benioff seismic zone)“。
2.soil ”liquefaction“：土壤液化。土壤液化現(xiàn)象是指由于孔隙水壓力上升，有效應(yīng)力減小所導(dǎo)致的土壤從固態(tài)到液態(tài)的變化，飽水的疏松的粉、細(xì)砂土在振動(dòng)作用下突然破壞而呈現(xiàn)液 態(tài)的現(xiàn)象。
3.localized：小范圍的
4.geotechnical engineering：巖土工程。
5.Oregon State University：俄勒岡州立大學(xué)，建校于1858年，位于美國(guó)俄勒岡州科瓦利斯，全校設(shè)11個(gè)學(xué)院，80多個(gè)專業(yè)，尤以農(nóng)科和工程最為突出。2008年俄勒岡州立大學(xué)的核能工程專業(yè)在全美大學(xué)中排名第9名。
6.water, drain and gas pipelines：自來(lái)水管道、排水管道和煤氣管道。”water, drain and gaspipelines” 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines“。7.some degree of soil liquefaction：某種程度的土壤液化
8.to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this：本句的意思是：重新審視類似這次（持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毀壞的規(guī) 模。
9.recovery efforts：重建工作
10.that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan：我們將從日本的地震中學(xué)到很多東西。該句是同位語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)出前半句no doubt的內(nèi)容。
11.that：that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修辭前半句中的things。12.suspect：被懷疑對(duì)象。文中指的是那些疑似危險(xiǎn)的土壤。
練習(xí)：
1.A．internal B.different C.difficult D.widespread 2.A．volume B.length C.extent D.width 3.A．function B.repair C.build D.remove 4.A．durability B.strength C.ability D.property 5.A．a(chǎn)scend B.compact C.collapse D.recover 6.A．shorter B.longer C.simpler D.stranger 7.A．when B.what C.how D.which 8.A．occasionally B.frequently C.specially D.recently 9.A．development B.phenomenon C.formation D.composition 10.A．unless B.until C.after D.before 11.A．findings B.locations C.events D.sources 12.A．delivered B.deposited C.destroyed D.detached 13.A．near B.from C.inside D.over 14.A．prevent B.accelerate C.predict D.detect 15.A．styles B.sites C.costs D.standards
答案與題解：
1.D前文說(shuō)到日本的俯沖帶地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到達(dá)一個(gè)significant level。根據(jù)上述描述，選widespread（分布廣泛的）修飾severity是正確的。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與severity搭配后，意思接不上。
2.C 本句由but連接并列的兩個(gè)分句組成。第一個(gè)分句說(shuō)以前也發(fā)生過(guò)地震引發(fā)的砂土液化的現(xiàn)象，但涉及范圍較小。第二個(gè)分句通過(guò)but語(yǔ)氣一轉(zhuǎn)，說(shuō)這次地震造成的破壞是罕見(jiàn)的。很顯然，選extent(程度)與distance（距離，范圍）合用說(shuō)明破壞的程度和范圍是符合上下文的意思的。
3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to?”中，”these communities need to...”是定語(yǔ)從句，指代utilities和infrastructure的關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中起賓語(yǔ)作用，被省略了。need 后面的動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。從意思上看，這 些社區(qū)需要這些公用事業(yè)設(shè)備和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施起功能作用（function)。選function是對(duì)的。其他選項(xiàng)都不合適。
4.B 浸了水的砂土，特別是新近的沉積土、沙土等失去的不會(huì)是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不會(huì)是泛泛的property（性質(zhì)），而是strength（強(qiáng)度）。5.C 浸了水的砂土強(qiáng)度降低或消失。砂土隨水流動(dòng)，就會(huì)引發(fā)建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再發(fā)展下去，建筑物就會(huì)倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若選擇ascend（上升）、compact(壓實(shí))或recover（復(fù)原），意思與上文接不上。
6.A 地震持續(xù)的時(shí)間一般為數(shù)十秒。這次日本地震的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)5分鐘。所以本題要填入的詞應(yīng)該是shorter，說(shuō)明大多數(shù)地震的持續(xù)時(shí)間比它短。
7.C 從意思上看，選how是正確的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明顯不通。
8.D 第三段第二句出現(xiàn)“particularly recent sediment?“。recent sediment浸水后就失去了強(qiáng)度。這提示了本題要選recently，因?yàn)榻⒃谛陆罹偷耐寥郎系慕ㄖ锸亲钜资艿絺Φ摹?/p>
9.B 分析日本大地震得出的數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)令科學(xué)家獲得有關(guān)soil development（土壤發(fā)展）、soil formation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤構(gòu)成）這些方面的知識(shí)。若選phenomenon，意思就是科學(xué)家的研究分析有助于他們了解到土壤浸水后的這類現(xiàn)象，以便做好防備，對(duì)付 未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的同類現(xiàn)象。上下文意思很連貫，因此phenomenon是正確的選項(xiàng)。
1O.D 選unless、until或after都不合邏輯。本題句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理廢墟，這樣地震現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就被破壞了。所以科學(xué)家要趕在重建工作開(kāi)始之前收集好地震資料。before是答案。
11.C 本句的意思是：科學(xué)家無(wú)疑會(huì)從日本大地震中學(xué)到不少東西，從而有助于減低今后發(fā)生類似的地震時(shí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有events合適。similar events指的是“類似的地震事 件”。若選findings（調(diào)查結(jié)果）、locations（地點(diǎn)）或sources（來(lái)源），句子的意思就不對(duì)。12.B 本句解釋“young”這個(gè)詞在地質(zhì)學(xué)中的含義。句中的those指代sediments?！眣oung“ sediments指那些年代少于或略超過(guò)一萬(wàn)年的sediments。deposit是“沉積”，與句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，詞義離題很遠(yuǎn)，只是詞形與deposit有點(diǎn)相似，起干擾作用而已，它們不是答案。
13.A 上一段說(shuō)，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危對(duì)象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正確的選擇應(yīng)該是near，靠近河流和原洪泛區(qū)的土壤才是危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)。因此near是答案。14.A 加固危橋的目的是為了防止坍塌。選項(xiàng)prevent是答案。
15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震區(qū)的建筑物傾斜、下沉，但沒(méi)有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？當(dāng)然不會(huì)是construction styles（建筑風(fēng)格）、construction sites（建 筑工地）或construction facilities（建筑設(shè)備）。日本的construction standards（建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）才是防塌的關(guān)鍵因素。因此standards是答案。
第六篇
不要太在意睡眠
我們每個(gè)人的大腦里都有一個(gè)像我們床邊的鬧鐘一樣的生物鐘。人腦里的生物鐘24小時(shí)走一圈，這一圈也就是一次完整的晝夜節(jié)律，正是這個(gè)節(jié)律決定了我們吃飯、睡覺(jué)和起床的時(shí)間。
青春期時(shí)，人的生物鐘在定時(shí)方面會(huì)發(fā)生變化，生物鐘會(huì)提前。這時(shí)，青少年會(huì)比以前睡得晚，所以當(dāng)你媽媽告訴你該睡覺(jué)時(shí)，你的生物鐘可能會(huì)讓你多推遲幾小時(shí)，并且電腦或電視光線可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致你熬夜到更晚。
生物鐘的這種變化對(duì)青少年說(shuō)是正常的，但熬夜到太晚會(huì)打亂你生物鐘與晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡，這樣就會(huì)帶來(lái)一些問(wèn)題，例如：早晨很難按時(shí)起床。位于美國(guó)羅得州布郎大學(xué)睡眠方面的研究員Mary Carskadon說(shuō)：“當(dāng)青少年睡眠不足時(shí)會(huì)打不起精神，這將影響到他們心情、學(xué)習(xí)和思考問(wèn)題的狀態(tài)?！?/p>
其實(shí)生物鐘與鬧鐘一樣，也是可調(diào)的，事實(shí)上，生物鐘每天都在進(jìn)行著自我調(diào)節(jié)，其方式就是通過(guò)你眼睛接收到光線的變化。
很早之前，科學(xué)家就知道了晝夜光線強(qiáng)弱的變化對(duì)生物鐘調(diào)節(jié)起到了重要的作用，長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，研究者們認(rèn)為眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類的視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)。
但最近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)，一個(gè)是視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)，而另一個(gè)是感知晝夜的系統(tǒng)。第十九篇
石墨烯的超強(qiáng)力量
當(dāng)今重大科學(xué)技術(shù)均以“微型”來(lái)呈現(xiàn)，新手機(jī)和個(gè)人電腦每年都在變得更小，這就意味著電子設(shè)備要求內(nèi)部零件更小，工程師們正在尋求制造這些零件的方法，他們逐漸把目光投向了石墨烯——一種由碳元素構(gòu)成的超薄材料。這種材料將改變電子設(shè)備的未來(lái)。
今年的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?lì)C發(fā)給了來(lái)自英國(guó)曼切斯特大學(xué)的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他們對(duì)石墨烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)。Novoselov說(shuō)：“石墨烯不僅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料?！彼阉Q作“神奇材料”。石墨烯極薄，25 000片石墨烯疊放在一起才與一張普通白紙一樣厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)槟銢](méi)辦法看到它。
碳是宇宙中最多的一種元素，已知的生命體中都含有碳。石墨烯一個(gè)只有一個(gè)碳原子厚度的單層。你不用費(fèi)心尋找石墨烯，它就在我們身邊。
如果你想得到這種高技術(shù)材料，一支筆、一張紙和一小段膠條就足夠了。用鉛筆在紙上涂黑一片區(qū)域，將膠條粘在上面，當(dāng)你拉開(kāi)膠條你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它粘起了很薄的一片鉛筆涂的陰影，這一片陰影就叫做石墨烯，一種世界上最軟的礦物質(zhì)。
現(xiàn)在，再將膠條粘上另外一張紙上，把它拉起來(lái)，你會(huì)得到更薄的一層。想象一下當(dāng)你重復(fù)做，直到在紙上得到最薄的一層物質(zhì)，這層物質(zhì)只有一個(gè)原子的厚度，你根本無(wú)法看到。石墨是由一層層的石墨烯組成的，所以當(dāng)你得到最薄的一層時(shí)，你已經(jīng)找到了石墨烯。
第三十八篇
土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象
