第一篇：2011中石油職稱英語專家押題

2011中石油職稱英語押題寶典

3.On Mobile Office 移動的辦公室

1.Mobile office is the mutual product of economic,scientific,and social progress.Mobile office has become a solution that provides users with convenient,prompt,safe,reliable,and reasonably priced communications and office faculty anywhere anytime via the support of mobile interconnection platform(MIP)and its applications systems.Using mobile office and WAP technology,people can do their work anywhere anytime,can send and receive data via terminals such as mobile phone,palm computer,and PDA,and can surf the Internet.Integrating Internet and mobile communications network,and providing powerful applications support capacity for wireless interconnection,mobile interconnection platform(MIP)is an important network support technology to accomplish mobile office.1.移動辦公室是經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、社會三者發(fā)展進(jìn)步的共同產(chǎn)物。通過無線互聯(lián)平臺（MIP）及其應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的支撐，移動辦公室已經(jīng)成為一種能夠使用戶獲得隨時隨地、簡便快捷、安全可靠、價格合理的通信和辦公能力的解決方案。通過移動辦公室和無線接入?yún)f(xié)議（WAP）技術(shù)，人們可以在任何時間任何地點辦公，可以從移動電話、掌上電腦、個人數(shù)字助理（PDA）等終端設(shè)備上收發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)，遨游于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上。無線互聯(lián)平臺將因特網(wǎng)和移動通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)有機(jī)地整合起來，為無線互聯(lián)提供強(qiáng)大的應(yīng)用支撐能力，是實現(xiàn)移動辦公室重要的網(wǎng)絡(luò)支撐技術(shù)。

2.When you leave your office to attend meetings or travel on business,what would happen to your business routine? Of course,faxes and e-mails would be still sent to your fax machine or e-mail box,but you cannot read them and make prompt reaction timely.When your clients need you to make some urgent modifications on your work and you are neither in the office nor carrying relevant documents,what can you do? Maybe you have to say “sorry”to the clients.But,your business will be affected,the clients will be unhappy and disappointed because of your delay,and you will lose a lot of business opportunities.2.當(dāng)你離開辦公室，忙于參加會議或出差在外時，你的日常工作業(yè)務(wù)會怎樣呢？當(dāng)然，傳真和電子郵件依然會到達(dá)你的傳真機(jī)和電子信箱，但是你卻不能及時地看到它們并迅速作出反應(yīng)。當(dāng)你的客戶需要你對某項工作進(jìn)行一些緊急修改，而你恰好不在辦公室，又沒有隨身攜帶相關(guān)文件時，怎么辦呢？你也許只能向客戶說“對不起”了。但是，你的業(yè)務(wù)將受到影響，客戶們也會因為你的延遲而感到不快和失望，因而你失去許多商機(jī)。3.In fact,very frequently,you need to check,reply,distribute,display,modify,or read some materials when you are not in your office.You must get out of this dilemma.The best solution to normally handle your business anywhere anytime and not to disappoint your clients

is to let your office “move”with you.Thus，you can have convenient,prompt,safe,reliable,and reasonably priced communications and office faculty anywhere anytime.With the development of communications technology,network

application,and wireless interconnection,mobile office has become simpler and smaller,and even can be realized via one mobile phone with data communications function.Thus,mobile office has already been put into your pocket,and office mobility has been realized.It uses its mobile phone function to make voice communication,and uses its data communications function to do most computation and storage in the network's other mainframes.It uses the network to get necessary materials and data,and uses mobile phone's infrared interface to connect with computers,printers,scanners,etc.3.實際上，當(dāng)你不在辦公室，但需要對某些材料進(jìn)行查閱、回復(fù)、分發(fā)、展示、修改或宣讀的情形是很常見的。因此，你必須從這種困境中解脫出來。使自己能夠隨時隨地正常處理業(yè)務(wù)，不讓客戶失望，最好的解決辦法就是讓你的辦公室也隨你一起“移動”起來，使你獲得隨時隨地、簡單快捷、安全可靠、價格合理的通信和辦公能力。隨著通信技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用以及無線互聯(lián)的發(fā)展，移動辦公室已經(jīng)變得越來越簡單小巧，甚至只需一個具有數(shù)據(jù)通信功能的移動電話即可實現(xiàn)。此時，移動辦公室已經(jīng)被你裝進(jìn)了口袋，從而真正實現(xiàn)了辦公的移動性。它利用移動電話功能進(jìn)行語音通信；利用數(shù)據(jù)通信功能，使大部分計算和存儲工作都在網(wǎng)絡(luò)的其他主機(jī)上進(jìn)行；利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲得需要的材料和數(shù)據(jù)；利用移動電話的紅外接口與電腦、打印機(jī)、掃描儀等設(shè)備相連。4.Mobile office has provided people with

convenient,casual working environment,but at the same time it still has some unsatisfactory aspects such as mismatching equipment interface and inadequate battery.Nevertheless,we believe that with technical progress,people can certainly overcome all kinds of difficulties.Mobile office will make your career unimpeded,and will realize the dream of completely free communication.Users will enjoy more colorful life and better working environment,and users' living standard,working efficiency,and even enterprises' production efficiency will certainly be immensely raised.4.移動辦公室給人們帶來了方便隨意的工作環(huán)境，但同時也存在著一些諸如設(shè)備接口不匹配、電池電力不足等不盡如人意的地方。但是，我們相信，隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，人們肯定能戰(zhàn)勝種種困難。移動辦公室將使你的事業(yè)暢通無阻，實現(xiàn)完全自由通信的夢想。用戶將會享受多彩的生活和美好的工作環(huán)境；用戶的生活水平、工作效率以及企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)效率，必將大大提高。

一、翻譯

（第七課）1.Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing.Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone(generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust)that exceed legally established limits.There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions-short of a massive shift away from the private automobile-is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas.liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.1.盡管近幾年來私人機(jī)動車輛排放的有害污染物已有相當(dāng)程度的減少，但這類車輛的數(shù)量卻仍在穩(wěn)定地增長。因此，美國100多個城市仍然存在著超過法律限定的一氧化碳、懸浮顆粒物和臭氧（由于車輛排出氣體中碳?xì)浠衔锝?jīng)過光化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生）。人們逐漸認(rèn)識到實現(xiàn)車輛尾氣排放更進(jìn)一步減少的唯一有效方法--大規(guī)模消減私人小汽車除外--是用燃燒更為清潔的燃料，如壓縮天然氣、液化石油氣、乙醇或甲醇代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的柴油和汽油。2.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline.These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone.The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions.These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere.On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks.Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks-a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency-and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.2.所有這些替代物都是碳基燃料，它的分子要比汽油的小而簡單。這些分子要比汽油燃燒得更為清潔，部分是因為他們碳-碳鍵較少，而且即使會釋放出碳?xì)浠衔?，也不太可能會成為臭氧。較大分子的燃燒，由于它們具有多重碳-碳，伴隨著更為復(fù)雜的一系列反應(yīng)。這些反應(yīng)增加了不完全燃燒得可能性并且易于放出未燃燒的、易起光化反應(yīng)的碳?xì)浠衔镝尫诺酱髿庵?。從另一方面來說，替代燃料也有缺點。壓縮天然氣要求車輛有一套沉重的燃料箱--在外觀和燃料效率方面有嚴(yán)重的不利之處--并且液化石油氣面臨著基本的供應(yīng)量限制。

3.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel.Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features.Methanol's most attractive feature, however, is that it can

reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.3.從另一個方面來看，乙醇和甲醇具有由于其他碳基替代燃料的重要優(yōu)勢：它們在單位容量下有更高的能量含量，并且只需要在現(xiàn)存的配送燃料的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中做很小的變更。乙醇通常用作汽油的補(bǔ)充燃料，但它現(xiàn)在的價格是甲醇的兩倍，后者的低成本是具有吸引力的特征之一。不過，甲醇最吸引人的特征是它能夠?qū)⑿纬沙粞醯能囕v尾氣這一嚴(yán)重的城市空氣污染減少90%。（第十一課 Smoking and Cancer）

1.Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year(1970 figures).This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more.It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.1、美國人每年抽煙60億支(1970年的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字)。這大致等于每個18歲以上的人一年要吸4195支煙。據(jù)估計，美國有51％的男性吸煙，而女性吸煙的比例則為34％。

2.Since 1939,numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard.The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking,particularly cigarette smoking,is associated with shortened life expectancy.2、1939年以來，為了確定抽煙是否有害健康進(jìn)行了大量的科學(xué)研究。證據(jù)所顯示的趨勢是一貫的，并表明對人體的健康有嚴(yán)重的危險。許多研究小組進(jìn)行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食煙草，特別是吸卷煙與預(yù)期壽命縮短有關(guān)。

3.Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder and the oral cavity.Male cigarette Smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males.(Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.)The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say,“Give up smoking.If you don't smoke-don't start!”

3、這方面的研究人員大都相信吸卷煙是產(chǎn)生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，還認(rèn)為膀胱癌、口腔癌也與此有關(guān)。男性吸煙者的心臟病死亡率比不吸煙的高。(他們認(rèn)為女性吸煙者受影響小一些，因為她們吸煙不那么深。)大多數(shù)醫(yī)生和研究人員認(rèn)為，上述那些關(guān)系已得到令人滿意的證實，并且告誡說：“戒煙吧，如果你不會抽-那可不要學(xué)!”4.Some competent physicians and research workers-though their small number is decreased even further-are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health.They consider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment-atmospheric pollution,increased nervous stress,chemical substances in processed food,or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals.Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases,they say,may also,by coincidence,live in industrial areas,or eat more canned food.Gradually,however,research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.4、有些精通業(yè)務(wù)的醫(yī)生和研究人員-雖然這些人不多，并且人數(shù)在進(jìn)一步減少-不那么肯定吸卷煙對人體健康有影響。他們認(rèn)為呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病和各種癌癥的增多也許可以說是由于人類復(fù)雜環(huán)境中另外一些因素，即：空氣的污染、人們精神壓力的增大、經(jīng)過加工的食品中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)、或化學(xué)殺蟲藥引起的。農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在大量使用這些農(nóng)藥殺死昆蟲和小動物。據(jù)他們說，那些患了癌癥或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工業(yè)區(qū)，或是吃了更多的罐頭食品。但是研究工作逐漸排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用統(tǒng)計數(shù)字證明這些因素是無關(guān)的。

5.Apart from the scientific statistics,it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body.Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporized chemicals,minute particles of ash,and other solids.There is also nicotine,which is a powerful poison,and black tar.As the smoke is breathed in,all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs.One point of concentration is where the air tube,or bronchus,divides.Most lung cancer begins at this point.5、除了科學(xué)統(tǒng)計之外，研究工作還有助于認(rèn)清吸食煙草對人體的實際影響。抽煙產(chǎn)生的煙霧是一種混合的氣體，包括氣化的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，極小的灰末微粒和其它固體，還有毒性很強(qiáng)的尼古丁和黑焦油。當(dāng)吸進(jìn)煙時，所有這些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在氣管和支氣管分支的地方有一個集中點。大部分肺癌就從這里發(fā)端。6.Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels.It is known to be related to Beurger's disease,a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs.Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.6、抽煙也影響心臟和血管?，F(xiàn)已查明抽煙與伯爾格氏病有關(guān)。這種疾病使手腳的細(xì)靜脈不斷縮小，從而引起劇烈疼痛甚至?xí)?dǎo)致截肢。抽煙者死于心臟病的也比不吸煙的人多得多。

7.While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health,cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking.However,nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms,and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat.Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer,but they can only marginally reduce,not eliminate the hazards.7、盡管吸食各種煙草都會影響預(yù)期壽命和健康，但是抽香煙的影響要比抽雪茄和抽煙斗大得多。不過，后兩種并不能減少對尼古丁的吸食，并且當(dāng)編者注：本篇文章寫作日期較早。事實上，近年來美國吸煙人口比率以及吸煙量一直在持續(xù)下降。根據(jù)美國疾病預(yù)防與控制中心的報告，2003年美國抽煙人口比率已經(jīng)下降到21、6％。美國對吸煙有明確的法律規(guī)定：未滿21周歲的人不得吸煙；在公共場所，如圖書館、教堂、超市、飯店、公共汽車、地鐵等處不得吸煙。美國對煙草行業(yè)的征稅特別重，故煙價很高，這也是限制吸煙的重要措施。前的研究指出各式各樣的吸煙都和口腔癌、喉癌有某種因果關(guān)系。據(jù)稱過濾嘴香煙和低焦油煙草能使吸煙在某種程度上比較安全，但是這只能略微減少危害，而不能消除危害。

An Introduction to Distillation 蒸餾概述）

2.Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and,perhaps more important,in the amounts dictated by the market.2、石油煉制包含一系列復(fù)雜的過程。通過這些過程，石油原料最終轉(zhuǎn)化成為可銷售的產(chǎn)品。這些產(chǎn)品在質(zhì)量上符合人類需要，而更重要的是它們在數(shù)量上符合市場要求。

3.In fact,a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced;refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is,crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each.For example,the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components.If the latter cannot be sold as,say,heavy fuel oil,they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full.To prevent the occurrence of such a situation,the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed.This usually means more processes-a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphalt-to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market.3、實際上，煉油廠從根本上說是一組生產(chǎn)裝置，其數(shù)量根據(jù)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的不同而不同。煉油工藝須經(jīng)選擇，產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)應(yīng)該平衡：即從原油生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品必須依據(jù)每一產(chǎn)品的銷售速度而進(jìn)行。比如，從沸點較低的組分生產(chǎn)石油產(chǎn)品，就會自動產(chǎn)生一定數(shù)量的高沸點產(chǎn)品。如果高沸點產(chǎn)品，如重燃料油，無法銷售，這些產(chǎn)品就會積壓，直到裝滿煉廠的儲存設(shè)施。要避免這種情況出現(xiàn)，煉廠應(yīng)采取靈活措施，并能夠根據(jù)需要改變操作。一般而言，這意味著需要更多的工藝以適應(yīng)不斷變化的市場需求：運(yùn)用裂化工藝將過剩重燃料油轉(zhuǎn)化成汽油，而焦碳成為殘余品；或者運(yùn)用真空蒸餾工藝將重油分解成潤滑油和瀝青。

