第一篇：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文經(jīng)典開(kāi)頭及短語(yǔ)以及2010年

一、名詞詞組和固定搭配

1.介詞+名詞

by accident 偶然

on account of 因?yàn)?由于，為了..的緣故 in addition to 另外，加之 in addition 除...之外(還)in the air 流傳中

on(the／an)average 按平均值，通常 on the basis of 根據(jù)，在...的基礎(chǔ)上 at best 充其量，至多

for the better 好轉(zhuǎn)，向好的方向發(fā)展 on board 在船(車或飛機(jī))上 out of breath 喘不過(guò)氣來(lái) on business 因公，因事

in any case 無(wú)論如何，不管怎樣 in case of 假如，如果發(fā)生；防備 in case 假使，以防(萬(wàn)一)in no case 決不，無(wú)論如何不 by chance 偶然，碰巧 in charge(of)負(fù)責(zé)，管理(a)round the lock 日夜不停地 in common 共用的，共有的 in conclusion 最后，總之 on condition(that)如果

in consequence of 由于...的緣故，因?yàn)?on the contrary 正相反

in contrast with／to 與...對(duì)比起來(lái)，與...形成對(duì)比 out of control 失去控制 under control 處于控制之下 at all cots 不惜任何代價(jià)，無(wú)論如何 at the cost of 以...為代價(jià) in the course of 在...過(guò)程中，在...期間 of course 當(dāng)然，自然

in danger 在危險(xiǎn)中，垂危 out of danger 脫離危險(xiǎn)

out of date 過(guò)時(shí)的，不用的 up to date 現(xiàn)代化的，切合目前情況的 in demand 非常需要的，受歡迎的 in debt 欠債，負(fù)債 in detail 詳細(xì)他 in difficulties 處境困難 in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處 off duty 下了班(的)，不在值班(的)on duty 在上班(的)，在值班(的)on earth 究竟，到底

at all events 無(wú)論如何，不管怎樣 in any event 無(wú)論如何，不管怎樣 in the event of 萬(wàn)一，倘若 for example 例如

in the face of 在...面前；不顧 in fact 其實(shí)，實(shí)際上 in favo(u)r of 贊同，支持 on fire 著火，起火 on foot 步行

in force 生效，有效；在實(shí)施中；大量的 in front of 在...面前，在...前面 in future 今后，從今以后 in the future 在將來(lái)

in general 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，大體上 on(one's)guard 警惕，提防；站崗，值班 in half 成兩半

at hand近在手邊，在附近by hand 用手，用體力 hand down 把...傳下去

hand in hand 手拉手；密切關(guān)聯(lián)地，同時(shí)并進(jìn)地 in hand(工作等)在進(jìn)行中；在控制中 on hand 在手邊，在近處 on(the)one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 at heart 內(nèi)心里，本質(zhì)上 by heart 憑記性 at home 在國(guó)內(nèi)；舒適，無(wú)拘束；熟悉，精通 in hono(u)r of 為紀(jì)念，為了向...表示敬意 on／upon one's hono(u)r 以名譽(yù)擔(dān)保 in a hurry 匆忙，急于 for instance 例如；比如 at intervals 不時(shí)，每隔一段時(shí)間(或距離)at(long)last 終于 at least 至少 at length 終于，最終；詳細(xì)地 in(the)light of 鑒于，由于

2．動(dòng)詞+名詞 have／gain access to 可以獲得 take...into account 考慮到，顧及，體諒 take advantage of 占...的便宜，利用 pave the way(for)鋪平道路，為...作準(zhǔn)備 pay attention to 注意 do／try one's best 盡力，努力 get／have the best of 戰(zhàn)勝 make the best of 充分利用 get／have the better of 戰(zhàn)勝，在.中占上風(fēng) catch one's breath屏息；喘氣，氣喘；歇口氣 take care 注意，當(dāng)心 take care of 愛(ài)護(hù)，照料 take a chance 冒險(xiǎn)，投機(jī) take charge 開(kāi)始管理，接管 keep...company 陪伴 take(a)delight in 以...為樂(lè) make a difference 有影響，起(重要)作用

carry／bring／put into effect 使生效，實(shí)行，實(shí)現(xiàn) come／go into effect 生效，實(shí)施 take effect 生效，起作用

catch sb's eye 被某人看到，引起某人注意 keep an eye on 留神，照看，密切注意 make a face 做鬼臉

find fault with 抱怨，挑剔，找岔子 catch(on)fire 著火，開(kāi)始燃燒 make fiends(with)與(...)交朋友 be friends with 與...友好 make fun of 取笑，拿...開(kāi)玩笑 keep sb's head 保持鎮(zhèn)靜 in the world 究竟，到底 lose sb's head 慌亂，倉(cāng)皇失措 lose heart 喪失勇氣，失去信心

get／catch／take hold of 抓住，得到 keep house 管理家務(wù)

throw／cast light on／upon 使人了解，闡明 bear／keep in mind 記住 have in mind 考慮到，想到

make up one's mind 下定決心，打定主意 bring／put into operation 實(shí)施，使生效，使運(yùn)行 come／go into operation 施行，實(shí)行，生效 keep pace(with)與.齊步前進(jìn)，與..并駕齊驅(qū) play a part(in)起作用，參與，扮演角色 take place 發(fā)生，進(jìn)行，舉行 take the place of 代替，取代 put into practice 實(shí)施，實(shí)行 make progress 進(jìn)步，進(jìn)展 give rise to 引起，導(dǎo)致為...的原因 make sense 講得通，有意義，言之有理 catch sight of 發(fā)現(xiàn)，突然看見(jiàn)(go)on the stage 當(dāng)演員 take one's time 不著急，不慌忙 keep track of 與...保持聯(lián)系

lose track of 失去與...的聯(lián)系，不能跟上...的進(jìn)展 make use of 利用 put to use 使用

give way 讓路；屈服，讓步；倒塌，坍陷 make one's way 前往，行進(jìn)，去 make way 讓路，騰出地方或位置

3.名詞詞組的其他形式

appeal to 呼吁，懇求 attempt at 企圖，努力 attitude to/towards 態(tài)度，看法 a great/good deal of 大量，非常，極其 influence in 干涉，介入 interference with 妨礙，打擾 introduction to介紹

a lot(of)許多（的），大量（的）lots of 大量，許多

fall in love(with sb)愛(ài)上（某人）reply to 回答，答復(fù) trolley bus 電車 I.D.card 身份證 credit card 信用卡 no doubt 無(wú)疑地，很可能 next door 隔壁 out of doors 在戶外 face to face 面對(duì)面地 a few 有些，幾個(gè)

quite a few 不少，相當(dāng)多 a little 一點(diǎn)，一些 little by little 逐漸地，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地 quite a little 相當(dāng)多，不少 no matter 無(wú)論

the moment(that)一...(就)no more 不再

fair play 公平競(jìng)賽，公平對(duì)待 rest room 廁所，盥洗室 primary school 小學(xué)

side by side 肩并肩地，一起 heart and soul 全心全意 step by step 逐步地 ahead of time 提前 all the time 一直，始終 once upon a time 從前 once in a while 偶爾

no wonder 難怪，并不奇怪 word for word 逐字地 decline with thanks 婉言謝絕

二、動(dòng)詞詞組和固定搭配 1．動(dòng)詞十介詞/副詞

account for 說(shuō)明...的原因，是...的原因 allow for 考慮到，顧及，為...留出預(yù)地 appeal to 訴諸，訴請(qǐng)裁決(或證實(shí)等)arrive at 達(dá)成，達(dá)成 ask after 探問(wèn)，問(wèn)起 ask for 請(qǐng)求，要求

attach to 附屬于，隸屬于；使依戀，使喜愛(ài) to begin with 首先，第一

break down 損壞；(健康等)垮掉，崩潰 break in 非法闖入；打斷，插嘴 break into 非法闖入，強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入 break off 中斷，突然停止

break out 逃脫，逃走；突然出現(xiàn)，爆發(fā) break through 突破，沖破；取得突破陛成就 break up 印終止結(jié)束打碎粉碎；散開(kāi)，驅(qū)散 bring about 導(dǎo)致，引起

bring down 使落下，打倒；降低，減少 bring forth 產(chǎn)生，提出 bring forward 提出，提議；提前

bring out 使顯出；激起，引起；出版，推出 bring to 使恢復(fù)知覺(jué)

bring up 教養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)育；提出

build up逐漸積聚，集結(jié)逐步建立增進(jìn)，增強(qiáng) burn out 燒光，燒毀...的內(nèi)部；熄滅

burn up 燒掉，燒毀；燒起來(lái)，旺起來(lái)；(使)發(fā)怒 call for 叫(某人)來(lái)；要求，需要 call off 取消

call on／up 訪問(wèn)，拜訪；號(hào)召，要求 call up 召集；使人想起；打電話(給)care for 照顧，照料；喜歡 carry off 奪走，拿走 carry on 繼續(xù)，進(jìn)行 carry out 實(shí)行，執(zhí)行；實(shí)現(xiàn)，完成 catch at 試圖抓住，拼命抓 catch on 理解，懂得；流行起來(lái) check in(在旅館、機(jī)場(chǎng)等)登記，報(bào)到 check out 結(jié)帳后離開(kāi)，辦妥手續(xù)離去 check up(on)檢查，核實(shí)

cheer up(使)高興起來(lái)，(使)振作起來(lái) clear away 把...清除掉，收拾

clear up 清理；澄清，解決；(天)放晴 come off 脫落，分開(kāi)；結(jié)果，表現(xiàn)

come on [表示鼓勵(lì)、催促等]快，走吧；開(kāi)始，發(fā)生；進(jìn)步，進(jìn)展 come out 發(fā)表，出版；出現(xiàn)，顯露；結(jié)果是 come round(around)順便來(lái)訪；蘇醒，復(fù)原 come through 經(jīng)歷...仍活著，安然度過(guò) come to 蘇醒；涉及，談到；總數(shù)為，結(jié)果是 come up 走上前來(lái)；發(fā)生，出現(xiàn) count on／upon 依靠，指望 count up 共計(jì)，算出...的總數(shù) cover up 掩飾，掩蓋；蓋住，裹住 cross off／out 劃掉，勾銷

cut across 抄近路穿過(guò)，對(duì)直通過(guò) cut back 削減，縮減；急忙返回 cut down 削減，減少；殺死，砍倒 cut in 超車搶擋；插嘴，打斷 cut off 切斷，阻礙；使分離，使隔絕 cut out 刪去，切去；戒除，停止ⅡB用 cut short 中斷，打斷

deal with 處理，對(duì)付；論述，涉及 deep down 實(shí)際上，在心底 die down 逐漸消失，變?nèi)?die out 逐漸消失，滅絕 do without 沒(méi)有...也行，用不著，將就 draw in(火車、汽車)到站；(天)漸黑，(白晝)漸短 draw up 起草，擬訂；(使)停住

dress up 穿上盛裝，精心打扮；裝飾，修飾 drop by／in 順便(或偶然)訪問(wèn)

drop off 下降，減少；睡著，入睡；讓(...)下車，把...放下 drop out 退出，退學(xué) dry out(使)干透

dry up(使)干透，(使)干涸；(使)枯竭 fall behind 落后，落在...的后面 fall through 落空，成為泡影 fall in 填滿；填寫；(for)替代 fall out 填寫；長(zhǎng)胖，變豐滿 find out 查明，找出，發(fā)現(xiàn) get across(將...)清楚，(使)被了解

get around／round 走動(dòng)，克服，設(shè)法回避(問(wèn)題等)；(協(xié))抽出時(shí)間來(lái)做(或考慮)get at 夠得著，觸及；意思是，意指；查明，發(fā)現(xiàn)；指責(zé) get away 逃脫；走開(kāi)，離開(kāi)；(iwth)做了(壞事)而逃脫責(zé)罰 get by 通過(guò)；過(guò)得去，(勉強(qiáng))過(guò)活

get down(從...)下來(lái)；寫下；使沮喪；(to)開(kāi)始認(rèn)真做，著手做 get in 進(jìn)入，抵達(dá)；收獲(莊稼等)；(證th)對(duì)...親近get into(使)進(jìn)入；卷入；對(duì)...發(fā)生興趣

get off(從...)下來(lái)；動(dòng)身，出發(fā)；下班，結(jié)束(工作)；逃脫懲罰 get over 克服，解決(問(wèn)題等)；(從疾病、失望等)中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)

get through 度過(guò)(時(shí)間)；(使)通過(guò)(考試)，(使)(議案等)獲得通過(guò)；(將...)講清楚，完成；接通電話

get together 相聚，聚集 get up 起床；起立 give away 泄露；贈(zèng)送 give back(歸)還

give in 交上，呈上；投降，屈服，認(rèn)輸 give off 發(fā)出(光、聲音等)，散發(fā)出(氣味)give out 分發(fā)；用完；消耗盡；發(fā)出(光、聲音)give up 停止，放棄；(oneself)自首 go after 追求，追趕 go ahead 開(kāi)始；進(jìn)行

go by 遵守，遵循，依據(jù)；(時(shí)間)過(guò)去

go down 下降，減少；(船)沉沒(méi)，(日)落；(with)生...?。?well或badly)(不)受歡迎，(不)被接受

go for 襲擊；適用于；選擇,想要獲得；喜愛(ài) go into 進(jìn)入，參加；開(kāi)始從事；研究，調(diào)查

go off 爆炸，開(kāi)火，突然響起；(電等)中斷，停止；不再喜歡

go out 外出(尤指參加社會(huì)活動(dòng))；過(guò)時(shí)；(潮)退，(燈)熄，終止；送出，公布，播出 go over 仔細(xì)檢查，察看；復(fù)習(xí)，重做

go round／around 足夠分配；(with)常...與交往；流傳；四處走動(dòng)，到處活動(dòng)

go through 經(jīng)歷，遭受；詳細(xì)檢查，查找，詳細(xì)討論；獲得通過(guò)，被批準(zhǔn)；(with)將...干到底

go under 沉沒(méi)；失?。黄飘a(chǎn)

go up 上升，上漲，增長(zhǎng)；正在建設(shè)中；燒毀，炸毀 go with 跟...相配；與...相伴；附屬于 go without 沒(méi)有

hand down 把...傳下去 hand in 交上，遞交 hand on 把...傳下去 hand out 分發(fā)，散發(fā) hand over 交出，移交 hang about／around 閑蕩，閑呆著

hang on 堅(jiān)持，抓緊，不放；等待片刻，(打電話時(shí))不掛斷；有賴于；取決于 hang up 掛斷(電話)：懸掛，掛起 have on 穿著，戴著

hold back 躊躇，退縮；阻止，抑制；隱瞞，保守(秘密等)hold on 堅(jiān)持住，握住不放；(打電話時(shí))不掛斷，等-會(huì) hold out 維持，保持；堅(jiān)持(要求)，不屈服 hold up 支持，支撐，延遲；搶劫；展示，舉出 hurry up(使)趕陜，匆匆完成

improve on／upon 改進(jìn)；勝過(guò) keep back 阻止，抑制；隱瞞，保留 keep off(使)不接近，(使)讓開(kāi) keep to 遵守，信守；堅(jiān)持 keep up 保持，(使)繼續(xù)下去；使居高不下 let down 放下，降低；使失望

let off 寬恕，放過(guò)；開(kāi)(槍)，放(炮、煙火等)州)放 let out 放走，釋放；泄露，放出，發(fā)出 lie in(問(wèn)題、事情等)在于

line up(使)排隊(duì)，(使)排成行 live on 靠...生活，以...為食物 live through 度過(guò)，經(jīng)受住

live up to 符合，不辜負(fù)(期望)；遵守，實(shí)踐(諾言、原則等)look after 照管，照料，照料；注意，關(guān)心 look at 看，朝...看；考慮，研究；看待 look back(on)回顧，回憶；回頭看 look for 尋找，尋求；惹來(lái)，招來(lái) look in 順便看望，順便訪問(wèn) look into 調(diào)查，觀察 look on 旁觀，觀看 look out(for)留神，注意