科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，在土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了外星生命跡象并宣布了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者們對(duì)卡西尼號(hào)探測(cè)器所傳回來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，數(shù)據(jù)表明，土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆衛(wèi)星有以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的生命的存在跡象。
據(jù)報(bào)道，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到了在土衛(wèi)六高濃度氫氣大氣層里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的線索。
他們認(rèn)為，氫氣在到達(dá)布滿甲烷河流湖泊的土衛(wèi)六類似行星一樣的表層前就已經(jīng)被吸收了。這就證明在這個(gè)不及半個(gè)地球大小的衛(wèi)星表面有某種微生物在依靠氫氣生存。
美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的科學(xué)家Chris Mckay說(shuō)，“我們提出有氫氣的消耗，是由于它是土衛(wèi)六上生命賴以生存的顯而易見(jiàn)的氣體，就像我們地球上用氧氣呼吸一樣。如果這些跡象最終證明是生命的跡象，它會(huì)加倍令人興奮，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二種生命。”
時(shí)至今日，盡管地球上的依賴液體水的微生物在甲烷里生長(zhǎng)良好或把它作為廢物排出，科學(xué)家在任何地方都沒(méi)有探測(cè)到這種生命的形式。在土衛(wèi)六上，絕對(duì)溫度達(dá)到90度(相當(dāng)于攝氏-273．15度)，依賴于甲烷的微生物不得不用某種液體物質(zhì)作為生存的介質(zhì)，這種液體不是水，水在土衛(wèi)六上會(huì)凍成冰塊，不能融化。我們知道，冰塊太冷不能維持生命。
科學(xué)家們?cè)竿?yáng)與大氣層中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)相互作用會(huì)在土衛(wèi)六上產(chǎn)生一層乙炔。但卡西尼號(hào)在它的表面沒(méi)有探測(cè)到乙炔。
Mark Allen是美國(guó)宇航局土衛(wèi)六項(xiàng)目組的主要負(fù)責(zé)人，他說(shuō)道，既然在土衛(wèi)六的表面沒(méi)有探測(cè)到乙炔，那就充分說(shuō)明上面沒(méi)有生物。
Allen說(shuō)：“科學(xué)界的保守主義者們建議，要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對(duì)土衛(wèi)六上所有沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)，我們?nèi)沃氐肋h(yuǎn)。極為可能的是，一種化學(xué)過(guò)程而非生物學(xué)能解釋這些結(jié)果?！?/p>
第四十篇
教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮
在最新一項(xiàng)關(guān)于小學(xué)生學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的研究中，芝加哥大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 發(fā)現(xiàn)，女教師的想法和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)之間有著驚人的聯(lián)系：如果女教師對(duì)自己的數(shù)學(xué)能力感到焦慮，她的女學(xué)生很可能認(rèn)為男孩子數(shù)學(xué)比女孩學(xué)得更好。
”如果一直由對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)，就會(huì)對(duì)她們的數(shù)學(xué)成績(jī)產(chǎn)生雪球效應(yīng)“，Levine說(shuō)。換言之，女孩子們最后從老師那里獲得的是對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。該研究表明，如果女孩子們?cè)谝粋€(gè)認(rèn)為男孩比女孩數(shù)學(xué)好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)，那么她們的數(shù)學(xué)可能會(huì)不如在更自信的狀態(tài)下學(xué)得好。
如同學(xué)生，教師也會(huì)覺(jué)得某些學(xué)科難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的”焦慮“：不自在或擔(dān)心。
此研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，教師對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮能夠傳染給她的女學(xué)生們。該研究的研究對(duì)象包括65個(gè)女孩，52個(gè)男孩和17位在中西部教一二年級(jí)的教師。學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)年的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束時(shí)都進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)試，研究者們比較得分。
研究者們測(cè)試學(xué)生是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星一定會(huì)是男孩。然后研究者們測(cè)試教師，試圖找出哪些教師對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)感到焦慮，研究者們問(wèn)教師們當(dāng)碰到數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題諸如閱讀銷售清單時(shí)的感受，如果一位教師一看到銷售清單的數(shù)字就感到緊張，那么她很可能對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)存在焦慮。
平均來(lái)說(shuō)，教師的焦慮不會(huì)影響到男孩子。但是，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，如果教女孩子的教師有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥，那么女孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)年結(jié)束時(shí)測(cè)試得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在關(guān)于是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星應(yīng)該是男孩的測(cè)試中，有20個(gè)女孩認(rèn)為男孩數(shù)學(xué)比女孩好，這20個(gè)女孩的老師都是女性，且都患有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥。
來(lái)自密蘇里大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家David Geary說(shuō)”這是一個(gè)有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結(jié)果，需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證"。
譯文：
第四十五篇
小而聰明
12月14日，美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局發(fā)射了一個(gè)體積小而威力大的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，它的名字叫“WISE”（聰明），大約只有一個(gè)垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬(wàn)不要輕視這個(gè)小東西，WISE可是一款商強(qiáng)數(shù)碼相機(jī)，它將在人類已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無(wú)法觀察的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來(lái)的巨大塵埃云。
Ned Wright是主持WISE項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)家，他說(shuō)：“我十分興奮，因?yàn)槲覀兙鸵吹揭郧皬奈纯吹竭^(guò)的那部分宇宙”。
到達(dá)宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。（這意味著，每轉(zhuǎn)一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近）。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠(yuǎn)離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會(huì)抓拍天空一個(gè)不同的部分。六個(gè)月之后，它將把整個(gè)天空拍攝完畢。
然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會(huì)像我們?nèi)粘５臄?shù)碼相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer（廣域紅外勘測(cè)探測(cè)器）的縮寫。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發(fā)出紅外線輻射物體的相片。
輻射是波浪狀行進(jìn)的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個(gè)例子。當(dāng)普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)給一棵樹(shù)照相時(shí)，它能接收到樹(shù)反射回來(lái)的、可見(jiàn)的光波。光波通過(guò)鏡頭進(jìn)入到相機(jī)里，相機(jī)對(duì)它進(jìn)行加工，然后把圖像合成。
紅外線的波長(zhǎng)比可見(jiàn)光長(zhǎng)，所以，普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長(zhǎng)紅外線帶來(lái)的溫暖。
這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠(yuǎn)鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見(jiàn)光的方式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，像WISE這樣的紅外線望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務(wù)就是拍攝成千上萬(wàn)的小行星圖像。
WISE的另一任務(wù)是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽(yáng)的能量那樣啟動(dòng)相同的反應(yīng)。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發(fā)出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在線外頻譜中，它們是發(fā)光的。
譯文：
第四十六篇
螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對(duì)環(huán)境影響巨大
?？怂固卮髮W(xué)所做的研究表明，螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動(dòng)物的行為對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動(dòng)物生態(tài)雜志上，它表明螞蟻對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。
第一，通過(guò)筑巢而挪動(dòng)土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當(dāng)?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動(dòng)物種群的數(shù)量。
第二，它們捕食的動(dòng)物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。
Dirk Sanders是該大學(xué)生態(tài)和保護(hù)中心所做的此項(xiàng)研究的作者，他說(shuō)：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動(dòng)物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)地意識(shí)，并且會(huì)竭盡全力對(duì)抗其他的食肉動(dòng)物來(lái)保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對(duì)周圍環(huán)境影響巨大?！?/p>
“在該研究中，我們第一次對(duì)螞蟻帶來(lái)的影響程度及微妙程度進(jìn)行研究。所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：盡管是食肉動(dòng)物，螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動(dòng)物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長(zhǎng)。并對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實(shí)重要的作用，對(duì)大草原的食物鏈影響巨大?！盨anders說(shuō)。