4.In addition,a complete refining installation must include the following: all necessary non-processing

（第二十二課facilities;adequate tankage for storing crude oil,intermediate,and finished products;a dependable source of electrical power,material-handling equipment;workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day,7 day/week operation;waste disposal and water-treating equipment;and product-blending facilities.4、此外，一套完整的煉油裝置須包括以下設(shè)備：所有必須的非工藝設(shè)施：足夠的儲罐容量用以儲存原油、中間產(chǎn)品和成品；可靠的電力和物質(zhì)處理設(shè)備來源；用于維持一天24小時，一周七天連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)所需的車間和物資：廢料和污水處理設(shè)備；以及產(chǎn)品調(diào)合設(shè)施。5.In the early stages of refinery development,when illuminating and lubricating oils were the main products,distillation was the major and often only refinery process.At that time,gasoline was a minor,but more often unwanted,product.As the demand for gasoline increased,conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities.5、在早期煉油工業(yè)發(fā)展過程中，照明用油和潤滑油是主要的產(chǎn)品，蒸餾則成了主要的甚至經(jīng)常是唯一的煉油工藝。當(dāng)時，汽油本身盡管不是重要產(chǎn)品，但也常討人嫌。隨著市場對汽油需求的增加，產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化工藝隨之發(fā)展，因為蒸餾已不能滿足對汽油的數(shù)量需求。6.Nevertheless,distillation has remained a major refinery process and a process to which just about every crude that enters the refinery is subjected.A multitude of separations are accomplished by distillation,but its most important and primary function in the refinery is its use for the separation of crude oil into component fractions.6、但是，蒸餾仍然是重要的煉油工藝，而且所有原油進(jìn)入煉廠都必須經(jīng)過蒸餾。許多分離過程是通過蒸餾進(jìn)行的，但蒸餾在煉油廠中的最重要和主要的功能則是它在將原油分離成不同餾分過程中的作用。

The Magic of Energy）

3、當(dāng)燃料與氧氣結(jié)合，我們就說燃料開始燃燒了，實際發(fā)生的是化學(xué)能（燃料與氧氣）轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能。當(dāng)燃料（我們吃的食物）與我們呼吸的氧氣結(jié)合，我們獲得我們身體運(yùn)動所需的熱能。4.When you pop a frozen waffle into the toaster,electrical energy turns into heat energy.4、當(dāng)你取出一塊冷凍餅放進(jìn)烤面包器時，電能轉(zhuǎn)化成了熱能。5.In the internal-combustion engine of a car,an electric spark explodes gasses in the cylinder;the heat energy moves the pistons,becoming mechanical energy to move the car.5、在汽車的內(nèi)燃機(jī)引擎里，電火花引爆氣缸里的燃料氣體，然后熱能推動活塞，成為機(jī)械能推動汽車行駛。

6.In a steam engine,the chemical energy of fuel is changed to heat energy;the heated water,now steam,forces the pistons to move.In a steam turbine,the steam pushes against blades.In both cases,mechanical energy results.6、在蒸汽機(jī)里，燃料里的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能，加熱水，成為

水蒸汽，推動活塞運(yùn)動。在燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)里，水蒸汽推動的是葉片。在這兩種情況中，都是機(jī)械能起的作用。

7.This changing from one form of energy to another can continue almost indefinitely.If,for instance,the steam engine or turbine is connected to a generator,the mechanical energy can become electrical energy,which can become heat energy(for the electric stove),mechanical energy(for the washer),etc.7、能量從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種形式的變化幾乎能夠平穩(wěn)連續(xù)進(jìn)行。比如說，如果蒸汽機(jī)或者蒸汽輪機(jī)和一個發(fā)電機(jī)聯(lián)接起來，那么機(jī)械能就可以轉(zhuǎn)化成電能，然后轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能（比如電爐）、機(jī)械能（如洗衣機(jī)）等等。

8.Thus,energy readily changes back and forth from one form to another.What starts out as one form of energy may be a totally different form when it reaches its final use.8、因此，能量可以輕易地從一種形式到另一種形式來回轉(zhuǎn)換。從最初的能量形式到最后的使用形式，能的形態(tài)可能已經(jīng)完全改變了。

Radiant Energy

輻射能9.Radiant energy is also called light energy.Our most important source of radiant energy is ,of course,the sun.Without it there would be no life,for plant life depends upon radiant energy-and we depend upon plant life.9、輻射能也稱作光能。當(dāng)然，我們?nèi)祟愖钪匾墓饽艿膩碓淳褪翘?。沒有太陽，就沒有生命，植物的生命依賴輻射能，而我們依賴植物的生命。

10.Other forms of radiant energy familiar to us are radio waves,infrared rays,ultra-violet rays,X rays,and gamma rays.10、我們熟悉的另外一些形式的輻射能是電磁波，紅外線、紫外線、X射線和伽瑪射線。Mechanical Energy

機(jī)械能11.In simplest terms,this is the energy of a moving object.Your heartbeat,the pushing of a lawn mower,a baseball speeding through the air,water falling onto a waterwheel,the prying up of a rock with a crowbar-all are mechanical energy,which,of course,was another form of energy earlier.11、用最簡單的術(shù)語來描述，機(jī)械能就是移動著的物體擁有的能量。你的心臟跳動、推進(jìn)割草機(jī)、棒球在空中高速飛過、水落入水輪機(jī)、用撬杠撬開石頭等等，所有這些都是機(jī)械能，當(dāng)然，在轉(zhuǎn)化之前它是另一種能量形式。Electrical Energy

電能12.Electrical energy usually has to be changed to another form before it actually does what we want it to do.In the toaster,it changes to heat;in a tiny wrist watch or a subway train or a 75,000 horse-power industrial motor,it（第二十六課changes to mechanical energy.In an industrial process called electrolysis,it changes to chemical energy.12、通常情況下，電能必須先轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種形式的能，才能為我們所用。對烤面包機(jī)來說，電能轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能，在一個小小的手表里或者地鐵列車?yán)锘蛘咭慌_75000馬力的工業(yè)電動機(jī)里，電能轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)械能。在所謂的電解工業(yè)的過程中，它轉(zhuǎn)化成化學(xué)能。Chemical Energy 化學(xué)能13.Various fuels such as coal,gas,oil and food are common examples of chemical energy.These fuels give off heat when they burn.The process is called combustion or oxidation,and the heat itself is a form of energy.Man uses the energy from some kind of fuel for everything from flying to the moon to thinking about it.13、最常見的化學(xué)能包括煤、天然氣、石油、和食物等各種各樣的燃料。當(dāng)這些燃料燃燒時釋放出熱能。這個過程我們稱之為燃燒或者氧化反應(yīng)，同時熱本身也是能量的一種形式。人們從不同燃料中得到的能量，并用這些能量做任何事情，大到飛上月球，小到頭腦的思考。

14.A special kind of chemical energy is nuclear energy,sometimes called atomic energy.These names come from the fact that the source of energy the nucleus,or core,of the atom,Nuclear fuels much as plutonium and uranium give off heat energy when fission(the splitting of atoms in these fuels)occurs.Already we have seen tremendous advances in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,and many people see nuclear energy as the future answer to almost all of our energy need.14、核能是一種特殊的化學(xué)能，有時候我們稱之為原子能。這個名稱來自于原子能來源于核、或者原子核這樣的事實。當(dāng)核燃料，例如釙(應(yīng)該為钚)和鈾，發(fā)生核裂變時釋放出熱能（這些燃料中原子發(fā)生分裂）。我們已經(jīng)看到和平利用核能所帶來的巨大好處，并且很多人認(rèn)為核能可以看作解決未來人類能源需求問題的答案。

Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences）

1.Petroleum geology is the application of geology(the study of rocks)to the exploration for and production of oil and gas.Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry,physics,and biology,involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data.In the past these data were basically observation and subjective,but they are now increasingly physical and chemical,and therefore more objective.Geology,in general,and petroleum geology,in particular,still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.1、石油地質(zhì)學(xué)是地質(zhì)學(xué)(巖石研究)在油氣勘探開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。地質(zhì)學(xué)本身是以化學(xué)、物理和生物學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)用其基本的抽象理論概念來解釋觀察到的資料。在過去，這些資料主要

憑主觀觀察獲取。現(xiàn)在借助物理和化學(xué)手段，因而更具客觀性。從根本上講，地質(zhì)學(xué)和石油地質(zhì)學(xué)，仍然特別依賴于基于經(jīng)驗的數(shù)值判斷和對現(xiàn)有資料的有效性評估。

2.The application of chemistry to the study of rocks(geochemistry)has many uses in petroleum geology.Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels.In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gross lithology.For example,the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related,whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so.Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial,and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs.Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation,preserved in its original form,or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.2、化學(xué)應(yīng)用到石油地質(zhì)的巖石研究(地球化學(xué))中有許多作用。巖石礦物組分的詳細(xì)資料在許多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潛在儲層的分布和質(zhì)量我們可以從總的巖性得出某些通用的結(jié)論。例如，砂巖孔隙度一般與相有關(guān)，而一般在碳酸鹽巖中則并非如此。儲層礦物學(xué)的詳細(xì)知識可以幫助我們估計出在埋藏過程中孔隙度損失的速率。這樣詳細(xì)的礦物組分資料對于準(zhǔn)確地解釋儲層地球物理測井非常必要。了解孔隙流體的化學(xué)組成及其對巖石穩(wěn)定性的影響，有助于預(yù)測哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因膠結(jié)作用而變差，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度保持不變，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因地層水的溶蝕作用而提高。

3.Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound,kerogen,generates petroleum.3、有機(jī)化學(xué)則可應(yīng)用于分析原油和天然氣，研究沉積物中植物和動物組織的成巖作用，研究動植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為合成有機(jī)化合物，揭示由此而生成的有機(jī)化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。4.The application of physics to the study of rocks(geophysics)is very important in petroleum geology.In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and,especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory,the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins.More specially,physical concepts are required to understand folds,faults,and diapirs,and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.4、在石油地質(zhì)中，將物理應(yīng)用到巖石研究(地球物理)中很重（第三十二課要。地球物理的廣泛應(yīng)用對于了解地殼，尤其是應(yīng)用了現(xiàn)代板塊構(gòu)造理論后，對于了解沉積盆地的成因和潛在石油資源作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。更為特別的是，在理解褶皺、斷層和底辟以及它們在石油圈閉過程中的作用時需要物理概念。

5.Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of magnetism,gravity,and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps.Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology,porosity,and petroleum content of a reservoir.5、利用現(xiàn)代石油勘探手段尋找潛在的石油圈閉時，如果沒有地磁、重力和地震勘探，是不可想象的。同樣，如果沒有地球物理電纜測井測量巖性、孔隙度和儲層中石油的含量，對任何發(fā)現(xiàn)的圈閉也不可能做到有效評價。

6.Biology is applied to geology in several ways,notably through the study of fossils(paleontology),and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation.The shift in emphasis from the use of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation,caused by oil exploration,has already been noted.Ecology,the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment,is also important in petroleum geology.Carbonate sediments,in general,and reefs,in particular,can only be studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora.Biology,and especially biochemistry,is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation.6、生物學(xué)可以從幾個方面應(yīng)用于地質(zhì)學(xué)。較為明顯的是用于化石研究(古生物學(xué))，同時，生物學(xué)對區(qū)域地層對比和建立生物層序地層帶具有極為重要的意義。由石油勘探引起的劃帶重點化石已經(jīng)顯然由大化石轉(zhuǎn)移到微體化石。生態(tài)學(xué)，即研究生物與其環(huán)境之間關(guān)系的科學(xué)，在石油地質(zhì)中也很重要。碳酸鹽巖沉積物，特別是生物礁，只有在現(xiàn)代海洋動物群落和植物群落生態(tài)學(xué)詳細(xì)資料的幫助下才能獲得有益的研究成果。生物學(xué)，尤其是生物化學(xué)，對于埋藏過程中動植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為干酪根并由此生成石油和天然氣的研究很重要。

7.Geologists,in contrast to some nongeologists,believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and,furthermore,often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonyms,which they are not.Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted and are examined in more detail.If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted,then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.7、地質(zhì)學(xué)家相對于非地質(zhì)學(xué)家來說，更相信了解地質(zhì)概念有助于尋找石油。而且，常常認(rèn)為石油地質(zhì)和石油勘探是同義詞，而實際上并非如此。石油并不是由沉積物中的有機(jī)物轉(zhuǎn)化而來的理論已經(jīng)引起人們的關(guān)注，并在許多細(xì)節(jié)問題上得以證實。如果石油地質(zhì)學(xué)者關(guān)于油氣生成和運(yùn)移的觀點不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改變。