look over 把...看一遍，把...過(guò)目；察看，參觀 look through 詳盡核查；(從頭至尾)瀏覽

look up 好轉(zhuǎn)；(在詞典等中)查找；看望，拜訪：(to)尊敬 make for 走向，朝...前進(jìn)；有助于，促進(jìn)

make out 辨認(rèn)出，看出；理解，了解；寫出，開(kāi)出

make up 印構(gòu)成，組成；(為...)化妝；補(bǔ)充，補(bǔ)足；和解，重歸于好；捏造，臨時(shí)編造，虛

mix up 混淆，弄混，弄亂 occur to 被想到，被想起 pass away 去世

pass(as)充作，被看作，被當(dāng)作 pass out 失去知覺(jué)，昏倒

pay back 償還，還錢給(某人)；向...報(bào)復(fù)，回報(bào) pay off 還清(債)；付清工資解雇(某人)；向...行賄；得到好結(jié)果，取得成功 pay up 全部付清

pick out選出，挑出，揀出；辨認(rèn)出，分辨出

pick up 拿起，撿起；取(給)，用車接載(人)；好轉(zhuǎn)，改進(jìn)，增加(速度)；(使)重新開(kāi)始，繼續(xù)；獲得，學(xué)會(huì) pull down 拆毀

pull in(車)停下，車進(jìn)站，船(到岸)pull off 脫去，扯下；(成功地)完成

pull out 拔出，抽出，取出；(車、船)駛出；(使)擺脫困境 pull together 齊心協(xié)力，團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái) pull up(使)停下

put across／over 解釋清楚，使被理解

put aside 儲(chǔ)存，保留；暫不考慮，把...放在一邊 put away 放好，收好

put in 花費(fèi)，付出(時(shí)間、精力等)；申請(qǐng)，正式提出 put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加(體重)put out 熄滅，關(guān)(燈)；出版，發(fā)布；生產(chǎn)；伸出

put up 建造，支起，搭起；張貼；進(jìn)行(抵抗等)；提供，提名，提出；提高(價(jià)格、速度)；為...提供食宿，投宿

refer to 參考，查閱；涉及，提到；指的是 ring off 掛斷電話

run down 撞倒；說(shuō)...壞話，貶低；停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，耗盡；減少，縮減；查找出，搜索到 run into 偶然碰見(jiàn)；遭遇(困難等)；共計(jì)，達(dá)到...之多；撞在...上 run off 很快寫出；復(fù)印出印出；跑掉，逃掉

run over 在...上駛過(guò)，(撞倒并)碾過(guò)；把...很快地(或粗略地)過(guò)一遍 see off 為...送行 see through 看透，識(shí)破 see to 注意，照料

send for 派人去請(qǐng)，召喚；函購(gòu)，函索 send in 呈報(bào)，遞送，提交

set aside 留出，撥出(時(shí)間、金錢等)；把...置于一旁，不理會(huì) set back 推遲，延緩，阻礙；使花費(fèi) set down 記下，寫下 set forth 闡明，陳述

set off 出發(fā)，啟程；引起，激起

set out 陳述，闡明；動(dòng)身，起程；開(kāi)始；擺放

set up 創(chuàng)立，建立，為...作準(zhǔn)備；豎立，架起，建造；開(kāi)業(yè)，開(kāi)始經(jīng)商 show off 炫耀，賣弄

show up 顯露，暴露；露面，來(lái)到 shut out 把...排斥在外 sit in on 列席(會(huì)議)，旁聽(tīng) sit up 不睡，熬皮；坐直 speed up(使)加快速度

stand by 站在...一邊，支持，幫助；袖手旁觀；堅(jiān)持(決議等)，遵守(諾言等)；作好準(zhǔn)備，準(zhǔn)備行動(dòng)

stand for 代替，代表，意味著，主張，支持；[用于否定、疑問(wèn)句]容忍，接受 stand out 清晰地顯出，引人注目；杰出，出色 stand up 站起來(lái)；(論點(diǎn)、證據(jù)等)站得住腳 step up 提高，加快，加緊 stick out(把...)堅(jiān)持到底；突出，顯眼

stick to 堅(jiān)持，忠于，信守；緊跟，緊隨；粘貼在...上 take after(在外貌、性格等方面)與(父、母等)相像 take away 減去

take down 拆卸；記下，寫下 take...for 把...認(rèn)為是，把...看成是

take in 接受，吸收，接納；理解，領(lǐng)會(huì)；欺騙；包括 take off 脫下；起飛；匆匆離開(kāi)

take on 開(kāi)始雇用；呈現(xiàn)，具有；同...較量，接受...的挑戰(zhàn)；承擔(dān)，從事 take over 接受，接管；借用，承襲

take to 對(duì)...產(chǎn)生好感，開(kāi)始喜歡；形成...的習(xí)慣，開(kāi)始從事 take up with 與...成朋友

take up 開(kāi)始從事；把...繼續(xù)下去；著手處理；占去，占據(jù)；(on)接受邀請(qǐng) think over 仔細(xì)考慮

throw away 扔掉，拋棄；錯(cuò)過(guò)(機(jī)會(huì))，浪費(fèi)(金錢等)touch on／upon 談到，論及 turn down 關(guān)小，調(diào)低；拒絕 turn in 交還，上交；上床睡覺(jué) turn off 關(guān)掉；拐彎，離開(kāi)...轉(zhuǎn)入另一條路 turn on 接通，打開(kāi)

turn out 制造，生產(chǎn)；結(jié)果是；驅(qū)逐；關(guān)掉，旋熄 turn over 翻過(guò)來(lái)，翻倒；移交，交；仔細(xì)考慮 turn to 查閱；求助于，求教于 turn up 開(kāi)大，調(diào)大；出現(xiàn)，來(lái)到 use up 用完，用光

warm up(使)暖起來(lái)；(使)活躍起來(lái)，(使)熱情起來(lái)；(使)作準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)，(使)熱身 wear off 逐漸消失；漸漸減少

wear out 穿破，磨損，用壞；(使)疲乏，(使)厭卷，(使)耗盡 while away 消磨<時(shí)間)wipe out 擦凈，擦掉；徹底摧毀，消滅 work at/on 從事于，努力做

work out 解決；算出；弄懂，理解；想出，制定出 work up 激發(fā)，激起；制訂出，精心作出 write off 取消，勾銷，注銷

2．后接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞搭配

aim at 目的在于，旨在；瞄準(zhǔn)；企圖 accuse...Of...控告；譴責(zé)，depend on 取決于，視...而定；依靠，依賴；信賴，相信 devote to 將...奉獻(xiàn)給；把...專用(于)engage in 從事于，參加 feel like 想要

go on(時(shí)間)過(guò)去；燈亮；開(kāi)始運(yùn)行；繼續(xù)，接著；進(jìn)行，發(fā)生 cannot／couldn't help 禁不?。徊坏貌?insist on 堅(jiān)持，強(qiáng)調(diào)，堅(jiān)決要求 keep from 阻止，抑制

keep up 繼續(xù)進(jìn)行、繼續(xù)下去 look forward 曲協(xié)盼望，期待 persist in 堅(jiān)持不懈，執(zhí)著 prevent from 預(yù)防，防止 put off 推遲，推延；阻止，勸阻 set about 開(kāi)始，著手 succeed in 成功 thank for 感謝

think of 想起，記得；想出，提出；考慮，關(guān)心

3．其他動(dòng)詞詞組

add up to 合計(jì)達(dá)，總括起來(lái)，意味著 break away(from)突然離開(kāi)，強(qiáng)行逃脫 catch up with 趕上；對(duì)...產(chǎn)生惡果 com true(預(yù)言，期望等)實(shí)現(xiàn)，成為事實(shí) come up to 達(dá)到(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))，比得上 come up with 提出，提供，想出 do away with 廢除，去掉 fall back on 借助于，依靠 fall in with 符合，同意，贊成；與...交往 as follows 如下

get along with 與...相處(融洽)get down to 開(kāi)始認(rèn)真處理，著手做 give oneself up 自首

give way to 給...讓路，對(duì)...讓步，被...代替 go along with 贊同

go back on 違背(諾言等)go in for 從事，參加；愛(ài)好 hang on to 緊緊抓住；保留(某物)lend itself to 適合于

let alone 不打擾，不驚動(dòng)，更別提 let go(of)放開(kāi)，松手

live up to 符合，不辜負(fù)(期望)；遵守，實(shí)踐(諾言、原則等)look down on／upon 看不起，輕視 look up to 尊敬 make up for 補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)

never mind 不要緊，沒(méi)關(guān)系；不用擔(dān)心，別管 put in for 正式申請(qǐng) put up with 容忍，忍受

refer to...as...把...稱作，把...當(dāng)作 run out of 用完，耗盡 serve...right 給...應(yīng)得的懲罰 set in 開(kāi)始(并將延續(xù)下去)stand up for 支持，維持，保衛(wèi)

stand up to 勇敢地面對(duì)，抵抗；經(jīng)得起，頂?shù)米?take...as 把...當(dāng)作，認(rèn)為 think of...as 把...看作是，以為...是

think better of … 經(jīng)過(guò)考慮對(duì)...改變主意(或看法)

三、形容組和固定搭配

be able to(do)能(做)，會(huì)(做)be about to(do)即將，正要 be absent from 缺勤，缺課 be abundant in 豐富的，富裕的 be accustomed to習(xí)慣于，適應(yīng)于 be acquainted with與..相識(shí)，熟悉，了解 be active in 積極于

be afraid of 恐怕，害怕，擔(dān)憂 be alive to 注意到，對(duì)...敏感 be angry at 因某事生氣 be angry with 對(duì)...發(fā)怒 be anxious about 擔(dān)心，為...擔(dān)憂 be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望 be anxious to(do)渴望(做)be ashamed of 為...感到害臊 be aware of 意識(shí)到 be bad at 拙于，不善于 be based on 根據(jù)，以...為基礎(chǔ)

be beside oneself 極度興奮，對(duì)自己的感情失去控制 be better off 生活優(yōu)裕起來(lái)，境況好起來(lái) be bound to(do)一定會(huì)，不得不 be careful to(do)務(wù)必注意(做)be certain to(do)一定(做)，必然(做)be capable of 能夠 be confident in 對(duì)...有信心 be characterized by 以...為特征 be clever at 擅長(zhǎng)于 be combined with 與...結(jié)合 be composed of 由...組成 be concerned about 關(guān)心，掛念 be curious to(do)很想(做)be dependent on／upon 取決于，依賴 be determined to(do)決心(做)be different from 與...不同 be eager for 渴望 be eager to(do)急于要(做)be equal to 等于 be famous for 以...著名 be fond of 喜歡，愛(ài)好

be free from 無(wú)...的，擺脫了...的 be friendly to 對(duì)...友好 be glad to(do)樂(lè)于(做)，對(duì)...感到高興 be good at(doing)善于，擅長(zhǎng) be good for 適于，在...期間有效 be grateful to 感謝，感激 be independent of 脫離..而獨(dú)立，與..無(wú)關(guān) be indispensable for 對(duì)...必不可少的 be interested in 對(duì)...感興趣 be kinde enough to(do)承...好意，懇請(qǐng) be late for 遲到

be likely to(do)可能要，像是要 be mad about 迷戀 be well off 生活富裕 be pleased to(do)樂(lè)于

be pleased with 對(duì)...感到滿足 be popular with 得人心的，受...歡迎的 be present at 出席

be proud of 以...自豪，因...感到滿意 be ready to(do)裝備好（做），樂(lè)意做 be ready for 為...準(zhǔn)備好 be rich in 富于 be satisfied with 對(duì)...滿意，滿足于 be second to 次于 be short for 是...的縮寫（簡(jiǎn)稱）be short of 短缺 be sick for 渴望 be sick in bed 病在床上 be sick of 對(duì)...感到厭倦 be sorry for 對(duì)...感到抱歉 be strict with 對(duì)...要求嚴(yán)格 be suited to 適合于 be supposed to(do)應(yīng)該，非...不可 be sure of 堅(jiān)信，確信 be surprised at 對(duì)...感到驚奇 be though with 結(jié)束 be tired from 因...而厭倦 be tired of 厭煩，對(duì)...厭倦 be tired out 疲倦極了 be true to 適用于 be unconscious of 不知道...be unequal to 無(wú)法勝任...的 be unfit for 不適合，不勝任 be useful to 對(duì)...有用 be well up in 精通，熟悉 be wild with jay 欣喜 be willing to(do)樂(lè)意...be worried about 為...而擔(dān)心 be worse off 處境較壞，情況惡化 be worth(doing)值得（做）be wrong with 有點(diǎn)毛病，有些不舒服

四、其他詞組和固定搭配

above all 首先，尤其是 after all 終究，畢竟，究竟 at all [用于否定句]絲毫，一點(diǎn) all but 幾乎，差不多；除了...都 all over 遍及，到處 in all 總共，合計(jì) not at all 一點(diǎn)也不 leave alone 讓..獨(dú)自呆著；不打擾，不干預(yù) along with 和...一起，和...一道 one after another 一個(gè)接一個(gè)，相繼 one another 互相 anything but 絕對(duì)不 as...as 像...一樣 as for 至于，關(guān)于 as though 好像，仿佛 as to 至于，關(guān)于 as well 也，同樣 as well as 除...之外(也)，既...又 not as／so...as 不如...那樣 back and forth 反復(fù)地，來(lái)回地(in)back of 在...后面，在...背后 because of 由于，因?yàn)?had better 還是...好，應(yīng)該 both...and 既...又...，兩個(gè)都 but for 倘沒(méi)有，要不是 each other 互相 either...or 或...或 or else 否則，要不然 even if／though 即使，雖然 except for 除...外，除去；要不是由于 as／so far as 就...，到...程度 by far...得多，最 far from 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不，完全不 so far 迄今為止；到某個(gè)程度 firs of all 首先 if only 要是...多好 by itself 獨(dú)自地，自動(dòng)地 in itself 本質(zhì)上，就其本身而言 no less than 不少于，多達(dá) as／so long as 只要，如果；既然，如果 no longer 不再，已不 a great／good many of 相當(dāng)多，很多 many a 許多的 more and more 越來(lái)越 more or less 差不多，幾乎，大約 at most 至多，不超過(guò) make the most of 充分利用，盡量利用

neither...nor(既)不...也不，(既)非...也非(every)now and then 時(shí)而，偶爾 just now 剛才，才不久；現(xiàn)在，眼下 now(that)既然，由于 off and on 斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地，間歇地，有時(shí) and so on 等等

all at once 突然，忽然；同時(shí)，一起 at once 立刻，馬上；同時(shí)，一起 once(and)for all 一勞永逸地，永遠(yuǎn)地 once more／again 再一次 by oneself 獨(dú)自地，單獨(dú)地 every other 每隔一個(gè)的 other than 不同于，非；除了 over and over(again)一再地，再三地

all right 好，行；令人滿意的，不錯(cuò)的；(健康)良好的，安然無(wú)恙的 ever since 從那時(shí)起，自那時(shí)以來(lái) ever so 非常，極其 or so 大約，左右 so that 以便，為使；所以，因此 so...that 如此...以致 such as 諸如，例如 such...that 那樣的...以致 that is(=i．e．)就是說(shuō)，即 as though 好像，仿佛 up to 勝任...的，適于...的；密謀...的；是...義不容辭的，是...的職責(zé)；取決于...的，須由...決定的；(時(shí)間上)一直到；(數(shù)目上)一直到，多達(dá) what about [征求意見(jiàn)時(shí)用]...怎么樣 what if 如果...將會(huì)怎樣 whether...or 是...還是，不管...還是 go wrong 發(fā)生故障，出毛??；出錯(cuò)，犯錯(cuò)誤 and yet 可是，然而 at yet 至今 abide by 履行，遵守 adapt to 適應(yīng) adhere to 粘附；膠著；堅(jiān)持 apologize(-ise)to，for 道歉，認(rèn)錯(cuò) cling o粘??； 依附；堅(jiān)持

collide with 抵觸，沖突；碰撞，互撞 compensate for 補(bǔ)償，賠償 comply with 依從，服從，遵從 conceive of 設(shè)想，構(gòu)思出 conform to 遵守，依照，符合，順應(yīng) consult with 商量，商議 cooperate with 合作，協(xié)作，相配合 cope with(成功地)應(yīng)付，(妥善地)處理 deduce from 演繹，推斷 derive from 起源，衍生 deviate from 背離，偏離 dispose of 處理，解決；去掉，丟掉，除掉 dwell on／upon 老是想著；詳述 hinder from 阻礙，妨礙 impose on 把...強(qiáng)加于 originate in／from 起源于，來(lái)自，產(chǎn)生 participate in 參與，參加 preside t／over 主持，主管 prevail over 獲勝，占優(yōu)勢(shì) prevail on／upon 說(shuō)服，勸說(shuō)，誘使 reconcile to 使順從(于)，使甘心(于)reign to 使順從 restrain from 抑制，制止 sacrifice to 犧牲，獻(xiàn)出，獻(xiàn)祭，供奉 scrape by／through 勉強(qiáng)通過(guò) specialize in 專攻，專門研究 testify to 表明，證明 flare up 突然燃燒起來(lái)；突然發(fā)怒 queue up 排成隊(duì)(等候)dissatisfaction with／at 不滿 exposure to 暴露，顯露；曝光 objection to 反對(duì)，異議

preference for／to 偏愛(ài)，喜愛(ài)；優(yōu)惠；優(yōu)先選擇 proficiency in 熟練，精通 requirement for／to 需要，需要的東西，要求 thirst for 渴望，熱望 by comparison 比較起來(lái) in sequence 依次，逐一 at stake 在危急關(guān)頭，在危險(xiǎn)中 in accordance with 與...一致，依照，根據(jù) on／in behalf of 代表，為了 on the sly 偷偷地 in excess of 超過(guò) to and for 來(lái)來(lái)回回 on schedule 按時(shí)間表，及時(shí)，準(zhǔn)時(shí)