該研究在德國(guó)進(jìn)行，它對(duì)花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進(jìn)行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個(gè)歐洲包括英國(guó)都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小，而其他動(dòng)物尤其是食草動(dòng)物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會(huì)增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者產(chǎn)生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動(dòng)會(huì)抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響。Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說(shuō)：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少，其對(duì)土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平的影響會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物族群產(chǎn)生積極的效果。如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加，其捕食的影響會(huì)達(dá)到最大化，因此會(huì)抵消螞蟻通過(guò)生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響。” 螞蟻是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不僅因?yàn)樗加泻艽蟛糠值纳锪浚乙驗(yàn)槠渥鳛樯鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學(xué)家還不消楚人類對(duì)螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。螞蟻通過(guò)變動(dòng)物理的和化學(xué)的環(huán)境，通過(guò)對(duì)植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關(guān)重要的作用。
第十五篇 “液化”是日本地震破壞的關(guān)鍵
一份分析報(bào)告表明，在日本，巨大的俯沖帶地震致使土壤液化的程度之嚴(yán)重，范圍之廣令研究者們著實(shí)吃了一驚。
“我們以前也看到過(guò)這么嚴(yán)重的小范圍的土壤液化現(xiàn)象，但是，日本的破壞程度范圍之廣是極為嚴(yán)重的。所有結(jié)構(gòu)都傾斜了并陷到沉淀物中，土壤中的斷層摧毀了自來(lái)水管、排水和煤氣管道，社區(qū)的公共和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施陷于癱瘓。我們看到有些地區(qū)下陷了四英尺”。來(lái)自俄勒岡州立大學(xué)巖土工程系的Scott Ashford說(shuō)到。
幾乎任何大地震都會(huì)帶來(lái)某種程度的土壤液化。這種現(xiàn)象是由于地震中浸滿了水的土壤，尤其剛沉淀下來(lái)的沉淀物或細(xì)砂土在振動(dòng)作用下突然失去支撐的力量而呈現(xiàn)液態(tài)變化。從而導(dǎo)致地面建筑物移動(dòng)、下沉或倒塌。
“然而，多數(shù)地震比起最近日本發(fā)生的地震持續(xù)時(shí)間都短的多”。Ashford說(shuō)道。日本發(fā)生的地震持續(xù)了五分鐘，這就促使研究者們重新審視類似這次(持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的)地震中液化可能造成的毀壞規(guī)模。
“由于地震持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，我們看到以前的地震持續(xù)30秒時(shí)地面建筑物仍舊完好無(wú)損，如果震動(dòng)再延續(xù)幾分鐘，建筑物就會(huì)繼續(xù)下沉或傾斜，很明顯，那些建造在新近填就的地面上的建筑物最易受到傷害?！盇shford講到。
研究者們對(duì)日本地震作出了分析并得出數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)能大大提高人們了解土壤浸水后的這類現(xiàn)象，以便做好防備，對(duì)付未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的同類現(xiàn)象。Ashford認(rèn)為，重建工作首先要清理廢墟，這樣地震現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就被破壞了。所以科學(xué)家必須要趕在重建工作開(kāi)始之前收集好地震資料。
“毋庸置疑，我們從日本地震中學(xué)到的東西有助于在將來(lái)類似的情況中降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一些地方的建筑物會(huì)更多應(yīng)用液化減少技術(shù)，如加強(qiáng)土壤的夯實(shí)或用石柱加固”。Ashford說(shuō)。
Ashford指出，北加利福尼亞州那些沿岸的、距離河口堆積物較近或填充的土壤易于受到液化的侵害?！澳贻p”的沉淀物這個(gè)詞在地質(zhì)學(xué)中是指那些年代少于或略超過(guò)一萬(wàn)年的沉淀物。比如，在俄勒岡州，它指的是Portland市區(qū)的大部分地區(qū)、Portland國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)和其他城市。
凡是在河流和泛濫平原附近地區(qū)的土壤很有可能是危險(xiǎn)的。俄勒岡交通部斷定，該州的1100座橋梁如發(fā)生地震會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)。只有不到15％的橋梁得到了加固以防坍塌。日本在3月11日的地震中損失慘重，但是震區(qū)的建筑物傾斜、下沉，卻沒(méi)有倒塌，日本的建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功不可沒(méi)。
第十三篇 沒(méi)有太陽(yáng)能電池的太陽(yáng)能
密歇根大學(xué)的研究著們發(fā)現(xiàn)，光所產(chǎn)生的巨大磁效應(yīng)有望用于太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電，從而取代傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽(yáng)能電池。
Stephen Rand是電力工程和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)系以及物理和應(yīng)用物理系的教授，他講道：“研究者們找到了制造光電池的方法”
光具有電磁成分。而以前的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為電磁光太微弱，不值得去關(guān)注。Rand和他的同事的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，在適當(dāng)?shù)膹?qiáng)度下，當(dāng)光通過(guò)一個(gè)不導(dǎo)電的物質(zhì)，光場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)比以前想象的要大一億倍。在這種情況下，光磁效應(yīng)所釋放的能量堪比強(qiáng)電效應(yīng)。
“這有可能開(kāi)發(fā)出不用半導(dǎo)體或不用吸入電荷分離的新型太陽(yáng)能電池，太陽(yáng)能電池是利用光射入一種材料，吸收和產(chǎn)生熱量。而目前我們期望有一種非常低的熱負(fù)荷來(lái)取代用磁矩吸收光源，儲(chǔ)存能量。強(qiáng)光可以誘導(dǎo)強(qiáng)磁力，強(qiáng)磁力最終能夠發(fā)電”。Rand教授說(shuō)?！笆怪蔀榭赡艿氖牵坝幸环N探測(cè)不到的叫光學(xué)矯正的電光”。應(yīng)用物理學(xué)的博士生William Fisher如是說(shuō)。在傳統(tǒng)的光學(xué)矯正中，光電場(chǎng)致使電荷分離或把材料中的正負(fù)電荷分開(kāi)，這就具有像電池一樣的電壓了。
Rand和Fisher發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果周圍的環(huán)境合適并且材料適合，光磁場(chǎng)也可能產(chǎn)生光學(xué)矯正。光必須穿過(guò)像玻璃一樣的不導(dǎo)電物質(zhì)。并且聚集的電量為每平方厘米一千萬(wàn)瓦。太陽(yáng)光自己沒(méi)有那么強(qiáng)，但是正在尋找的新型材料能夠在低電流狀態(tài)下完成工作。
Fisher說(shuō)：“在我們最近的論文中，我們表明，像太陽(yáng)這樣的非相干光，理論上能夠像激光一樣產(chǎn)生電荷分離?！?/p>
研究者們斷言，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)能使太陽(yáng)能降低成本，他們預(yù)測(cè)，一旦使用改進(jìn)的材料，太陽(yáng)能可轉(zhuǎn)換成可用能量，其轉(zhuǎn)換率可達(dá)10％。這等同于當(dāng)下商用的太陽(yáng)能電池。
目前要生產(chǎn)太陽(yáng)能電池，必須要進(jìn)行大量的半導(dǎo)體的加工，而我們將來(lái)所需要的只是聚光的透鏡和導(dǎo)入光線的纖維。玻璃能起到以上雙重的作用。它已被大量生產(chǎn)，而且不大需要太多的加工。如使用透明陶瓷會(huì)更好。
第十二篇 快餐加免費(fèi)降膽固醇藥物可以降低罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
倫敦帝國(guó)理工學(xué)院的研究者們?cè)谝豁?xiàng)新研究中建議，快餐店可以免費(fèi)供應(yīng)降膽固醇藥物以此降低顧客食用油膩食品罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
降膽固醇藥物能減少不健康的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇在血液中的含量。大量的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)證明，降膽固醇藥能有效降低罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
在《美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)雜志》發(fā)表的一篇論文里，Darrel Francis博士和他的同事們估訂，一粒降膽固醇藥降低的罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，足以抵消食用漢堡和飲用奶昔所提高的罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Francis博士來(lái)自帝國(guó)理工學(xué)院的國(guó)家心肺學(xué)院，是本次研究的資深發(fā)起人。他認(rèn)為：“降膽固醇藥物不能消除所有漢堡和炸土豆條帶來(lái)的不健康的影響，最好遠(yuǎn)離所有油膩食物。但是，就罹患心臟病的幾率而言，我們得出這樣的結(jié)論：服用降膽固醇藥物降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與快餐增加的患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在程度上大致相當(dāng)。”
“具有諷刺意味的是，人們?cè)诳觳偷昀锟梢噪S意拿取對(duì)健康有害的調(diào)味包，但是對(duì)健康有利的降膽固醇藥物卻是處方藥。既然對(duì)健康有害的調(diào)味包可以隨意免費(fèi)拿取，那么降低心臟病發(fā)作的降膽固醇藥物免費(fèi)隨意拿取也是合理的。在每個(gè)顧客身上都花不了5便士，也就是一小袋糖的價(jià)格”，F(xiàn)rancis博士說(shuō)道。
當(dāng)人們從事諸如駕駛和吸煙等危險(xiǎn)行為時(shí)，別人會(huì)鼓勵(lì)他們系安全帶或選擇有過(guò)濾嘴的香煙以降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。服用降膽固醇藥物是降低油膩食物引發(fā)的心臟病發(fā)作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的理性做法。
第十一篇
氣候變化給不備城市帶來(lái)重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
最近，Patricia Romero Lankao對(duì)市政方針進(jìn)行了全新的審查。她是一個(gè)社會(huì)學(xué)家，專門研究氣候變化和城市發(fā)展。她警告說(shuō)，世界上許多快速發(fā)展的城市地區(qū)，尤其在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，很可能會(huì)由于氣候變化的影響而遭殃。她的著作也斷定，大多數(shù)城市沒(méi)有做到減排二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體，而眾所周知，這些氣體妨礙大氣層?！皻夂蜃兓且粋€(gè)嚴(yán)重的區(qū)域問(wèn)題，對(duì)世界上發(fā)展中的城市帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的危害，但是，幾乎沒(méi)有城市研發(fā)有效的策略來(lái)保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用瘛薄?/p>
城市是溫室氣體的主要來(lái)源，城市人口很有可能受到未來(lái)環(huán)境變化的影響最大。Lankao的發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)了城市居民受到傷害最大的一些方面，所以她建議出臺(tái)干預(yù)政策，此舉可以給居民帶來(lái)短期的和長(zhǎng)期的益處。
城市的位置以及城市建設(shè)的密集常常會(huì)使居民在應(yīng)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害時(shí)面臨更大的危險(xiǎn)。與氣候有關(guān)的潛在威脅有風(fēng)暴潮和炎熱天氣的延長(zhǎng)等。風(fēng)暴潮可以淹沒(méi)港口地區(qū)，而炎熱天氣的延長(zhǎng)使得大量鋪設(shè)瀝青路面的城市比周邊地區(qū)的溫度大大提高。這自然現(xiàn)象給城市帶來(lái)的影響尤為嚴(yán)重。比如，熱浪的延長(zhǎng)會(huì)加劇空氣污染，從而導(dǎo)致大面積的居民健康問(wèn)題。貧窮社區(qū)可能由于缺乏如飲用水和可靠的公路系統(tǒng)這樣基本的設(shè)施，而在自然災(zāi)害來(lái)臨時(shí)遭受更大的影響。許多貧窮國(guó)家的居民住在不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的房子里，沒(méi)有安全的飲用水、交通設(shè)施和其他基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)設(shè)施。