8.Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search.In 1982 a successful oil finder from Midland,Texas,admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors hired them,all it did was to increase their costs per barrel of oil found.The South African State Oil Company(SOEKOR)is under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method,be it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique.These examples are not isolated cases,and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承認(rèn)在找油過程中需要地質(zhì)學(xué)家的幫助。1982年，一位德州米德蘭油田的發(fā)現(xiàn)者聲稱沒有雇傭地質(zhì)學(xué)家。他的對手雇傭了地質(zhì)學(xué)家，結(jié)果只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非國家石油公司在政府法律強(qiáng)行規(guī)定下，對每種發(fā)現(xiàn)石油的方法(尋找礦藏和水源機(jī)械方法或復(fù)雜的科學(xué)方法)必須進(jìn)行測驗。上述事例并非是獨一無二的，它說明尋找石油可能的較好方法是隨機(jī)鉆探，而不是應(yīng)用科學(xué)原理。

(第三十八課The Future of Energy 能源的未來)

Viewpoints: It's the End of Oil / Oil Is Here to Stay 觀點：石油的終結(jié)/石油仍有潛力 1.It's the End of Oil 石油的終結(jié)

2.World oil production is about to reach a peak and go into its final decline.For years,a handful of petroleum geologists,including me,have been predicting peak oil before 2007,but in an era of cheap oil,few people listened.Lately,several major oil companies seem to have got the message.One of Chevron's ads says the world is currently burning 2 bbl.of oil for every barrel of new oil discovered.ExxonMobil says 1987 was the last year that we found more oil worldwide than we burned.Shell reports that it will expand its Canadian oil-sands operations but elsewhere will focus on finding natural gas and not oil.It sounds as though Shell is kissing the oil business goodbye.M.King Hubbert,a geophysicist,correctly predicted in 1956 that oil production in the U.S.would peak in the early 1970s-the moment now known as “Hubbert's Peak.” I believe world oil production is about to reach a similar peak.2.世界石油產(chǎn)量將達(dá)到頂峰并最終下滑。幾年來，一些石油地質(zhì)學(xué)家，包括我，一直預(yù)言2007年前達(dá)到石油高峰，但是當(dāng)時油價格便宜時，很少有人聽得進(jìn)去。最近，幾個主要的石油公司似乎已經(jīng)了解這個信息了。雪佛龍的廣告說世界現(xiàn)在每發(fā)現(xiàn)一桶石油就要燃燒兩桶石油。埃克森美孚說1987年是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)石油比燃燒石油數(shù)量多的最后一年。殼牌報告指出它將擴(kuò)大在加拿大的油砂作業(yè)，但是在其它地方則會集中注意力尋找天然氣而不是石油。聽起來殼牌似乎要跟石油買賣告別了。地球物理學(xué)家金.胡伯特在1956年正確地預(yù)言了美國石油生產(chǎn)將在20世紀(jì)70年代初期達(dá)到高峰?，F(xiàn)在人們稱這一時期為“胡伯特高峰”。我認(rèn)為世界石油生產(chǎn)將達(dá)到一個類似的高峰。

3.Finding oil is like fishing in a pond.After several months,you notice that you are not catching as many fish.You could buy an expensive fly rod-new technology.Or you could decide that you have already caught most of the fish in the pond.Although increased oil prices(which ought to spur investment in oil production)and new technology help,they can't work magic.Recent discoveries are modest at best.The oil sands in Canada and Venezuela are extensive,but the Canadian operations to convert the deposits into transportable oil consume large amounts of natural gas,which is in short supply.3.尋找石油就像在一個池塘里釣魚。幾個月后，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你沒有釣到那么多魚。你可以買一個昂貴的采用全新技術(shù)的魚竿，或者你也可以認(rèn)為你已經(jīng)掉到了池塘里大多數(shù)魚。雖然上漲的失憶價格（本來應(yīng)該帶動石油生產(chǎn)投資）和新技術(shù)有所幫助，但是它們并不會帶來奇跡。最近最好的發(fā)現(xiàn)也不過是不錯而已。加拿大和委內(nèi)瑞拉的油砂數(shù)量比較大，但是加拿大將這些儲藏轉(zhuǎn)化成可運(yùn)輸?shù)氖偷墓ぷ骱馁M了大量的短缺天然氣。

4.And technology cannot eliminate the difficulty Hubbert identified: the rate of producing oil depends on the fraction of oil that has not yet been produced.In other words,the fewer the fish in the pond,the harder it is to catch one.Peak production occurs at the halfway point.Based on the available data about new oil fields,there are 2,013 billion bbl.of total producible oil.Adding up the oil produced from the birth of the industry until today,we will reach the dreaded 1,006.5-billion-bbl.halfway mark late this year.For two years,I've been predicting that world oil production would reach its peak on Thanksgiving Day 2005.Today,with high oil prices pushing virtually all oil producers to pull up every barrel they can sweat out of the ground,I think it might happen even earlier.4.技術(shù)也不能完全消除困難。胡伯特指出：石油生產(chǎn)取決于還未生產(chǎn)的那部分石油。換句話說，池子里的魚越少，想釣到魚就越難。高峰產(chǎn)量現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)在半路的位置。根據(jù)可查到的新的油田的數(shù)據(jù)，總共有兩萬零一百三十億桶可生產(chǎn)的石油。加上從石油產(chǎn)業(yè)出現(xiàn)至今所有的石油產(chǎn)量，今天，隨著高漲的石油價格迫使所有石油生產(chǎn)商提高他們奮力掏出的每桶石油的價格[此句話個人覺得前后矛盾]，我想這一天可能會更早地到來。今年下半年剛好是在半數(shù)的位置。兩年來，我一直預(yù)言世界石油產(chǎn)量將在2005年感恩節(jié)時到達(dá)高峰。我們就會得到一個令人憂心的數(shù)字一萬零六十五億桶。

(第四十一課 An Introduction to Petrochemicals)

2.The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum,natural gas,and natural gas liquids as sources of raw materials.It is likely that in excess of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources.2、化學(xué)工業(yè)的原材料來源嚴(yán)重依賴石油、天然氣和液態(tài)天然氣。當(dāng)今所應(yīng)用的上千種不同的基本有機(jī)化學(xué)產(chǎn)品中很可能有超過90％的產(chǎn)品來自這些資源。

3.The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry.However,as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types,it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs.3、石油化學(xué)工業(yè)是隨著石油工業(yè)發(fā)展起來的，而且有人認(rèn)為已是一個成熟的工業(yè)部門。然而，從原油類型變化的最新趨勢來看，石油化學(xué)工業(yè)同樣需要進(jìn)一步發(fā)展以適應(yīng)技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要。

4.The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products.The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial chemicals,household chemicals,fertilizers,and paints,as well as intermediates for the manufacture of products,such as synthetic rubber and plastics.4、從石油和天然氣組分中生產(chǎn)化學(xué)產(chǎn)品或化學(xué)中間產(chǎn)品極好地證明了這些物質(zhì)能夠轉(zhuǎn)換成更有價值的產(chǎn)品。從石油和天然氣提取的單個化學(xué)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量眾多；包括工業(yè)產(chǎn)品、家庭用品、化肥、油漆、以及用于生產(chǎn)其他產(chǎn)品的中間產(chǎn)品，如合成橡膠和塑料。

5.The processing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that are,essentially,the building blocks of other chemicals industries,is now very extensive.5、石油碳?xì)浠衔锿ㄟ^加工所生產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)，基本上是其他化學(xué)工業(yè)的預(yù)制品，這種加工目前范圍十分廣泛。

6.Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum.Gasoline,kerosene,fuel oils,Lubricating

oils,waxes,asphalts,and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals,since they are not,in the true sense,chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.6、石化產(chǎn)品一般指直接或間接地從石油中提煉的化合物，這些化合物往往是石油煉制各種過程中產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、潤滑油、石蠟、瀝青以及諸如此類的產(chǎn)品不屬于石化產(chǎn)品。因為，從嚴(yán)格意義上說，它們不是化合物，而是烴類的均質(zhì)混合物。

7.The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds,but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources,and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification.7、象“石化產(chǎn)品”這樣的物質(zhì)分類用來表明化合物的來源。但應(yīng)記住，許多我們所熟知的石化產(chǎn)品也可以通過其他途徑生產(chǎn)，因而這一名稱只是用來識別原料。

（第四十六課 Oil油）

5.There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil.The drill may just miss the oil although it is near;on the other hand,it may strike oil at a fairly high level.When the drill goes down,it brings up soil.The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil.If they are disappointed at one place,the drillers go to another.Great sums of money have been spent,for example in the deserts of Egypt,in 'prospecting' for oil.Sometimes little is found.When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars,we pay not only the cost of the petrol,but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.5、在鉆井采油中也常要碰運(yùn)氣。鉆頭可能離油很近，但卻失之交臂。而有時鉆頭可能在很淺處就碰上了油。鉆頭鉆下去，把土帶上來。人們檢驗從不同深處帶上來的土樣以探明油跡。如果一處落空了，鉆井工就轉(zhuǎn)移到另一處。為了“勘探”石油，已花費了巨額錢財，例如在埃及沙漠就是那樣。有時所獲甚微。當(dāng)我們?yōu)樽约旱钠囐徺I幾加侖汽油時，我們付的不僅僅是汽油的價錢，而且還包括了一部分不斷在進(jìn)行著的勘探費用。

6.When the crude oil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineries to be treated.The commonest form of treatment is heating.When the oil is heated,the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol.Petrol has a low boiling point;if a little is poured into the hand,it soon vaporizes.Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin.Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced.What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.6、當(dāng)原油從油田取得后，就被送往煉油廠去處理。最常見的處理方式是加熱。油加熱時最早升起的蒸汽冷卻后就為最好的汽油。汽油沸點低，如果倒入少許在手上，它立即就蒸發(fā)掉。稍后從油中分離出來的氣體就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各種不同等級的潤滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。

7.There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear.The first is that of the Middle East,and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea,the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf,another is the area between North and South America,and the third,between Asia and Australia,Includes the islands of Sumatra,Borneo and Java.7、世界上已探明的主要蘊(yùn)藏石油地區(qū)有4個，第一是中東地區(qū)，包括里海、黑海、紅海和波斯灣附近地區(qū)，另一個是北美和南美間的油區(qū)，而第三個是亞洲和澳洲之間的地區(qū)，包括蘇門答臘、婆羅洲和爪洼島。

8.The forth area is the part near the North Pole.When all the present oilfields are exhausted,it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oil activity.Yet the difficulties will be great,and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work.If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough,it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to the new kind of engine.In that case the demand for oil will fall,the oilfields will gradually disappear,and the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are for ever.8、第四個油區(qū)是靠近北極那部分區(qū)域。當(dāng)所有現(xiàn)今的油田都枯竭了的時候，這一寒冷地區(qū)可能會成為石油競爭活動的場所。然而困難將是很大的，同時代價也可能很高，因此沒有一家公司肯承擔(dān)這一任務(wù)。如果利用原子能來開動機(jī)器方面的工作進(jìn)展迅速，那么以油為動力的發(fā)電機(jī)可能讓位于新型發(fā)動機(jī)。在那種情況下，對石油的需求量將下降，油田將逐漸消失，而北極的儲油也可能永遠(yuǎn)睡在原地。

（第48課 Managing In a Global Environment 在全球環(huán)境中進(jìn)行管理）

4.美國的管理者習(xí)慣于穩(wěn)定的法律和政治體系。在這一體系中，變化是緩慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，選舉定期舉行，即使總統(tǒng)大選后的政黨變化也不會引起快速的、根本的改變。由于支配個人和機(jī)構(gòu)行為的法律是穩(wěn)定的，因此就可以進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測，而其它國家并非都是如此。在全球組織任職的管理者必須熟知他們經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)的國家所特有的法律體系。

5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments.Managers ofbusinesses in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability.For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.5.一些國家的政府在相當(dāng)長的歷史時間內(nèi)都是不穩(wěn)定的。這些國家的企業(yè)管理者由于政治不穩(wěn)定而面臨高度不確定性。政治干預(yù)也是眾多亞洲國家現(xiàn)實生活的一個方面。

6.The legal-political environment doesn't have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers.Just the fact that a country's laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important.Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.6.法律-政治環(huán)境并非只有不穩(wěn)定或具有革命性才會引起管理者的注意。事實上，一個國家法律或政治體系與美國的差異才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他們經(jīng)營中的約束以及存在的機(jī)會，就必須認(rèn)識這些差異。

7.The Economic Environment 經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doingbusiness in other countries.One of the first is understanding the type of economicsystem under which the country operates.The two major types are a marketeconomy and a command economy.A market economy is one in which resourcesare primarily owned and controlled by the private sector.A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government.In actuality,no economy is purely market or command.For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control.The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based.Then there's China,a country that's more command based,but is moving to be more market-based.Why would managers need to know about a country's economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions.Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.8.全球管理者在其它國家開展業(yè)務(wù)必須了解一些經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。首先，要知道所在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制類型。兩種主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是：市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)。在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中，資源主要是由私營企業(yè)所掌握和控制。在計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)中，經(jīng)濟(jì)決策由中央政府決定。事實上，沒有一種經(jīng)濟(jì)是純市場或純計劃的。例如，英美兩國都處在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的一端，但是他們還有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鮮的經(jīng)濟(jì)在更大程度上以控制為基礎(chǔ)。還有中國，這個國家正從偏重以計劃為基礎(chǔ)向偏重以市場為基礎(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化。為什么管理者必須了解一個國家經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的情況呢？因為這可能會約束他們的決策和行為。管理者必須了解的其它經(jīng)濟(jì)因素包括匯率、通貨膨脹和不同的稅收政策。

9.A global firm's profits can vary dramatically depending on the strength ofits home currency and the currencies of the countries in which it operates.Anydevaluation of a nation's currency significantly affects the level of a company'sprofits.The strength of a foreign nation's currency can also affect manager'sdecisions.9.一個全球化公司的利潤會受到本國貨幣及其經(jīng)營所在國貨幣的比值的影響而發(fā)生劇烈的變化。一國貨幣任意幅度地升值都能影響管理者的決策和公司的利潤水平。