五、歷年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞組和固定搭配 put into use 使用，應(yīng)用 be satisfied with 滿足 be satisfied of 相信 hardly...when 剛...就...come to a conclusion 得出結(jié)論 avoid doing sth． 避免干某事 decline invitation 辭謝邀請(qǐng) agree on／upon 取得一致意見(jiàn) may(might)as well 還是...好 argue about 爭(zhēng)論 take(make)a stand for 捍衛(wèi) take(make)a stand against 反對(duì) come after 跟隨 in support of 支持 lie up 躺著休息 beside the question 離題 refresh one's memory 使人記起 bring to mind 使人想起 compile dictionary 編字典 present sb．with sth． 送給某人某禮物 indifferent to 不在乎 go on strike 罷工 against one's will 違心地 in one's will在...遺囑中 of one's free will 出于自愿 with ease 容易，不費(fèi)力 prepare for 準(zhǔn)備 get to 開(kāi)始；到達(dá) fall off 下降 fall away 背離 televise live 實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播 by the moment 到...時(shí) have intention of 有意，打算 no intention of 無(wú)意，不打算 have not the least idea of 不知道 have no desire for 對(duì)...沒(méi)有欲望 have desire to do sth． 想做某事 have sth．in stock 有現(xiàn)貨 be particular about 講究 the key to...的答案(線索、辦法)carry about 隨身攜帶 pass through 通過(guò)，經(jīng)過(guò) pass for 被認(rèn)為(當(dāng)作)be of little value 沒(méi)什么價(jià)值 cure sb．of 治好某人...pull back 撤退 pull round 掉頭，轉(zhuǎn)向；康復(fù) pull along 沿...拉 die off 死去，凋謝 drop down 落下 do sth．for a living 靠做某事謀生 make a name of oneself 出名，揚(yáng)名 glimpse of 瞥見(jiàn)，一瞥 glance at 瞥見(jiàn)，一瞥 be on good terms with sb． 與某人友好

entitle sb．(to do)sth． 給予某人(干)某事的權(quán)利 beyond one's power 超出某人的能力 take interest in 對(duì)...發(fā)生興趣 be answerable for 應(yīng)對(duì)...hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì)的 be lacking in 缺乏

break into tears(cheers)突然哭(歡呼)起來(lái) in correspondence with 與...聯(lián)系(通信)be advantageous to 對(duì)...有利 be beneficial to 對(duì)...有益 in debt to sb． 欠某人的債 be it that 即使 assure sb．of sth． 委托某人某事 put(set)right 使恢復(fù)正常，糾正錯(cuò)誤 on the way 在途中 off the way 遠(yuǎn)離正道 keep on with 堅(jiān)持 make an attempt 試圖 in the mood for sth． 對(duì)某事有心境 escape doing sth． 躲避干某事 set a limit to 限制 within the limit of 在...范圍內(nèi) call at 訪問(wèn) so blank(頭腦)變成空白

so dim(大腦)渾沌 so faint 暈過(guò)去 be subjected to 遭受 be attached to 附屬于 not on any account 決不 take pains to do sth． 費(fèi)盡苦心做某事 a multitude of 大量(接復(fù)數(shù)名詞)give rise to 導(dǎo)致 give reason to 對(duì)...進(jìn)行解釋 give suspicion to 對(duì)...懷疑 make provision for 為...作準(zhǔn)備 be involved in 卷人，陷入 be assigned to 被分配給...be bored to death 煩死了 step into 插入，干涉 adapt for 調(diào)整(以適應(yīng)目標(biāo)或需要)a close(narrow)shave 僥幸的脫險(xiǎn)

語(yǔ)法

“-th”后綴在構(gòu)詞中的作用 1.由基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞 2.表示“人”。

例如: goliath巨人

philomath數(shù)學(xué)愛(ài)好者

polymath知識(shí)廣博者，博學(xué)

3.由形容詞變成的名詞，表示“度量”。

例如:(broad-)breadth 寬度，廣度(wide-)width 寬度(long-)length長(zhǎng)度

(strong-)strength 強(qiáng)度,力量 understrength 力量不足 overstrength 力量過(guò)剩

4.由動(dòng)詞變成的名詞，表示“動(dòng)作”或“該動(dòng)作的對(duì)應(yīng)物體”。

例如:(bathe-)bath 洗澡 electrobath 電鍍?cè)?die-)death 死亡

megadeath 百萬(wàn)人口的死亡(sheathe-)sheath 覆蓋，保護(hù)

5.由動(dòng)詞變成的形容詞，表示其屬性。

例如:(loathe-)loath 厭惡的，不愿的

smooth平坦的，光滑的，平靜的，平穩(wěn)的(soothe-)sooth 撫慰的，鎮(zhèn)靜的 forsooth 真的，的確

6.“-lith”結(jié)尾的名詞與“石頭、土、巖”等有關(guān)。例如: megalith(作石碑的)巨石，大石塊 laccolith 巖蓋 eolith 始石器

1.反意疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)：陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)……），+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)（代詞形式）？

說(shuō)明：陳述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑問(wèn)句，疑問(wèn)句部分的助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+not（否定提問(wèn)）；如果陳述句部分是否定句，反意疑問(wèn)句，疑問(wèn)句部分用肯定式提問(wèn)。例句：

He is your teacher, isn’t he?

People shouldn’t drop litter on the pavements, should they? 2.某些特殊句型的反意疑問(wèn)句：

1)祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句：

表示肯定意義的祈使句，即表示“請(qǐng)求，提示”它的反意疑問(wèn)句用will you 表達(dá)：有時(shí)也可以用won’t you 表示。

Go home now, will you? Close the window, please, will you? 否定祈使句：以Don’t開(kāi)始的祈使句：表示“不要……”，用will you 提問(wèn)：

Don’t be late again, will you? Don’t forget to pay your income tax, will you? Let’s引導(dǎo)的祈使句表示“建議”，反意疑問(wèn)句部分是：shall we ?

Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let’s have a rest now, shall we?

Let me 或 Let us引導(dǎo)的祈使句表示“請(qǐng)求”，反意疑問(wèn)句部分為will you：

Let me have a try, will you? Let us help, will you? 2)感嘆句的反意疑問(wèn)句：一律用否定式提問(wèn)。

What a clever boy, isn’t he? What a lovely day, isn’t it?

3)陳述句含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must有兩種情況：

must表示“必須”，反意疑問(wèn)句部分為mustn’t…? / needn’t…?

He must study hard at English, mustn’t he? / needn’t he?

You must go home now, needn’t you? / mustn’t you?

We mustn’t be late, must we?

Must表示推測(cè)：“一定，肯定” 反意疑問(wèn)句部分與must后面的動(dòng)詞呼應(yīng)

You must be joking, aren’t you?

He must be ill, isn’t he ?

注意：用must對(duì)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作推測(cè)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分的助動(dòng)詞用did或have, 而對(duì)過(guò)去的狀態(tài)推測(cè)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分的be動(dòng)詞用was:

She must have finished her work, hasn’t she? / didn’t she?

Jack must have arrived here yesterday, didn’t he?

He must have been a policeman, wasn’t he?

4)陳述句中有否定副詞：hardly;never;seldom;little;few;nowhere;nothing等詞，反意疑問(wèn)句部分用肯定提問(wèn)：

Frank hardly goes to parties, does he?

He has few friends, has he?

5)復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句：大多數(shù)復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句都對(duì)主句提問(wèn)：

He was punished because he violated the regulation, wasn’t he?

You never told me that you had been ill, did you?

注意：I don’t think/suppose/believe/imagine 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，這種賓語(yǔ)從句的反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)與從句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)部分一致，而且用肯定式的提問(wèn)。

I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they? I don’t believe she has done it, has she?

I think he will come.Won’t he?

倒裝句

一.概念: 英語(yǔ)句子通常有兩種語(yǔ)序:一種主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后,稱為自然語(yǔ)序,另一種謂語(yǔ)在前,主語(yǔ)在后,稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序。

二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講

按“主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)” 這種順序排列的句子是陳述語(yǔ)序。如果排列順序變?yōu)椤爸^語(yǔ)（或謂語(yǔ)一部分）+主語(yǔ)”，就是倒裝。倒裝句分為：

完全倒裝： 整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)移至主語(yǔ)前面叫完全倒裝。

部分倒裝： 只把助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前叫部分倒裝。

1.當(dāng)以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子，為了起到強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，可構(gòu)成倒裝句，只把副詞放在句首，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)位置調(diào)換，不加助動(dòng)詞。

Our teacher came in.In came our teacher.這種倒裝要求：主語(yǔ)必須是名詞。主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序不變。

Here it is.Away he went.這類倒裝句式一般只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

Here comes the bus.Out rushed the boys.2.how, then, just, often 表示時(shí)間的副詞放在句首，可構(gòu)成倒裝句，只把副詞放在句首，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)位置調(diào)換，不加助動(dòng)詞。

Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.3.表地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)放在句首，要用倒裝句式，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

這種倒裝句也是主謂直接調(diào)換位置，不加助動(dòng)詞did, does或do.Under a big tree ________, half asleep.A.did sat a fat man B.a fat man sat

C.did a fat man sat D.sat a fat man

4.there放在句首時(shí)，要用倒裝句式。

在“there + be”結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)不用be , 而用表示類似“存在”觀念的其他不及物動(dòng)詞。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。

There came shouts for help from the river.There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.In front of the tower flews a stream.5.so + 動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)

neither/ nor + 動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)

表示兩人的同樣一個(gè)情況時(shí)，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的動(dòng)詞、時(shí)態(tài)要一致。否則要用so it is with…

You can ride a bike.So can I.He has been to Beijing.So have I.The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years.So it is with his aunt.6.so+ 形容詞/副詞that 的結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)從句可以用正常語(yǔ)序表示，也可以把so+形容詞/副詞放于句首構(gòu)成倒裝。句型如下： so +形容詞/副詞+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞that +從句。

Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.7.done做形容詞在句中做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常把表語(yǔ)放在句首，要用倒裝句式。

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.8.否定副詞not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首時(shí)要用倒裝句式。

We seldom get up at four in the morning.= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.9.hardly…when;scarcely…when…;no sooner…than… 可以用正常語(yǔ)序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒裝句式Hardly had + 主語(yǔ)+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.10.not only… but also 如連接兩個(gè)成分時(shí)，不用倒裝；連接句子時(shí)，前面的句子要用倒裝。

Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.11.only 及所修飾的副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)，要用：

only+ 狀語(yǔ)+ be /助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)及其他

Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.Only in this way can you make progress in your English.12.虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的倒裝句

If I were you, I would take the job.= Were I you, I would take the job.Both the parents and the children are here.主謂一致性

ii.A、B表示同一個(gè)人、物或者觀念的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式 A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat.The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.iii.And連接幾個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)由each、every、no、many a等詞修飾的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)

Each boy and each girl is invited.Every boy and girl is invited.No boy and no girl is there now.iv.A、B為兩個(gè)不可分的東西時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.Bread and butter is nutritious.b)由or, not only? but also ?, either? or ?, neither? nor ?連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)與靠近的主語(yǔ)一致（注意，敘述句和疑問(wèn)句隨語(yǔ)序不同而不同）Either you or I am mad.Neither you nor he is naughty.Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.c)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like, including, as well as, rather than等詞的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受詞組的影響，僅和主語(yǔ)保持一致

All but one were here just now.A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.2.單一主語(yǔ)的情況

a)以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的統(tǒng)稱名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means, works, 等一般在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中用單數(shù)形式, 當(dāng)然，若表示復(fù)數(shù)的意思則另當(dāng)別論

Physics is very important.Every means has been tried.b)當(dāng)由至少兩個(gè)部分組成的工具的名稱，或者衣服的名稱等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如trousers/pants, shoes, glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果這些詞由Pair(suit, piece, series,kind)+ of修飾的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)

My trousers are white and his clothes are black.A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.但是在these/those pairs(?)of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞之后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式

These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.3.動(dòng)名詞，不定式，從句作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要用單數(shù)

To see is to believe.Swimming is a good way to keep health.Who is her father is not known.4.集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)

a)mankind/humanity/man（人類）作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式 Only man knows how to cook.b)由people, police, cattle, youth等集體名詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

The cattle are grazing in the field.c)Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集體名詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候

i.若當(dāng)整體看，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

Our class is very diligent.ii.若他們表示的人或者事物當(dāng)作若干個(gè)個(gè)體來(lái)看，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式

When I came into the room, his family were watching TV.iii.A family/group/class作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

families/groups/classes作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)

A group is coming to the zoo.5.其他情況

a)主語(yǔ)為表示距離、時(shí)間、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值、金額、重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

kilometers is not very far.Three times three makes nine.b)one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式，因?yàn)閛f之后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞不是主語(yǔ)而是介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，of前面的one, every one ? 才是主語(yǔ)

Neither of them is right.Each of them has a slide.c)none of + 不可數(shù)名詞——謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

none of + 可數(shù)名詞 ——謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)均可

None of that money in the desk is his.None of his classmates knows the truth.d)分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 詞組

分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+ of +詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于of后的名詞或者代詞的數(shù)；若名詞或代詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，若名詞或代詞是單數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea.Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day.e)more than one +(單數(shù)名詞)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞

more than two +(復(fù)數(shù)名詞)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞

More than one white rose has bloomed.More than two white roses have bloomed.f)a(great)number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 ——用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞

the number of + 任何名詞 —— 用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞

A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.g)the + 形容詞，表示一類人 ——謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)

the + 形容詞，表示一類物 ——謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.The beauty is here.h)every, any, some, no 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞someone, somebody, something，no one, nobody, nothing everyone, everybody, everything anyone, anybody, anything這些復(fù)合詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.Listen, someone is knocking at the door.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法精要

Ⅰ動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)時(shí)

1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(have/has been +-ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來(lái)某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.1.語(yǔ)態(tài)

1)可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:

He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見(jiàn)的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)

2)雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

a)雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):

She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1)Vi + adv

The plane took off two hours late.2)Vi + prep

They looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi + prep(有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi + adv + prep

I began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt + O + adv

Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt + adv + O(無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt + O + prep

We talked Donald into agreement.3.省略

1)在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)包含有動(dòng)詞be,主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致a),或者主語(yǔ)是it b),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或 as b)引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3）錯(cuò)誤的省略

His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.4.一致

1)如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的一致

a)each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?

Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?

b)some, few, both, many 等作復(fù)數(shù)

c)some 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說(shuō)話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念, 但none 在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù):

None of the books are easy enough for us

None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(all of the?, most of the ?), 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).3)由and 或 both? and 連接名詞詞組時(shí), 后用復(fù)數(shù);由not only?but(also), either?or, neither?nor或 or 連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一個(gè)句子是由there 或here引導(dǎo), 而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè), 謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待, 有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待, 主要根據(jù)意思來(lái)決定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 可根據(jù)意思決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù):

This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5)表示時(shí)間, 重量, 長(zhǎng)度, 價(jià)值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如果作整體看待, 動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的):

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他問(wèn)題

a)書名, 國(guó)家名用單數(shù): Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)學(xué)科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數(shù).c)many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接復(fù)數(shù), the number of后接單數(shù): A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those 后用單數(shù).在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.當(dāng)one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one 而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 1.不定式 1)形式

主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式

一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing

a)完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作, 通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生, 或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作, 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比較: I am glad to see you.)

He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b)進(jìn)行式: 如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成進(jìn)行式: 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用: 不定式可以作主語(yǔ)(a), 賓語(yǔ)(b), 表語(yǔ)(c), 定語(yǔ)(d)或是狀語(yǔ)(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?

e.We have come to learn from you.3)不帶to 的不定式:

a)在“動(dòng)詞+ 賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺(jué)意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.John made her tell him everything.這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在動(dòng)詞help(或help +賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?

e)在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f)連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí), 其后的不定式不帶to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí), 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to, 有時(shí)不帶to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式, 如果主語(yǔ)是由“all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing +關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form

The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法

a)too?to 結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:

She was too young to understand all that.enough?to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:

She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:

He’s only too pleased to help her.so?as(to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語(yǔ):

Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要說(shuō)明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的, 可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語(yǔ):

It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí), 不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語(yǔ), 來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指的是誰(shuí)的情況:

It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)1)形式

a)完成式: 如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語(yǔ)中), 常用(或可以用)動(dòng)名詞的一般形式, 盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中, 表示這動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b)被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí), 動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動(dòng)詞后, 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思, 卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來(lái)作定語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 狀語(yǔ)及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被動(dòng)式: 如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用 a)作主語(yǔ):

Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作賓語(yǔ):

Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介詞賓語(yǔ): 動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)用的時(shí)候最多.它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z(yǔ)后面, 常見(jiàn)的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect?of, accuse?of, charge?with, hear of, approve of, prevent?from, keep?from, stop?from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank?for, feel like, excuse?for, aim at, devote?to, set about, spend?in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d)作表語(yǔ):

The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ).一般說(shuō)來(lái), 在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作, 特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí), 多用不定式.e)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動(dòng)詞后, 及可用現(xiàn)在分詞, 也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí), 表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生, 用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作狀語(yǔ): 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作, 來(lái)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以用作狀語(yǔ)表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:

Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu): 一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)), 來(lái)表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ).Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?

They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開(kāi)頭, 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss

5)既可用動(dòng)名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大, 有時(shí)卻有不同的意思.在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want(need)to come.The house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6)懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的動(dòng)作, 正確)

Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(錯(cuò)誤)

Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正確)

Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.(錯(cuò)誤)3.分詞

1)意義: 過(guò)去分詞通常來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞, 帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞, 有的來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞, 通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.frozen food a freezing wind

a bored traveller a boring journey

a lost cause a losing battle

a conquered army a conquering army

a finished article the last finishing touch

the spoken word a speaking bird

a closed shop the closing hour

a recorded talk a recording machine

來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ), 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞, 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動(dòng)意義.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors

用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分, 在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用

a)作定語(yǔ): distinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無(wú)名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊(duì), canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開(kāi)水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災(zāi)區(qū)

分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ): simply-furnished room陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間, clear-cut answer明確的答復(fù), highly-developed industry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè), heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造衛(wèi)星

b)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): 可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:

see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動(dòng)詞:

I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動(dòng)詞:

I don’t want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.He won’t like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ), 修飾謂語(yǔ), 很多都說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work，Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.偶爾也可用來(lái)代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語(yǔ)從句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.d)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu): 在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一.致.但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ), 這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu), 一般表種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間:

Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:

Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.條件:

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1.that從居中:

1)wish, would rather(sooner), had better:

I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句:

The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從句中.It was arranged that they leave the following week

It will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句:

His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中 1)it is time that

It is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的從句:

They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)多用 should +動(dòng)詞原形):

He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.4)以whatever, whoever, no matter what這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)多用may加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成):

Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead.不管發(fā)生什么情況, 我們都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may, he’s still a good politician.我承認(rèn)他年老體衰, 然而盡管如此, 它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.3.條件句

1)虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類: a)表示現(xiàn)在及將來(lái)情況(表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況):

謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下(be多用were這個(gè)形式):

從句 主句

過(guò)去式 would + 動(dòng)詞原形

If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句(與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)情況), 謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下: 從句 主句

had + 過(guò)去分詞 would have + 過(guò)去分詞

She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake，You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有時(shí)候, 條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作, 發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的(如一個(gè)是過(guò)去發(fā)生的, 一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的).這時(shí), 動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整.這種句子可以稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.3)有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示, 而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.4)如果條件句從句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有時(shí)可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主語(yǔ)前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what should we do?

Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ 介詞

1.合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞

1)合成介詞: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without

2)復(fù)雜介詞: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等

2.介詞在句末:

This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?

3.名詞加介詞(n + prep)

1)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for

2)某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight

4.動(dòng)詞加介詞

1)Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch upon

2)Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等

3)Vi + adv + prep:

I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt + O + adv +prep:

You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.5.形容詞加介詞

about---anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etc at---awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etc for---convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc

from---evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etc

in---deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etc

of---apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etc

on---dependent, keen, intent, etc

to---acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etc

with---awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etc

Ⅴ 連詞

1.并列連詞

1)表示意義的引申: and, both?and, not only?but(also), as well as, and ?as well, neither?nor

2)表示選擇: or, either?or

3)表示轉(zhuǎn)折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副詞)

4)表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence

2.從屬連詞

1)表示時(shí)間: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once

2)表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that

3)表示條件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition

第二篇：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文常用短語(yǔ)

First of all、Firstly——Secondly——Then——At last,、Finally、Last but not least.寫作順序，這樣比較有條理

Generally speaking，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，一般而言

In my opinion, Personally speaking,在我看來(lái)

According to根據(jù)……

It is said 加一個(gè)完整句子：據(jù)說(shuō)

As a matter of fact(in fact)事實(shí)上

To tell the truth,說(shuō)實(shí)話（比較口語(yǔ)化）

All in all, In a word, To sum up,總而言之

be about to do 剛要即將

be friends with 與...友好

bear in mind 記住

bring into effect 實(shí)行;使生效

bring into operation 實(shí)施;使生效

can not help 禁不住忍不住

carry into effect 施行;使生效

cast light on/upon 闡明使了解

catch fire 著火燒著

catch one“s breath 喘氣松口氣;屏息

catch one”s eye 引人注目

catch sight of 看到發(fā)現(xiàn)

come into effect 生效;實(shí)施

come into operation 施行實(shí)行生效

come to one“s senses 醒悟;蘇醒

come true 實(shí)現(xiàn)

could not help 禁不住忍不住

cut short 中斷打斷

do one”s best 盡力努力

enjoy oneself 過(guò)得快活

fall in love with 愛(ài) 上

find fault(with)找岔

gain an advantage over 勝過(guò)優(yōu)于

get hold of 得到獲得

get rid of 丟棄擺脫

get the best of 戰(zhàn)勝

get the better of 戰(zhàn)勝占上風(fēng)

get together 會(huì)面裝配

give rise to 引起導(dǎo)致

give way 讓路讓步

go ahead 開(kāi)始進(jìn)行

go into effect 施行實(shí)行生效

go into operation 生效實(shí)施

go wrong 出錯(cuò)出故障

had better 應(yīng)該

had rather 寧愿

had rather...than 寧愿...而不愿...have an advantage over 勝過(guò)優(yōu)于

have in mind 想到;記得;打算

have nothing to do with 和...毫無(wú)關(guān)系

have(something/much/little)to do with 和...(有些/有很大/沒(méi)有什么)關(guān)系 help oneself 自用自取

keep an eye on 留意照看

keep in mind 記住

keep one“s head 保持鎮(zhèn)靜

keep one”s word 守信用

keep pace(with)(與...)齊步前進(jìn)

lead the way 引路帶路

learn by heart 記住背誦

leave alone 不打擾不干預(yù)

let alone 更別提不打擾

let go(of)放松手

lose heart 失去勇氣喪失信心

lose one“s head 慌亂倉(cāng)皇失措

lose one”s temper 發(fā)脾氣發(fā)努

lose sight of 忘記忽略;看不見(jiàn)

make a /the difference 有影響起作用

make friends 交朋友

make fun of 取笑嘲弄

make one“s way 去前往

make sense 講得通言之有理

make sure 查明;務(wù)必

make the best of 充分利用

make the most of 充分利用

make up one”s mind 下決心打定主意

make use of 使用利用

make way 讓路讓出地方

may as well 還不如不妨

never mind 不要緊;不用擔(dān)心

pay attention to 注意

piece together 拼合play a part(in)起作用參于

put into effect 實(shí)施;使生效

put into operation 實(shí)施;使生效

put into practice 實(shí)施;實(shí)行

put to use 使用

see to it that 注意務(wù)必保證

see that 注意務(wù)必保證

set fire to 使燃燒點(diǎn)燃

take...for 把...認(rèn)為是

take a chance 冒險(xiǎn)投機(jī)

take(a)delight in 以...為樂(lè)

take advantage of 利用趁...之機(jī) take care 當(dāng)心注意

take care of 照顧照料

take charge 管理接管

take effect 生效起作用

take into account 考慮

take for granted 認(rèn)為...理所當(dāng)然 take one“s time 不著急不著慌 take pains 努力盡力下苦功

take part(in)參加參于

take place 發(fā)生進(jìn)行舉行

take the place of 代替取代

take turns 依次輪流

to throw light on 闡明使了解

think better of 經(jīng)考慮改變對(duì)...的看法 try one”s best 盡力努力

2.形容詞同介詞的搭配

absent from 不在缺席

abundant in 富于

alien to 與...相反

angry with sb at/about sth 生氣憤怒 anxious about/for 憂慮擔(dān)心

appropriate for/to 適當(dāng)合適

applicable to 適用于

apt at 聰明善于

apt to 易于

ashamed of 羞愧害臊

approximate to近擬接近

aware of 意識(shí)到

available to sb for sth 可用可供 bare of 幾乎沒(méi)有缺乏

bound for 開(kāi)往...capable of 能夠

careful of/about/with;小心注意 certain of /about 確信肯定

about/in doing characteristic of 特有獨(dú)特 clear of 沒(méi)有不接觸

clever at 善于

close to 接近親近

comparable to/with 可比較

conscious of 察覺(jué)到意識(shí)到

consequent on 隨之而來(lái)

considerate towards 體諒體貼 contemporary with 與...同時(shí)代 content with 滿足于 contrary to 違反

第三篇：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文常用句常用短語(yǔ)

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)常用句

《一》段首句

1.關(guān)于……人們有不同的觀點(diǎn)。一些人認(rèn)為……

There are different opinions among people as to ____.Some people suggest that ____.2.俗話說(shuō)（常言道）……，它是我們前輩的經(jīng)歷，但是，即使在今天，它在許多場(chǎng)合仍然適用。

There is an old saying______.It“s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3.現(xiàn)在，……，它們給我們的日常生活帶來(lái)了許多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更為糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life.First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______.4.現(xiàn)在，……很普遍，許多人喜歡……，因?yàn)椤?，另外（而且）……?/p>

Nowadays，it is common to ______.Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______.5.任何事物都是有兩面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.6.關(guān)于……人們的觀點(diǎn)各不相同，一些人認(rèn)為（說(shuō)）……，在他們看來(lái)，……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______.To them,_____.7.人類正面臨著一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題……，這個(gè)問(wèn)題變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.8.……已成為人的關(guān)注的熱門話題，特別是在年青人當(dāng)中，將引發(fā)激烈的辯論。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.9.……在我們的日常生活中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用，它給我們帶來(lái)了許多好處，但同時(shí)也引發(fā)一些嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10.根據(jù)圖表/數(shù)字/統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字/表格中的百分比/圖表/條形圖/成形圖可以看出……。很顯然……，但是為什么呢？

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while.Obviously，______，but why?

（二）中間段落句

1.相反，有一些人贊成……，他們相信……，而且，他們認(rèn)為……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.2.但是，我認(rèn)為這不是解決……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I don’t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.3.……對(duì)我們國(guó)家的發(fā)展和建設(shè)是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

______is necessary and important to our country’s development and construction.First，______.What’s more, _____.Most important of all,______.4.有幾個(gè)可供我們采納的方法。首先，我們可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt.First, we can______

5.面臨……，我們應(yīng)該采取一系列行之有效的方法來(lái)……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______.For one thing，______For another，______

6.早就應(yīng)該拿出行動(dòng)了。比如說(shuō)……，另外……。所有這些方法肯定會(huì)……。

It is high time that something was done about it.For example._____.In addition._____.All these measures will certainly______.7.為什么……？第一個(gè)原因是……；第二個(gè)原因是……；第三個(gè)原因是……?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，……的主要原因是由于……

Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.8.然而，正如任何事物都有好壞兩個(gè)方面一樣，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.9.盡管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.10.完全同意……這種觀點(diǎn)（陳述），主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.（三）結(jié)尾句

1.至于我，在某種程度上我同意后面的觀點(diǎn)，我認(rèn)為……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____.2.總而言之，整個(gè)社會(huì)應(yīng)該密切關(guān)注……這個(gè)問(wèn)題。只有這樣，我們才能在將來(lái)……。In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.3.但是，……和……都有它們各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)（好處）。例如，……，而……。然而，把這兩者相比較，我更傾向于（喜歡）……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.4.就我個(gè)人而言，我相信……，因此，我堅(jiān)信美好的未來(lái)正等著我們。因?yàn)椤璓ersonally, I believe that_____.Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.5.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每個(gè)人都愿為社會(huì)貢獻(xiàn)自已的一份力量，這個(gè)社會(huì)將要變得越來(lái)越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it”s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.6.至于我（對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，就我而言），我認(rèn)為……更合理。只有這樣，我們才能……For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____.7.對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同樣重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______.8.在總體上很難說(shuō)……是好還是壞，因?yàn)樗诤艽蟪潭壬先Q于……的形勢(shì)。然而，就我個(gè)人而言，我發(fā)現(xiàn)……。

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______.9.綜上所述，我們可以清楚地得出結(jié)論……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.10.如果我們不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了這種趨勢(shì)，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我們應(yīng)該做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.英語(yǔ)四級(jí)高頻詞組條

1.abide by(=be faithful to;obey)忠于；遵守。2.be absent from….缺席，不在3.absence or mind(=being absent-minded)心不在焉

4.absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))be absorbed in 全神貫注于…近be engrossed in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on

5.(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于,富有6.access(to)(不可數(shù)名詞)能接近,進(jìn)入,了解7.by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外.Without accident(=safely)安全地,8.of ones own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主 動(dòng)地9.in accord with 與…一致.out of ones accord with 同….不一致10.with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地11.in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照,根據(jù)12.on ones own account1)為了某人的緣故, 為了某人自己的利益2)(=at ones own risk)自行負(fù)責(zé)3)(=by oneself)依靠自己on account 賒賬;on account of 因?yàn)?on no account不論什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.13.take…into account(=consider)把...考慮進(jìn)去14.give sb.an account of 說(shuō)明, 解釋(理由)15.account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解釋, 說(shuō)明.16.on account of(=because of)由于,因?yàn)?17.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)絕不要,無(wú)論如何不要(放句首時(shí)句 子要倒裝)18.accuse…of…(=charge…with;blame sb.for sth.;blame sth.on sb.;complain about)指控,控告