因此，當(dāng)?shù)卣畱?yīng)該采取措施來(lái)保護(hù)他們的居民。“不幸的是，政府對(duì)此事的反應(yīng)僅僅局限于作秀而不是有意義的作為，他們不嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行能夠減少供熱和空調(diào)需要的建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，事實(shí)上，許多當(dāng)?shù)卣畬?duì)此袖手旁觀?！盧omero Lankao說(shuō)。因此，她敦促政府改變不作為的政策，采取強(qiáng)制措施預(yù)防氣候變化對(duì)城市帶來(lái)的不利影響。
第十篇
心靈雞湯：爽心食品排解孤獨(dú)感
土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能對(duì)動(dòng)脈血管有害，但是，據(jù)《心理科學(xué)》一項(xiàng)研究表明，它們對(duì)心臟有利并且能抑制不利情緒。其研究對(duì)象是爽心食品，目的是探究人們對(duì)爽心食品的感覺(jué)。
“就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比較關(guān)注的問(wèn)題”，Jordan Troisi如是說(shuō)。他是布法羅大學(xué)的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。該研究出自于他與Shira Gabriel合作的一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目。它關(guān)注的是可能影響人類情感的物質(zhì)的東西。有些人用諸如綁定喜愛(ài)的電視節(jié)目，和流行音樂(lè)歌手建立虛擬的關(guān)系或?yàn)g覽親人的照片來(lái)排遣孤獨(dú)。Troisi和Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通過(guò)使人們想到他們最親近和最愛(ài)的人，同樣達(dá)到排遣孤獨(dú)的效果。
在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，為使參與者感覺(jué)孤獨(dú)，研究者讓他們用六分鐘的時(shí)間描寫一次與最親近的人吵架的經(jīng)歷。而要求另外一些人寫一個(gè)情感中性的作業(yè)。然后，每一組的一些人描寫食用爽心食品的經(jīng)歷；而其他的人描寫食用新食品的經(jīng)歷。最后，研究者讓參與者書面回答關(guān)于孤獨(dú)程度的問(wèn)題。
描寫與親人吵架的經(jīng)歷使人感到孤獨(dú)。但是，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，人們的關(guān)系若處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，通過(guò)描寫他們吃爽心食品的經(jīng)歷會(huì)排遣一些孤獨(dú)感。Troisi說(shuō)道：“我們已經(jīng)得出這樣的結(jié)論：爽心食品與我們的親人密切相連，想一想或之后真正食用這種食品會(huì)提醒人們注意到他們的親人?！痹谒嘘P(guān)于爽心食品 的文章中，許多人都描述了與家人和朋友共同進(jìn)餐的經(jīng)歷。
在另外一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，在實(shí)驗(yàn)喝雞湯令人想到和其他人的關(guān)系，但是，這只有在他們把雞湯認(rèn)為是爽心食品的時(shí)候才會(huì)發(fā)生。參與者被要求回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題和許多其他問(wèn)題是在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)很久以前，因此他們不會(huì)記得。
“在每一個(gè)人的日常生活中，都會(huì)經(jīng)歷緊張，而這往往與人際關(guān)系有關(guān)，爽心食品可能是排遣孤獨(dú)的便利食品”。Troisi如是說(shuō)。
第三篇 紙幣上的病菌
不同國(guó)家的人們使用不同種類的紙幣：中國(guó)用元，墨西哥用比索，英國(guó)用英鎊，美國(guó)用美元、澳大利亞用澳元、新西蘭用新西蘭元。這些國(guó)家的紙幣形狀也可能不一致，但所有國(guó)家的紙幣都具有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)：紙幣上有病菌。
一百多年以來(lái)，科學(xué)家們對(duì)紙幣上病菌的研究從未停止過(guò)。在二十世紀(jì)初期，一些研究人員開(kāi)始懷疑寄附于紙幣上的病菌極有可能傳播疾病。
對(duì)紙幣上病菌的研究大多著眼于某一國(guó)家的紙幣。Frank Vriesekoop博士和其他研究人員進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)新的研究，即比較不同國(guó)家紙幣上的病菌總數(shù)。
Frank Vriesekoop博士是巴拉瑞特大學(xué)的食品微生物學(xué)家，他率領(lǐng)一個(gè)全球研究小組對(duì)至少10個(gè)國(guó)家的紙幣上的病菌展開(kāi)了分析?？茖W(xué)家們總共分析了1，280張紙幣：所有紙幣來(lái)自于人們購(gòu)買食物的地方，如超市、街頭小販和咖啡廳，因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)谀切┑胤酵鶗?huì)使用紙幣。
總體來(lái)說(shuō)，澳元中的活病菌最少，每平方厘米只有10個(gè)；中國(guó)人民幣的病菌最多，大約每平方厘米100個(gè)。紙幣上的病菌大多不會(huì)有危害。
我們所說(shuō)的“紙幣”通常不是紙做的。例如，美元是印在一種棉織物上。不同的國(guó)家可能會(huì)用不同的材料印制貨幣。Vriesekoop和他的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)所分析的貨幣中有的是棉制品，比如美元。其他的是由聚合物所制成的。
有三種紙幣上的病菌的數(shù)量最少，它們是澳元、新西蘭元和墨西哥比索，而且它們都是印在聚合物上。
其他的紙幣都是印在高棉制品上。而用聚合物印制的紙幣上的病菌較少。這種關(guān)系表明，病菌在聚合物的表面上更難以存活?？茖W(xué)家們?nèi)粝敫闱宄【窃鯓釉诩垘派仙娴囊约拔覀兪欠裥枰匾曔@些病菌，需要做更多的研究。Vriesekoop目前所做的研究就是比較在不同類型的紙幣上病菌存活的時(shí)間。
無(wú)論Vriesekoop的研究有何發(fā)現(xiàn)，毋庸置疑的是：紙幣含有病菌。我們接觸紙幣后應(yīng)立即洗手。畢竟，你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)知道你的紙幣的來(lái)源，或者上面有什么東西。
第四篇：2012年職稱英語(yǔ)理工類閱讀理解新增文章(翻譯)
2012年職稱英語(yǔ)理工類翻譯
新增文章
閱讀理解（6篇）
第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep 第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1 *第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四＋五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers” 注：
1、+表示A級(jí)文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級(jí)文章
2、閱讀理解 3、2012年詞匯部分與2011年教材相比未作任何變化
理工類C級(jí) 第六篇 不要太在意睡眠
我們每個(gè)人的大腦里都有一個(gè)像我們床邊的鬧鐘一樣的生物鐘。人腦里的生物鐘24小時(shí)走一圈，這一圈也就是一次完整的晝夜節(jié)律，正是這個(gè)節(jié)律決定了我們吃飯、睡覺(jué)和起床的時(shí)間。
青春期時(shí)，人的生物鐘在定時(shí)方面會(huì)發(fā)生變化，生物鐘會(huì)提前。這時(shí)，青少年會(huì)比以前睡得晚，所以當(dāng)你媽媽告訴你該睡覺(jué)時(shí)，你的生物鐘可能會(huì)讓你多推遲幾小時(shí)，并且電腦或電視光線可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致你熬夜到更晚。
生物鐘的這種變化對(duì)青少年說(shuō)是正常的，但熬夜到太晚會(huì)打亂你生物鐘與晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡，這樣就會(huì)帶來(lái)一些問(wèn)題，例如：早晨很難按時(shí)起床。位于美國(guó)羅得州布郎大學(xué)睡眠方面的研究員Mary Carskadon說(shuō)：“當(dāng)青少年睡眠不足時(shí)會(huì)打不起精神，這將影響到他們心情、學(xué)習(xí)和思考問(wèn)題的狀態(tài)?！?/p>
其實(shí)生物鐘與鬧鐘一樣，也是可調(diào)的，事實(shí)上，生物鐘每天都在進(jìn)行著自我調(diào)節(jié)，其方式就是通過(guò)你眼睛接收到光線的變化。
很早之前，科學(xué)家就知道了晝夜光線強(qiáng)弱的變化對(duì)生物鐘調(diào)節(jié)起到了重要的作用，長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，研究者們認(rèn)為眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類的視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)。
但最近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)，一個(gè)是視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)，而另一個(gè)是感知晝夜的系統(tǒng)。
第十九篇 石墨烯的超強(qiáng)力量
當(dāng)今重大科學(xué)技術(shù)均以“微型”來(lái)呈現(xiàn)，新手機(jī)和個(gè)人電腦每年都在變得更小，這就意味著電子設(shè)備要求內(nèi)部零件更小，工程師們正在尋求制造這些零件的方法，他們逐漸把目光投向了石墨烯——一種由碳元素構(gòu)成的超薄材料。這種材料將改變電子設(shè)備的未來(lái)。
今年的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?lì)C發(fā)給了來(lái)自英國(guó)曼切斯特大學(xué)的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他們對(duì)石墨烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)。Novoselov說(shuō)：“石墨烯不僅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料?！彼阉Q作“神奇材料”。石墨烯極薄，25 000片石墨烯疊放在一起才與一張普通白紙一樣厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)槟銢](méi)辦法看到它。
碳是宇宙中最多的一種元素，已知的生命體中都含有碳。石墨烯一個(gè)只有一個(gè)碳原子厚度的單層。你不用費(fèi)心尋找石墨烯，它就在我們身邊。
如果你想得到這種高技術(shù)材料，一支筆、一張紙和一小段膠條就足夠了。用鉛筆在紙上涂黑一片區(qū)域，將膠條粘在上面，當(dāng)你拉開(kāi)膠條你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它粘起了很薄的一片鉛筆涂的陰影，這一片陰影就叫做石墨烯，一種世界上最軟的礦物質(zhì)。
現(xiàn)在，再將膠條粘上另外一張紙上，把它拉起來(lái)，你會(huì)得到更薄的一層。想象一下當(dāng)你重復(fù)做，直到在紙上得到最薄的一層物質(zhì)，這層物質(zhì)只有一個(gè)原子的厚度，你根本無(wú)法看到。石墨是由一層層的石墨烯組成的，所以當(dāng)你得到最薄的一層時(shí)，你已經(jīng)找到了石墨烯。
理工類B級(jí) 第三十八篇 土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象
科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，在土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了外星生命跡象并宣布了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者們對(duì)卡西尼號(hào)探測(cè)器所傳回來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，數(shù)據(jù)表明，土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆衛(wèi)星有以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的生命的存在跡象。
據(jù)報(bào)道，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到了在土衛(wèi)六高濃度氫氣大氣層里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的線索。
他們認(rèn)為，氫氣在到達(dá)布滿甲烷河流湖泊的土衛(wèi)六類似行星一樣的表層前就已經(jīng)被吸收了。這就證明在這個(gè)不及半個(gè)地球大小的衛(wèi)星表面有某種微生物在依靠氫氣生存。
美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的科學(xué)家Chris Mckay說(shuō)，“我們提出有氫氣的消耗，是由于它是土衛(wèi)六上生命賴以生存的顯而易見(jiàn)的氣體，就像我們地球上用氧氣呼吸一樣。如果這些跡象最終證明是生命的跡象，它會(huì)加倍令人興奮，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二種生命?！?/p>
時(shí)至今日，盡管地球上的依賴液體水的微生物在甲烷里生長(zhǎng)良好或把它作為廢物排出，科學(xué)家在任何地方都沒(méi)有探測(cè)到這種生命的形式。在土衛(wèi)六上，絕對(duì)溫度達(dá)到90度(相當(dāng)于攝氏-273．15度)，依賴于甲烷的微生物不得不用某種液
體物質(zhì)作為生存的介質(zhì)，這種液體不是水，水在土衛(wèi)六上會(huì)凍成冰塊，不能融化。我們知道，冰塊太冷不能維持生命。
科學(xué)家們?cè)竿?yáng)與大氣層中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)相互作用會(huì)在土衛(wèi)六上產(chǎn)生一層乙炔。但卡西尼號(hào)在它的表面沒(méi)有探測(cè)到乙炔。
Mark Allen是美國(guó)宇航局土衛(wèi)六項(xiàng)目組的主要負(fù)責(zé)人，他說(shuō)道，既然在土衛(wèi)六的表面沒(méi)有探測(cè)到乙炔，那就充分說(shuō)明上面沒(méi)有生物。
