第一篇：各導(dǎo)師摘要[推薦]

改性酚醛樹脂處理劑對石英纖維增強芳基乙炔復(fù)合材料性能的影響

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Influence of modification phenolic resin surface treatment agent【英文篇名】 on the properties of silica fibers reinforced polyarylacetylene composites

【下載頻次】 【作者】 ★

王勃;王超;宋延華;牛永安;陳澤明;WANG Bo~1;WANG Chao~(*1);SONG Yanhua~2;NIU Yong'an~3;CHEN Zeming~1(1.Heilongjiang Petrochemistry Institute;Harbin 150040;China;2.The Rese【英文作者】

arch Institute for Special Structures of Aeronautical Composite;Jinan 250023;3.School of Astronautics;Harbin Institute of Technology;Harbin 150001;China);【作者單位】 黑龍江省石油化學研究院;濟南航空特種結(jié)構(gòu)研究所;哈爾濱工業(yè)大學航天學院;復(fù)合材料學報, Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 編輯部郵箱 2010年 04期

【文獻出處】

期刊榮譽：中文核心期刊要目總覽 ASPT來源刊 CJFD收錄刊

【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 復(fù)合材料;石英纖維;酚醛樹脂;表面處理劑;composites;silica fiber;phenolic resin;surface treatment agent;采用改性酚醛樹脂作為石英纖維表面處理劑來提高石英纖維增強芳基乙炔復(fù)合材料(SF/PAA)界面性能。通過性能測試,研究處理劑對力學性能和介電性能的影響。通過XPS和【摘要】 SEM分析方法,研究了酚醛樹脂表面處理劑對復(fù)合材料界面官能團變化和微觀形貌的影響。性能測試結(jié)果表明改性酚醛樹脂處理劑可以顯著提高PAA復(fù)合材料的力學性能和介電性能。XPS分析結(jié)果表明酚醛樹脂處理后的石英纖維表面與酚醛樹脂發(fā)生了化學反應(yīng),SEM研究表明酚醛樹脂處理后的復(fù)合材料界面粘結(jié)性能得到顯著提高。

To enhance the interfacial adhesion between silica fibers(SF)and the polyarylacetylene matrix(PAA), the modification phenolic resin was used as the surface treatment agent for SF.The influence of treatment technology on the silica fibers re【英文摘要】 inforced polyarylacetylene composites(SF/PAA)mechanical property and dielectric property was investigated by properties testing.The composition and functional group of the silica fiber surface were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The fracture surface o...改性環(huán)保裝飾型膠粘劑粘接性能的研究

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Study on bonding performance of modified environment-friendly【英文篇名】

adhesive for decoration

【下載頻次】 【作者】 ★☆

牛永安;王超;蘇濤;趙鑫剛;陳澤明;NIU Yong-an1;WANG Chao1;SU Tao2;ZHAO Xin-gang1;CHEN Ze-ming1(1.Institute of Petrochemistry;HLJ;Academy of Science;Harbin 150040;China;2.T【英文作者】

he 637th Institute of China Aviation Industry Corporation I;Jinan 250023;China);【作者單位】 黑龍江省石油化學研究院;中國航空工業(yè)第一集團第637所;中國膠粘劑, China Adhesives, 編輯部郵箱 2009年 03期

【文獻出處】

期刊榮譽：中文核心期刊要目總覽 ASPT來源刊 CJFD收錄刊

【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 環(huán)保;裝飾膠;SBS;environment-friendly;adhesive for decoration;SBS;以苯乙烯/丁二烯/苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)為基體樹脂、增黏樹脂為改性劑、溶劑汽油和【摘要】 丙酮為溶劑制備環(huán)保型SBS裝飾膠粘劑,研究了膠粘劑的固化行為對其力學性能和玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度(Tg)的影響,考察了不同的熱老化時間對其力學性能、Tg、表面微觀形貌和表面碳元素含量的影響。研究結(jié)果表明,當固化時間低于120h時力學性能和Tg隨著固化時間的延長而增加,當固化時間超過120h時力學性能和Tg基本不變;當熱老化時間超過160h時膠粘劑老化開始加劇,當熱老化時間超過300h時膠粘劑發(fā)生熱分解。

With styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymer(SBS)as matrix resin,tackifying resin as modifier,solvent gasoline and acetone as solvent,the environment-friendly SBS adhesive for decoration was prepared.The influences of adhesive curing b【英文摘要】 ehavior on mechanics performance and glass transition temperature(Tg)were studied and the influences of different aging time on mechanics performance,Tg,surface microcosmic morphologies and surface carbon content were investigated.The research results show that the mecha...王超：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學材料學博士，北京大學化學與分子工程學院博士后，碩士生導(dǎo)師。

自1993年參加工作以來，一直從事軍用膠粘劑、復(fù)合材料基體樹脂和表界面改性的研究工作，包括環(huán)氧樹脂、酚醛樹脂、聚酰亞胺、聚硫橡膠、SBS以及碳纖維和芳綸纖維改性研究。

先后主持并參與國家九五攻關(guān)項目、國防重點科研項目、國家自然基金項目、國防重點實驗室項目和中石化重點科研項目等共計20多項。這些成果廣泛用于航空、航天、電子、艦船和兵器等國防領(lǐng)域以及其它工業(yè)領(lǐng)域。在國內(nèi)外發(fā)表論文50多篇，并被SCI(6)和EI(11)收錄，以及各級期刊著作引用，出版及待出版論著4部。

獲黑龍江省科技進步三等獎1項，黑龍江省優(yōu)秀科技著作論文二等獎3項，三等獎2項，并入選2000年黑龍江年鑒，就讀博士期間在2002年獲得中科院獎學金。

孫禹：研究員，碩士生導(dǎo)師。1982年畢業(yè)于黑龍江大學高分子專業(yè)，同年來石化院參加工作，1988年取得黑龍江省科學院高分子化學與物理專業(yè)碩士學位。主要從事高分子合成、粘合劑、涂料等的研制與開發(fā)工作。

長期承擔著國防科委和省科委的科技攻關(guān)項目，主持完成科研項目十余項，其成果已廣泛應(yīng)用軍工配套領(lǐng)域和民用相關(guān)行業(yè)，為國防建設(shè)和地方經(jīng)濟做出了應(yīng)有的貢獻。

取得獲獎成果二項，均為省科持進步三等獎。

在學術(shù)會議和專業(yè)刊物上發(fā)表論文二十余篇。飛機座艙軟連接用膠黏劑的研制

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Study on the Adhesive Used for Flexible Bonding of Aircraft Ca【英文篇名】

bin

【下載頻次】 【作者】 ★☆

祝鐵軍;孔憲志;孫東洲;孫禹;ZHU Tie-jun;KONG Xian-zhi;SUN Dong-zhou and SUN Yu(Heilongjiang Institut【英文作者】

e of Petrochemistry;Harbin 150040;China);【作者單位】 黑龍江省石油化學研究院;黑龍江哈爾濱;化學與黏合, Chemistry and Adhesion, 編輯部郵箱 2006年 04期