19.be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)習(xí)慣于.20.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉21.act on 奉行,按照…行動(dòng);act as 扮演;act for 代理22.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己適應(yīng)于23.adapt…(for)(=make sth.Suitable for a new need)改編, 改寫(以適應(yīng)新的需要)24.in addition(=besides)此外, 又, 加之25.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外26.adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;堅(jiān)持, 遵循27.adjacent(=next to, close to)毗鄰的, 臨近的28.adjust..(to)(=change slightly)調(diào)節(jié);適應(yīng);29.admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)…的可能，留有…的余地.30.in advance(before in time)預(yù)告, 事先.31.to advantage 有利的,使優(yōu)點(diǎn)更加突出地.32.have an advantage over 勝過(guò).have the advantage of 由于…處于有利條件have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事33.take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.34.agree with 贊同(某人意見(jiàn))agree to 同意35.in agreement(with)同意, 一致36.ahead of 在…之前, 超過(guò)…………….ahead of time 提前.37.in the air 1)不肯定, 不具體.2)在謠傳中.38.above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是, 最重要的.39.in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)總共, 總計(jì)40.after all 畢竟,到底;(not)at all 一點(diǎn)也不;all at once(=suddenly)突然;once and for all 只此一次;above all 最重要的;first of all 首先;all in all 大體上說(shuō);be all in 累極了;all

but 幾乎.41.allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考慮到, 估計(jì)到.42.amount to(=to be equal to)總計(jì), 等于.43.answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé).44.answer to(=conform to)適合,符合.45.be anxious about 為…焦急不安;或anxious for 46.apologize to sb.for sth.為…向…道歉47.appeal to sb.for sth.為某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb.對(duì)某人有吸引力48.apply to sb.for sth.為…向…申請(qǐng);apply for申請(qǐng);apply to 適用.49.apply to 與…有關(guān);適用50.approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)贊成, approve vt.批準(zhǔn)51.arise from(=be caused by)由…引起.52.arrange for sb.sth.to do sth.安排…做…53.arrive on 到達(dá);arrive at 到達(dá)某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrive in 到達(dá)某地(大地方);54.be ashamed of(=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth.done)以…為羞恥

55.assure sb.of sth.(=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.)向…保證, 使…確信.56.attach(to)(=to fix, fasten;join)縛, 系 ,結(jié)57.make an attempt at doing sth.(to do sth.)試圖做…58.attend to(=give ones attention, care and thought)注意,照顧;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料59.attitude to toward …對(duì)…的態(tài)度.看法60.attribute…to…(=to believe sth.to be the result of…)把..歸因于.., 認(rèn)為..是..的結(jié)果61.on the average(=on average, on an average)平均62.(be)aware of(=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意識(shí)到,知道.63.at the back of(=behind)在…后面64.in the back of 在…后部(里面);on the back of 在…后部(外面);be on ones back(=be ill in bed)臥病不起.65.at ones back(=supporting or favoring sb.)支持,維護(hù);have sb.at one ’s back 有…支持, 有…作后臺(tái)66.turn one’s back on sb.(=turn away from sb.in an impolite way)不理睬(某人),背棄,拋棄67.behind one’s back 背著某人(說(shuō)壞話)68.be based onupon 基于69.on the basis of 根據(jù)…, 在…基礎(chǔ)上70.beat…at 在…運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目上打贏71.begin with 以…開(kāi)始.to begin with(=first of all)首先, 第一(經(jīng)常用于開(kāi)始語(yǔ))72.on behalf of(=as the representative of)以…名義73.believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth.sb.to be true)相信,依賴,信仰.74.benefit(from)受益,得到好處.75.for the benefit of 為了…的利益(好處)76.for the better 好轉(zhuǎn)77.get the better of(=defeat sb.)打敗, 勝過(guò).78.by birth 在出生上,論出身,按血統(tǒng) at birth 在出生時(shí);give birth to 出生79.blame sb.for sth.因…責(zé)備某人.blame sth.on sb.把…推在某人身上80.in blossom開(kāi)花(指樹木)be in blossom開(kāi)花(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))come into blossom開(kāi)花(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)81.on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火車或飛機(jī)82.boast of(or about)吹噓83.out of breath 喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)84.in brief(=in as few words as possible)簡(jiǎn)言之85.in bulk 成批地,不散裝的86.take the floor 起立發(fā)言87.on business 出差辦事.88.be busy with sth.于某事。be busy doing sth.忙于做某事89.last but one 倒數(shù)第二.90.but for(=without)要不是.表示假設(shè)91.buy sth.for…money 用多少錢買92.be capable of 能夠, 有能力be capable of being +過(guò)去分詞是能夠被…的93.in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens;anyhow)無(wú)論如何94.in case(=for fear that)萬(wàn)一;95.in case of(=in the event of)如果發(fā)生…萬(wàn)一in the case of 至于…, 就…而言96.in no case在任何情況下都不(放句首倒裝句)97.be cautious of 謹(jǐn)防98.center ones attention on(=focus one’s attention on)把某人的注意力集中在…上99.be certain of(=be sure of)有把握, 一定.100.for certain of(=for sure)肯定地,有把握地101.by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然102.for a change換換環(huán)境(花樣等)103.charge sb.with …控告某人犯有…104.in charge of(=responsible for)負(fù)責(zé)(某事)in the charge of …由…管105.take charge of(=to be or become responsible for)負(fù)責(zé)管理(照顧)106.charge…for 因…索取(費(fèi)用), charge sb.with sth.控告某人犯有…107.round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without

stopping)晝夜不停地108.comment on 評(píng)論109.commit oneself to 使自己承擔(dān)… commit sb.to prison把某人送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄;commit ones idea to writing 把某人的想法寫下來(lái);commit a matter to a committee把某事交給委員會(huì)討論110.in common(和…)有共同之處,共用.be common to sb.是與某人所共有的111.keep company with(=be friendly and go out together)和…要好.112.compare…with … 把…與…比較113.compare…to… 把…比作…114.by comparison 比較起來(lái)115.in comparison with(=in contrast to)和…比起來(lái)116.compensate for(=give sth.to make up for)補(bǔ)償, 賠償,彌補(bǔ) compensatesb.for sth.賠償,彌補(bǔ)117.complain of(or about)抱怨;訴苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情;complain to sb.about sth.(or sb.)向某人抱怨…;complain(抱怨);complement(補(bǔ)充);compliment(恭維)118.comply with(=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.)遵守, 依從119.conceive of(think of, imagine, consider)想象,設(shè)想120.concentrate on(or upon)集中,專心121.be concerned with(=about)與…有關(guān)122.concern oneself aboutwith 關(guān)心123.in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一點(diǎn);at the conclusion of 當(dāng)…結(jié)束時(shí);124.condemn sb.to 判決125.on condition that(=if)以…為條件, 假如.in that = because因?yàn)?now that = since既然for all that = although 盡管126.inout of condition(=thoroughly healthy or fitnot fit)健康狀況好不好.in good(bad)condition處于良好(壞)狀態(tài)127.confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth.wrong)承認(rèn), 供認(rèn);confess to a crime 承認(rèn)罪行.128.confide in(=to talk freely to sb.about one’s secret)對(duì)…講真心話, 依賴129.in confidence 推心置腹地;with confidence 滿懷信心地;have confidence in 對(duì)…有信心130.confidence in sb.sth.對(duì)…的信賴131.be confident of 有信心;confidential 機(jī)密的132.confine…to… 把…限制在某范圍內(nèi)133.confirm sb.in 使某人更堅(jiān)定(信念等)134.conform to(=be in agreement with, comply with)符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey 服從;2)observe;

3)comply with 照…辦;4)keep to遵循;5)abide by服從;6)stick to按..做135.be confronted with(=be brought face to face with)面對(duì), 面臨136.congratulate sb.on 祝賀137.in connection with(=with regard to)關(guān)于,138.be conscious of(=be aware of)覺(jué)察,知道139.consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意140.in consequence(=as a result)結(jié)果141.in consequence of(=as a consequence of)由于…的結(jié)果

第四篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)常用短語(yǔ)

1．經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展 the rapid development of economy

2．人民生活水平的顯著提高/ 穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3．先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù) advanced science and technology

4．面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn) be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5．人們普遍認(rèn)為 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6．社會(huì)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果 the inevitable result of social development

7．引起了廣泛的公眾關(guān)注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8．不可否認(rèn) It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9．熱烈的討論/ 爭(zhēng)論 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有爭(zhēng)議性的問(wèn)題 a controversial issue

11．完全不同的觀點(diǎn) a totally different argument

12．一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13.就我而言/ 就個(gè)人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14．就…達(dá)到絕對(duì)的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16．雙方的論點(diǎn) argument on both sides

17．發(fā)揮著日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18．對(duì)…必不可少 be indispensable to …

19．正如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō) As the proverb goes:

20．…也不例外 …be no exception

21．對(duì)…產(chǎn)生有利/不利的影響 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22．利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23．導(dǎo)致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24．復(fù)雜的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象 a complicated social phenomenon

25．責(zé)任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27.開(kāi)闊眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28．學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29．經(jīng)濟(jì)/心理負(fù)擔(dān) financial burden / psychological burden

30．考慮到諸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31.從另一個(gè)角度 from another perspective

32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33.對(duì)…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34．為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn) make contributions to the society

35．打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ) lay a solid foundation for…

36．綜合素質(zhì) comprehensive quality

37．無(wú)可非議 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性increase the chances of

39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40.應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn) Admittedly,41．不可推卸的義務(wù) unshakable duty

42.滿足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

44．寶貴的自然資源 valuable natural resources

45．因特網(wǎng) the Internet（一定要由冠詞，字母I 大寫）

46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47．在人類生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48．環(huán)保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly

49．社會(huì)進(jìn)步的體現(xiàn) a symbol of society progress

50．科技的飛速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology

51．對(duì)這一問(wèn)題持有不同態(tài)度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52．支持前/后種觀點(diǎn)的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion

53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 證據(jù) have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence

54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

第五篇：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作常用短語(yǔ)

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作常用短語(yǔ)匯總

a series of 一系列一連串 above all 首先尤其是

*He loves music，and above all classical music．他喜歡音樂(lè)，尤其是古典音樂(lè)。

*Never waste anything，but above all never waste time．任何東西都不可浪費(fèi)，尤其不可浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。after all 畢竟究竟

*After all，he is your father．他畢竟是你的父親。

*Don't get discouraged by setbacks；we are new to the work after all．別因挫折而灰心，這工作對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)畢竟還是新的。

*Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had too much homework，but he went after all．雖然鮑勃因有太多的家庭作業(yè)而認(rèn)為不能參加聚會(huì)，但他終于還是去了。ahead of 在……之前

*Directly ahead of us is the royal palace.我們正前方就是皇宮.* London is about five hours ahead of New York.倫敦時(shí)間比紐約早五小時(shí)左右.ahead of time 提前

They finished the work ahead of time.他們提前完成了工作。all at once 突然,同時(shí)

*All at once she decided she wasn't going．She didn't explain why．她突然決定不去了，她沒(méi)有講明理由。*All at once we heard a shot and the soldier fell to the ground．突然我們聽(tīng)到槍聲，接著士兵就倒下去了。*She couldn't tell them more about the accident．Everything just seemed to have happened all at once．她不可能向他們講述更多的事情，一切都似乎是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。all but 幾乎 除了….都

*The shipwrecked people were rescued all but one．船只失事，遇難者除一人以外全部得救。*He was all but bankrupt and couldn't help us．他幾乎破產(chǎn)了，不能幫助我們。*The girl was all but run over by the car．那女孩差點(diǎn)被那輛小汽車壓過(guò)去。all of a sudden突然

*All of a sudden a man burst out of the building，and made off down the road．突然，一個(gè)人從大樓里沖出來(lái)，沿著大路逃跑

*All of a sudden the lights went out.突然燈滅了。all over 遍及

*The game is all over.比賽已全部結(jié)束。

*I looked all over for my ball pen.我到處尋找我的圓珠筆。all the time 一直，始終

*Conditions are changing all the time.情況在不斷地變化著。all the same 仍然照樣的 一樣的

*It's all the same to me whether he comes or not．他來(lái)不來(lái)對(duì)我都無(wú)所謂。*A heavy snow was falling，but we got there in time all the same．當(dāng)時(shí)正下大雪，但我們還是準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了那里。He's a bit naughty, but I like him all the same.他有點(diǎn)頑皮, 可是我還是喜歡他。as regards 關(guān)于至于

*As regards attending the meeting，I haven't decided yet．關(guān)于那個(gè)會(huì)議，我還沒(méi)有決定是否參加。*He was always secretive as regards his family．關(guān)于他的家庭情況，他總是守口如瓶。anything but 決不，根本不

*The task was anything but easy．這工作決不容易。

*Many large cities are anything but beautiful．許多大城市一點(diǎn)也不美。*She will do anything but that．她決不做那件事。as a matter of fact實(shí)際上事實(shí)上

*As a matter of fact，I have never heard of him． 事實(shí)上，我從沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他。*He has，as a matter of fact，no real convictions．他實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有真正的信念。apart from 除……之外

*Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.他除了臉部和雙手受傷以外, 兩條腿也斷了.*Apart from these two books，he has written some plays and film scripts，除了這兩本書外，他還寫了一些劇本和電影腳本。as a rule 通常照例

*As a rule，he gets up at five o'clock and does morning exercises in the park．他通常5點(diǎn)起床，在公園里做早操。

*When does he come as a rule？通常他什么時(shí)候來(lái)？

*As a rule, we get up about six o'clock.我們通常六點(diǎn)左右起床。as a result(of)因此由于

*As a result he remained unknown and lived away from his family for more than 20 years．結(jié)果，他隱姓埋名，遠(yuǎn)離家人達(dá)20多年。

*He refused to have medical attention in the early stages of his complaint，and as a result he became seriously ill．他在得病初期拒絕接受治療，結(jié)果病情嚴(yán)重惡化。*He was late as a result of the snow.由于大雪他遲到了。as far as….be concerned 就…..而言

As far as we're concerned you can go whenever you want.就我們而言, 你什么時(shí)候走都行。

as far as 至于…..，直到……, 到……程度 They walked as far as the lake.他們一直走到湖邊。2.盡?;就?