10.Inflation means that prices for produce and services are going up.But it also affects interest rates,exchange rates,the cost of living,and the general confidence in a country's political and economic system.In most developing countries,consumer prices are rising more slowly than they were in the late 1990s,although inflation rates can,and do,very widely.Managers need to monitor inflation trends so they can make good decisions and anticipate any possible changes in a country's monetary policies.10.通貨膨脹意味著產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)價格持續(xù)上升。同時，它還會影響利率、匯率、生活成本和對國家政治經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的總體信任。在大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國家，物價比20世紀(jì)90年代末要上漲得慢，盡管通貨膨

脹率也確實發(fā)生了劇烈的變化。管理者必須密切關(guān)注通貨膨脹趨勢以做出明智的決策，并預(yù)測國家貨幣政策任何可能的變化。（第51課 Sales Promotion 產(chǎn)品促銷）

1.Sales promotion consists of those promotional

activities other than advertising,personal selling,and publicity.As such,any promotional activities that do not fall under the other three activities of the promotion mix are considered sales promotion.The trade often uses the term indiscriminately.Businesspersons may use the term “promotion”when they actually mean “sales promotion.”For purpose here,promotion is a broad term that encompasses sales promotion as well as the other three promotional activities.1、產(chǎn)品促銷指的是不同于廣告、個人銷售和宣傳的推銷活動。因此，不屬于以上三種推銷活動的推銷活動都被認(rèn)為是促銷。實際生活中經(jīng)常不加區(qū)分地使用這一概念。商務(wù)人員在說“推銷”時，實際上指的是“促銷”。本文中，推銷是一個廣義的概念，它包括促銷以及其他三種推銷活動。

4.Sales promotion is not restricted to the stimulation of demand at the consumer level.It may be used to gain middlemen's support as well.In Order to get Thai middlemen to carry Foremost's dairy products,the company used leasing and conditional sales contracts to provide small retail outlets' and restaurants with freezers for $1 if contract terms were met.Foremost also had to convince these resellers not to store other products in the freezers and not to unplug freezer units at night to save electricity.4、促銷不僅局限于拉動消費者的需求，也可以用來贏得中間商的支持。為了使泰國的中間商銷售其乳制品，F(xiàn)oremost公司運(yùn)用租賃和有條件銷售合同以一美元的價格向那些零售小商店和飯店提供冰柜，條件是要滿足合同條款。同時，該公司還得說服這些轉(zhuǎn)賣商不要在冰柜中儲存其他產(chǎn)品，并且不要為了省電而在夜間拔去冰柜插座。5.The use of sales promotion is not limited to consumer products.It can be used with industrial selling too.Misawa Homes promoted its House 55 by sending samples to U.S.Homes and Germany's Okal.Pfizer,like other drug firms,attracts drug wholesalers by sponsoring trips and other events.Gifts are given to doctors,and doctors' wives are taken on shopping tours.5、促銷手段的運(yùn)用不僅僅限于消費品，它也可以用于工業(yè)銷售。MisawaHomes為了推銷其House55產(chǎn)品而向美國的Homes公司和德國的Okal公司寄送樣品。與此類似，Pfizer公司同其他藥品公司一樣，通過組織旅游和其他活動來吸引藥品批發(fā)商。他們向醫(yī)生們贈送禮品，而且組織醫(yī)生的夫人們進(jìn)行購物旅游。7.Sales promotion is effective when a product is first introduced to a market.It also works well with existing products that are highly competitive and

standardized,especially when they are of low unit-value and have high turnover.Under such conditions,sales promotion is needed to gain that “extra”competitive advantage.A Japanese firm created a great deal of excitement in Thailand by including game cards in its detergent boxes,and consumers could not resist buying more and more in search of the winning cards,Likewise,most gas stations in Thailand at one time gave free washcloths with a gas fill-up.Middlemen were also allowed to participate in the sales-promotion program.Stores were informed of the display,and their salespeople or sales clerks were made aware of the program and benefits.7、當(dāng)某種產(chǎn)品首次進(jìn)入一個市場時，促銷活動是相當(dāng)有效的。如果產(chǎn)品本身極具競爭力，而且比較規(guī)范，那么，促銷也適用于現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品。尤其是如果這種產(chǎn)品單價較低而且流通量大。在這種條件下，就需要促銷以贏得額外的競爭優(yōu)勢。一家日本公司通過將游戲紙牌裝在其洗滌劑盒子中，結(jié)果在泰國引起轟動效應(yīng)。消費者情不自禁，越買越多，希望得到勝張。與此類似，在泰國大多數(shù)加油站，顧客每加一次油，即可免費得到一塊清洗布。中間商同樣可以參加促銷活動。經(jīng)銷商店及時了解產(chǎn)品展示信息，商店的銷售人員和職員對這些活動及其利益一清二楚。

56.Why Antarctica Is Being Explored 為什么要勘探南極洲 1.When the United States was born,the continent of Antarctica was as remote as the moon-more so,in a way,because the moon was clearly visible and the very existence of Antarctica was uncertain.But now that remote land area is so attainable and so important that it has become the subject of an international treaty which protects it from national rivalries yet leaves it open to all for exploration and use.The pact arranging this is even being viewed as a model applicable to the moon and other celestial bodies.1、在美國誕生之時，對人們來說南極洲就像月球一樣遙遠(yuǎn)-從某種角度說，甚至更遠(yuǎn)，因為月亮清楚可見，而南極大陸是否真實存在還無法確定。但是今天，這塊遙遠(yuǎn)的陸地已變得如此觸之可及并且如此重要，以致它已受到一個國際公約的保護(hù)，使其免于成為國家間競相搶奪的對象，而是對所有國家開放，供大家共同開發(fā)和利用。這個公約甚至被視為一個范本，適用于月球和其他天體的開發(fā)。

2.Yet many people,thinking of the distant continent only as a bleak,rocky,cold and inhospitable land mass,may wonder: Why all the fuss? Why protect something so unpromising?

2、至今仍有很多人認(rèn)為這塊遙遠(yuǎn)的大陸僅僅是一大片荒涼、寒冷、巖石林立、根本無法居住的土地。他們可能很奇怪：為什么如此小題大做?為什么要保護(hù)這樣一塊毫無前途的土地? 3.The answer lies in a number of factors,not the least of which is isolation itself.Antarctica is a very large area of the earth's surface,but-until recent years-was the least studied.More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.3、這些問題的答案由許多因素所決定，并不僅僅是這塊大陸本身與世隔絕這么簡單。南極洲是地球表面上一塊巨大的土地，但是，直到近年，人類的研究都很少涉及于此。更多地了解南極洲對全人類來說都非常重要。

4.A look at a globe is perhaps the best way to appreciate

the significance of this peculiar continent.The globe shows that the entire southern hemisphere is preponderantly water-the widest parts of the Atlantic and Pacific,the unbroken sweep of Antarctic seas circling the world.Although much of South America,parts of Africa and all of Australia lie south of the equator,most of the world's land lies north of the line.4、仔細(xì)觀察地球儀也許能幫助我們了解這個神奇大陸的重要性。地球儀顯示，水在整個南半球占絕對優(yōu)勢-包括大西洋和太平洋最廣闊的部分以及環(huán)抱地球的南極海洋。盡管絕大部分南美洲、部分非洲以及整個澳洲位于赤道以南，但地球上的大部分陸地還是分布在赤道以北。

5.Antarctica stood in splendid-even awesome-isolation from the rest of the world for countless years.Its forbidding climate and wild seas prevented the migration and development of land animals such as the Arctic regions know.On the continent itself are a few insects,some lichens and mosses,but nothing else that is land supported.However,there are amphibious penguins and seals and a rich marine life,ranging from the minute organisms called plankton to the biggest creature the world has ever known,the blue whale.5、南極洲的壯麗引人敬畏，在無數(shù)的歲月里，它就這樣孤獨傲立于世界。和人們已熟知的北極區(qū)域一樣，它那令人難以親近的氣候和狂野的海浪使得陸地動物無法遷移至此和繁衍。依附于南極洲陸地生存的只有很少的一些昆蟲、地衣和苔蘚。然而，這里卻有著兩棲的企鵝和海豹以及豐富的海洋生命-包括從被稱為浮游生物的微小生物，直到迄今所知世界上最大的動物藍(lán)鯨。、6.The Antarctica treaty applies to all areas(the high seas excepted)below latitude 60 degrees south.This line,running around the globe some 2,000 miles from the South Pole itself,just misses the lower tip of South America,and is well below the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand.There are a number of small islands between this line and the Antarctic continent,but the waters here are known to mariners as “the screaming Sixties” because there is so little obstruction to the world-circling winds.6、《南極洲公約》適用于除公海以外位于南緯60度以南的所有區(qū)域。南緯60度線距南極點大約2000英里，它環(huán)繞地球，剛好錯過南美洲的最南端，遠(yuǎn)在好望角和新西蘭之南。該線和南極洲之間分布著一些小島，但是，這里的海域被水手們稱為“狂嘯的60度”，因為這里障礙物很少，阻擋不了“世界環(huán)風(fēng)”。

7.In contrast,in the northern hemisphere,the lands lying above the sixtieth parallel of latitude include much of Scandinavia,Siberia and Alaska,all of Greenland and Iceland,with a total population of several million.Great mountains help subdue the winds;a spur of the Gulf Stream and part of the Japan Current temper the frigid airs of this polar region.This,and the presence of the Arctic Ocean in the center of the great land mass,give the area a markedly different conformation and climate from that around the opposite pole.7、與之相對的北半球，北緯60度平行線以北區(qū)域，包括斯堪的納維亞半島、西伯利亞和阿拉斯加的大部分地區(qū)，以及格陵蘭島和冰島的全部，人口總數(shù)幾百萬。高山阻礙了風(fēng)的前進(jìn)；墨西哥灣流和部分日本洋流使這里的極地寒冷空氣有所緩和；再加上北冰洋又處在大塊陸地的中央。這一切使得這塊區(qū)域相對于地球另一端來說，在構(gòu)架和氣候方面存在顯著的不同。8.Antarctica seems a vast basin of rock,filled and overflowing with a load of ice.In the heart of the continent it is almost as high as the summits of the Alps,yet soundings show that in places that rock floor is below sea level.8、南極洲看似一個巨大的石盆，被冰所覆蓋。大陸的中心幾乎與阿爾卑斯山等高，然而，超聲探測顯示，巖石底部的許多地點都低于海平面。

9.Actually,the ice accumulation is less than it was perhaps 1,000 years ago.Its seaward flow is not so voluminous as it once was,and as a result there are patches of bare rock here and there along the coast and inland.They were scoured clear of soil ages ago,but one may sometimes find moss or lichens growing,though virtually no flowering plants.9、事實上，與1000年前相比，這些冰的堆積物減少了許多，尤其是朝向大海的一面已經(jīng)不像以前那么多了，在海岸邊和陸地上留下一片片裸露的巖石。很多年前這里的土壤已經(jīng)被沖刷干凈，實際上已找不到開花植物的蹤影，但有時還能發(fā)現(xiàn)地衣和苔蘚。

10.In all this barrenness and cold,what is there of value? First,Antarctica is bound to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents.Coal-much of it of poor quality-has been found at many points along the 2,000 mile mountain system known as the Great Antarctica Horst.A writer has found a small deposit of manganese ore and rock specimens flecked with uranium or stained green by copper.These finds are important only as indications that further exploration would be worthwhile,and such a systematic effort has begun under SCAR(the Special Committee on Antarctic Research).This group is an outgrowth of the International Geophysical Year(I.G.Y.);but its program has broadened from geophysics to include mapping and biology.10、這樣一個空曠寒冷的地方，到底有什么價值?首先，南極洲的地下一定有能與其它幾個主要大陸相媲美的礦產(chǎn)資源。在被稱為南極大地壘的山脈附近，沿線2000英里范圍內(nèi)已有多處找到了煤，盡管大多數(shù)質(zhì)量很差。一名作家還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個不大的錳礦堆積體和一些粘染有鈾痕跡或者帶著銅綠斑痕的礦石標(biāo)本。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性在于它表明在這一地區(qū)進(jìn)行深入的勘探是很有價值的，并且在“南極洲研究特別委員會(SCAR)”的指導(dǎo)下，系統(tǒng)的工作已經(jīng)開始了。這個組織是國際地球物理學(xué)年會(LGY)的一個派生機(jī)構(gòu)，但是它的項目已經(jīng)從地球物理學(xué)拓展到地圖測繪和生物學(xué)。

11.There are other possible economic values.Several intercontinental air routes lie across portions of

Antarctica.Strange antibiotics have been found in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas;the Russians are reported to be carrying in live herring to be dumped overboard in an attempt at sea “farming.”