【文獻出處】

期刊榮譽：ASPT來源刊 CJFD收錄刊

【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 膠黏劑;聚氨酯;聚酯;Adhesive;polyurethane;polyester;本文介紹了一種飛機座艙軟連接用雙組份聚氨酯膠黏劑,主要探討了合成聚酯的二元醇【摘要】 與三元醇摩爾比、催化劑用量及種類、貯存時間以及聚酯與固化劑質(zhì)量比對性能的影響。實驗結(jié)果表明,合成聚酯的二元醇與三元醇摩爾比為1∶0.32,催化劑采用復(fù)合催化劑且用量在1%,聚酯與固化劑質(zhì)量比1∶1時膠黏劑有良好的性能。該種膠黏劑的綜合性能已達到國外同類產(chǎn)品的水平。

A two-component polyurethane adhesive used for flexible bonding of aircraft cabin was presented in this article.The effects of the molar ratio of binary alcohol to ternary alcohol,amount and species of catalyst,shelf time and the mass ratio 【英文摘要】 of polyester to curing agent on performance were discussed.The results showed that the adhesive would have good properties under the conditions of that the molar ratio of binary alcohol to ternary alcohol in the synthesis of polyester was 1∶0.32,the amount of complex cat...劉曉輝：省級高分子學科帶頭人，享受省政府特殊津貼，研究員，碩士生導(dǎo)師。1982年畢業(yè)于黑龍江大學化學系高分子專業(yè)，1985獲黑龍江省科學院高分子化學碩士學位，同年到黑龍江省石化院工作，主要從事合成高分子膠粘劑的研究工作。

主持并參加研制完成20余項國家、省部級科研課題，取得18項科研成果，建成4套中試生產(chǎn)裝置。研制的20余種膠粘劑在軍工(飛機、直升機和坦克發(fā)動機等)以及民用領(lǐng)域(紡織、卷煙、木工)獲得推廣應(yīng)用，取得了較好的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益。

取得獲獎成果五項，其中，省科技進步二等獎一項，省科技進步三等獎三項，省科學院科技進步一等獎一項。

在學術(shù)會議和專業(yè)刊物上發(fā)表論文三十余篇。

脫氫型室溫硫化硅橡膠的研究 推薦 CAJ下載

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【英文篇名】 【下載頻次】 【作者】 Study on dehydrogenated RTV silicone rubber

★★★★★

張大勇;劉曉輝;李欣;王剛;徐曉沐;趙穎;趙秋菊;ZHANG Da-yong;LIU Xiao-hui;LI Xin;et al(Heilongjiang Province Petrochemical【英文作者】

Research Institute;Ha'erbin;150040);【作者單位】 黑龍江省石油化學研究院;齊齊哈爾大學;黑龍江齊齊哈爾;有機硅材料, Silicone Material, 編輯部郵箱 2006年 01期

【文獻出處】

期刊榮譽：ASPT來源刊 CJFD收錄刊

脫氫型;室溫硫化硅橡膠;端羥基聚二甲基硅氧烷;端羥基聚甲基苯基硅氧烷;含氫硅【中文關(guān)鍵詞】

油;dehydrogenate RTV silicone rubber;hydroxyl ended methyl polysiloxane;hydrog【英文關(guān)鍵詞】

en-containing silicone oil;考察了端羥基聚有機硅氧烷、補強填料和含氫硅油的種類對脫氫型室溫硫化(RTV)硅橡膠的力學性能和粘接性能的影響,以及催化劑種類對RTV硅橡膠的凝膠時間和表觀密度的影響。結(jié)果表明,當端羥基聚二甲基硅氧烷和端羥基聚甲基苯基硅氧烷按10∶3的質(zhì)量【摘要】 比并用時,RTV硅橡膠的剪切強度較高;當側(cè)氫基硅油和端氫基硅油按1∶1~1∶3的質(zhì)量比配合使用時,能明顯改善硅橡膠的剪切強度;通過選擇適當?shù)拇呋瘎?可調(diào)整脫氫型硅橡膠的凝膠時間,制得較致密的硫化膠;二氧化鈦、氧化鋅對脫氫型RTV硅橡膠均有補強作用,而經(jīng)甲基三乙氧基硅烷處理的氧化鋅對脫氫型RTV硅橡膠的補強作用最明顯。

曲春艷：省膠粘劑工程技術(shù)研究中心副主任，省級學科后備帶頭人，享受國務(wù)院特殊津貼，研究員，碩士生導(dǎo)師。1985年畢業(yè)于黑龍江大學化學系高分子專業(yè)，獲學士學位，同年到省石化院參加工作，1990年獲黑龍江省科學院高分子化學碩士學位。主要從事國防重點型號配套的高分子膠粘劑的合成、結(jié)構(gòu)與性能的關(guān)系、應(yīng)用與開發(fā)的研究工作。

主持和參加研究的科研項目包括國家“九五”、“十一五”攻關(guān)課題在內(nèi)達三十余項，這些成果已廣泛應(yīng)用于我國“神舟”系列飛船、運載火箭、飛機、導(dǎo)彈、衛(wèi)星等航空、航天器的研制與生產(chǎn)中，取得了較好的社會效益、經(jīng)濟效益。

獲獎成果3項，其中，國家科技進步三等獎一項，省科技進步三等獎二項。

在學術(shù)會議和專業(yè)刊物上發(fā)表論文三十余篇，中國化學學會理事，中國化學學會高分子專業(yè)委員會委員，《化學與黏合》期刊編委會委員，Sampe國際專業(yè)學會北京分會會員。

曲春艷同志為省第八次黨代會代表，獲黑龍江省第四屆青年科技獎，曾榮獲省“巾幗建功”標兵和省“三八”紅旗手稱號，2004年獲“國防科技工業(yè)有突出貢獻中青年專家”稱號。

三元乙丙橡膠粘接用膠黏劑的研制

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【英文篇名】 【下載頻次】 【作者】 【英文作者】 Preparation of an Adhesive for Bonding EPDM

★★★★☆

王德志;曲春艷;張楊;WANG De-zhi;QU Chun-yan and ZHANG Yang(Heilongjiang Institute of Petrochemistry;Harbin 150040;China);【作者單位】 【文獻出處】 黑龍江省石油化學研究院;黑龍江哈爾濱;化學與黏合, Chemistry and Adhesion, 編輯部郵箱 2006年 03期

期刊榮譽：ASPT來源刊 CJFD收錄刊 【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 【摘要】 三元乙丙橡膠;金屬;復(fù)合材料;膠黏劑;EPDM;Metal;Composite material;Adhesive;研制了一種酚醛-三元乙丙橡膠(EPDM)型膠黏劑,探討了主要組分對膠黏劑膠接性能的影響。通過對三元乙丙橡膠的溴化改性,改善了粘接性能,扯離強度達到了3.0 MPa以上,剝離強度達到了3.0 kN/m,且試件破壞形式多為材料破壞(橡膠內(nèi)聚力破壞)。該膠工藝性能優(yōu)良,初黏力達到了10 N/2.5 cm左右;該膠耐熱性好,熱重分析法(TG)測定該膠固化物明顯熱失重溫度在400℃左右;該膠耐久性能好,紫外老化90 d(相當于大氣老化10年),剪切強度下降率為10%左右。該膠主要應(yīng)用于EPDM與金屬之間及EPDM與復(fù)合材料之間的膠接,目前在大型壓力容器內(nèi)襯材料成型工程中已得到成功應(yīng)用。【英文摘要】 A phenolic-EPDM solvent-based adhesive was introduced in this paper,and the effects of basic compositions on the bonding strength were discussed.The bonding performances of adhesive were improved by brominating modification.Its tear strength reached more than 3.0 MPa,the peel strength was 3.0 kN/m and the breaking type of most bonding specimens was cohesive failure.This adhesive showed good processing performance,its initial adhesion(before cure)was about 10 N/2.5 cm.DTA-TG curves exhibited that the thermo...