Allen說(shuō)：“科學(xué)界的保守主義者們建議，要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對(duì)土衛(wèi)六上所有沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)，我們?nèi)沃氐肋h(yuǎn)。極為可能的是，一種化學(xué)過(guò)程而非生物學(xué)能解釋這些結(jié)果?！?/p>
第四十篇 教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮
在最新一項(xiàng)關(guān)于小學(xué)生學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的研究中，芝加哥大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 發(fā)現(xiàn)，女教師的想法和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)之間有著驚人的聯(lián)系：如果女教師對(duì)自己的數(shù)學(xué)能力感到焦慮，她的女學(xué)生很可能認(rèn)為男孩子數(shù)學(xué)比女孩學(xué)得更好。
“如果一直由對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)，就會(huì)對(duì)她們的數(shù)學(xué)成績(jī)產(chǎn)生雪球效應(yīng)”，Levine說(shuō)。換言之，女孩子們最后從老師那里獲得的是對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。該研究表明，如果女孩子們?cè)谝粋€(gè)認(rèn)為男孩比女孩數(shù)學(xué)好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)，那么她們的數(shù)學(xué)可能會(huì)不如在更自信的狀態(tài)下學(xué)得好。
如同學(xué)生，教師也會(huì)覺(jué)得某些學(xué)科難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的“焦慮”：不自在或擔(dān)心。
此研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，教師對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮能夠傳染給她的女學(xué)生們。該研究的研究對(duì)象包括65個(gè)女孩，52個(gè)男孩和17位在中西部教一二年級(jí)的教師。學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)年的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束時(shí)都進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)試，研究者們比較得分。
研究者們測(cè)試學(xué)生是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星一定會(huì)是男孩。然后研究者們測(cè)試教師，試圖找出哪些教師對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)感到焦慮，研究者們問(wèn)教師們當(dāng)碰到數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題諸如閱讀銷售清單時(shí)的感受，如果一位教師一看到銷售清單的數(shù)字就感到緊張，那么她很可能對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)存在焦慮。
平均來(lái)說(shuō)，教師的焦慮不會(huì)影響到男孩子。但是，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，如果教女孩子的教師有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥，那么女孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)年結(jié)束時(shí)測(cè)試得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在關(guān)于是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星應(yīng)該是男孩的測(cè)試中，有20個(gè)女孩認(rèn)為男孩數(shù)學(xué)比女孩好，這20個(gè)女孩的老師都是女性，且都患有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥。
來(lái)自密蘇里大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家David Geary說(shuō)“這是一個(gè)有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結(jié)果，需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證”。
理工類A級(jí) 第四十五篇 小而聰明
12月14日，美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局發(fā)射了一個(gè)體積小而威力大的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，它的名字叫“WISE”(聰明)，大約只有一個(gè)垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬(wàn)不要輕視這個(gè)小東西，WISE可是一款高強(qiáng)數(shù)碼相機(jī)，它將在人類已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無(wú)法觀察到的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來(lái)的巨大塵埃云。
Ned Wright是主持WISE項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)家，他說(shuō)：“我十分興奮，因?yàn)槲覀兙鸵吹揭郧皬奈纯吹竭^(guò)的那部分宇宙”。
到達(dá)宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。(這意味著，每轉(zhuǎn)一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近)。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠(yuǎn)離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會(huì)抓拍天空一個(gè)不同的部分。六個(gè)月之后，它將把整個(gè)天空拍攝完畢。
然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會(huì)像我們?nèi)粘５臄?shù)碼相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(廣域紅外戡測(cè)探測(cè)器)的縮寫。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發(fā)出紅外線輻射物體的相片。
輻射是波浪狀行進(jìn)的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個(gè)例子。當(dāng)普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)給一棵樹(shù)照相時(shí)，它能接收到樹(shù)反射回來(lái)的、可見(jiàn)的光波。光波通過(guò)鏡頭進(jìn)入到相機(jī)里，相機(jī)對(duì)它進(jìn)行加工，然后把圖像合成。
紅外線的波長(zhǎng)比可見(jiàn)光長(zhǎng)，所以，普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長(zhǎng)紅外線帶來(lái)的溫暖。
這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠(yuǎn)鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見(jiàn)光的方式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，象WISE這樣的紅外線望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務(wù)就是拍攝成千上萬(wàn)的小行星圖像。
WISE的另一任務(wù)是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽(yáng)的能量那樣啟動(dòng)相同的反應(yīng)。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發(fā)出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在紅外頻譜中，它們是發(fā)光的。
第四十六篇 螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對(duì)環(huán)境影響巨大
?？怂固卮髮W(xué)所做的研究表明，螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動(dòng)物的行為對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動(dòng)物生態(tài)雜志上，它表明螞蟻對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。
第一，通過(guò)筑巢而挪動(dòng)土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當(dāng)?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動(dòng)物種群的數(shù)量。
第二，它們捕食的動(dòng)物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。
Dirk Sanders是該大學(xué)生態(tài)和保護(hù)中心所做的此項(xiàng)研究的作者，他說(shuō)：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動(dòng)物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)地意識(shí)，并且會(huì)竭盡全力對(duì)抗其他的食肉動(dòng)物來(lái)保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對(duì)周圍環(huán)境影響巨大。”
“在該研究中，我們第一次對(duì)螞蟻帶來(lái)的影響程度及微妙程度進(jìn)行研究。所得的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：盡管是食肉動(dòng)物，螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動(dòng)物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長(zhǎng)。并對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實(shí)重要的作用，對(duì)大草原的食物鏈影響巨大?！盨anders說(shuō)。
該研究在德國(guó)進(jìn)行，它對(duì)花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進(jìn)行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個(gè)歐洲包括英國(guó)都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小，而其他動(dòng)物尤其是食草動(dòng)物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會(huì)增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者產(chǎn)生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動(dòng)會(huì)抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響。
Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說(shuō)：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少，其對(duì)土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平的影響會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物族群產(chǎn)生積極的效果。但是如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加，其捕食的影響會(huì)達(dá)到最大化，因此會(huì)抵消螞蟻通過(guò)生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響”。
螞蟻是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不僅因?yàn)樗加泻艽蟛糠值纳锪?，而且因?yàn)槠渥鳛樯鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學(xué)家還不清楚人類對(duì)螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。螞蟻通過(guò)變動(dòng)物理的和化學(xué)的環(huán)境，通過(guò)對(duì)植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關(guān)重要的作用。
第四十五篇 小而聰明
12月14日，美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局發(fā)射了一個(gè)體積小而威力大的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，它的名字叫“WISE”（聰明），大約只有一個(gè)垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬(wàn)不要輕視這個(gè)小東西，WISE可是一款商強(qiáng)數(shù)碼相機(jī)，它將在人類已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無(wú)法觀察的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來(lái)的巨大塵埃云。