I'll help you as far as I can.as for 至于關(guān)于就?而言

*As for that man，he is not qualified for the job at all．至于那人，他干這項(xiàng)工作根本不稱職。

*He likes summer，but as for me，I like winter much better．他喜歡夏天，但是對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，我則更喜歡冬天。

as follows 如此/下

*The regulations are as follows．規(guī)定如下。as if 好像，似乎，仿佛

She treats him as if he were a stranger.她待他如陌生人。

as good as 和------幾乎一樣 It was as good as new.這幾乎像新的一樣。

as usual 像平常一樣，像往常一樣，照例 As usual, she had bread and egg for breakfast.她照例吃面包和雞蛋作早餐。

*On Sundays he gats(gots)up early as usual．星期天他照常起得很早。

*I would go home，as usual，for Christmas．跟往常一樣，我將回家過(guò)圣誕節(jié)。as to 至于，關(guān)于

*As to Jack，I believe he wouldn't have said anything like that．至于杰克，我相信他不會(huì)那么說(shuō)的。

*As to your final grade，that depends on your final examination．至于你的總成績(jī)，那要根據(jù)你的期末考試而定。

all right 令人滿意的 良好的 正確的

She was ill for a month, but she's all right now.她病了一個(gè)月, 但現(xiàn)在好了。Your answer is all right.你的回答正確。

as well 同樣，也，還

*I am going to Paris and my brother is going as well．我要到巴黎去，我弟弟也去。* I'm coming to London and my sister's coming as well.我要來(lái)倫敦, 我妹妹也會(huì)來(lái)。as well as 和；同；既……又

*He went to the party as well as his sister．他和他妹妹都出席了晚會(huì)。*He was kind as well as sensible．他既懂道理又善良。aside from 除……之外

*Aside from his meagre salary，he has no other resources to fall back on依靠．除了那一點(diǎn)微薄的薪水，他沒(méi)有別的可靠財(cái)源。

*Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill．除了是樂(lè)趣和有益的鍛煉以外，游泳還是一種很有用的技能。

*It is aside from our present aims to devote too much time to this question．若在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上花費(fèi)過(guò)多的時(shí)間，那就偏離了我們當(dāng)前的目標(biāo)。at a loss 茫然，不知所措，虧本地

*He was at a loss what to do．他不知所措。

*They sold the goods at a loss.他們虧本出售了貨物。at a time 一次，每次

*They learn 30 words and a passage at a time．他們一次學(xué)30個(gè)單詞和一篇短文。*Take three pills at a time.每次服三粒。

at all 絲毫(不)，一點(diǎn)也不

*I don't agree with you at all．我完全不同意你的看法。

*There was nothing to worry about at all．完全沒(méi)有什么可擔(dān)心的。at all costs 不惜一切代價(jià)

*He will attain his goal at all costs．他將不惜一切代價(jià)達(dá)到目的。*We will save his life at all costs.我們將不惜任何代價(jià)挽救他生命。at all events 不管怎么，無(wú)論如何

*At all events I'll go to see her someday．有朝一日，我無(wú)論如何會(huì)去看她的。

*It may rain tomorrow，but we are going home at all events．明天可能下雨，但無(wú)論如何我們還是要回家。at all times 隨時(shí)，總是

at any rate 無(wú)論怎么樣，無(wú)論如何，至少

*At any rate we'll leave when it stops raining．無(wú)論如何，雨停了我們就要?jiǎng)由?/p>

*At any rate, the medical supplies will reach you within a week.無(wú)論如何, 醫(yī)療用品將于一星期內(nèi)運(yùn)到你那里。

at best至多充其量

*At best we can do only half as much as last year.我們至多只能做到去年的一半。at first 最初起初

*At first I didn't know what had happened.起先我不知道發(fā)生了什么事。at first sight 咋一看，初看起來(lái)

*At first sight，the problem seemed insoluble．乍看起來(lái)，這問(wèn)題似乎無(wú)法解決。*He fell in love with her at first sight．他對(duì)她一見(jiàn)鐘情。at hand 在手邊，在附近

*The Midautumn Festival is at hand．中秋節(jié)快要到了。

*He wished more than ever to have his father at hand．他比任何時(shí)候都希望父親就在他跟前。

*It is very convenient to have a dictionary at hand when reading． 閱讀時(shí)手頭有一本詞典是很方便的。*He lives close at hand．他住得很近。at heart 在內(nèi)心里 本質(zhì)上實(shí)際上

*His manners are cold，but he is at heart a kind man．他的言談舉止有些冷淡，但實(shí)際上他心地善良。*She has your interests at heart．她常把你的利益放在心上。*She did not at heart want to do it．她心里并不想做那件事。at home 在家鄉(xiāng) 在家內(nèi)

*He was very famous at home and abroad．他在國(guó)內(nèi)外都很有名。

*Americans abroad are protected by the government like Americans at home．海外的美國(guó)人如同在國(guó)內(nèi)一樣，受到政府的保護(hù)。at intervals 不時(shí)不時(shí)地 每隔…….*The music came from the building at intervals．音樂(lè)聲從樓里不時(shí)傳來(lái)。at large 大多數(shù)，未被捕獲的

*The criminal is still at large．那個(gè)罪犯依然逍遙法外。

*The escaped criminal is still at large.逃走的罪犯仍然逍遙法外。at least 至少；起碼

*I had not seen him for at least a week．我至少有一周沒(méi)看見(jiàn)他了。at last 最后，終于

*At last they climbed over the mountain．他們終于翻過(guò)了這座大山。*At last they reached Shanghai.他們終于到達(dá)了上海。at length 最后，終于

*He succeeded at length．他終于成功了。

*At length there was a step forward in the negotiations．談判終于有了進(jìn)展。*He came at length．他終于來(lái)了。at most 至多不超過(guò)

at no time 從不決不，在任何時(shí)候都不 At no time should you give up studying.在任何時(shí)候你都不應(yīng)放棄學(xué)習(xí)。by accident 偶然

*Columbus discovered America by accident．哥倫布偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸。*I met her by accident in the street．我在街上偶然碰到了她。at one time 曾經(jīng)一度同時(shí)

*This kind of wine was very popular at one time，but now it is considered too strong．這種酒曾經(jīng)很受歡迎，但是現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為度數(shù)太高了。

*At one time we met frequently．曾經(jīng)有一個(gè)時(shí)期我們經(jīng)常會(huì)面。at present 目前現(xiàn)在

*At present he is a professor of physics．他現(xiàn)在是物理學(xué)教授。*We don't need any more at present．現(xiàn)在我們不再需要什么了。at sb’s disposal 任…….處理 at the cost of 以…..為代價(jià)

*He saved the lives of his friends at the cost of his own．他犧牲自己而挽救了朋友的生命。at the mercy of 任憑…..擺布

*She was at the mercy of her cruel husband.她任憑殘酷的丈夫擺布。*A sailor is at the mercy of the weather.水手受到天氣的擺布。at the moment 此刻目前

*I know the address well enough，but I can't think of it at the moment．我清楚地記得這個(gè)地址，可是這會(huì)兒怎么也想不起來(lái)了。

*I am very busy at the moment.我此刻很忙。at this rate 照此速度，這樣的話

*At this rate we won't be able to afford a holiday.照這種情形看來(lái), 我們就無(wú)法度假了。at times有時(shí)間或

*At times I saw her walking alone by the lake．我有時(shí)看到她獨(dú)自在湖邊散步。*At times I make mistakes when I speak English．我說(shuō)英語(yǔ)有時(shí)有錯(cuò)。back and forth來(lái)回地反復(fù)地

*She walked back and forth on the path．她在小徑上來(lái)回走著。

*The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.風(fēng)吹來(lái), 樹來(lái)回輕擺。before long 不久以后，很快

*The book will be published before long．這本書不久就要出版了。*I hope to hear from you before long．我希望不久就能收到你的信。beside the point 離題的不相干的 Beyond question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) By air通過(guò)航空途徑

By all means 盡一切辦法，務(wù)必 by and by 不久，遲早

*The boy said he would do his homework by and by．這男孩說(shuō)他一會(huì)兒就做作業(yè)。by chance偶然地，意外地

*The apple fell by chance on Bobby's head．蘋果碰巧掉在鮑比的頭上。*I met Tom by chance yesterday.昨天我偶然遇見(jiàn)湯姆。by far最…..顯然地

*He is by far the best student in this class．他顯然是這個(gè)班里最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生。*This book is by far the best.這本書顯然是最好的。by hand用手的，手工做的，親自的

*The peasants use tractors to pull the plough and milk their cows by hand．農(nóng)民用拖拉機(jī)耕田，用手?jǐn)D奶。*The letter should be delivered by hand．此信必須由專人送去。by itself 自動(dòng)地獨(dú)自地

*The machine works by itself.機(jī)器自行運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

*The farmhouse stands by itself in the fields.農(nóng)舍孤零零地坐落在田間。by means of 利用，依靠

*They succeeded by means of perseverance．他們依靠堅(jiān)持而成功。

*The thief entered the house by means of a ladder．小偷用一個(gè)梯子進(jìn)了房間。*They succeeded by means of perseverance.他們依靠堅(jiān)忍不拔而獲得成功。by mistake 錯(cuò)誤地?zé)o意地

*I took his book by mistake．我錯(cuò)拿了他的書。

*He put salt into his tea by mistake.他把鹽誤放進(jìn)茶里。by no means 決不，并沒(méi)有

*Our government adheres to the principle that we will by no means be the first to use nuclear weapons．我國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持在任何情況下決不首先使用核武器的原則。

*I am by no means interested in the work．我對(duì)這件工作一點(diǎn)也不感興趣。*He will by no means lend you the money．他決不會(huì)把錢借給你的。by oneself 單獨(dú)地獨(dú)自地

*She felt very sad and lonely by herself．她獨(dú)自一人感到憂傷寂寞。*He painted the door by himself．他自己把門漆好了。

*The little boy went out by himself.小男孩獨(dú)自一人出去了。by reason of 由于,因?yàn)?/p>

*He escaped punishment by reason of his youth.他因?yàn)槟贻p, 得以免除懲罰。by the way 順便說(shuō)說(shuō)

*By the way，what was she doing when you saw her this morning？順便問(wèn)一下，你今天上午看見(jiàn)她時(shí)她在干什么？

*By the way，have you seen Harry recently？順便問(wèn)一下，你最近見(jiàn)到哈利了嗎？

*By the way, do you have any idea where the post office is? 順便問(wèn)一下, 你知道郵局在哪兒?jiǎn)? by virtue of 由于因?yàn)閼{借

*He rose high in society by virtue of his talent and learning．他因其才華和學(xué)識(shí)而飛黃騰達(dá)。*He was promoted by virtue of his abilities．他憑他的能力而獲得了提升。

*They won the day，but only by virtue of hard fighting．他們完全是靠艱苦奮斗才獲勝的。by way of 經(jīng)由，通過(guò)……方法

*She went to Canada by way of Shanghai．她經(jīng)過(guò)上海去加拿大。*He said something by way of greeting．他說(shuō)了幾句話表示歡迎。

*I offered her a pair of shoes by way of thanks．我送她一雙鞋以表謝意。due to 由于，因?yàn)?，歸功于

*The accident was due to careless driving．這場(chǎng)車禍?zhǔn)谴中鸟{駛造成的。

*What would you say inflation is mainly due to？你認(rèn)為通貨膨脹的主要原因是什么？ *He arrived late due to the storm．他由于暴風(fēng)雨而來(lái)遲了。*Her absence was due to the storm.由于風(fēng)雨交加她沒(méi)來(lái)。

*His success was largely due to his hard work．他的成功在很大程度上歸功于他的辛勤勞動(dòng)。each other 互相

even if/though 雖然即使

*I won't mind even if he doesn't come．即使他不來(lái)，我也不介意。*I won't lose heart even if I don't succeed．即使是失敗，我也不灰心。ever so非常極其

*I like it ever so much．我非常喜歡它。

*She's got ever so many books．她有好多書。*The trees are ever so green.樹非常綠。every now and then 時(shí)常有時(shí)

*I meet him every now and then on the street．我時(shí)常在街上碰見(jiàn)他。*She comes to visit us every now and then.她時(shí)常來(lái)看望我們。every other 每隔一個(gè)的

*We have English lessons every other day．我們每隔一天上一次英語(yǔ)課。*I go there every other week．每隔一周我去那兒一趟。*You should write on every other line.你應(yīng)該隔行寫。except for 除了…..外

*Your composition is good，except for some spelling mistakes．你的作文寫得不錯(cuò)，只是有幾處拼寫錯(cuò)誤。The composition is quite good except for the spelling.這篇文章除了拼寫以外, 其他都不錯(cuò)。face to face 面對(duì)面地

*They sat face to face with each other without a word．他們面對(duì)面坐在一起無(wú)話可談。*They will debate face to face.他們將當(dāng)面進(jìn)行辯論。far from 遠(yuǎn)非遠(yuǎn)離

*Shanghai is not far from here.上海離這兒不遠(yuǎn)。

The railway station is far from here．火車站離這里很遠(yuǎn)。

*The present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made．雖然取得了某些進(jìn)展，但現(xiàn)在的形勢(shì)距離稱心如意還差得遠(yuǎn)。

*His explanation was far from satis factory．他的解釋一點(diǎn)兒也不令人滿意。for ever 永遠(yuǎn)

*He has decided to give up smoking for ever．他決定永遠(yuǎn)戒煙。*His name should also live for ever．他的名字亦將永垂不朽。for good 永遠(yuǎn)地，永久地

*He left the city for good.他永遠(yuǎn)地離開(kāi)了那個(gè)城市。for the better好轉(zhuǎn)

*The doctor felt that having a few days' rest would be for the better．醫(yī)生認(rèn)為休息幾天較好。*The world situation is changing for the better．世界形勢(shì)日趨好轉(zhuǎn)。

*His state of health has changed for the better recently．近來(lái)他的健康狀況好轉(zhuǎn)了。for the moment 暫時(shí)目前

*Stop arguing for the moment.暫停爭(zhēng)論。for the present 暫時(shí)目前

*They are wearied and have to suspend the work for the present．他們累了，得暫時(shí)停止工作。*I'm rather busy for the present．我眼下相當(dāng)忙。

*For the present we had better wait and see．目前我們最好還是等等再說(shuō)。*Let's stop doing it for the present.我們暫時(shí)停一下工作。for the sake of 為了，為了……的利益

*We must be patient for the sake of peace．為了和平，我們必須有耐心。

*For the sake of settling the matter they agreed to compromise．為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，他們同意妥協(xié)。for the time being暫時(shí)，目前，眼下

*We really need a new car but for the time being we'll have to continue using the old one ．我們的確需要一部新車，但目前我們還得繼續(xù)用這部舊車。

*I have no time to spare for the time being．暫時(shí)我抽不出時(shí)間來(lái)。*He is getting better for the time being．眼下他身體好些了。*Let's share the room for the time being.我們暫時(shí)合住一個(gè)房間吧!from time to time 有時(shí)，偶爾

*I see him at the library from time to time．我有時(shí)在圖書館見(jiàn)到他。*He called at our home from time to time．他有時(shí)到我們家玩。

*From time to time we invite experts to give lectures in our department ．我們經(jīng)常請(qǐng)專家來(lái)我們系講課。*He went fishing from time to time.他不時(shí)去釣魚。

hand in hand 手拉手地，聯(lián)合地，密切關(guān)系

*They strolled hand in hand in the street．他們攜手漫步街頭。

*Theory should go hand in hand with practice．理論應(yīng)當(dāng)與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合。

*Doctors and nurses work hand in hand to save lives．醫(yī)生和護(hù)士密切合作挽救生命。head on 迎面地，正面地

*The ship struck the rocks head on．那只船迎頭撞上了礁石。*The two cars crashed head on．兩車迎面撞上。

heart and soul全心全意地，忠心地

soul心靈靈魂精神

*We should serve the people heart and soul．我們應(yīng)該全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。

*When I played the piano，my heart and soul is in it．當(dāng)我彈鋼琴時(shí)，我全身心地投入了。*John plays tennis badly，but with heart and soul．約翰網(wǎng)球打得不好，但他打得很認(rèn)真。*She wants a puppy with all her heart and soul．她極想要一條小狗。

*They were heart and soul against the new rules．他們竭力反對(duì)那些新規(guī)則。how about……

你認(rèn)為?怎樣(?為名詞或動(dòng)名詞)in a hurry 匆忙，急忙

*He was in a hurry to leave．他匆 匆忙忙地離開(kāi)了。

*The composition was written in a hurry；I have to go over it again.那篇作文是匆匆忙忙寫出來(lái)的，我得再看一遍。

*Nothing is ever done in a hurry．匆匆忙忙是辦不成事的。in case of 假如，萬(wàn)一，如果發(fā)生 in a moment 立刻，一會(huì)兒

I’ll come in a moment.我馬上就出來(lái)。

in a sense從某種意義上說(shuō)；就某種意義來(lái)說(shuō)

*What you say is true in a sense．你所說(shuō)的在某種意義上是對(duì)的。

*In a sense，arithmetic is a language．從某種意義上說(shuō)，算術(shù)是一種語(yǔ)言。in a way 在某種程度上

*Your composition is well done in a way．你的作文在某種程度上寫得很成功。

*I like Jane in a way，but she doesn't like me．我在某種程度上喜歡簡(jiǎn)，但是她不喜歡我。in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之，總之

in accordance with 與…一致，按照

*This is in accordance with reason．這是合乎情理的。

*His words are not in accordance with common sense．他的話不符合常識(shí)。*He did not act in accordance with the orders．他沒(méi)有遵照命令辦事。