第二篇：黨建各注意事項摘要

各黨建注意事項摘要

各班黨員（包括預(yù)備黨員和正式黨員）人數(shù)：不超過班級總?cè)藬?shù)

普通班：大一10%大二20%大三30%大四40%

計自或?qū)嶒灠啵捍笠?0%大二25%大三40%大四50%

一、入黨積極分子確定與考察

1.立本（不超過5人）

（1）提交自傳（3000+），提交入黨申請書（3000+），并檢查通過；

（2）參加過或正在鄧讀會并通過黨校600題，600題在學院首頁→紅色家園→網(wǎng)上課堂；

（3）上學期無不及格科目，上學年或上學期學習成績（全部班級大一前1/3,大二大三前1/2,大四無成績名次，大三大四65%，大一第一學期提名參考期中考試成績）；

（4）班級投票（參加投票的人數(shù)必須占班級總?cè)藬?shù)的2/3以上，票數(shù)至少一半以上，人數(shù)多的可以采用差額選舉）。

2.考察（思想?yún)R報注意事項）

（1）用黑色鋼筆或水筆寫，必須寫在方格紙上，共12篇，每篇1500+;

（2）填寫好入黨積極分子考察表，6~8次。

二、發(fā)展成為預(yù)備黨員及考察

1.發(fā)展

（1）上過黨校，思想?yún)R報數(shù)量12篇及以上；

（2）入黨積極分子一年或以上；

（3）上學年無補考科目，學習成績（普通班大一大二前1/3，大三大四前1/2,計自或?qū)嶒灠啻笠淮蠖?0%，大三大四前65%）

（4）擔任社會工作（或曾經(jīng)擔任過），并且學期考核為B等（含）以上；

（5）群眾投票2/3以上通過；

（6）大一大二同學要求是鄧讀會會員，其他年級的鄧讀會會員，學導(dǎo)優(yōu)先發(fā)展。

（7）研究生的成績由導(dǎo)師認可，其他要求同上。

2.考察

（1）預(yù)備期間思想?yún)R報用黑色鋼筆或水筆寫，必須寫在方格紙上，共6篇，每篇2000+;

（2）學生黨員黨費每月0.2元，每年2.4元。

三、發(fā)展成為正式黨員

（1）預(yù)備黨員預(yù)備期滿；

（2）上學期無不及格科目；

（3）修滿足夠轉(zhuǎn)正學分；

（4）參加過預(yù)備黨員黨校培訓班；

（5）轉(zhuǎn)正申請（2500+）。

第三篇：《簡愛》小說各章節(jié)摘要及分析

Summary: Chapter 1 The novel opens on a dreary November afternoon at Gateshead, the home of the wealthy Reed family.A young girl named Jane Eyre sits in the drawing room reading Bewick’s History of British Birds.Jane’s aunt, Mrs.Reed, has forbidden her niece to play with her cousins Eliza, Georgiana, and the bullying John.John chides Jane for being a lowly orphan who is only permitted to live with the Reeds because of his mother’s charity.John then hurls a book at the young girl, pushing her to the end of her patience.Jane finally erupts, and the two cousins fight.Mrs.Reed holds Jane responsible for the scuffle and sends her to the ―red-room‖—the frightening chamber in which her Uncle Reed died—as punishment.Summary: Chapter 2 Two servants, Miss Abbott and Bessie Lee, escort Jane to the red-room, and Jane resists them with all of her might.Once locked in the room, Jane catches a glimpse of her ghastly figure in the mirror, and, shocked by her meager presence, she begins to reflect on the events that have led her to such a state.She remembers her kind Uncle Reed bringing her to Gateshead after her parents’ death, and she recalls his dying command that his wife promise to raise Jane as one of her own.Suddenly, Jane is struck with the impression that her Uncle Reed’s ghost is in the room, and she imagines that he has come to take revenge on his wife for breaking her promise.Jane cries out in terror, but her aunt believes that she is just trying to escape her punishment, and she ignores her pleas.Jane faints in exhaustion and fear.Summary: Chapter 3 When she wakes, Jane finds herself in her own bedroom, in the care of Mr.Lloyd, the family’s kind apothecary.Bessie is also present, and she expresses disapproval of her mistress’s treatment of Jane.Jane remains in bed the following day, and Bessie sings her a song.Mr.Lloyd speaks with Jane about her life at Gateshead, and he suggests to Jane’s aunt that the girl be sent away to school, where she might find happiness.Jane is cautiously excited at the possibility of leaving Gateshead.Soon after her own reflections on the past in the red-room, Jane learns more of her history when she overhears a conversation between Bessie and Miss Abbott.Jane’s mother was a member of the wealthy Reed family, which strongly disapproved of Jane’s father, an impoverished clergyman.When they married, Jane’s wealthy maternal grandfather wrote his daughter out of his will.Not long after Jane was born, Jane’s parents died from typhus, which Jane’s father contracted while caring for the poor.Summary: Chapter 4 “I am glad you are no relation of mine.I will never call you aunt again as long as I live.I will never come to visit you when I am grown up;and if any one asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, I will say the very thought of you makes me sick....”