Ned Wright是主持WISE項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)家，他說(shuō)：“我十分興奮，因?yàn)槲覀兙鸵吹揭郧皬奈纯吹竭^(guò)的那部分宇宙”。
到達(dá)宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。（這意味著，每轉(zhuǎn)一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近）。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠(yuǎn)離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會(huì)抓拍天空一個(gè)不同的部分。六個(gè)月之后，它將把整個(gè)天空拍攝完畢。
然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會(huì)像我們?nèi)粘５臄?shù)碼相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer（廣域紅外勘測(cè)探測(cè)器）的縮寫。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發(fā)出紅外線輻射物體的相片。
輻射是波浪狀行進(jìn)的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個(gè)例子。當(dāng)普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)給一棵樹(shù)照相時(shí)，它能接收到樹(shù)反射回來(lái)的、可見(jiàn)的光波。光波通過(guò)鏡頭進(jìn)入到相機(jī)里，相機(jī)對(duì)它進(jìn)行加工，然后把圖像合成。
紅外線的波長(zhǎng)比可見(jiàn)光長(zhǎng)，所以，普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長(zhǎng)紅外線帶來(lái)的溫暖。
這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠(yuǎn)鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見(jiàn)光的方式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，像WISE這樣的紅外線望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務(wù)就是拍攝成千上萬(wàn)的小行星圖像。
WISE的另一任務(wù)是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽(yáng)的能量那樣啟動(dòng)相同的反應(yīng)。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發(fā)出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在線外頻譜中，它們是發(fā)光的。
第四十六篇 螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對(duì)環(huán)境影響巨大
埃克斯特大學(xué)所做的研究表明，螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動(dòng)物的行為對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動(dòng)物生態(tài)雜志上，它表明螞蟻對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。
第一，通過(guò)筑巢而挪動(dòng)土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當(dāng)?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動(dòng)物種群的數(shù)量。
第二，它們捕食的動(dòng)物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。Dirk Sanders是該大學(xué)生態(tài)和保護(hù)中心所做的此項(xiàng)研究的作者，他說(shuō)：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動(dòng)物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)地意識(shí)，并且會(huì)竭盡全力對(duì)抗其他的食肉動(dòng)物來(lái)保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對(duì)周圍環(huán)境影響巨大。”
“在該研究中，我們第一次對(duì)螞蟻帶來(lái)的影響程度及微妙程度進(jìn)行研究。所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：盡管是食肉動(dòng)物，螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動(dòng)物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長(zhǎng)。并對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實(shí)重要的作用，對(duì)大草原的食物鏈影響巨大?！盨anders說(shuō)。
該研究在德國(guó)進(jìn)行，它對(duì)花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進(jìn)行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個(gè)歐洲包括英國(guó)都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小，而其他動(dòng)物尤其是食草動(dòng)物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會(huì)增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者產(chǎn)生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動(dòng)會(huì)抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響。
Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說(shuō)：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少，其對(duì)土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平的影響會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物族群產(chǎn)生積極的效果。如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加，其捕食的影響會(huì)達(dá)到最大化，因此會(huì)抵消螞蟻通過(guò)生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響?！?/p>
螞蟻是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不僅因?yàn)樗加泻艽蟛糠值纳锪?，而?/p>
因?yàn)槠渥鳛樯鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學(xué)家還不消楚人類對(duì)螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。螞蟻通過(guò)變動(dòng)物理的和化學(xué)的環(huán)境，通過(guò)對(duì)植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關(guān)重要的作用。
2012年職稱英語(yǔ)理工、綜合和衛(wèi)生教材（電子版已經(jīng)發(fā)布，歡迎下載）
第五篇：2014職稱英語(yǔ)(理工類)閱讀理解小抄_共50篇
（一）Ford abandons electric vehicles（福特放棄電動(dòng)汽車）1.What have the Ford motor company, General Motor's and Honda done concerning electric cars?
C They have given up producing electric cars.2.According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe, battery-powered cars B will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future.3.Which' auto `manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles?A Toyota and Nissan.4.According to the eighth paragraph, hybrid carsC run more miles than petrol driven cars.5.Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph?
D The legislation will allow more low-emission to be produced.（二）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict（世界原油產(chǎn)量可能提前十年達(dá)到峰值）1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “Sparked” Appearing in paragraph 2?” B stimulated
2.The term “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will
D start to decline after global oil production peaks.3.Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? D It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production.4.What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?
A It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014.5.Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model? B Kuwaiti scientists.（三）Citizen scientists（公民科學(xué)家）
1.Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them
C to collect data of the life cycle of living things.2.What are citizen scientists asked to do?
B To send their research observations to a professional database.3.In “All that's needed to become one...(paragraph2)” , what does the word “one” stands for B a citizen scientist.4.What is NOT true of Project BudBurst? A Only experts can participate in it..What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?
D To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.（四）Motoring technology（汽車技術(shù)）
1.What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate?
C They focus their research on safety and new fuels.2.According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happenB because drivers make mistakes.3.Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage?
D Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision.4.What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications?
C To call for help when the car gets jammed in the traffic.5.What is true of robotic drivers?
A It will take some time before robotic drivers can be put to practical use.（五）Late-night drinking（在深夜飲咖啡）1.The author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate thatC coffee is a stimulant.2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? C Caffeine halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?
A Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?D Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5.The author of this passage probably agrees thatB we should not drink coffee after supper.（六）Making Light of Sleep（不要太在意睡眠）2012新增.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because
B it has a cycle of 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph?