11、除此之外還有其他的經(jīng)濟(jì)價值。有數(shù)條洲際航線經(jīng)過南極上空；在南極海洋的浮游植物里已發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些前所未知的抗生素；據(jù)報道，俄國人要將鯡魚苗倒進(jìn)海洋，嘗試在南極“放養(yǎng)”。

12.But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in other lines of research-from the common cold to problems of outer space.The former is under scrutiny at a biological laboratory at McMurdo Sound,where clues to certain viruses are being sought in the study of epidemics among the utterly isolated members of scientific parties.12、但是，就近期看來，南極洲的重要價值卻存在于其他的研究領(lǐng)域：從普通的感冒到外層空間的問題。對于感冒的研究已經(jīng)在位于麥克默多灣(McMurdo Sound)的生物學(xué)實驗室里緊鑼密鼓地進(jìn)行，一群完全與外界隔絕的科學(xué)組織的人員正從流行病學(xué)的角度尋找一些特殊的病毒。

13.Investigations of the weather's origins and patterns are being pressed.There is no question that Antarctica plays an important role in the weather that affects the destinies of those living south of the equator;some believe its effects are felt in the north as well.13、對于氣候的形成和模式的研究也正在加速進(jìn)行。毫無疑問，在氣候方面南極洲扮演著一個重要的角色，與生活在赤道以南的人們息息相關(guān)；甚至有人認(rèn)為它的影響也同樣波及到了北半球。

14.As to space research,there is no place on earth better suited than the South Pole for certain kinds of observation.Here is a firmly fixed point,in contrast to the drifting floes that cover the North Pole;from it all directions are north,and during the six months of darkness the stars circle around a point directly overhead.The United States established an observatory there in 1957 for the I.G.Y.and has maintained it ever since.14、在空間研究方面，南極是地球上最適宜的進(jìn)行觀察的地方。與北極上；覆蓋的漂流浮冰相比，這里是一個穩(wěn)定的點。這里所有的方向都是北，在長達(dá)六個月的黑夜中，星星圍繞的中心點就在頭頂。1957年，美國為國際地球物理學(xué)年會在此處建立了一個觀測站，并且一直維持至今。15.Now it is an ideal space tracking station.Any vehicle on a mission in the southern half of the heavens remains continuously “visible” to an antenna at the pole.Such a station is also able to play a unique role in interrogating earth satellites in orbit over both poles.15、現(xiàn)在，這里是最理想的空間跟蹤站。在南半球的太空中執(zhí)行任務(wù)的所有飛行器都可被極點上的天線持續(xù)追蹤。同時，這個觀測站還在監(jiān)視兩極軌道上的地球衛(wèi)星方面發(fā)揮不可替代的作用。

16.Such satellites-maintaining their steady sweeps as the earth revolves beneath them-cover all parts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather observation,communications and other tasks.The South Pole would be the check point on each circuit,snatching the data from space,processing them in computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world.16、這些衛(wèi)星處在平穩(wěn)旋轉(zhuǎn)的地球上空，幾乎可以對全球的所有地區(qū)進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定的掃描，因此能很好地完成氣象觀察、通訊以及其它任務(wù)。南極點將成為這些衛(wèi)星環(huán)球軌跡的檢查站，從太空采集數(shù)據(jù)、通過電腦在幾秒鐘之內(nèi)處理數(shù)據(jù)，并傳送到世界各地。

17.On all these counts,the scientists justify their voyages to Antarctica and the vast sums needed.But essentially their argument is a simple one.The great continent to the south is still largely unknown.In the quest for fundamental knowledge,which is the heart and soul so all science,it cannot be ignored.17、綜上所述，科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行南極勘探，同時需要大量的資金。但是，他們最根本的論據(jù)很簡單：南方的這塊大陸在很大程度上仍是個迷。為了探索基礎(chǔ)知識-而探索基礎(chǔ)知識也正是科學(xué)的核心和靈魂所在-這個地區(qū)不容忽視。

60.The Rise of the Green Building 綠色建筑的興起 1.It is officially known as The Swiss Re Tower, or 30 St Mary Axe.Londoners universally refer to the new 41-storey building as “The Gherkin”,though it actually looks more like a pine cone.As a typical example of green architecture, what is most remarkable about the building is its energy-efficiency.Thanks to its artful design and some fancy technology, it is expected to consume up to 50% less energy than a comparable conventional office building.Green architecture is changing the way buildings are designed, built and run.1.它的正式名為瑞士再保險公司大樓或圣瑪麗.阿克斯30號。倫敦市民都把這幢新的41層高樓叫做“小黃瓜”，盡管它實際上看起來更像一個松果。作為綠色建筑的典范，這幢高樓的卓越之處在于它具有高效節(jié)能的特點。由于其巧妙的設(shè)計和夢幻的技術(shù)，這幢高樓有望比同類傳統(tǒng)辦公室節(jié)省能源消耗50%以上。綠色建筑正在改變建筑物的設(shè)計、建造和管理方式。

2.Proponents of green architecture argue that the approach has many benefits.In the case of a large office, for example, the combination of green design techniques and clever technology can not only reduce energy consumption and environmental impact, but also reduce running costs, create a more pleasant working environment, improve employee's health and productivity, reduce legal liability, and boost property values and rental returns.2.綠色建筑的倡導(dǎo)者認(rèn)為這種方式益處頗多。以一間大辦公室為例，綠色設(shè)計工藝與精妙技術(shù)兩者的結(jié)合不僅能減少能源消耗和對環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響，而且能降低運(yùn)營成本，創(chuàng)造一個更為愉快的工作環(huán)境，增進(jìn)雇員的身體健康，提高生產(chǎn)率，減少法律責(zé)任，以及提高地產(chǎn)價值和租賃收入。

3.Green architecture, a term which only came into use in the 1990s, has its origins in the energy crisis of the 1970s, when architects began to question the wisdom of building enclosed glass-and-steel boxes that required massive heating and cooling systems.Early proponents of more energy-efficient architecture included William McDonough, Bruce Fowle and Robert Fox in America, Thomas Herzog in Germany, and Norman Foster and Richard Rogers in Britain.3.綠色建筑這一術(shù)語在20世紀(jì)90年代才開始使用，最早源于20世紀(jì)70年代的能源危機(jī)。當(dāng)時建筑師們開始質(zhì)疑用玻璃和鋼筋建造盒狀的封閉式建筑是否明智，因為這樣的建筑需要大型供暖和制冷系統(tǒng)。早期倡導(dǎo)建筑高效節(jié)能建筑的人士有美國的威廉.麥克多若、布魯斯.福爾、羅伯特.?？怂?，德國的托馬斯.赫佐格，以及英國的諾曼.福斯特和理查德.羅杰斯。

4.These forward-looking architects began to explore designs that focused on the long-term environmental impact of maintaining and operating a building.This approach has since been formalized in a number of assessment and rating systems, such as the BREEAM standard introduced in Britain in 1990, and the LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)standards developed by the United Stated Green Building Council(USGBC)starting in 2000.4.這些有遠(yuǎn)見的建筑師們開始注重探索新的設(shè)計─注重建筑的維護(hù)及管理對環(huán)境造成的長期負(fù)面影響。這種方式已規(guī)范為若干評估分級體系，如1990年在英國開始實施的BREEAM（建筑研究組織環(huán)境評估方法）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如2000年開始實施的由美國綠色建筑委員會制定開發(fā)的LEED（能源及環(huán)境設(shè)計領(lǐng)導(dǎo)計劃）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。5.The LEED standards are intended to produce “the world's greenest and best buildings” by giving developers a straightforward checklist of criteria by which the greenness of a building can be judged.Points are awarded in various categories, from energy use(up to 17 points);to water-efficiency(up to five points)to indoor environment quality(up to 15 points);the total then determines the building's LEED rating.Extra points can be earned by installing particular features, such as renewable-energy generators or carbon-dioxide monitoring systems.A building that achieves a score of 39 points earns a “gold” rating;52 points earns a “platinum” rating.A gold-rated building is estimated to have reduced its environmental impact by 50% compared with an equivalent conventional building, and a platinum-rated building by over 70%.5.LEED標(biāo)準(zhǔn)旨在為開發(fā)商提供一份簡潔明了的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評判建筑綠色的程度，建造出“世界上最為環(huán)保的最佳建筑物”。評分高低依據(jù)以下幾個方面：能源利用（最高17分）、用水效率（最高5分）、室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量（最高15分）?？偡謱Q定建筑的LEED標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的級別。如果安裝了可更新能源發(fā)生器或者二氧化碳監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)等特別裝置的話，可以贏得額外的加分。凡是達(dá)到39的建筑被評為“黃金”級；達(dá)到52分的為“白金”級。據(jù)估計，相比較傳統(tǒng)的建筑，黃金級建筑對環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響將減少50%，白金級別的建筑將減少70%以上。

6.As green architecture moves into the mainstream, more green buildings came up.The USGBC says nearly 1,700 buildings in 50 states of America are now seeking LEED certification and 137 have been constructed and certified so far.The 48-storey Conde Nast Building at 4 Times Square in New York was one of the first examples in which green-architecture principles were applied to a large urban office building.In Britain, 70 office buildings constructed during 2003, representing 25%of the total by floor area, met the BREEAM standard.Similar standards have been adopted in New Zealand, Australia and Canada.In China, the Beijing Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games aims to host the first zero-net-emissions Games, which will include constructing all buildings and sports venues using green-architecture principles.6.隨著綠色建筑成為主流，越來越多的綠色建筑落成。美國綠色建筑委員會稱，美國50個州共有近1700幢建筑正在申請LEED標(biāo)準(zhǔn)認(rèn)證。到目前為止，已有137幢建筑建成并獲得認(rèn)證。樹立于紐約時代廣場的4號的48層高樓康德.納什大廈是最早將綠色建筑原理應(yīng)用于大型城市辦公大樓的范例之一。英國在2003年建成的70間辦公樓均符合BREEAM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，占總建筑面積的25%。新西蘭、澳大利亞和加拿大也采用了類似的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在中國，北京奧組委力爭主辦第一個零排放奧運(yùn)會，這將包括運(yùn)用綠色建筑原理建造所有的建筑物和體育場館。

7.There are many ways to reduce a building's environmental impact.30 St Mary Axe, designed by Foster and Partners, does so by using natural lighting and ventilation wherever possible.The front of the building consists of two layers of glass(the outer one double-glazed)enclosing a ventilated cavity with computer-controlled blinds.A system of weather sensors on the outside of the building monitors the temperature, wind speed and level of sunlight, closing blinds and opening windows panels as necessary.The building's shape maximizes the use of natural daylight, reducing the need for artificial lighting and providing impressive long-distance views even from deep inside the building.7.若要減少建筑對環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響，方法有多種。由福斯特及合伙人公司設(shè)計的圣瑪麗·阿克斯30號是通過盡可能地利用自然光和通風(fēng)來做到這一點的。大廈正面由兩層玻璃組成（外層玻璃是雙面涂釉的），內(nèi)設(shè)通風(fēng)孔和由電腦控制的百葉窗。位于建筑外部的天氣傳感器系統(tǒng)檢測溫度、風(fēng)速和光照強(qiáng)度，必要時關(guān)閉窗簾或開啟窗戶。大廈的外觀設(shè)計最大限度地利用自然光，減少人為照明的需要，提供令人難忘的遠(yuǎn)觀風(fēng)景，即使在大廈的深處也能觀景。

8.The highest-profile green building currently on the drawing board is the Freedom Trade Center in New York.The

main tower, which will rise 1,776 feet, will include solar panels and a wind farm, the turbines of which are expected to deliver around one megawatt of power, enough to provide up to 20% of the building's expected demand.Like other green buildings, it will rely on natural light and ventilation, and energy-efficient lighting.8.目前仍處于繪圖設(shè)計階段的最令人關(guān)注的綠色建筑是將建于紐約的自由貿(mào)易塔。主塔高達(dá)1176英尺，包括太陽能主板和風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組。其渦輪機(jī)預(yù)期發(fā)電約1000千瓦，這足以提供大廈所需能源的20%。和其他綠色建筑一樣，它將依靠自然光和通風(fēng)以及高效節(jié)能的照明系統(tǒng)。

9.High energy costs, environmental concerns and anxiety about the “sick building syndrome” associated with the sealed-box structures of the 1970s all helped to jump-start the green-architecture movement.But now economics is driving the shift towards greener design.9.高昂的能源成本、對環(huán)境問題的關(guān)注和與20世紀(jì)70年代盒狀封閉式建筑相關(guān)的“病態(tài)建筑綜合癥”所引發(fā)的憂患共同推動了綠色建筑運(yùn)動的興起。但是，現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)正驅(qū)使建筑轉(zhuǎn)向更為綠色的方向。

10.Going green saves money by reducing long-term energy costs: a survey of99 green buildings in America found that on average, they use 30% less energythan comparable conventional buildings.So any additional building costs can be recovered quickly: according to the USGBC the 2% increase in construction costs required to achieve a LEED gold rating typically pays for itself in lower running costs within two years.The traditional approach of trying to minimize construction costs, by contrast, can lead to higher energy bills and wasted materials.10.綠色建筑減少了長期能源消耗而節(jié)省了開支。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國99幢綠色建筑的平均耗能比同類傳統(tǒng)建筑減少了30%。因此，任何附加的建筑成本能夠很快的得到補(bǔ)償。根據(jù)美國綠色建筑委員會的統(tǒng)計，為達(dá)到LEED黃金級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所需增加的2%的建筑成本通常會在兩年內(nèi)通過低運(yùn)營成本而自行抵消。相反，設(shè)法降低建筑成本的傳統(tǒng)做法會導(dǎo)致更高的能源消耗費用和材料的費用。11.Energy-saving techniques need not all be as exotic as installing coated glass, computer-controlled blinds or photovoltaic cells.Michael Crosbie, an architect at Steven Winter Associates, a consultancy based in Norwalk, Connecticut, says builders are now insulating buildings more effectively, in some cases using materials such as recycled paper and fabrics, including old, shredded jeans.11.節(jié)省能源的技術(shù)并非一定包括如安裝涂釉玻璃、由電腦控制的百葉窗或光生伏打電池等一些奇特的方式。在康涅狄格州諾沃克一家名叫史蒂文·溫特的咨詢公司工作的建筑師邁克爾·克洛斯比說，建筑商正在更有效的使建筑物絕緣，在有些情況下他們還會利用諸如可再生紙張和包括破舊牛仔布在內(nèi)的織物等材料。