About two months have passed, and Jane has been enduring even crueler treatment from her aunt and cousins while anxiously waiting for the arrangements to be made for her schooling.Now Jane is finally told she may attend the girls’ school Lowood, and she is introduced to Mr.Brocklehurst, the stern-faced man who runs the school.Mr.Brocklehurst abrasively questions Jane about religion, and he reacts with indignation when she declares that she finds the psalms uninteresting.Jane’s aunt warns Mr.Brocklehurst that the girl also has a propensity for lying, a piece of information that Mr.Brocklehurst says he intends to publicize to Jane’s teachers upon her arrival.When Mr.Brocklehurst leaves, Jane is so hurt by her aunt’s accusation that she cannot stop herself from defending herself to her aunt.Mrs.Reed, for once, seems to concede defeat.Shortly thereafter, Bessie tells Jane that she prefers her to the Reed children.Before Jane leaves for school, Bessie tells her stories and sings her lovely songs.Analysis: Chapters 1–4 In the early chapters, Bront? establishes the young Jane’s character through her confrontations with John and Mrs.Reed, in which Jane’s good-hearted but strong-willed determination and integrity become apparent.These chapters also establish the novel’s mood.Beginning with Jane’s experience in the red-room in Chapter 2, we sense a palpable atmosphere of mystery and the supernatural.Like Emily Bront?’s Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre draws a great deal of its stylistic inspiration from the Gothic novels that were in vogue during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.These books depicted remote, desolate landscapes, crumbling ruins, and supernatural events, all of which were designed to create a sense of psychological suspense and horror.While Jane Eyre is certainly not a horror novel, and its intellectually ambitious criticisms of society make it far more than a typical Gothic romance, it is Bront?’s employment of Gothic conventions that gives her novel popular as well as intellectual appeal.From its beginning, Jane Eyreexplores and challenges the social preconceptions of nineteenth-century Victorian society.Themes of social class, gender relations, and injustice predominate throughout.Jane Eyre begins her story as an orphan raised by a wealthy and cultivated family, and this ambiguous social standing motivates much of the novel’s internal tension and conflict.Jane’s education and semi-aristocratic lifestyle are those of the upper class, but she has no money.As a penniless orphan forced to live on the charity of others, Jane is a kind of second-class citizen.In some ways she is below even the servants, who certainly have no obligation to treat her respectfully.The tensions of this contradiction emerge in the very first chapter of the novel, when Jane suffers teasing and punishment at the hands of John Reed and his hateful mother.Jane’s banishment to the red-room exemplifies her inferior position with regard to the rest of the members of the Reed household.The red-room is the first in a series of literal and metaphorical imprisonments in the novel.Although Jane’s imprisonment in the red-room is real, she will encounter spiritual, intellectual, and emotional imprisonment throughout the book.The rigid Victorian hierarchies of social class and gender will pose challenges to her freedom of movement and personal growth, and corrupt morals and religion will also constitute menaces to her ability to realize her dreams for herself.Jane will even come to fear ―enslavement‖ to her own passions.At the same time, the red-room is also symbolic of Jane’s feeling of isolation with respect to every community: she is ―locked in,‖ but she is also, in a sense, ―locked out.‖ Again, class and gender hierarchies will contribute to Jane’s sense of exile.For example, her position as a governess at Thornfield once again situates her in a strange borderland between the upper class and the servant class, so that she feels part of neither group.Summary: Chapter 5 Four days after meeting Mr.Brocklehurst, Jane boards the 6 A.M.coach and travels alone to Lowood.When she arrives at the school, the day is dark and rainy, and she is led through a grim building that will be her new home.The following day, Jane is introduced to her classmates and learns the daily routine, which keeps the girls occupied from before dawn until dinner.Miss Temple, the superintendent of the school, is very kind, while one of Jane’s teachers, Miss Scatcherd, is unpleasant, particularly in her harsh treatment of a young student named Helen Burns.Jane and Helen befriend one another, and Jane learns from Helen that Lowood is a charity school maintained for female orphans, which means that the Reeds have paid nothing to put her there.She also learns that Mr.Brocklehurst oversees every aspect of its operation: even Miss Temple must answer to him.Summary: Chapter 6 On Jane’s second morning at Lowood, the girls are unable to wash, as the water in their pitchers is frozen.Jane quickly learns that life at the school is harsh.The girls are underfed, overworked, and forced to sit still during seemingly endless sermons.Still, she takes comfort in her new friendship with Helen, who impresses Jane with her expansive knowledge and her ability to patiently endure even the cruelest treatment from Miss Scatcherd.Helen tells Jane that she practices a doctrine of Christian endurance, which means loving her enemies and accepting her privation.Jane disagrees strongly with such meek tolerance of injustice, but Helen takes no heed of Jane’s arguments.Helen is self-critical only because she sometimes fails to live up to her ascetic standards: she believes that she is a poor student and chastises herself for daydreaming about her home and family when she should be concentrating on her studies.Summary: Chapter 7 For most of Jane’s first month at Lowood, Mr.Brocklehurst spends his time away from the school.When he returns, Jane becomes quite nervous because she remembers his promise to her aunt, Mrs.Reed, to warn the school about Jane’s supposed habit of lying.When Jane inadvertently drops her slate in Mr.Brocklehurst’s presence, he is furious and tells her she is careless.He orders Jane to stand on a stool while he tells the school that she is a liar, and he forbids the other students to speak to her for the rest of the day.Helen makes Jane’s day of humiliation endurable by providing her friend with silent consolation—she covertly smiles at Jane every time she passes by.Summary: Chapter 8 Finally, at five o’clock, the students disperse, and Jane collapses to the floor.Deeply ashamed, she is certain that her reputation at Lowood has been ruined, but Helen assures her that most of the girls felt more pity for Jane than revulsion at her alleged deceitfulness.Jane tells Miss Temple that she is not a liar, and relates the story of her tormented childhood at Gateshead.Miss Temple seems to believe Jane and writes to Mr.Lloyd requesting confirmation of Jane’s account of events.Miss Temple offers Jane and Helen tea and seed cake, endearing herself even further to Jane.When Mr.Lloyd’s letter arrives and corroborates Jane’s story, Miss Temple publicly declares Jane to be innocent.Relieved and contented, Jane devotes herself to her studies.She excels at drawing and makes progress in French.Summary: Chapter 9 In the spring, life at Lowood briefly seems happier, but the damp forest dell in which the school resides is a breeding-ground for typhus, and in the warm temperatures more than half the girls fall ill with the disease.Jane remains healthy and spends her time playing outdoors with a new friend, Mary Ann Wilson.Helen is sick, but not with typhus—Jane learns the horrific news that her friend is dying of consumption.One evening, Jane sneaks into Miss Temple’s room to see Helen one last time.Helen promises Jane that she feels little pain and is happy to be leaving the world’s suffering behind.Jane takes Helen into her arms, and the girls fall asleep.During the night, Helen dies.Her grave is originally unmarked, but fifteen years after her death, a gray marble tablet is placed over the spot(presumably by Jane), bearing the single word Resurgam, Latin for ―I shall rise again.