C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that
B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs?
C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.5.According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system?
B The human eye had one light-sensing system.（七）Sugar power for cell phones（用糖為手機(jī)發(fā)電）
1.According to the first paragraph, when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?
C When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.2.What trouble did Minteer and Klotzbach have in their research?A They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active.3.According to Paragraph 5, electrons are released
C when the enzyme oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes through a pocket.4.What is exciting about the new fuel cells?
B Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning.5.According to the last paragraph, what is NOT true of the new fuel cells?
D It will take some time before the new fuel cells can be used in popular products.（八）Eiffel is an eyeful（引人注目的埃菲爾鐵塔）
1.Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol' of a world on the move?
B Tourists of all nationalities come-to, scribble on the cold iron of the tower.2.What seems strange to the author?
A Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.3.Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard?
C He climbed 747 steps up ,the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds 4.What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for?B Conducting research in various fields.5.Which of the following is neatest in meaning to “(The Eiffel Tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will” ?C Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.（九）Egypt felled by famine（埃及飽受饑荒折磨）1.Why does the author mention “pyramid builders”?
D Because even they were unable to rescue their civilisation.2.Which of the following factors was ultimately responsible for the
fall of the civilisation of ancient Egypt?4.What does the word “coaster” mean in the passage?A Change of climate.A disk or plate placed under a drinking glass to protect a table top.3.Which of the following statements is true? 5.Harry Potter's invisibility cloak doesn't have any real competition D The White Nile and the Blue Nile are branches of the River Nile.yet, because4.According to Krom, Egypt's Old Kingdom fell C the cloaking device works only for, microwaves.A immediately after a period of drought.（十四）Japanese car keeps match for drunk drivers（日本用來(lái)5.The word “devastating” in the last paragraph could be best replaced 監(jiān)視醉酒司機(jī)的新型概念車）by 1.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Japanese B “damaging”.concepts car?
（十）Young female chimps outlearn their brothers（年輕雌猩猩C It has sensors locked up in the ignition system.學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)于她們的弟兄）2.What has Volvo developed? 1.Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps B A breathalyzer attached to a car's seat belt.at-fishing for termites? 3.What is the.function of.the.camera.mentioned in Paragraph 4? B Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier.A It monitors the driver's eyes-to see ,if he needs a rest.2.What are the tools with which chimps fish, for termites? 4.According to Doi,B Vegetation.D Nissan aims to improve the detection technology to reduce the 3.Which of the following is.true about chimps fishing for termites fatality rate.according to paragraph 6? 5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Paragraph 6?C Females could get out more termites with every dip.B The car will automatically keep to its lane.4.How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent
（十五）Winged robot learns to fly（肋生雙翅機(jī)器人學(xué)飛行）more time on playing1.Which of the following is NOT true of what is mentioned about the D It will make them good fighters and hunters' in the future.winged robot in the second paragraph? 5.According to the last paragraph, which of the following is NOT C The two professors of CUT programmed the data on' how the robot true? flapped its wings.A Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites.2.How did the robot behave at the beginning of the test?
（十一）The net cost of making a name for yourself（網(wǎng)上申請(qǐng)個(gè)B It twitched but gradually gained height.人域名的費(fèi)用）3.Which of the following is nearest to Peter, Bentley’s view on the 1.The domain name “.edu” is operated by winged robot? B the company Network Solutions.A The winged robot-could never really fly 2.The.firm,.shop,.web,.arts,.rec,.info and.nom domains are NOT 4.What measured how much lift the robot produced?run by B A movement detector.B the US government.5.What does “the process” appearing in the last paragraph refer to? 3.Global Names of Singapore is D All the above.B a registrar.（十六）Japanese drilling into core of earth（日本人的地心旅行）4.How can a company.successfully register a name with the Internet?1.According to the passage, Mount UnzenA It must pay up to $10,000 or a nonrefundable deposit.B erupted in 1991.5.What is the meaning of the phrase “net cost” in the title? 2.According to the passage, the study of the Mount Unzen volcano B The registration fee for a domain name on the Internet.may benefit Japan in all the following aspects EXCEPT
（十二）Florida hit by cold air mass（佛羅里達(dá)遭受冷氣團(tuán)襲擊）D predicting volcano eruptions.1.Which of the following statements is not meant in the first two 3.Why is-this research project so important to Japan? paragraphs?A Because Japan has many living volcanos.B The temperature in the United States except the South dropped 4.The drilling site on Mount Unzen isbelow the freezing mark.C about half way up the mountain.2.According to the second paragraph, in which area(s)did.the 5.The title of this passage Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth temperature fall below zero? actually means that' they B Parts of interior South Florida.A drill a hole into the core of a volcano.3.King's statement that “We brought shorts, T-shirt, and 1 had to go（十七）A sunshade for the planet（地球防曬霜）out and buy another coat.''shows that 1.According to the first two paragraphs, the author thinks thatA he was caught by the sudden cold.C despite the difficulty, scientists have some options to prevent 4.Governor Jeb issue the emergency order because heglobal warming.C wanted to encourage trucks to transport as much fruit to market as 2.Scientists resist talking about their options because they don't want possible.people to 5.Which statement is NOT true according to the last paragraph? C think the problem has been solved.D Florida Citrus Mutual sprayed trees with sprinklers for citrus 3.What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and growers..methadone?
（十三）Invisibility ring（隱形環(huán)）A Methadone is an effective way to treat a hard heroin addict.1.Harry Potter is mentioned in the passage, because scientists 4.What is Stephen Schneider's idea of preventing global warming? C try to invent a device similar in idea to the invisible cloak he uses.C To apply sunscreen to the Earth:2.What is true of microwaves?5.What is NOT true of the effectiveness of ”sunscreen“ , according to B Their wavelengths are longer than those of visible light.the last paragraph? 3.What is NOT true of the invisibility device?D It decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.B Microwaves bounce off it when' they, strike it.''（十八）Thirst for oil（石油匱乏）
1.”…will need to cure our addiction to oil.” Why does the author say so?
D Oil supply is decreasing.2.Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the author, according to the second paragraph?
C Coal is the most environmentally unfriendly fuel next-to oil.3.Which country is the biggest consumer of petroleum? A The United States4.What do 'experts say about: the earth's fuel reserves? B There will soon be an energy crisis.5.What is NOT, the result of consuming fossil fuels according to the' last paragraph?
D The sea level will go up.（十九）2012版教材改為Graphene's Superstrength（2012
second paragraph?
B It is a high-tech machine designed to generate energy for urban people.3.The smallest models of an urban turbine
C can be' carried up to the rooftop without a crane.4.Netherlands leads in the urban turbine technology because D the' Netherlands is 'a small country with a large population.5.According to the last paragraph, what are the advantages of wind power technology? D Both A and C.（二十四）Underground coal fires—a looming catastrophe（地下煤著火—即將來(lái)臨的災(zāi)難）
l.According to the first paragraph, one of the warnings given by the scientists is that
C poisonous elements released by the underground fires can pollute 年4月真題）
water sources.2.According to the third paragraph, what will happen when the（二十）Explorer of the extreme deep（深海探索器）
underground heat does not disappear? l.What is Alvin?
A Coal heats up on its own and catches ire and burns.C A submersible.3.What did Stracher analyze in his article published in the 2.Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin?
International Journal of Coal Ecology? A It can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters.D Coal fires can have an impact on the environment.3.“...a world that is still full of mysteries” refers to
4.Which of the following statements about Paul Van Dijk is NOT C the ocean
true?4.In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar?
B He has detected and monitored underground fires in the D Shape.Netherlands.5.In what aspects are he new HOV and Alvin different.5.According to the fifth paragraph, what is the suggested method to D Both A and B.control underground fires?（二十一）Plant gas（植物，沼氣的又一來(lái)源）
D Cutting off the oxygen supply.1.What was scientists' 'understanding of methane?
（二十五）Eat to live（為生存而食）C It was produced in oxygen-free environments.1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? 2.To test whether plants are a source of methane, the scientists
D We have to begin dieting since childhood.created
2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? B an environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth
B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice has.3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice 3.Which statement is true of the methane emissions of plants in the
mentioned' in the passage? experiment?
D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation D The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of methane
4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the emissions.researchers?4.Which of the following about methane is Not mentioned in the
A The mice that started dieting in old age.passage?
5.According to the, last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that D Microbes in plants produce methane.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.5.What is the beneficial point of some microbes lconsuming,（二十六）Male and female pilots cause accidents differently（男plant-produced methane?
女飛行員引起飛行事故的差異）C Less methane reaches the atmosphere
1.What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about?（二十二）Snowflakes（雪花）
B Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes 1.What does Professor Libbrecht believe to be true?
2.Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second A No two snowflakes' are exactly the same in shape.paragraph? 2.What do the simplest snow crystals look like?
D Only mature pilots are studied to determine the gender differences D They are six-sided.in the reasons for aircraft crash.3.What are the factors that affect the shape and growth rate, of a snow
3.How did the researchers carry out their study? crystal?