12.Green buildings can also have less obvious economic benefits.The use of natural daylight in office buildings, for example, as well as reducing energy costs, also seems to make workers more productive.Lockheed Martin, an aerospace firm, found that absenteeism fell by 15% after it moved 2,500 employees into a new green building in Sunnyvale, California.Similarly, me use of daylight in shopping complexes appears to increase sales.It also found that students in naturally lit classrooms performed up to 20% better.The increase in productivity paid for the building's higher construction costs witfiin a year.Green buildings can also reduce legal liabilities for their owners, since they are less likely to give rise to “sick building” lawsuits.12.綠色建筑還會帶來不太明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。比如，在辦公大樓里利用自然光，不僅能減少能源成本，似乎也能使工人們的生產(chǎn)率提高。洛克希德·馬汀航空公司發(fā)現(xiàn)，自公司的2500位員工搬入加利福尼亞桑尼維爾的一幢新的綠色建筑工作以后，曠工率減少了35%。同樣的，商場使用自然光似乎能提高銷售額。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生在自然照明的教室中學(xué)習(xí)，成績提高了20%。生產(chǎn)率成本在一年內(nèi)相抵。綠色建筑還能為其業(yè)主減少法律責(zé)任，因為他們不太可能引發(fā)與“病態(tài)建筑”相關(guān)的訴訟案。

13.Despite its benefits and its growing popularity, green architecture is still the exception.Not the rule, however.The main problem is co-ordination, for green buildings require much more planning by architects, engineers, builders and developers than traditional buildings.But new software is now improving planning by simulating how a building will perform before it is built.13.盡管綠色建筑益處多多，并越來越受歡迎，但這仍是個例，而非慣例。其主要問題在于協(xié)調(diào)，因為比起傳統(tǒng)建筑，綠色建筑需要建筑師、工程師、建筑商和開發(fā)商更多的規(guī)劃。不過，在建筑始建前便模擬出其運(yùn)營狀況的新型軟件正使這種規(guī)劃更為可行。

14.In the old days, says Mr.Bernstein, vice-president of the building solutions division at AutoDesk, a software company, assessing a building's environmental impact had to be done with spreadsheets, calculators and informed guessing, and three-dimensional modeling was primarily used to prepare presentations.But now the three-dimensional computer models are being used with sophisticated analytical tools.It is possible to predict how much energy and water a building will consume, how much material will be needed, and other parameters that determine its LEED certification.14.在一家名叫歐特克的軟件公司的建筑問題處理部擔(dān)任副總裁的伯恩斯坦先生說，過去在評估一幢建筑對環(huán)境的影響時必須運(yùn)用電子表格程序、計算器和有根據(jù)的猜測，而三維模型主要為

準(zhǔn)備演示所用。但是現(xiàn)在電腦三維模型結(jié)合精密分析工具的運(yùn)用便可以預(yù)測一幢大樓所要消耗多少能源和水，需要多少材料，以及決定其獲得LEED標(biāo)準(zhǔn)證書的其他參數(shù)。

15.Computers also make possible entirely new designs.30 St Mary Axe, for example, could not have been built without a computer model to specify the exact shape of every one of its 5,500 glass panels, or to model the airflow in and around Computers also make possible entirely new designs.30 St Mary Axe, for example, could not have been built without a computer model to specify the exact shape of every one of its 5,500 glass panels, or to model the airflow in and around it.Similarly, computer modeling made possible the Avax office building completed in Athens, Greece, in 1998.It has sheaves of glass which open and close automatically, depending on the intensity and angle of the sun, to provide sunlight while preventing the building from overheating.The ventilation system in Pittsburgh's convention center uses the natural “chimney effect” created by its sweeping roof to draw air through vents by the river below, cooling the building without using a single fan.15.電腦也使全新的設(shè)計成為可能。比如，如果沒有電腦模型來具體計算出其5500塊玻璃板中每一塊的確切形狀，或者對室內(nèi)和周邊空氣的流動預(yù)制模型，圣瑪麗·阿克斯30號就不可能建成。同樣。正是憑借電腦模型設(shè)計才是1998年希臘雅典的愛瓦克斯辦公樓得以建成。它有多層的玻璃窗，可根據(jù)陽光的強(qiáng)度和角度自動開啟和關(guān)閉，在提供光照的同時防止大廈內(nèi)部過熱。匹茲堡會議中心的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)利用其弧形屋頂造成的自然的“煙囪效應(yīng)”，把下面河邊的空氣通過通氣孔吸上來，是大樓變得涼爽，一臺電風(fēng)扇都無需使用。

16.This is more than a mere fad, or the use of technology for the sake of it, says Mr.Bernstein.Green architecture will, he suggests, help to reshape the construction industry over the next five years, with ever more innovative, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.“No one is doing this for fun,” he says.“There's too much at stake.”

16.伯恩斯坦先生說，這不只是一種時尚，或者為技術(shù)而采用的技術(shù)。他認(rèn)為，綠色建筑將有助于在未來的五年中重塑建筑業(yè)，建造出別具匠心、高效節(jié)能和環(huán)保的建筑。他說：“沒有人是為了好玩才這么做，其中的利害關(guān)系太大了。”

第二篇：2012職稱英語押題

To Have and have not 1.why did the writer want to to have a change of scene 2.what attracted the writer the light coming from inside 3.the writer found the stock of top quality 4.what was unusual about the she seemed to know him 5.the writer disliked the back he saw nothing he really like

Going Her Own Way 1.maria wanted to attend technical high school 2.in those days,most Italian girls did not go to high school 3.you can infer from this passage only boys usually attend 4.maria’s father probably had very traditional views 5.high school teachers in Italy in quite strict

A Tale of Scottish Rural Life 1.what is sunset song mainly

the lives of rural Scottish 2.which statement is not true she married only once

3.what is the opening section

the history of kinraddie 4.who are responsible for ewan

the germans

5.the word sunset occurring in

the end of traditional life

Pop Music in Africa

1.this passage is about how

more serious than most 2.for people outside of Africa

both familiar and different 3.the musicians mentioned in

write about serious problems 4.eric wainaina music in boston 5.witness mwaijaga writes about

she has had a difficult life

Why So Many Children 1.in a traditional agricultural

can be an advantage 2.when countries become

the birth rate generally 3.according to this passage

industrialized low birth 4.Saudi Arabia is mentioned

Factors other than the 5.In mexico,Thailand,and

Has tried to improve the

EAT to Live

1.which of the following not

we have to begin dieting 2.why does the author mention

to illustrate the effect of 3.what can be inferred about

they are more likely to suffer 4.which of the following most

the mice that started dieting 5.according to the last two

dieting is not a good method

New us Plan for Disease Prevention 1.which is not true of chronic

they often result in unhealthy 2.the author mentions all the

higher survival rate for cancer 3.the article indicates that more

much less money needed for 4.the $15 million program is

promoting disease prevention 5.early cancer screening can help

cancer death rate

The Operation of International Airlines 1.in operating airlines it is essential

cater to the need of passengers 2.the following are all mentioned

the tourist industry is experiencing

3.the improvements the airlines

showing more movies during 4.there is not much the airlines

speeding up customs procedure 5.which of the following is a bad

travel on the flight they booked

Sauna

1.ceremonial bathing various forms 2.what is understood by some

saunas with smoke

3.according to the third except

curing asthma

4.according to the fourth because

pores are cleaned by sweat 5.who are advised not to take

all of the above

Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist 1.the question raised in the first

that was never thought of before 2.the project funded by the national

was to find out why some buildings 3.the column mentioned by dr.was part of the building close to 4.A surprising discovery made by

Some floor framing systems are 5.What dr.reinhorn said in the last

Blast engineering emerges as a Americans Get Touchy 1.the word “practically”in the

nearly 2.which is not among the embrace 3.some parents tearchers excep diseases could be transmitted 4.which following is true in some countries,it’s usual 5.we can infer that

positive

Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for 1.debenhams could most a department store 2.british women are happy the climate of great britain 3.we can infer from the second most women no longer wore 4.which following statements true from the age of 23,skirt length 5.the word “zoom” in the first soar

Defending the Theory of Evolution 1.according to the first paragraph school boards oppose AIBS’s 2.which one of not the reason darwin’s theory is denied as 3.AIBS is composed

more than 80

4.According to weis in the 5th

Is fundamental to the 5.Why do people replace the

The term creationism is too

Narrow Escape

1.why was it “too late” by the

rocks loosened by melting 2.the first reason given to

that climbers above you 3.what is likely to be cailloux

rocks are falling

4.what is sarcastic in the words

being hit by a rock isn’t 5.in what sense was toby ”safe”

the overhanging rock would

Finding Enlightenment in Scotland 1.scotland is thought to have

the ideas proposed by some 2.which of the following

to find ways to improve 3.smith’s idea of “enlightened

the prosperity of all nations 4.which of the following true

it is still alive in a broad sense 5.the institute for system level

the tradition of Scottish higher

The Beginning of American Literature 1.what does “that hope” in

the hope to start a new life 2.when did American literature

long before the year 1,000 3.what can we learn from the

about the everyday life of 4.the main purpose of the last

early-day experience 5.which of the following true

some british writers had great

Older Volcanic Eruptions

1.why did older volcanic eruptions

they killed off life more 2.how did wignall calculate

by comparing the proportion 3.when did dinosaurs become

million years ago 4.what can be inferred from

the cause of their extinction 5.what is the main thesis of

older volcanic eruptions were

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第三篇：2013職稱英語abc押題

第十一篇 When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach

Our senses aren’t just delivering 汪 strict view of what’s going on in the world;they’re affected by what’s going on in our heads.A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who’ve just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what’s going on,inside our head affects our senses.For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter.Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，F(xiàn)rance，wanted to investigate how this happens.Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’s high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index.On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating.Then they were told there was a delay.Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first.So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen.One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each.They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive.A quarter of the words were food-related.After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they’d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat.Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words.Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception ,not in thinking processes, Radel says.“This is something great to me.Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for.From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says.第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience

Shimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback.The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robot is billed as an interactive “musical friend”.“Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music，” said Professor Gil Weinberg, the robot’s creator.He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco.A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements.Shimi is essentially a docking station with a “brain” powered by an Android phone.Once docked, the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device.In other words, if there’s an “app” for that, Shimi is ready.For instance, by using the phone’s camera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its “ears”，or speakers, for optimal sound.Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo.If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion.Once the music starts，Shimi dances to the rhythm.“Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph.D.candidate Mason Bretan.“Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive.’’Future apps in the works will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume.The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the user’s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi’s creative and interactive capabilities.“I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes.” Weinberg said.Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech.Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season.“If robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines一 small, entertaining and fun，，Weinberg said.“They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots in our lives.”

第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright

Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day.These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don’t question.But an international team of researchers, including Dr.Richmond from GW’s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources.The team of researchers from the U.S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape — one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs.“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, “，said Dr.Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource.Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands.Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea.The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University’s “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest.Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not.The chimpanzees’ behavior was monitored in three situations:(a)when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c)when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time.Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether.The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four.Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一 even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources.Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.2013年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ惤滩男略鰞?nèi)容：

第三篇 Giant Structures

It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more __1__ constructions appear.Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our __2__ although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.The Petronas Twin Towers

The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999.With a __3__ of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur.At the 41st floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city.The American __4__ Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.Constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around 1，800 square metres of office space __5__ every floor.And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other __6__ of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades.The MiUau Bridge

The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tam Valley，in southern France.__7__ the time it was built，it was the world’s highest bridge, __8__ over 340m at the highest point.The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the worl D.It was built to __9__ Millau's congestion problems.The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain.The bridge was built to withstand the __10__ extreme seismic and climatic conditions.Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years!

The Itaipu Dam

The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the worl D.It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana, __11__ forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay.Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two __12__.The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size.In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s __13__ needs.In its construction, the __14__ of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a __15__ amazing wonder of engineering.第八篇 Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures

The vultures in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp __1__ in three species of India’s vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental __2__ The dramatic decline in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the same areas as the __3__.It is also causing serious public health problems __4__ the Indian sub-continent.While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have __5__played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean.It is __6__they feed on dead cows.In India, cows are sacred animals and are __7__ left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.The disappearance of the vultures has __8__ an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals.There are fears that rabies may __9__ as a result.And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region, since wild dogs are its main carriers.Rabies could also spread to other animal species, causing an even greater problem in the __10__.The need for action is __11__, so an emergency project has been launched to __12__ a solution to this serious vulture problem.Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds，deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.Large-scale vulture __13__ were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India.A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined __14__ over 90 per cent.All three species are now listed as “critically endangered”.As most vultures lay only single eggs and __15__ about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but __1__ now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector.That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more __2__ but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of __3_.Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower __4__.And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a __5__ in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.”

Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, __6__ known as thin-film silicon.They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper.And, because they __7__ much less silicon, they have a greener footprint.Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are __8__ to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That means that their efficiency __9__ when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the __10__ thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new __11__ of PVT.You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work.In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling __12__ of water, they could make thicker cells that largely __13__ the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy __14__ , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they __15__ the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

第四篇：2012職稱英語B級押題

詞匯選項（同義詞）

1.It was(advisable)for an old couple to adopt an orphan, as they had no children of their own.C.sensible 2.There are several things to(take into consideration)when you are searching.-A.take into account 3.About eight at night, and already very（weary）, I came to a long house.D.exhausted 4.The revival of corporate-bond markets, if（sustained）, would be good news.-B.maintained 5.She was（strolling）as though she had no particular objective.C.sauntering 6.We're getting a（wage）increase of 40 a year, before tax.C.salary 7.The King is a（mighty）monarch but full of pride, harsh and cruel.A.forceful 8.His account is correct except that some details are（omitted）.-B.elided 9.I'll（answer for）it you shall have nothing put upon you here.-C.take the responsibility of 10.In such cases there is normally a（swift）collapse of value.A.fast 11.It seems that the two friends meet masked and（vaguely）know each other through the disguise.-B.dimly 12.We have a tight schedule for your(brief)visit.-C.short-lived 13.Some of the women in the office felt（dizzy）and screamed.-C.faint 14.No rich country has laid out a（credible）, medium-term fiscal plan-B.believable

15.If they are（unwilling）, the only way to maintain a friendship is to socialize outside their homes.-D.reluctant

詞匯選項（同義詞）

1.We will give every staff(space)to develop.B.room

2.He was known as a(reliable)man.A.faithful

3.He(achieved)success by working hard.B.attained

4.This book isn't(funny)at all.C.amusing

5.Idleness is the(root)of all evil.-C.cause

6.Mary decided to(take out)her bad tooth.-C.extract

7.He is a(highly)competent teacher.-B.quite

8.Can you(account for)why we lost?16.Physicians are prohibited to talk about the topic of sex selection.A.Right

17.Before the study of sex selection, data showing the demand was blank.A.Right

18.In the study 332 women wanted to choose the sex of a future child.B.Wrong

19.Every woman would like to have her next child of the opposite sex.B.Wrong

20.Now in China there are two methods of sex selection being used.C.Not mentioned 21.In vitro fertilization means pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.B.Wrong

22.The method of sperm separation is cheaper than the method of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.A.Right

概括大意和完成句子――Washoe學(xué)會了美國手語

Washoe Learned American Sign Language 23.Paragraph 1____ C.General Information about Washoe 24.Paragraph 2____ B.Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language 25.Paragraph 3____ E.Debate on Chimps' Intelligence 26.Paragraph 4____ A.Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays 27.Washoe could make signs to communicate____.C.when she wanted to eat 28.Some scientists doubted____.A.if the Gardeners' argument was sound 29.Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language_____.D.while she was at research center in Ellensburg 30.The experiments thought Washoe was intelligent _____.E.becuase she could use sign language to ask for fruits 概括大意和完成句子――對別人的第一印象是怎樣形成的 How We Form First Impression 23.Paragraph 2

D.Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories 24.Paragraph 3

C.Illustration of First Impression 25.Paragraph 4

B.Comment on First Impression 26.Paragraph 5

A.Ways of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions

27.Sensory information is one that is received through ___.E.the sights and sounds of the world

28.You interpret ___by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain.D.the meaning of incoming sensory information

29.The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking, which is similar to ___.C.the immature form of thinking of a very young people

30.We can use our mature style of thinking thanks to ___.B.the most complex areas of our cortex

概括大意和完成句子――移動卡之間的債務(wù)可以節(jié)省您的錢

Moving Debt Between Cards Can Save You Money 23.Paragraph 2

B.Take up teaser offers 24.Paragraph 3

C.Check the small print 25.Paragraph 4

D.Keep Track of Time 26.Paragraph 5

F.Moving Around and Your Credit Rating

27.Chances are that you would get a cheaper or better card because_____.C.the credit card industry is so competitive.28.These teaser rates will save you a lot of money especially_____.A.if you switch to another card's teaser rate.29.You'll have to pay interest at the normal rate_____.B.if you miss the end of the teaser period by even a day.30.Bear in mind that the longer you move debt around for,_____.F.the fewer companies will want to send you their very best teaser rates.所屬題型：閱讀理解――看許久以前的世界

Seeing the World Centuries Ago

If you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur。。。more than 75,000 miles.31.This passage is mostly about____.C.where three early travel writers went and wrote about 32.Ibn Battutah traveled____.C.throughout the Muslim world 33.The books of the three writers were popular because____.B.they told of strange and exotic locales 34.The overall organization of this passage is through____.A.chronological order 35.In this passage “attest” means to____.D.give proof of 所屬題型：閱讀理解――“幸運(yùn)的”魯肯伯爵——是死是活

“Lucky” Lord Lucan—Alive or Dead

On 8th November 1974。。。。if it can close the book on this one.36.The public are still interested in the investigation because ____.C.Lord Lucan has never been found 37.It is thought that Lucan killed the nanny because ____.C.it was dark and he thought she was Lady Lucan 38.Aspinall thought Lucan killed himself by ____.D.sinking his boat 39.Lucan could have been killed because people ____.B.thought he might talk to the police about them if he was caught 40.EX-detective MacLaughlin claimed that Mr.Barry Haplin ____.C.was really Lord Lucan in disguise 所屬題型：閱讀理解――講述可怕的過去

Tales of the Terrible Past

It is not the job of。。。historical situations alive for a modern audience.41.This passage is mostly about____.D.two novels that deal with slavery 42.Beloved is set____.C.in Ohio after the Civil War

43.The writer seems to feel that____.B.the books are worthwhile but challenging 44.The writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their____.D.portrayal of violence

45.The word “appalling” means____.A.terrible

閱讀理解――撒哈拉沙漠

The Sahara

The name Sahara。。。。The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.31.This passage is mostly about____.A.life in the Sahara

32.Rainfall in most of the Sahara is____.A.less than five inches per year

33.The Sahara can be described as____.A.a place of contrasts

34.The phrase “an area roughly the size of the United States” gives an indication of the size of____.C.the Sahara

35.In this passage caravan means____.B.a group traveling together through difficult country

閱讀理解――芭蕾舞的發(fā)展

The Development of Ballet

Ballet is a dance form that has。。。。1948 and to influence new generations of dancers.。

36.This passage deals mainly with____.C.the way ballet developed

37.An important influence in early ballet was____.D.Louis XIV

38.You can conclude from this passage that ballet____.B.will continue to change as new people and ideas influence it

39.The information in this passage is presented____.D.in chronological order

40.The word pageants means____.D.elaborate shows 閱讀理解――《晚宴派對》

The Dinner Party

I first heard this。。。。Because it was crawling across my foot.“ 41.Which of the statements about the dining room is NOT true? C.It has limited space.42.In the discussion the major says in any crisis a man C.has that ounce more of control than a woman has.43.The American feels startled when he sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda in that A.he knows there must be a cobra in the dining room.44.Instead of warnning the others, the American asks them C.not to move a muscle while he is counting.45.What does the American do when he sees the cobra emerge?

D.He jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut.閱讀理解――索非婭。羅蘭

Sophia Loren 31.Sophia Loren was once nicknamed Stechetto because C.she was skinny and little.32.Her first taste of glamour gained her C.a train ticket to Rome and $35.33.In another beauty contest Sofia won A.the second place.34.Which of the following statements about Carlo Ponti is NOT true? D.He first got married in 1957.35.When did Loren and Ponti legally get married? D.In 1966 閱讀理解――走私

Smuggling

It is not unusual。。。surprises us.” 36.The dog was different from others in that A.it had an unusual lump on its body.37.The smuggler uses snakes to C.transport the drugs.38.How many pounds of heroin were estimated to be smuggled into the United States in 1994? B.2,577 39.Which of the following could best replace

the expression “small fry” in the third paragraph?

C.Small smugglers

40.What is this article about?

C.Varied drug transportation methods 閱讀理解――作出暫時的犧牲的愛

Making a Temporary Sacrifice of Love

For two years,。。be for the rest of our lives.41.What does Hurley's husband do？ B.He is a student.42.In tradition, what kind of husband do American women want?

C.Men with higher education.43.When making the sacrifice, those women will face the following difficulties EXCEPT that

D.others' misunderstanding.44.What does the word “breadwinner” in paragraph five mean?

A.The person who supports the family.45.What is Mike's attitude towards the future of his family in the hard days? B.Optimistic.補(bǔ)全短文――虛擬駕駛員

Virtual Driver

Driving involves sharp。。。should be like.46.()D.But how does an intelligent car control itself?

47.()C.This is the brain of the car.48.()E.It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds.49.()A.Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.50.()B.In the near future, intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation.補(bǔ)全短文――如何幫助孩子克服恐懼

Help the Children Conquer Fear

Many parents struggle。。particularly fears of imaginary creatures.46.()C.The study appears in the November 2009 issue of the journal Child Development.47.()A.Each story featured a child alone or with another person.48.()F.They were also asked to offer a way to help the child in the story feel less afraid.49.()D.In these situations, girls more often wanted to avoid the creature than boys.50.()B.But older children tended to suggest reminding themselves what the reality was.補(bǔ)全短文――遠(yuǎn)程辦公

Telecommuting

Telecommuting, substituting the computer for the trip to the job,。。。。That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.46.()C.For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board by eliminating commutes.47.()E.Those local governments also believe the use of telecommuting can improve air quality.48.()A.She hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.49.()F.Because young children cannot recognize the necessary boundaries between work and family.50.()D.Besides workers, telecommuting management too must separate the myth from the reality.所屬題型：完形填空――職業(yè)母親

Working Mothers

Carefully conducted。。。(65)that matters.51.（）A.view

52.（）C.number

53.（）A.afford

54.（）C.necessity 55.（）B.cut 56.（）D.comes

57.（）C.across

58.（）C.In reality

59.（）B.matter

60.（）A.perfectly

61.（）C.members

62.（）D.plenty of 63.（）B.attached

64.（）D.do

65.（）A.quality

完形填空――有鳥陪伴的生活

A Life with Birds 51.（）B.better

52.（）D.top

53.（）C.From

54.（）A.for

55.（）D.offered

56.（）C.hesitation

57.（）A.aware

58.（）B.maintaining

59.（）B.make

60.（）A.devotes

61.（）D.fact

62.（）C.keep

63.（）C.At first

64.（）B.keen

65.（）B.all

完形填空――城市交通

Traffic in Our Cities

The volume of traffic(65)at an acceptable level.51.（）A.of

52.（）D.persuade

53.（）A.approach

54.（）B.increasing

55.（）D.taking away 56.（）C.breaks

57.（）D.known

58.（）B.number

59.（）A.fixed

60.（）C.dealing

61.（）A.outskirts

62.（）D.final

63.（）B.thing

64.（）C.give up

65.（）B.kept

第五篇：2013職稱英語押題閱讀理解

C級押題 Eat to Live A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‘s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‘t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‘s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler‘s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3.Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old —

equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice.The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production 一

probably bad news for mouse health.In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes.But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,‖ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful.―There‘s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,‖ he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver.As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example.A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn‘t sure the trade-off is worth it.―The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‘re hungry,‖ he says.―Even seeing what a diet does, it‘s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ?I can only eat half of that,.‖

Spindler hopes we soon won‘t need to diet at all.His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.詞匯：

meager adj.不足的 youthful adj.有青春活力的

vigor n.精力，活力

metabolize vt.使（一種物質(zhì)）進(jìn)入新陳代謝過程

genetic adj.基因的 rejuvenation n.恢復(fù)活力，返老還童 注釋：

1.hang on to ：繼續(xù)保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一

it might be worth a lot of money one day.你應(yīng)該繼續(xù)保留那幅畫-----或許有一天它會值很多錢。

2.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會逆轉(zhuǎn)老鼠在其他方面的老化，但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time 歲月造成的莫他方面的破壞，即―其他方面的老化‖。metabolize drugs：代謝藥物，即―使藥物參與新陳代謝以提高藥效‖。get rid of：擺脫，除去。

3.half-ration和 half-feed 都是指―老鼠飼料正常定量（normal diet)的一半‖。

4.free radical production:指體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生(形成）。

5.kick in：意為―開始起作用‖。

如：We‘re still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我們還在等著空調(diào)開始起作用。

6.be worth it：意為―值得，有益‖。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些東西很貴，但劃得來。練習(xí)：

1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C To tell us how mice‘s liver genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? A They will not experience free radical production.B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?