‖ Summary: Chapter 10 After Mr.Brocklehurst’s negligent treatment of the girls at Lowood is found to be one of the causes of the typhus epidemic, a new group of overseers is brought in to run the school.Conditions improve dramatically for the young girls, and Jane excels in her studies for the next six years.After spending two more years at Lowood as a teacher, Jane decides she is ready for a change, partly because Miss Temple gets married and leaves the school.She advertises in search of a post as a governess and accepts a position at a manor called Thornfield.Before leaving, Jane receives a visit from Bessie, who tells her what has happened at Gateshead since Jane departed for Lowood.Georgiana attempted to run away in secret with a man named Lord Edwin Vere, but Eliza foiled the plan by revealing it to Mrs.Reed.John has fallen into a life of debauchery and dissolution.Bessie also tells Jane that her father’s brother, John Eyre, appeared at Gateshead seven years ago, looking for Jane.He did not have the time to travel to Lowood and went away to Madeira(a Portuguese island west of Morocco)in search of wealth.Jane and Bessie part ways, Bessie returning to Gateshead, and Jane leaving for her new life at Thornfield.Analysis: Chapters 5–10 This section details Jane’s experiences at Lowood, from her first day at the school to her final one some nine years later.Jane’s early years at Lowood prove to be a period of considerable tribulation, as she endures harsh conditions, cruel teachers, and the tyranny of Mr.Brocklehurst.Moreover, the harsh conditions she experiences as a student at Lowood show us that, despite Jane’s intelligence, talent, and self-assurance, she is merely a burden in the eyes of society, because she is poor.The most important thematic elements in this section are the contrasting modes of religious thought represented by Mr.Brocklehurst and Helen Burns.Mr.Brocklehurst is a religious hypocrite, supporting his own luxuriously wealthy family at the expense of the Lowood students and using his ―piety‖ as an instrument of power over the lower-class girls at Lowood.He claims that he is purging his students of pride by subjecting them to various privations and humiliations: for example, he orders that the naturally curly hair of one of Jane’s classmates be cut so as to lie straight.The angelic Helen Burns and her doctrine of endurance represent a religious position that contrasts with Mr.Brocklehurst’s.Utterly passive and accepting of any abjection, Helen embodies rather than preaches the Christian ideas of love and forgiveness.But neither form of religion satisfies Jane, who, because of her strong sensitivity to indignities and injustices, reviles Brocklehurst’s shallow devotional displays and fails to understand Helen Burns’s passivity.As Jane herself declares: ―when we are struck at without a reason, we should strike back again very hard...so as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again‖(Chapter 6).Helen’s doctrine of endurance and love is incompatible with Jane’s belief in fairness and self-respect.Summary: Chapter 11 Jane’s driver is late picking her up from the station at Millcote.When she finally arrives at Thornfield it is nighttime.Although she cannot distinguish much of the house’s facade from among the shadows, she finds the interior ―cosy and agreeable.‖ Mrs.Fairfax, a prim, elderly woman, is waiting for Jane.It turns out that Mrs.Fairfax is not, as Jane had assumed from their correspondence, the owner of Thornfield, but rather the housekeeper.Thornfield’s owner, Mr.Rochester, travels regularly and leaves much of the manor’s management to Mrs.Fairfax.Jane learns that she will be tutoring Adèle, an eight-year-old French girl whose mother was a singer and dancer.Mrs.Fairfax also tells Jane about Rochester, saying that he is an eccentric man whose family has a history of extreme and violent behavior.Suddenly, Jane hears a peal of strange, eerie laughter echoing through the house, and Mrs.Fairfax summons someone named Grace, whom she orders to make less noise and to ―remember directions.‖ When Grace leaves, Mrs.Fairfax explains that she is a rather unbalanced and unpredictable seamstress who works in the house.Summary: Chapter 12 It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with tranquility: they must have action;and they will make it if they cannot find it.Millions are condemned to a stiller doom than mine, and millions are in silent revolt against their lot.Jane finds life at Thornfield pleasant and comfortable.Adèle proves to be exuberant and intelligent, though spoiled and at times a bit petulant.Nonetheless, Jane is frequently restless and collects her thoughts while pacing Thornfield’s top-story passageway.One evening a few months after her arrival at Thornfield, Jane is alone watching the moon rise when she perceives a horse approaching.It calls to her mind the story Bessie once told her of a spirit called a Gytrash, which disguises itself as a mule, dog, or horse to frighten ―belated travellers.‖ Oddly enough, a dog then appears as well.Once she realizes that the horse has a rider, the uncanny moment ceases.Just after the horse passes her, it slips on a patch of ice, and its rider tumbles to the ground.Jane helps the man rise to his feet and introduces herself to him.She observes that he has a dark face, stern features, and a heavy brow.He is not quite middle-aged.Upon reentering Thornfield, Jane goes to Mrs.Fairfax’s room and sees the same dog—Pilot—resting on the rug.A servant answers Jane’s queries, explaining that the dog belongs to Mr.Rochester, who has just returned home with a sprained ankle, having fallen from his horse.Summary: Chapter 13 The day following his arrival, Mr.Rochester invites Jane and Adèle to have tea with him.He is abrupt and rather cold toward both of them, although he seems charmed by Jane’s drawings, which he asks to see.When Jane mentions to Mrs.Fairfax that she finds Rochester ―changeful and abrupt,‖ Mrs.Fairfax suggests that his mannerisms are the result of a difficult personal history.Rochester was something of a family outcast, and when his father died, his older brother inherited Thornfield.Rochester has been Thornfield’s proprietor for nine years, since the death of his brother.Summary: Chapter 14 Jane sees little of Rochester during his first days at Thornfield.One night, however, in his ―after-dinner mood,‖ Rochester sends for Jane and Adèle.He gives Adèle the present she has been anxiously awaiting, and while Adèle plays, Rochester is uncharacteristically chatty with Jane.When Rochester asks Jane whether she thinks him handsome, she answers ―no‖ without thinking, and from Rochester’s voluble reaction Jane concludes that he is slightly drunk.Rochester’s command that she converse with him makes Jane feel awkward, especially because he goes on to argue that her relationship to him is not one of servitude.Their conversation turns to the concepts of sin, forgiveness, and redemption.When Adèle mentions her mother, Jane is intrigued, and Rochester promises to explain more about the situation on a future occasion.Summary: Chapter 15 A while later, Rochester fulfills his promise to Jane to tell her about his and Adèle’s pasts.He had a long affair with Adèle’s mother, the French singer and dancer named Celine Varens.When he discovered that Celine was engaged in relations with another man, Rochester ended the relationship.Rochester has always denied Celine’s claim that Adèle is his daughter, noting that the child looks utterly unlike him.Even so, when Celine abandoned her daughter, Rochester brought Adèle to England so that she would be properly cared for.Jane lies awake brooding about the strange insights she has gained into her employer’s past.She hears what sound like fingers brushing against the walls, and an eerie laugh soon emanates from the hallway.She hears a door opening and hurries out of her room to see smoke coming from Rochester’s door.Jane dashes into his room and finds his bed curtains ablaze.She douses the bed with water, saving Rochester’s life.Strangely, Rochester’s reaction is to visit the third floor of the house.When he returns, he says mysteriously, ―I have found it all out, it is just as I thought.‖ He inquires whether Jane has ever heard the eerie laughter before, and she answers that she has heard Grace Poole laugh in the same way.