A They studied the findings of several previous research projects.A Humidity and temperature.4.What is the most common circumstance of crash with female 4.It can be felt from the description in the 2nd paragraph that the
pilots? author
B Loss of control on landing or takeoff and stalling.A admires the beauty' of the snowflakes.5.Libbrecht is not' able to5.In the comparison of female and male pilots
D male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making.C create snowflakes that are exactly alike.（二十七）Driven to distraction（）分散注意力駕駛（二十三）Powering a city? It’s a breeze（風(fēng)力發(fā)電，輕而易舉）
1.Which statement is true of the description in the first two 1.What are the symbols of the Netherlands according to the first
paragraphs? paragraph?
C Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit B Wooden shoes and wooden windmills..the woman.2.Which statement best describes the urban turbine mentioned in the
2.What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs? D All of the above.3.What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph? C In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else.4.The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers
D want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system.5.What kind of directions do men and women prefer?
B Men prefer more general directions and women prefer route directions.（二十八）Sleep lets brain file memories（睡眠促使記憶歸檔存儲(chǔ)）
1.Which of the following statements-is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep.Perchance to file”?
A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?
2.What is the result' of the experiment with rats and mice carried 'out 'at Rutgers University?
C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.3.What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?
D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.4.In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage? B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.5.According to the last paragraph;what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?
D To control glucose levels.（二十九）Food fright（對(duì)食物的驚恐）1.Paragraphs 1,2 & 3 try to give the idea that
A GM foods may bring about great benefits to humans.2.Why is the case of the pollen-sprayed :milkweed cited in Paragraph 6?
C It is cited to show GM foods also have a dark side
3.What happens to those insects when not killed by the spray of insecticide?
B They may have a higher ability to adapt to the environment.4.Which of the following statements concerning banning GM foods is true according to the pas-sage?
D The United States has not banned GM foods.5.What is the writer's attitude to GM foods?A We cannot tell from the passage.（三十）Digital realm（數(shù)碼王國(guó)）1.The techniques of voice recognitionB are in its initial stage of development.2.According to the second paragraph, when we reach the stage of artificial intelligence
A machines can be our agents as they understand our thoughts.3.What's the best description of Gordon Moore's law as mentioned in the third paragraph?
A It motivates the development of the digital world.4.What can people do in a future scene as described in the fourth paragraph?
D All of the above.5.Which of the following statements is true of a personalized market? C In a personalized market, products are tailored to each consumer.（三十一）Hurricane Katrina（卡特里娜颶風(fēng)）1.What is the eye of a hurricane?
C A calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter.2.Which of the following is NOT the “requirements” mentioned in the second paragraph?
A The tropical waters are warm and calm.3.Which of the following is the best explanation of the word “drive” in the third paragraph?
C To supply the motive force or power and cause to function.4.What does the warm air mentioned in the fourth paragraph produce when it is rising from the sea surface? B Low pressure
5.What is NOT true of Hurricane Katrina according to the last paragraph?
D The humanitarian crisis is as serious as that of the great depression（三十二）Mind-reading Machine（讀心機(jī)）
1.What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes?
C Neurons in the brain.2.Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer? D fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently.3.“Highlighting the areas of the brain at work” means _____.A “marking the parts of the brain that are processing information” 4.What did the researchers experiment on? B Two volunteers.5.Which of the following can be the best replacement of the title? B Your Thoughts can be Scanned
（三十三）Experts call for local and regional control of sites for radioactive waste（專家呼吁局部和區(qū)域控制放射性廢物地點(diǎn)）1.Which of the following words can best substitute the word “withdrawal” in the first paragraph? B Canceling.2.According to Rodney Ewing and Frand von Hippel, where to locate nuclear facilities
B should be approved by local people and states.3.What is NOT true about the 1987 decision by Congress concerning siting of nuclear waste disposal?
D The decision by Congress was accepted by local communities.4.What does the author of the essay in the fourth paragraph want to say?
C Efforts should be made to develop nuclear disposal sites to suit the circumstances of the region.5.What is meant by “regional approach” as mentioned in the last paragraph?
A Waste disposal sites are located close to reactors and in places suitable for the regional circumstances.（三十五）Putting plants to work（植物效能）
1.What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? C Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.2.Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches?
B Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.3.According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? B When there is no oxygen in the air.4.Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently.Which one of the following is one such difficulty?
D It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5.What is NOT true of algae? C They are cheap to eat.（三十六）Listening device provides landslide early warning（聽(tīng)覺(jué)儀器提供早期山崩預(yù)警）
1.What does “such natural disasters” in the first paragraph refer to?
D Landslides
2.Which of the following statements is true of landslides? D All of above
3.Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides?
C Because the common methods can cause false alarms.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device, according to paragraph 4? A It is filled in with gravel.5.According to the context, what does the word “positives” in the fifth paragraph mean? B Evidences.（三十七）“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning（“不要在就餐時(shí)間以外飲酒”有了新含義）
1.Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people
A who drink alcohol outside of meals.2.Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?
C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3.Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? A 3 drinks.4.Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? B Laryngeal cancer.5.According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.（三十八）2012版教材改為”Life Form Found“ on Saturn's
anxiety and their female students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that
Bthe research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming
1.What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?
D Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth’s doomsday will never materialize.2.Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree toB cut CO2 emissions.3.What are the estimates of the world’s oil and gas reserves?D 3,500 billion by a growing numher of scientists.4.Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true?D He thinks that IPCC’s estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes.5.Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic's assertion that“? such a switch would be disastrous ?”?
B A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problems.第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources
1.What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article?D A and B.2.China’s Three Gorges Dam
C is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world.3.Which is the country with the first commercial power station that makes use of ocean currents produced by tides?B Norway.4.Which of the following statements is true of wind power?D All of the above.5.According to the article, resources such as windB are renewable so sustainable.第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods
1.Whnt factor is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?A Imagination of the forecaster.2.Persistence method will work well
B if weather conditions do not change much.3.The limitation of the trends method is the same as the persistence method in that
D the weather features need to be constant for a long period of time.4.Which method may involve historical weather data? C Both climatology method and analog method.5.It will be impossible to make weather forecast using the analog method
A when the current weather scenario differs from the analog.第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution1 Still Seems Needed
1.According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory of evolution is true?
B School boards oppose AIBS’s effort to defend the theory of evolution..2.Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin’s theory?
D Darwin’s theory is denied as the central theory of biology.3.AIBS is composed of
A more than 80 societies and 250,000 members.4.According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolutionA is fundamental to the development of modern genetics, molecular Titan（2012年4月真題）
（三十九）Clone farm（克隆農(nóng)場(chǎng)）
1.Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph?
C Cloned chickens are bulk-produced every hour.2.Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research? A The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology.3.In the third paragraph, by saying “Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,” Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishes
D chickens’ could grow to the same weight but with less feed.4.Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph?
C Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-injecting machines.5.The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following EXCEPT that A farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.（四十）Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦
慮）（2012新增）
1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?
DFemale teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph?
BA difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt Cuneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings Aprove a strong link between female teachers' math
biology and genomics..5.Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays？
D Because the term creationism is too direct.第四十五篇2012版教材改為Small But Wise（2012年4
understanding of the passage?
A）It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities
1.The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D.LoebD both A and C.2.According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually 月真題）
第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as
”Ecosystem Engineers“（螞蟻?zhàn)鳛樯鷳B(tài)工程師對(duì)環(huán)境影響巨大）（2012新增）.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?CBecause their activity affects the environment.2.As predators, ants ？
Aprey on small as well as large animals.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants？
Dproduce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us?
BAnts bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?
CHow do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem?
第四十七篇Listening to Birdsong（A級(jí)）
1.What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?
C）Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches' presence.2.What did the researchers find in their study of female zebra finches?
A）Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.3.What is meant by ”concert songs" in the seventh paragraph?B）Songs sung by male finches for female finches.4.What is NOT true of directed communication?D）Male zebra finches sing to themselves.5.Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.B）Birdsongs as communication.第四十八篇“Hidden” Species May Be Surprisingly Common 1.Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?
D The results of the research can help our understanding of “survival of the fittest.”
2.What was scientists’ understanding of cryptic species? D Moth B and C.3.Do scientists know how many cryptic species exist? A Not yet.4.Which of the following about the African hush elephant and the African elephant is true?
C They are two genetically distant species.5.People were confused in their attempts to control malaria in Europe in the early 1900s, because scientists
A identified only one mosquito species instead of six species.第四十九篇U.S.Scientists Confirm Water on Mars
1.What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars? C）Water in a soil sample.2.Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?C）The samples got stuck inside the scoop.3.Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A）Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of4.Where are the scientists involved in the research from?C）They are from both America and Canada.5.Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix’s Surface Stereo Imager Camera, according to your help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities?
B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass3.What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4?
B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phone use
4.What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5? A It had a life-taking effect because there weren't enough cell phones in use then.5.Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question(What caused the “l(fā)ife-saving effect” to occurin the early 1990s？)?
B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million.
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