*This is done in accordance with the instructions of the principal.這是依照校長(zhǎng)指示做的。in addition 另外，加之 in addition to 除…之外(還)*In addition to English，he has to study a second foreign language．除英語(yǔ)外，他還得學(xué)門第2外語(yǔ)。*In addition to a large collection of scientific works in Chinese，our library contains many scientific books in foreign languages．我們圖書館除了藏有大批中文科技書籍之外，還有許多外文科技書籍。in advance 預(yù)先，事先 *Please pay five yuan in advance.請(qǐng)預(yù)付人民幣5元。

*She received one month's salary in advance.她預(yù)支了一個(gè)月的工 資。*He registered for the examination well in advance．他早就報(bào)名應(yīng)試了。

*The factory fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance．這個(gè)工廠提前一個(gè)月完成國(guó)家生 產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。

in all 總共，合計(jì)

*There were in all a hundred persons present.共計(jì)有10O人參加。*There are twenty in all．總計(jì)20 個(gè)。in any case/event 無(wú)論如何,不管怎么樣

*In any event I'll call you before I make a final decision．不管怎樣，我在作出最后決定前會(huì)打電話給 你的。

*In any case，you must get here no later than five o'clock，無(wú)論如何，你務(wù)必5點(diǎn)鐘前到達(dá)這里。in brief 簡(jiǎn)而言之，簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)

*It's a long letter，but in brief，he says“No．” 這是封長(zhǎng)信，但簡(jiǎn)單地 說(shuō)，他就是“不同意?！?*He gave in brief the story of the storm.他扼要地談了風(fēng)暴的情況。in charge of 對(duì)…..有責(zé)任；負(fù)責(zé)…..;管理……..in common

*We have everything in common.我 們什么都是共用的。*We have a kitchen in common.我們 的廚房是共用的。

in consequence(of)因此，由于，由于…..的原因，由于….的緣故

*In consequence of the deep snow，school will not open today．由于雪很深，學(xué)校今天停課。

*In consequence of your bad behaviour I'm forced to dismiss you．由于你行為不軌，我只好解雇你。in debt 欠款，負(fù)債

in detail 詳細(xì)地，詳盡地

*There isn't time to explain in detail．沒(méi)有時(shí)間詳細(xì)闡述。

*The teacher explained the text in detail．老師詳細(xì)解釋了課文。in difficulty 處于困境中 in effect 實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上

*The two methods are in effect identical．這兩種方法實(shí)際上是一樣的。in general 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，大體上

*In general，your suggestion is good．你的建議總的來(lái)說(shuō)是好的。

*The weather in Florida is warm in general．佛羅里達(dá)的天氣通常是溫暖的。*In general，the bus is here by 9 a．m．通常公共汽車是9點(diǎn)前到達(dá)這里。in favor of 支持；贊成…….*Are you in favour of the proposal？你贊成這個(gè)建議嗎？ *The students were in favour of reform．學(xué)生們都贊成改革。

*Everyone in the class voted in favour of the dancing party．班里的每個(gè)人都投票贊成開(kāi)舞會(huì)。in front of 在…..的前面；面對(duì)…….*A large tree stands in front of his house．他的房前長(zhǎng)有一棵大樹。in half 分成兩半

*The party is likely to split in half．這個(gè)黨有可能分裂成兩派。*The cake was cut in half．餅子被切成了兩半。in hand 在手頭的，在控制中的 We have the necessary tools in hand.我們手邊有各式工具可使用。We have the problem in hand.問(wèn)題已在我們掌握中。in honor of 為紀(jì)念，為慶祝

*We celebrate Mother's Day in honour of our mothers．我們慶祝母親節(jié)是對(duì)母親表示敬意。

*The city dedicated a monument in honour of the general．該市為對(duì)這位將軍表示敬意建造了一個(gè)紀(jì)念碑。*A great banquet was held in honour of our distinguished guests．我們?yōu)橘F賓舉行了一次盛大的宴會(huì)。in itself 本質(zhì)上，就其本身而言 in line with 符合，與…..一致

*In line with the customs of the school，the students had a holiday between Christmas and New Year's Day．根據(jù)學(xué)校的慣例，在圣誕節(jié)和新年期間學(xué)生放假。

*Students often work in factories in line with the Party's policy of combining education with productive labour．根據(jù)黨的教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合的方針，學(xué)生們常常去工廠勞動(dòng)。in memory of 紀(jì)念……

*They are going to erect a monument in memory of the men who laid down their lives in defense of their country．他們將樹碑紀(jì)念為保衛(wèi)祖國(guó)而獻(xiàn)身的人們。

*A monument has been erected in memory of their beloved teacher．為了紀(jì)念他們敬愛(ài)的老師，他們已經(jīng)樹起了一塊紀(jì)念碑。in no case 決不

in no time 立即地，很快地

*With a pair of scissors，she can turn out a beautiful design in no time．用一把剪刀，她可以立即剪出一個(gè)美麗的花樣來(lái)。

*Take this medicine，and it will cure you in no time．吃了這種藥，你的病馬上就會(huì)好的。*They finished the work in no time at all．他們立刻完成了這項(xiàng)工作。in no way 決不

*Your plan is in no way different from ours．你們的計(jì)劃與我們的計(jì)劃并沒(méi)有什么不同。*He is in no way superior to me in knowledge．他在知識(shí)方面并不比我強(qiáng)。*She is in no way to blame．她完全不應(yīng)該受責(zé)備。in order按順序，按次序

*Put these words in alphabetical order.把這些字按字母表順序排列起來(lái).*He put his papers in order before he left the office．離開(kāi)辦公室前，他把文件整理好。in other words 換言之，換句話說(shuō) in part 在某種程度上，部分地

*His success is in part owing to luck．他的成功在某種程度上是由于走運(yùn)。

*It is in part your own fault that you have failed．你的失敗有一部分是你自己的過(guò)錯(cuò)造成的。in particular 特殊地，特別地

*I remember one of them in particular．我特別記住了他們之中的一位。

*I am interested in stories in general，and in detective stories in particular．我總的來(lái)說(shuō)對(duì)小說(shuō)感興趣，尤其是對(duì)偵探小說(shuō)感興趣。

*Are you doing anything in particular tonight？你今晚有什么特別的事要做嗎？

*There are so many books here．Why do you like that one in particular？這里有這么多書，你為什么特別喜歡那一本？

in person 親自，本人

*Will you apply for the position by letter or in person？你申請(qǐng)那個(gè)工作是親自去還是寫信去？

*I can't attend the meeting in person，but I'll send someone to speak for me．我不能親自出席會(huì)議，但是我將派人替我發(fā)言。

*You had better go and speak to him in person．你最好親自去跟他談。in place 在合適的位置 適當(dāng)?shù)膕uitable *She likes to have everything in place．她喜歡把什么事都安排得井井有條。*We don't think your suggestion is quite in place．我們認(rèn)為你的建議不很恰當(dāng)。in place of 代替取代

in practice 在實(shí)踐中，實(shí)際上

*They have rich experience in practice．他們有豐富的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

*Your idea sounds good but will it work in practice？你的主意很好，但它能實(shí)現(xiàn)嗎？ in proportion to 與…..成比例；相稱

*Each man's pay will be in proportion to his work．每個(gè)人的報(bào)酬將與其工作成比例。

*His expenditure(花費(fèi)，支出)is not in proportion to his income．他的支出與收入不平衡。*The house is tall in proportion to its width．按照寬度來(lái)說(shuō)這房子是很高的。in quantity 大量

in question 正在談?wù)摰?考慮的

*Where is the man in question？ 剛剛談到的這個(gè)人在哪兒？

*Here are the two students in question．這就是我們所談到的兩個(gè)學(xué)生。*The book in question was published in 1990．該書是1990年出版的。in public 公開(kāi)地，當(dāng)眾地

*Don't quarrel with each other in public，will you？不要在大庭廣眾之下吵架，好不好？ *He is nervous in public．他在公開(kāi)場(chǎng)合很緊張。

*He doesn't like to speak in public．他不愿當(dāng)眾講話。in regard to 關(guān)于，至于，就……而言 in relation to 關(guān)于，涉及 in return 作為報(bào)答/回報(bào)

in return for 作為對(duì)……報(bào)答 in short 簡(jiǎn)而言之，總之

*In short，he is a promising young man and has a bright future．總之，他是一個(gè)有希望、有前途的青年。*In short，we must be prepared．總之，我們要有所準(zhǔn)備。

*In short，finishing the job is not so easy as you may think．總之，完成這工作不是你想象的那么容易。in sight 看得見(jiàn)，出現(xiàn)，在望

*There was not a ship in sight．看不到一只船。

*A ship came in sight from the horizon．天際出現(xiàn)了一條船。*Peace is now in sight．現(xiàn)在和平有望。

*With success in sight they all felt jubilant．成功在望，他們都?xì)g天喜地。in spite of 盡管，不管，雖然有…..*In spite of the bad storm John delivered his papers on time．雖然天下暴雨，約翰仍按時(shí)投遞報(bào)紙。

*In spite of the rainy weather，the streets were full of people on May Day．五一節(jié)那天，盡管下雨，街上還是擠滿了人。

*He succeeded in the end in spite of the immense difficulties．盡管困難重重，他最終還是成功了。in step 齊步，一致

in tears 流著淚，含著淚

in the course of 在…….期間/過(guò)程中 in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處

*A small house can be seen in the distance．遠(yuǎn)處可以看到一幢小房子 in the end 最后，終于

*They reached the top of the mountain in the end．他們最后爬到了山頂。*He succeeded in the end．最后他成功了。in the event of 如果….發(fā)生，萬(wàn)一…….in the face of 縱然(縱然：即使)；面對(duì) in the first place 首先

*You cannot go swimming．In the first place，the water is too cold；and in the second place，there is no enough time before dinner．你不能去游泳。第一，水太冷；第二，晚飯前沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間。*In the first place，students should study hard．首先，學(xué)生應(yīng)該努力讀書。in the future 在未來(lái)，在將來(lái) in the least 一點(diǎn)(不)，絲毫(不)*Mike was not upset in the least by the storm．暴風(fēng)雨一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有使邁克感到焦慮不安。in(the)light of 鑒于，由于，根據(jù) in the way 妨礙，阻擋

*Fred tried to get to the door，but the table was in the way．弗雷德試圖走近大門，可是桌子擋住了去路。*I will visit you on Sunday，if there is nothing in the way．如果沒(méi)有什么妨礙的話，我將在星期日去拜訪你。*They are very busy now，so let's take our leave quickly，otherwise we'll be in the way．他們眼下正忙著，我們還是快走吧，要不就礙事了。in the world 在世界上 in the world/on earth 究竟，到底

*Who in the world is that fellow？那人究竟是誰(shuí)？

*Where in the world did you find that necklace？你究竟是在哪兒發(fā)現(xiàn)這根項(xiàng)鏈的？

*He didn't understand what on earth the teacher meant．他不能理解老師究竟說(shuō)了些什么。in time 及時(shí)

*We got to the station just in time to catch the train．我們及時(shí)趕到火車站乘上火車。

*You can rest assured that we'll finish the work in time．你放心吧，我們一定按時(shí)完成任務(wù)。*The doctor came in time to save his life．醫(yī)生及時(shí)前來(lái)挽救他的生命。in touch 在……附近，聯(lián)系，接觸 in turn 依次，輪流

*Each man in turn got up and spoke．每個(gè)人依次站起來(lái)發(fā)言。*I'll see you all in turn．我將一個(gè)一個(gè)地去看望你們大家。in vain 徒勞地，無(wú)效地

*He passed his life in vain．他虛度了一生。

*All the doctor's efforts were in vain and the man soon died．醫(yī)生所有的努力都無(wú)效，那個(gè)人很快就死了。instead of 代替，取代，而不是

*Shall we have fish instead of meat today？我們今天吃魚不吃肉好嗎？ *I will go instead of you．我將代替你去。

*Let's play cards instead of watching television.咱們玩紙牌吧, 別看電視了.* We sometimes eat rice instead of potatoes.我們有時(shí)候吃大米, 不吃土豆.* Instead of Graham, it was Peter who moved in.搬進(jìn)來(lái)的不是格雷厄姆, 而是彼得.just now 眼下，剛才

*Mr．Johnson isn't here just now．Will you please phone back later？約翰遜先生現(xiàn)在不在這兒。你過(guò)一會(huì)兒回電話好嗎？

*He came in just now；he is probably upstairs．他剛才進(jìn)來(lái)過(guò)，現(xiàn)在可能在樓上。little by little 漸漸地，逐漸地

*He learned to cook little by little．他慢慢學(xué)會(huì)了做菜。*He has become rich little by little．他漸漸富裕起來(lái)了。

*John hadn't been able to quit smoking suddenly；he had to control his smoking desire little by little．約翰不能立即把煙戒掉，他得慢慢地控制煙癮。lots of 許多的..., 大量的...many a 許多(的)*Many a student likes to read this magazine．很多學(xué)生喜歡讀這本雜志。

*Many a day was spent preparing the new textbooks．好多天時(shí)間花在編寫新的教科書上。more or less 或多或少，多少有點(diǎn)，大約

*The road runs more or less parallel to the Bell Street．這條路基本上是和貝爾大街平行的。

*By September we knew more or less what our income would be for the whole year．到9月份，我們就大概知道了我們?nèi)甑氖杖胧嵌嗌佟?/p>

*It's a mile，more or less，from his home to school．從他家到學(xué)校大約有一英里遠(yuǎn) next door 隔壁，隔壁的

* The manager's office is just next door.經(jīng)理辦公室就在隔壁.*Next door to us there's a couple from the USA.我們隔壁住著來(lái)自美國(guó)的一對(duì)夫婦.no doubt 無(wú)疑地

*No doubt I will succeed in the end.我確信我最終會(huì)成功。

*No doubt Susan was the smartest girl in her class．無(wú)疑蘇珊是她班上最聰明的學(xué)生。no less than 不少于…..;不亞于…..;與…..一樣

*There was no less than thirty dollars in the drawer．抽屜里少說(shuō)也有30美元。*This boy is no less clever than that one．這個(gè)男孩與那個(gè)男孩一樣聰明。no longer 不再

*He is no longer living here．他已不住在這里了。*Now this great stretch of lowland no longer faces the menace of flood．現(xiàn)在，這一大片洼地已不再受洪水的威脅了。

no more 不再；死去，不復(fù)存在

*His voice is heard no more．他的聲音再也聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)了。*Time lost will return no more．失去的時(shí)間不會(huì)再來(lái)。

*The barren hills are no more；all around there are fruit trees．荒山不見(jiàn)了，到處都是果樹。*The ancient city Troy is no more．古城特洛伊已不存在了。*The great leader is no more．這位偉大的領(lǐng)袖已去世了。no more than 至多，不多于，只有

*There was no more than thirty dollars in the drawer．抽屜里只有30美元。

*She was no more than an ordinary worker but she has invented a lot of new machines．她只不過(guò)是一個(gè)普通的工人，然而她卻發(fā)明了許多新機(jī)器。none other than 不是別人而正是…….The new arrival is none other than the President.剛來(lái)的不是別人正是總統(tǒng)。on one’s guard 警惕，小心

You have to be on your guard in this situation.在這種情況下你要小心。nothing but 只有，只不過(guò)

*Nothing but a miracle can save her life.只有奇跡才能挽救她的生命。*It，s nothing but an ordinary watch．這只是塊普通的表。

*He had nothing but a cup of tea this morning．他早上只喝了杯茶。now and then 時(shí)而，偶爾

*Now and then he goes to a ball game．他偶爾去看看球賽。

*Now and then Larry and his wife go out to dinner at an expensive firstrate restaurant．拉里和他妻子偶爾去豪華飯店吃飯。

*Every now and then she would glance up at the clock．她不時(shí)抬頭看看鐘。off and on 斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地

*It rained off and on all day．雨斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地下了一整天。

*He wrote to a girl in London off and on for several years．他與倫敦的一位姑娘斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地通了幾年信。*We don't go to the theatre regularly，just off and on．我們不常去看戲，只是偶爾看看罷了。off duty 下班，下班的