―Just so.Grace Poole—you have guessed it,‖ Rochester confirms.He thanks Jane for saving his life and cautions her to tell no one about the details of the night’s events.He sleeps on the library sofa for the remainder of the night.Summary: Chapter 16 The next morning, Jane is shocked to learn that the near tragedy of the night before has caused no scandal.The servants believe Rochester to have fallen asleep with a lit candle by his bed, and even Grace Poole shows no sign of guilt or remorse.Jane cannot imagine why an attempted murderer is allowed to continue working at Thornfield.She realizes that she is beginning to have feelings for Rochester and is disappointed that he will be away from Thornfield for several days.He has left to attend a party where he will be in the company of Blanche Ingram, a beautiful lady.Jane scolds herself for being disappointed by the news, and she resolves to restrain her flights of imaginative fancy by comparing her own portrait to one she has drawn of Blanche Ingram, noting how much plainer she is than the beautiful Blanche.Analysis: Chapters 11–16 This section marks the third phase of Jane’s life, in which she begins her career as a governess and travels to Thornfield, where the principal incidents of her story take place.By linking Jane’s stages of development to the various institutions or geographic locations with which she is involved(Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean, in order), the book positions itself among a literary genre known as the Bildungsroman.The Bildungsroman, a novel that details the growth and development of a main character through several periods of life, began as a German genre in the seventeenth century, but by the mid-1800s had become firmly established in England as well.Such important Victorian novels as David Copperfield base themselves on this form, which continues as an important literary sub-genre even today.The Bildungsroman typically told the story of a man growing from boyhood to adulthood;Charlotte Bront?’s appropriation of the form for her heroine represents one of the many ways in which her novel challenges the accepted Victorian conceptions of gender hierarchy, making the statement that a woman’s inner development merits as much attention and analysis as that of a man.Still, although Jane herself and Jane Eyre as a novel are often identified as important early figures in the feminist movement, Jane experiences much inner questioning regarding her gender role;she is not a staunch and confident feminist at all times.That is, while Jane is possessed of an immense integrity and a determination to succeed on her own terms, her failure to conform to ideals of female beauty nonetheless troubles her and makes her question herself.Just as Jane’s time at Lowood involved a number of elements taken from Charlotte Bront?’s own life, so too is Jane’s career as a governess based in part on Bront?’s short-lived position as a governess in the late 1830s.In many ways, Bront?’s exploration of the role of the governess represents the novel’s most important and challenging treatment of the theme of social class.Just as Emily Bront? does with Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, Charlotte Bront? makes Jane a figure of ambiguous class standing.Consequently, she is a source of extreme tension for the characters around her.But while Heathcliff(an orphan like Jane)achieves wealth and power without achieving education or social grace, Jane acquires the manners, sophistication, and education of an aristocrat while remaining penniless and powerless.Such was the role of the governess: brought into wealthy Victorian households as the children’s private tutors in both academics and etiquette, governesses were expected to possess the demeanor of the aristocracy;but as paid employees, they were in many ways treated merely as servants.Jane begins to experience this tension as soon as she notices her emerging feelings for Rochester.Though she is in some ways his social equal, she is also his servant, and thus she cannot believe that he could ever fall in love with her.Summary: Chapter 17 Rochester has been gone for a week, and Jane is dismayed to learn that he may choose to depart for continental Europe without returning to Thornfield—according to Mrs.Fairfax, he could be gone for more than a year.A week later, however, Mrs.Fairfax receives word that Rochester will arrive in three days with a large group of guests.While she waits, Jane continues to be amazed by the apparently normal relations the strange, self–isolated Grace Poole enjoys with the rest of the staff.Jane also overhears a conversation in which a few of the servants discuss Grace’s high pay, and Jane is certain that she doesn’t know the entire truth about Grace Poole’s role at Thornfield.Rochester arrives at last, accompanied by a party of elegant and aristocratic guests.Jane is forced to join the group but spends the evening watching them from a window seat.Blanche Ingram and her mother are among the party’s members, and they treat Jane with disdain and cruelty.Jane tries to leave the party, but Rochester stops her.He grudgingly allows her to go when he sees the tears brimming in her eyes.He informs her that she must come into the drawing room every evening during his guests’ stay at Thornfield.As they part, Rochester nearly lets slip more than he intends.―Good-night, my—‖ he says, before biting his lip.Summary: Chapter 18 The guests stay at Thornfield for several days.Rochester and Blanche compete as a team at charades.From watching their interaction, Jane believes that they will be married soon though they do not seem to love one another.Blanche would be marrying Rochester for his wealth, and he for her beauty and her social position.One day, a strange man named Mr.Mason arrives at Thornfield.Jane dislikes him at once because of his vacant eyes and his slowness, but she learns from him that Rochester once lived in the West Indies, as he himself has done.One evening, a gypsy woman comes to Thornfield to tell the guests’ fortunes.Blanche Ingram goes first, and when she returns from her talk with the gypsy woman she looks keenly disappointed.Summary: Chapter 19 Jane goes in to the library to have her fortune read, and after overcoming her skepticism, she finds herself entranced by the old woman’s speech.The gypsy woman seems to know a great deal about Jane and tells her that she is very close to happiness.She also says that she told Blanche Ingram that Rochester was not as wealthy as he seemed, thereby accounting for Blanche’s sullen mood.As the woman reads Jane’s fortune, her voice slowly deepens, and Jane realizes that the gypsy is Rochester in disguise.Jane reproaches Rochester for tricking her and remembers thinking that Grace Poole might have been the gypsy.When Rochester learns that Mr.Mason has arrived, he looks troubled.Summary: Chapter 20 The same night, Jane is startled by a sudden cry for help.She hurries into the hallway, where Rochester assures everyone that a servant has merely had a nightmare.After everyone returns to bed, Rochester knocks on Jane’s door.He tells her that he can use her help and asks whether she is afraid of blood.He leads her to the third story of the house and shows her Mr.Mason, who has been stabbed in the arm.Rochester asks Jane to stanch the wound and then leaves, ordering Mason and Jane not to speak to one another.In the silence, Jane gazes at the image of the apostles and Christ’s crucifixion that is painted on the cabinet across from her.Rochester returns with a surgeon, and as the men tend to Mason’s wounds, Rochester sends Jane to find a potion downstairs.He gives some of it to Mason, saying that it will give him heart for an hour.Once Mason is gone, Jane and Rochester stroll in the orchard, and Rochester tells Jane a hypothetical story about a young man who commits a ―capital error‖ in a foreign country and proceeds to lead a life of dissipation in an effort to ―obtain relief.‖ The young man then hopes to redeem himself and live morally with a wife, but convention prevents him from doing so.He asks whether the young man would be justified in ―overleaping an obstacle of custom.‖ Jane’s reply is that such a man should look to God for his redemption, not to another person.Rochester—who obviously has been describing his own situation—asks Jane to reassure him that marrying Blanche would bring him salvation.He then hurries away before she has a chance to answer.Summary: Chapter 21 Jane has heard that it is a bad omen to dream of children, and now she has dreams on seven consecutive nights involving babies.She learns that her cousin John Reed has committed suicide, and that her aunt, Mrs.Reed, has suffered a stroke and is nearing death.Jane goes to Gateshead, where she is reunited with Bessie.She also sees her cousins Eliza and Georgiana.Eliza is plain and plans to enter a convent, while Georgiana is as beautiful as ever.Ever since Eliza ruined Georgiana’s hopes of eloping with a young man, the two sisters have not gotten along.Jane tries to patch things up with Mrs.Reed, but the old woman is still full of hostility toward her late husband’s favorite.One day, Mrs.Reed gives Jane a letter from her father’s brother, John Eyre.He declares that he wishes to adopt Jane and bequeath her his fortune.The letter is three years old;out of malice, Mrs.Reed did not forward it to Jane when she received it.In spite of her aunt’s behavior, Jane tries once more to smooth relations with the dying woman.But Mrs.Reed refuses, and, at midnight, she dies.Analysis: Chapters 17–21 Jane’s situation in Chapter 17 manifests the uncomfortable position of governesses.Jane, forced to sit in the drawing room during Rochester’s party, must endure Blanche Ingram’s comments to her mother about the nature of governesses—―half of them detestable and the rest ridiculous, and all incubi.