A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5.According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.答案與題解：

1.D第一段第一句講―節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事‖，第二句講―即使上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食，我們

仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力‖，因此，―我們必須從小就開始節(jié)食‖是錯誤的，D是答案。

2.B第二段提及―一只髙齡老鼠‖的時候，作者談到，―只要連續(xù)四周限制它進(jìn)食，它的肝臟基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力‖。據(jù)此，―為了描述節(jié)食對老鼠所產(chǎn)生的影響‖最好地回答了題干中的問題o 3.D 第四段提到，―正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠隨著年齡的增長有 46 條肝臟基因會發(fā)生變化，這種變化與炎癥和有機(jī)體組織無限激增有關(guān)‖，因此，D正確。

4.A 第四段最后一個句子講―但最驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)是那些上了年紀(jì)才開始節(jié)食的老鼠也能從70%的基因變化中受益‖。―最驚人的‖自然是―最令研究人員感興趣的‖。

5.C 文章的最后兩段談及 Spindler 對節(jié)食的看法。首先，他不能肯定節(jié)食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的將來，我們不必節(jié)食。所以我們可以推知，他認(rèn)為節(jié)食不是得以健康長壽的好辦法。參考譯文

為生存而食

粗茶淡飯或許能給你健康和長壽，但這并不有趣——很有可能也沒必要。即便在年老以后才

開始節(jié)食我們也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。

加州大學(xué) Riverside 分校的斯蒂芬?斯潘德爾及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，只要連續(xù)四周限制一些衰老的老鼠進(jìn)食，它們的肝臟基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力。雖然老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會逆

轉(zhuǎn)它們在其他方面的老化，但是卻有助于這些老鼠的肝臟對藥物的新陳代謝和清除毒素。

斯潘德爾的隊員們一直給其中的三只老鼠正常量的飼料，而給另外三只老鼠正常量飼料的一半，給三只 34個月大的老鼠（相當(dāng)于人類年齡的 70歲）喂了一個月的半量飼料，之前這三只老鼠的飼料量是正常的。

研究者們檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的 11,000 種基因的活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠有46 種基因隨

年齡的改變而改變。這些改變都與體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)——這對老鼠的健康來說不是什么好消息。而對于那些終身都在節(jié)食的老鼠來說，那 46種基因中的 27 種仍然繼續(xù)保持著青春活力。但

是最令人吃驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是那些只是在老年時期節(jié)食的老鼠們受益于 70%的基因變異。

―這只是第一個這些效果迅速起作用的暗示‖，來自華盛頓特區(qū)周邊的國家老年學(xué)學(xué)院的哈勃?華納說。

至今仍然沒有人清楚卡路里的控制對人類來說是否如同對老鼠那樣有效，但是斯潘德爾對此充滿了希望：―有足以引人注意的證據(jù)表明這同樣有效?！?如果這確實也對人類有效，我們有理由相信肝臟也可能恢復(fù)活力。舉個例子，隨著我們一天天衰老，我們的身體對藥物的新陳代謝越來越?jīng)]有效率。短時期內(nèi)的節(jié)食，斯潘德爾說到，完全足以保證藥效。

但是斯潘德爾并不確定這個方法值得嘗試。―老鼠患病少了，壽命延長了，但是它們很饑餓，‖他說，―即使能清楚地認(rèn)識到節(jié)食的功效，人們?nèi)匀缓茈y在餐館中說自己只能吃一半的食物?！? 斯潘德爾希望我們根本就不用節(jié)食。他的公司，加利福尼亞州的壽命遺傳學(xué)公司，正在尋找有限制卡路里效能的藥物

C級押題 Common-cold Sense You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it.2 Maybe it got the name ―common cold‖ because it‘s more common in winter.The fact is, though, being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one 3.Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one4.Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults – an average of about eight per year.Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple.They haven‘t had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses.There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice.Being infected by one makes you immune to it – but only it.5

Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route.6 The highest concentration of cold viruses 7 anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.Hygiene is your best defense.Wash your‘ hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds.But even careful hygiene won‘t ward off 8 every cold.So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose 9 strikes? The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start.But you‘ll also find some of the folk remedies10 worth trying.Hot mixtures of sugar(or honey), lemon, and water have-real benefits.詞匯：

rhinovirus ／ n.鼻病毒

preferably ／adv.更可取地，更好地 virus ／n．病毒

disinfectant／n． 消毒劑，殺菌劑

immune／adj.免疫的，有免疫力的 prescription ／n．訣竅；處方，藥infect ／vt．傳染，侵染，感染

sneeze／vi．打噴嚏

remedy ／n．治療，治療法，藥品

thumbnail／n．拇指甲 注釋：

1．標(biāo)題―common-cold sense‖實際上是在單詞―commonsense‖（常識）中插入cold（感冒）一詞，意為―關(guān)于感冒的常識‖。2．―You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it‖字面上的意思是―你無法打敗它，但你并不是非得加入它的行列不可‖，實際上指的是目前尚沒找到徹底對付感冒的辦法，但至少我們可以試圖預(yù)防感冒。

3． ．．．being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one。動名詞短語―being cold‖意思是―感到冷‖，在句中作主語；動詞短語―not have anything to do with something‖意思是―與某事無關(guān)‖，在句中作謂語；最后一個不定代詞―one‖指的是―一種感冒‖，作賓語。整句話的意思是―受涼和得感冒并沒有什么因果關(guān)系‖。

4.．．． medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one.醫(yī)學(xué)與其說能教你如何擺脫感冒，不如說它能告訴你如何預(yù)防感冒。

5．Being infected by one makes you immune to it--but only it.被一種病毒感染過后使你對它產(chǎn)生免疫力——但只是對這種（病毒）而言。be immune to sth．意思是―對某物有免疫力‖或―不受某事的影響‖。

6.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route．這是一個倒裝句，按照正常語序句子應(yīng)該是The most common route is from another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes，意為―最普通的（傳染）途徑是從別人的手傳到你的手中，再傳到你的鼻子或眼睛里去‖。

7．The highest concentration of cold viruses：感冒病菌最集中的地方 8．ward off:避開，防止 9．runny nose:流鼻涕

10．folk remedies:土藥方，偏方 全文翻譯

關(guān)于感冒的常識

目前尚沒有找到徹底對付感冒的方法，但至少我們可以預(yù)防感冒。感冒這一名稱的由來是因為這種病癥常見于冬天。而事實上受涼和感冒并沒有什么因果關(guān)系。感冒是由鼻病毒的傳播引起的，而且直到今天，醫(yī)學(xué)能告訴你的只是如何去預(yù)防而不是如何根治感冒。

感冒病毒經(jīng)常通過兒童傳染給成人，因為兒童易得感冒——平均一年里有8次左右。為什么小孩比父母更加容易得感冒？答案很簡單。兒童不可能對多種感冒病毒都具有免疫能力。

感冒病毒有150多種。一個人不可能兩次感染上同一病毒。被一種病毒感染后人體就會產(chǎn)生對它的免疫力。但這種免疫力只是針對這一種病毒。

感冒傳播的途徑通常不是打噴嚏和咳嗽，而是身體的直接接觸。最普通的途徑是從別人的手傳到你的手中，再傳到你的鼻子或眼睛里去。感冒病毒最集中的地方是小孩的拇指甲蓋里，盡管在皮膚等光滑表面上病毒也能存活幾個小時。

保持衛(wèi)生是最好的預(yù)防方法：經(jīng)常用消毒肥皂洗手，尤其是當(dāng)家里有小孩患感冒時。

然而即使注意衛(wèi)生也不能預(yù)防所有的感冒。當(dāng)你咳嗽、打噴嚏、流鼻涕時該怎么辦？

服兩片阿司匹林，大量喝水，睡一覺，這個老法子還是很有效的。也可以試試一些偏方，用熱開水加糖（或蜂蜜）和檸檬汁內(nèi)服，這個方法也很管用。練習(xí)：

1.According to the essay, you may have a cold because A

the weather is too cold.B

the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infected.C another person‘s coughing passes the cold to you.D you wash your hands too often.2.The best way to keep yourself from getting colds is A to keep yourself clean.B

to use a disinfectant soap.C to take two aspirins every day.D to drink lots of water.3.Children have more colds because A

they are usually infected about eight times each year.B

they are not immune to many cold viruses yet.C

they never wash their hands so that their thumbnails are dirty.D

they don‘t like eating lemon.4.When you are having a cold, A

it is always the same kind of cold that you had last time.B

it may be the same kind of cold that ?you had last time.C

It is certainly not the same kind of cold that you had last time.D

it is probably not the same kind of cold that you had last time.5.When one is having a cold, he may often have all the following symptoms EXCEPT A coughing.B

Having a sore throat.C having a runny nose.D having a stomachache.答案與題解：

1．B 第一段雖然提到了感冒常發(fā)生于冬天，但緊接下去說得很清楚：受涼并不會導(dǎo)致感冒，所以A不是正確答案。文章第四段第一句說得明白：感冒通常是由于與感冒的人身體直接接觸而傳染的，而不是由打噴嚏或咳嗽傳染的，所以C項也不是正確答案。至于D更是錯誤。答案B與第一段第四句的意義相吻合，因此是正確答案。

2．A 第五段的第一句話―Hygiene is your best defense‖意思是―衛(wèi)生是你的最佳防御‖，與A項相吻合，因此A項是正確答案。同一段中提到的用消毒肥皂洗手，雖然也是保持衛(wèi)生的手段之一，但僅是一個具體措施，不是全部措施，所以B項不是正確答案oc項提到的服阿司匹林是治感冒的手段之一，而非預(yù)防手段（況且沒有說到―一天服兩片‖！）D項提到的多喝水在文中也指治療手段，所以C和D都不是正確答案。

3．B 第二段中提到兒童平均一年得八次感冒，這是一個統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)而不是兒童得感冒的原因；文中并沒有說―兒童從不洗手‖；文中也沒有說―兒童不喜歡吃檸檬‖；所以A、C、D都不對。B項與第二段最后一句意思一樣，是正確答案。4．C 第三段提到有150多種感冒病毒，而人們絕不會被同一種病毒侵害兩次，因為得了一次感冒后對相應(yīng)的病毒就獲得了免疫力，所以只有C項才符合第三段的內(nèi)容。

5．D 本題談的是文中提及的感冒癥狀。文中并沒有提到得了感冒就胃疼，實際上文中根本就沒有―stomachache‖這個詞或相關(guān)的字眼，所以D項是正確答案。

C級押題

Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at

Bay Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a ―positive emotional style‖5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose.―People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,‖ explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.―And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.‖

Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional ―style‖.Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.He researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.詞匯：

bay／n．絕境，窮途末路

flu／（influenza的簡稱）n．流(行性)感（冒）virus ／n.病毒

disposition ／n．本性，性情

psychosomatic ／adj.心身的，身心的boost／vt．& n．提高，舉起 scratchy／adj．刺痛的，使人發(fā)癢的 runny／adj.流黏液的 Pittsburgh／n．匹茲堡（美國城市）

colleague／n．同事 susceptible／adj, 易感的，敏感的catch／vt．感染到 trait ／n.特質(zhì)；特性

perceive／vt．發(fā)覺，覺察；理解

energetic／adj.精力充沛的，精飽滿的 easy-going／adj．隨和的 tense ／adj.緊張的 hostile／adj.敵意的

nasal ／adj.鼻的 ache／n．（長時間連續(xù)的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze ／vi．打噴嚏

congestion ／n.充血

mucus ／n．黏液

woe ／n.痛苦，苦惱；（復(fù)）災(zāi)難，苦頭 注釋：

1．Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay：情緒樂觀的人不易患感冒。warm people原意是―熱心腸的人，情緒高昂的人‖，keep/hold..at bay是―使……走投無路，不使……接近‖的意思，因此本題目如果直譯則是―情緒高昂的人可能讓感冒不能得逞‖或―情緒高昂的人可能遠(yuǎn)離感冒‖或―情緒高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外‖。

2．staying positive:保持積極向上（的情緒）

3．exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接觸感冒（病毒）或流感病毒。expose原意是―使暴露，使面臨‖，這里expose sb．to sth．是―使……接觸……‖的意思。4．sunny disposition:樂觀開朗的個性

5．positive emotional style:樂觀情緒型，情緒積極型 6．scratchy throat:嗓子痛

7．susceptible to:對……敏感的，容易受到……影響的 8．a(chǎn)s to: 關(guān)于，至于 全文翻譯：

樂觀情緒助你遠(yuǎn)離感冒

最新研究顯示，保持樂觀積極的情緒是預(yù)防感冒的最佳途徑。一項令健康受試者接觸感冒病毒的實驗證明，積極情緒類型的受試者受感染的幾率相對較小。

這個名為―積極情緒可以幫助預(yù)防感冒及其他疾病‖的發(fā)現(xiàn)被刊登在《身心醫(yī)學(xué)》期刊上，而究其原因則分為客觀和主觀兩方面?？陀^原因是積極樂觀的情緒有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)的功能，而主觀原因則是：心情快樂的人較少受到咽痛和流鼻涕的困擾。

來自匹茲堡卡內(nèi)基，梅隆大學(xué)的Sheldon Cohen博土是此研究的主要參與者，他解釋道―積極情緒類型的人對于病毒的免疫反應(yīng)可能較常人不同‖，―而且當(dāng)患感冒時，他們往往不會把自己的病情想象得太糟糕。‖

在此前一項更早的研究中，Cohen及其同事就曾經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，積極情緒型的人對感冒病毒似乎不太敏感，但當(dāng)時并不能確定引起這種區(qū)別的是性格特征因素。

在這次新的研究實驗中，研究者對193名健康的受試者進(jìn)行了規(guī)范的性格測試，包括自我認(rèn)為的健康程度以及情緒類型等。其中那些更傾向于心情愉快、精力充沛且平易近人的受試者為積極情緒型，而那些總是心情不快、緊張并對旁人心存敵意的受試者則屬于消極情緒類型。研究者給每位受試者提供了含有感冒病毒或某類流感病毒的滴鼻液，在接下來的六周里，每位受試者每天匯報他們各自的身體反應(yīng)，如疼痛、鼻塞、打噴嚏等。而研究者則要統(tǒng)計各種客觀數(shù)據(jù)，如受試者每日黏液分泌物化驗結(jié)果等。根據(jù)實驗的一些客觀統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)（如鼻涕化驗結(jié)果），Cohen及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，積極情緒類型的人患感冒的機(jī)會相對更小一些。練習(xí)：

1.According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think A

that their illness is very serious.B

That their illness is not so serious.C

that they do not get any illness at all.D

that the illness they get is not a mild one.2.People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A happy.B selfish.C easy-going.D energetic.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have？ A Hostile.B Unhappy.C Warm-blooded.D Tense.4.How did the researchers test their volunteers? A

By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.B

By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.C

By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.D

By investigating everyone‘s characteristics, interests and hobbies.5.Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected? A Mucus production.B Aches and pains.C

Sneezing or congestion.D Blood test.答案與題解：

1．B 本題答案來自第三段，其中第二句說：―當(dāng)他們的確患感冒時，他們認(rèn)為病情并不太嚴(yán)重。

2．B 選項A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B項沒提到，而且從邏輯推理，情緒樂觀的人絕不會是―自私自利‖的人。

3．C 選項A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C項―熱情洋溢‖也不應(yīng)屬于情緒低落、消極的人所應(yīng)有的性格特征。

4．A 第六段第一句說的就是―研究者給這些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某種流感病毒的滴鼻劑‖，這正是本題答案。

5．D 選項A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D項則不在其中之列。