*He is off duty today．他今天不值班。

*It seems that all the taxis in New York are off duty whenever it rains．雨天，紐約所有的出租車似乎都休息了。

*He usually comes off duty at 5 p.m.他通常下午五點(diǎn)下班。on a large/small scale 大規(guī)模地/ 小規(guī)模地 They are preparing for war on a large scale.他們正在大規(guī)模地備戰(zhàn)。on account of 因?yàn)?，由?/p>

*The picnic was held indoors on account of the rain．由于天下雨，野餐在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。

*Flights were delayed two hours on account of the thick fog．由于大霧，班機(jī)推遲了兩小時(shí)。*Bill cannot come to the meeting on account of illness.比爾因病不能到會(huì)。on an/the average平均，通常

*On an average Don's mother has to ask him three times before he helps wash dishes．通常唐的母親叫他3遍他才幫助洗盤子。

*On the average the machine turns out one bottle every two seconds．這臺(tái)機(jī)器平均每?jī)擅腌娚a(chǎn)1只瓶子。on behalf of 代表，為了…….的利益

*John accepted the championship award on behalf of the team．約翰代表球隊(duì)領(lǐng)取冠軍獎(jiǎng)。

*He rendered many valuable services on behalf of justice and freedom．他為正義和自由做了許多有意義的事情。*They worked hard all their lives on behalf of the poor．他們畢生為窮人的利益而辛勞。on board 在船上、車上

*A ship was leaving the harbor，and we saw the people on board waving．船緩緩地離開(kāi)港口，我們看見(jiàn)船上的人在揮手。

*Jack wasn't on board the ship when it sailed．啟航時(shí)，杰克不在船上。on business 為了生意，為了公事

*Are you here on business or for pleasure？你來(lái)這兒是有事還是消遣呢？

*The secretary told the visitor that the manager was out on business．秘書告訴來(lái)訪者說(shuō)經(jīng)理出差去了。on condition that 假如，在……條件下

*I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back in one month．假如你在一個(gè)月內(nèi)能還我錢，我就借給你。

*You can go there on condition that you don't come back late for dinner．你可以去那兒，條件是回來(lái)吃飯不能太晚。

on duty 上班，值班

*Don't talk with him． He's on duty now．不要跟他說(shuō)話，他正在值班。*Policemen are not allowed to smoke while on duty．警察上班時(shí)不許吸煙。*I usually go on duty at 8 a.m.我通常上午八點(diǎn)上班。on foot 步行，在進(jìn)行中

*Sally's bicycle broke and she had to return home on foot．薩莉的自行車壞了，她只好步行回家。*It is a new scheme on foot.這是項(xiàng)正在實(shí)行的新計(jì)劃。on guard 警惕，警戒

*The police warned people to be on guard for pickpockets during the Christmas rush．警察警告人們?cè)谑フQ購(gòu)物高潮時(shí)謹(jǐn)防小偷。

*Be always on guard against complacency．要時(shí)時(shí)警惕自滿情緒。on hand 在場(chǎng)，在手頭

There weren't enough snacks on hand for the party.現(xiàn)有宴會(huì)的點(diǎn)心不夠用。

We have plenty of money on hand to pay for the snacks.我們手邊有很多錢可以買零嘴。

We have nobody on hand to repair your car.我們現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有人能修你的車。on occasion(s)有時(shí)，偶爾

*I meet him on occasion at the club or in the theatre．我在俱樂(lè)部或戲院里有時(shí)能遇到他。*On occasion we feel like celebrating and have a party．我們有時(shí)喜歡來(lái)個(gè)聚會(huì)慶賀一番。on one’s own 獨(dú)立，獨(dú)自

*You are allowed to drive a car on your own．允許你獨(dú)自開(kāi)車。*I'm all on my own today．今天只是我一個(gè)人。

*Why are you sitting all on your own？你為什么獨(dú)自一個(gè)人坐在那里？ on purpose 故意地，有目的地

*Jimmy hit his little brother in the eye，but he didn't do it on purpose．杰米打了他弟弟的眼睛，但他不是故意的。

*She did not forget her coat； she left it in the locker on purpose．她并未忘記要帶外衣，她是故意放在鎖柜里的。

*She broke the dish on purpose just to show her anger．她故意打破那個(gè)盤子以發(fā)泄她的憤怒。on sale 出售的，廉價(jià)出售的

*These shoes are very cheap，as they are on sale．這些鞋子非常便宜，正在削價(jià)出售。

*The bookstore is to close down，and many books are on sale as waste paper．書店要關(guān)閉，所以許多書象廢紙一樣在廉價(jià)出售。

on schedule 按時(shí)間表，準(zhǔn)時(shí)

*If my train is on schedule，I will be home by nine o'clock．若火車準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，我9點(diǎn)以前可以到家。*The train arrived on schedule.火車準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。on second thoughts 進(jìn)一步考慮后，經(jīng)重新考慮后

*On second thoughts they decided to leave London．經(jīng)仔細(xì)考慮，他們決定離開(kāi)倫敦。on the contrary 相反地，正相反

*He is not selfish；on the contrary，he is very noble and generous．他并不自私，恰恰相反，他是一個(gè)非常高尚而又慷慨的人。

*The teacher thought that the children went to the zoo； on the contrary，they went to the bakery． 老師以為孩子們?nèi)チ藙?dòng)物園，恰恰相反，他們卻去了面包房。on the ground of 根據(jù)，以……為理由

*On the ground of sufficient evidence he charged the young man with murder．他以充分的證據(jù)指控那個(gè)年輕人犯有謀殺罪。

*He has expressed his desire to retire on the ground of failing health．他以體力不支為由表示希望退休。on(the)one hand 在一方面 on the other hand 另一方面

on the point of 正要……的時(shí)候，正要……，在…..之際

*The baby was on the point of crying when her mother came home．嬰兒正要哭時(shí)，這時(shí)媽媽回家了。

*We were on the point of calling you when your telegram arrived．我們正要給你打電話時(shí)，你的電報(bào)來(lái)了。on the road 在旅途中

*My letter will soon reach him； it is on the road．我的信正在路上，他很快就能收到。

*Jane was very sick for several weeks，but now she is on the road to recovery．簡(jiǎn)前幾個(gè)星期病得很厲害，現(xiàn)在正在恢復(fù)中。

*Conscientious study put the student on the road to success．勤奮學(xué)習(xí)使那學(xué)生即將獲得成功。on the side 此外，額外

*His job at the hospital did not pay much，so he found another on the side．他在醫(yī)院工作的報(bào)酬不多，所以他另外找了一份兼職。

*If we get good profits from the farm, maybe we could start a little business on the side.要是農(nóng)場(chǎng)的贏利多, 也許我們還可以另外做一些生意。on the spot 在場(chǎng)

*The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime．警察在接到犯罪消息的幾分鐘內(nèi)就趕到了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。

*The news of important events is often broadcast on the spot over television．重要事件的新聞總是通過(guò)電視立即廣播。

on the whole 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，大體上

*On the whole，children begin walking when they are about one year old．一般來(lái)說(shuō)，小孩1歲左右開(kāi)始走路。

*On the whole，men are stronger than women．一般來(lái)說(shuō)，男人比女人強(qiáng)壯。

*On the whole our stay there was quite enjoyable．總的說(shuō)來(lái)，我們待在那里是很開(kāi)心的。on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)

*They forecast the weather accurately and on time．他們預(yù)報(bào)天氣既精確又準(zhǔn)時(shí)。

*If the train is on time，I should reach home before dark．如果火車不誤點(diǎn)，我應(yīng)該在天黑前到家。once again 再一次

once(and)for all 永遠(yuǎn)地，最后一次地 John's back home once and for all.約翰回到家, 再也不走了。once in a while 有時(shí)，偶爾

*We go for a picnic in the park once in a while．我們有時(shí)去公園里野餐。*Once in a while the puppy would run away．小狗有時(shí)也會(huì)溜出去。once more 再一次

*He asked the question once more．他再次提出這個(gè)問(wèn)題。*He said he would try once more．他說(shuō)他將再試一次。once upon a time 從前

*Once upon a time there dwelt a fisherman on the lakeside．從前湖邊住著一個(gè)漁民。*Once upon a time there lived a king who had an ugly daughter．從前有一位國(guó)王，他有一個(gè)丑陋的女兒。one another 相互，彼此

*They gave presents to one another at Christmas．圣誕節(jié)他們互贈(zèng)禮品。

*We help one another with the extra work in the summer.我們互相幫助做夏季的額外工作.or else 否則，要不然

*Do what I tell you，or else you'll be sorry．照我的話做，否則你要后悔的。*Hurry up or else you'll be late.快點(diǎn), 否則你要遲到了。

*They told me to leave at once, or else.他們要我馬上離開(kāi), 否則(對(duì)我不利)。*You will stay away from my girlfriend, or else.離我女朋友遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn), 否則要你好看。or so 大約

*I'll return in a week or so．我大約一星期后回來(lái)。

*There will be thirty or so people at the party．約有30人左右參加聚會(huì)。other than 除了

*He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.他除了向我要東西, 從不跟我說(shuō)話.* She has no close friends other than him.她除了他以外沒(méi)有好朋友.*He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan．除了日本以外，他訪問(wèn)了所有的亞洲國(guó)家。out of 從……中

*Choose one out of these paintings．從這些畫中選一幅。

*He picked the girl out of the crowd．他從人群中把這女孩挑了出來(lái)。out of breath 喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)

I'm out of breath after running up the stairs.奔上樓梯我氣喘吁吁。out of control 失去控制

The plane got out of control and crashed into the sea.飛機(jī)失控, 墜入大海。out of date 陳舊的，過(guò)時(shí)的

*The furniture is out of date．這家俱過(guò)時(shí)了。*Your methods have long gone out of date；you will have to modernize or risk failure．你的這些方法早已陳舊，你應(yīng)當(dāng)用現(xiàn)代化的方法，否則有失敗的危險(xiǎn)。

*He was out of favor in Paris and went to London．他在巴黎不受歡迎就到倫敦去了。*Your idea has gone out of date.你的觀念已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了。out of doors 在戶外

It's cold out of doors.外面很冷。out of order 次序混亂的，出故障的

*The room was out of order．整個(gè)房間亂七八糟。

*I checked the papers that were to be printed and noticed that one or two were out of order．我檢查要印的文件，發(fā)現(xiàn)有一兩處次序混亂。

out of place 位置不對(duì)的，不適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

*Your books are out of place．你的書放錯(cuò)了位置。

*It was out of place for Russsell to laugh at the old lady．拉賽爾取笑這位老太是不對(duì)的。*His remarks were a bit out of place.他的話有點(diǎn)不恰當(dāng)。

out of practice 久而不練的，荒疏的

She has been out of practice on the piano for a whole year.她已整整一年沒(méi)有練鋼琴了。out of sight 看不見(jiàn)的，在視野外的，十全十美的，好極的 *The plane was soon out of sight．飛機(jī)很快就看不見(jiàn)了。

*That birthday gift was really out of sight.那件生日禮物實(shí)在是太棒了。*His new sports car is really out of sight.他的新跑車實(shí)在太棒了。out of sight and out of mind 眼不見(jiàn)，心不煩 out of the question 不可能的

*To get there before seven is out of the question．7點(diǎn)以前趕到那兒是不可能的。*What you say is out of the question．你說(shuō)的那事是辦不到的。

*An expensive holiday abroad was out of the question on his salary．按他的工資水平，要花很多錢去國(guó)外度假是不可能的。

out of touch 不聯(lián)系，不接觸

*Fred has got out of touch with people in his hometown．弗雷德與他家鄉(xiāng)人失去了聯(lián)系。over and over(again)一再地，再三地

*I've warned you over and over again not to do that.我一再地警告你不要去做。prior to 在…..之前，居先

prior優(yōu)先的，在前的

*He called on me prior to his departure．他臨行前來(lái)看了我。quite a few 相當(dāng)多，許多

*We didn't expect many to be present but quite a few people came to the meeting．我們并未指望有多少人出席，但還是很多人來(lái)參加了會(huì)議。

*Quite a few of the students were late.不少學(xué)生遲到了。

rather than 不是….(而是)，不愿，不要;與其說(shuō)倒不如說(shuō)

*I think I'll have a cold drink rather than coffee.我想喝冷飲, 不想喝咖啡.regardless of 不顧，不管

*Regardless of danger, he climbed the tower.他不顧危險(xiǎn)地爬上了高塔。right away 立即，馬上

*I'm sorry I forgot to bring your medicine down；I'll go upstairs and get it right away．很抱歉我忘記把藥給你拿下來(lái)了，我馬上上樓給你拿來(lái)。

*She says that dinner will be ready right away．她說(shuō)晚飯馬上就準(zhǔn)備好了。side by side 在一起，肩并肩

*The two boys played side by side all afternoon．這兩個(gè)男孩整個(gè)下午一直在一起玩。

*We must stand side by side in our days of trouble．在困難的日子里，我們一定要并肩站在一起。so far 迄今為止，到目前為止

*So far no further news had been obtained．至今沒(méi)有得到進(jìn)一步的消息。*The weather has been hot so far this summer．今年夏天天氣一直很熱。sooner or later 遲早，早晚

*You will repent it sooner or later．你遲早會(huì)后悔的。

*Although people would like to live forever，everyone has to die sooner or later．雖然人們都想永遠(yuǎn)活下去，但是每個(gè)人最終都是要死的。step by step逐步地

*Step by step I'll learn to do the work．我將逐步地學(xué)會(huì)干這項(xiàng)工作。

*A foreign language can't be learned rapidly；it must be learned step by step．學(xué)外語(yǔ)不能急，只能按部就班地學(xué)。

*His health is improving step by step.他的健康狀況正在逐步好轉(zhuǎn)。such as 例如，諸如

*Metals are such things as iron，gold and silver．金屬是諸如鐵、金和銀這類的東西。thanks to 由于，多虧

*Thanks to your help，we succeeded．由于你的幫助，我們成功了。that is to say 換句話說(shuō)，也就是說(shuō)

*He runs after her；that is to say，he has fallen in love with her．他追求她，也就是說(shuō)，他愛(ài)上了她。to the point 切中要害，切題

*His speech was very long and not to the point．他的演講冗長(zhǎng)而且不切題。under control 處于控制之下

*They have got flood waters under control．他們已使泛濫的洪水受到了控制。*I noticed that my legs are not well under control．我發(fā)覺(jué)我的兩條腿不聽(tīng)使喚。under the circumstances 在這種情況下 up to date 最近的，最新的

*Your skirt is quite up to date．你的裙子款式是最時(shí)新的。

*Mother，you must get more up to date with modern styles！You can't wear those things．媽媽，你應(yīng)該接受些時(shí)髦的東西，不能穿那些玩藝兒了。up to 直到…..;從事于，策劃

*He hasn't seen any elephant up to the present day．他到現(xiàn)在也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)大象。

*Some people believe those men are spies，but no one knows what they are up to．有人認(rèn)為那些人是間諜，但是沒(méi)有人知道他們想干什么。

what if…..? 如果…..將會(huì)怎么樣呢？，*I don't like to have you go boating in such weather．What if a storm should come up？我不想讓你在這樣的天氣里去劃船，要是刮起了大風(fēng)暴怎么辦？

*What if he doesn't come？We can not do without him．如果他不來(lái)怎么辦？沒(méi)有他，我們就無(wú)法干。what about……?

…….怎么樣？ with respect to 至于，關(guān)于

*I have something to say with respect to our business．關(guān)于我們的業(yè)務(wù)，我想說(shuō)幾句。with regard to 至于，關(guān)于

without question 無(wú)疑的，的確的，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的 with the exception of 除…..之外

*They passed the examination withthe exception of two．除了兩人外，他們考試都通過(guò)了。word for word 逐字的，一字不差的

*Please tell me what the teacher said，word for word．請(qǐng)把老師的原話告訴我。

Friday, May 07, 2010

原海旺/原培旺于喬謝

本word內(nèi)容參考于網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源，經(jīng)本人歸納之。

Monday, May 24, 2010