‖(―Incubi‖ is the plural of ―incubus,‖ an oppressive or nightmarish burden.)By this stage of the story, the narrative has begun to focus increasingly on the potential relationship between Jane and Rochester.Blanche’s presence, which threatens the possibility of a union between the two, adds tension to the plot.Blanche is not only a competitor for Jane, she is also a foil to her, as the two women differ in every respect.Jane Eyre never seems to possess the degree of romantic tension that runs throughout Emily Bront?’s Wuthering Heights because the signs of Rochester’s affection for Jane are recognizable early on.The most telling tip-off occurs at the end of Chapter 17, when Rochester nearly calls Jane ―my love‖ before biting his tongue.The tension surrounding Jane’s and Rochester’s relationship derives not from the question of whether Rochester loves Jane, but from whether he will be able to act upon his feelings.So far, two obstacles—Blanche and the dark secrets of Thornfield Hall—stand in Rochester’s way.These obstacles, and the potential marriage that they impede, constitute the romantic plot of Jane Eyre.As in many romances, the norms of society and the protagonists’ conflicting personalities must either be changed or ignored in order for marriage to be possible.But Rochester’s dark past, most importantly his secret marriage to Bertha, adds a Gothic element to the story.Unlike the marriage plot, which leads toward the public, communal event of a wedding, the ―Gothic plot‖ of Rochester’s struggle with his own past focuses on Rochester’s private consciousness.The physical world of Thornfield Hall reflects his interior state—the house, the landscape, and Bertha can all be seen as external manifestations of his dangerous secrets.These Gothic elements suggest that the story will lead to death or madness rather than the happy occasion of a wedding.Disguised as a gypsy woman, Rochester wields an almost magical power over Jane, and the scene reveals how much he controls her emotions at this stage of the novel.He also controls the plot, and his masquerading as a gypsy woman allows him to overcome the obstacle Blanche poses.Like the game of charades the group plays earlier, Rochester’s disguised appearance suggests his disguised character.Mr.Mason’s unexplained wounds, like the earlier mysterious fire in Rochester’s bedroom, further the larger Gothic plot that will soon unfold.By allowing Jane upstairs to see Mason, Rochester seems to be inviting her to help cure the ills inflicted by Bertha, and he attempts for the first time to talk with Jane about his past as they take a walk together following Mason’s stabbing.Although he speaks to Jane about his determination to redeem himself, his references to a grave error and a dissipated youth suggest that Jane risks great danger not only by continuing to live at Thornfield but by falling in love with him.Her emotional welfare as well as her physical welfare may soon be in jeopardy.Adèle and Bertha already serve as living legacies of Rochester’s past licentiousness, and Jane could be next in line, as her prophetic dream seems to suggest.Summary: Chapter 22 Jane remains at Gateshead for a month because Georgiana dreads being left alone with Eliza, with whom she does not get along.Eventually, Georgiana goes to London to live with her uncle, and Eliza joins a convent in France.Jane tells us that Eliza eventually becomes the Mother Superior of her convent, while Georgiana marries a wealthy man.At Gateshead, Jane receives a letter from Mrs.Fairfax, which says that Rochester’s guests have departed and that Rochester has gone to London to buy a new carriage—a sure sign of his intention to marry Blanche.As Jane travels toward Thornfield, she anxiously anticipates seeing Rochester again, and yet she worries about what will become of her after his marriage.To her surprise, as she walks from the station at Millcote, Jane encounters Rochester.When he asks her why she has stayed away from Thornfield so long, she replies, still a bit bewildered, ―I have been with my aunt, sir, who is dead.‖ Rochester asks Jane whether she has heard about his new carriage, and he tells her: ―You must see the carriage, Jane, and tell me if you don’t think it will suit Mrs.Rochester exactly.‖ After a few more words together, Jane surprises herself by expressing the happiness she feels in Rochester’s presence: ―I am strangely glad to get back again to you;and wherever you are is my home—my only home.‖ Back at the manor, Mrs.Fairfax, Adèle, and the servants greet Jane warmly.Summary: Chapter 23 After a blissful two weeks, Jane encounters Rochester in the gardens.He invites her to walk with him, and Jane, caught off guard, accepts.Rochester confides that he has finally decided to marry Blanche Ingram and tells Jane that he knows of an available governess position in Ireland that she could take.Jane expresses her distress at the great distance that separates Ireland from Thornfield.The two seat themselves on a bench at the foot of the chestnut tree, and Rochester says: ―we will sit there in peace to-night, though we should never more be destined to sit there together.‖ He tells Jane that he feels as though they are connected by a ―cord of communion.‖ Jane sobs—―for I could repress what I endured no longer,‖ she tells us, ―I was obliged to yield.‖ Jane confesses her love for Rochester, and to her surprise, he asks her to be his wife.She suspects that he is teasing her, but he convinces her otherwise by admitting that he only brought up marrying Blanche in order to arouse Jane’s jealousy.Convinced and elated, Jane accepts his proposal.A storm breaks, and the newly engaged couple hurries indoors through the rain.Rochester helps Jane out of her wet coat, and he seizes the opportunity to kiss her.Jane looks up to see Mrs.Fairfax watching, astonished.That night, a bolt of lightning splits the same chestnut tree under which Rochester and Jane had been sitting that evening.Summary: Chapter 24 Preparations for Jane and Rochester’s wedding do not run smoothly.Mrs.Fairfax treats Jane coldly because she doesn’t realize that Jane was already engaged to Rochester when she allowed him to kiss her.But even after she learns the truth, Mrs.Fairfax maintains her disapproval of the marriage.Jane feels unsettled, almost fearful, when Rochester calls her by what will soon be her name, Jane Rochester.Jane explains that everything feels impossibly ideal, like a fairy-tale or a daydream.Rochester certainly tries to turn Jane into a Cinderella-like figure: he tells her he will dress her in jewels and in finery befitting her new social station, at which point Jane becomes terrified and self-protective.She has a premonitory feeling that the wedding will not happen, and she decides to write her uncle, John Eyre, who is in Madeira.Jane reasons that if John Eyre were to make her his heir, her inheritance might put her on more equal footing with Rochester, which would make her feel less uncomfortable about the marriage.Summary: Chapter 25 The night before her wedding, Jane waits for Rochester, who has left Thornfield for the evening.She grows restless and takes a walk in the orchard, where she sees the now-split chestnut tree.When Rochester arrives, Jane tells him about strange events that have occurred in his absence.The preceding evening, Jane’s wedding dress arrived, and underneath it was an expensive veil—Rochester’s wedding gift to Jane.In the night, Jane had a strange dream, in which a little child cried in her arms as Jane tried to make her way toward Rochester on a long, winding road.Rochester dismisses the dream as insignificant, but then she tells him about a second dream.This time, Jane loses her balance and the child falls from her knee.The dream was so disturbing that it roused Jane from her sleep, and she perceived ―a form‖ rustling in her closet.It turned out to be a strange, savage-looking woman, who took Jane’s veil and tore it in two.Rochester tells her that the woman must have been Grace Poole and that what she experienced was really ―half-dream, half-reality.‖ He tells her that he will give her a full explanation of events after they have been married for one year and one day.Jane sleeps with Adèle for the evening and cries because she will soon have to leave the sleeping girl.Analysis: Chapters 22–25 After her stay at Gateshead, Jane comes to understand fully what Rochester and Thornfield mean to her.Having been acutely reminded of the abjection and cruelty she suffered during her childhood, Jane now realizes how different her life has become, how much she has gained and how much she has grown.In Rochester she has found someone she truly cares for—someone who, despite periodic shows of brusqueness, nevertheless continues to admire Jane and care for her tenderly.Moreover, Rochester gives her a true sense of belonging, something she has always lacked.As she tells him, ―wherever you are is my home—my only home.‖

Although Rochester’s declaration of love and marriage proposal make Jane exceedingly happy, she is also very apprehensive about the marriage.Her feelings of dread may stem in part from a subconscious intimation of Rochester’s dark and horrible secret, which will be divulged in the next few chapters: the eerie laughter she has heard, the mysterious fire from which she rescued Rochester, the strange figure who tears Jane’s wedding veil, and other smaller clues may have led Jane to make some subconscious conclusions about what she will consciously find out only later.Another possibility is that Jane’s misgivings stem from other concerns.She has always longed for freedom and escape, and marrying Rochester would be a form of tying herself down.Jane may worry that the marriage will encroach upon her autonomy, and even enforce her submission to Rochester.Not only would the marriage bring her into a relationship of responsibility and commitment to another person, it could cement her into a position of inferiority.Jane’s anxiety surfaces when Rochester tries to dress her in feminine finery.She reacts with revulsion, noting that she feels like a toy doll.Jane fears that Rochester may be trying to objectify her, that he sees her not as a human being with her own thoughts and feelings but as a plaything designed to cater to his fantasies and whims.Jane also worries about her financial inferiority: she hates the thought of marrying ―above her station,‖ as she does not want to feel that she somehow ―owes‖ Rochester something for the fact that he has ―deigned‖ to love her, as it were.She hates the thought that his love might be a ―favor‖ to her.Thus, Jane’s feelings and desires for Rochester are tightly bound up with her feelings about her social position(her status as an employee and her experiences of economic dependence)and her position as a woman.She is very sensitive to the hierarchy and power dynamic implicit in marriage, and despite her statement that she is forced to ―yield‖ to her feelings for Rochester, she does not desire the complete surrender that heroines in romance novels experience.The storybook wedding toward which these chapters appear to lead cannot succeed, because Jane will only be able to occupy the role of wife on her own, quite different, terms.Chapter 26 Summary Sophie helps Jane dress for the wedding, and Rochester and Jane walk to the church.Jane notes a pair of strangers reading the headstones in the churchyard cemetery.When Jane and Rochester enter the church, the two strangers are also present.When the priest asks if anyone objects to the ceremony, one of the strangers answers: ―The marriage cannot go on: I declare the existence of an impediment.‖ Rochester attempts to proceed with the ceremony, but the stranger explains that Rochester is already married—his wife is a Creole woman whom Rochester wed fifteen years earlier in Jamaica.The speaker explains that he is a solicitor from London, and he introduces himself as Mr.Briggs.He produces a signed letter from Richard Mason affirming that Rochester is married to Mason’s sister, Bertha.Mr.Mason himself then steps forward to corroborate the story.After a moment of inarticulate fury, Rochester admits that his wife is alive and that in marrying Jane he would have been knowingly taking a second wife.No one in the community knows of his wife because she is mad, and Rochester keeps her locked away under the care of Grace Poole.But, he promises them all, Jane is completely ignorant of Bertha’s existence.He orders the crowd to come to Thornfield to see her, so that they may understand what impelled him to his present course of action.At Thornfield, the group climbs to the third story.Rochester points out the room where Bertha bit and stabbed her brother, and then he lifts a tapestry to uncover a second door.Inside the hidden room is Bertha Mason, under the care of Grace Poole.Jane writes: In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards.What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight tell: it grovelled, seemingly, on all fours;it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face.Bertha attempts to strangle Rochester, who reminds his audience, ―this is the sole conjugal embrace I am ever to know.‖ Jane leaves the room with Mason and Briggs, who tells her that he learned of her intent to marry Jane via a letter from Jane’s uncle, John Eyre, to Mason.It turns out that the two men are acquaintances, and Mason had stopped in Madeira on his way back to Jamaica when John received Jane’s letter.Approaching death, John asked Mason to hurry to England to save his niece.After the wedding crowd disperses, Jane locks herself in her room and plunges into an inexpressible grief.She thinks about the almost calm manner in which the morning’s events unfolded and how it seems disproportionate to the immense effect those events will have on her life.She prays to God to be with her.Analysis The incident of the ―madwoman in the attic‖ is probably the most famous in Jane Eyre, and it has given rise to innumerable interpretations and symbolic readings.For example, Bertha Mason could represent the horror of Victorian marriage.Rochester claims to have imprisoned her because she is mad, but it is easy to imagine an opposite relation of cause and effect, in which years of enforced imprisonment and isolation have made her violently insane or, at least, increased her insanity.Thus, the madwoman in the attic could represent the confining and repressive aspects of Victorian wifehood, suggesting that the lack of autonomy and freedom in marriage suffocates women, threatening their mental and emotional health.Bertha’s tearing of Jane’s wedding veil could be seen as symbolizing her revolt against the institution of marriage.Another interpretation is that Rochester’s marriage to Bertha represents the British Empire’s cultural and economic exploitation of its colonial subjects.Briggs’s letter states that Bertha’s mother is a ―Creole,‖ which could mean either that she is a person of European descent born in the colonies or that she is of black or mixed descent.In either case, Bertha might have evoked British anxieties about having to deal with the other cultures under Britain’s dominion, and Bertha’s imprisonment might signify Britain’s attempt to control and contain the influence of these subject cultures by metaphorically ―locking them in the attic.‖

Still another interpretation of Bertha is that she is a double for Jane herself, the embodiment of Jane’s repressed fear and anger, both in regard to her specific situation and in regard to oppression.For although Jane declares her love for Rochester, her dreams and apprehensions suggest that she also secretly fears being married to him, perhaps even that she secretly wants to rage against the imprisonment that marriage could become for her.Although Jane does not manifest this fear or rage, Bertha does.Thus, Bertha tears the bridal veil, and it is Bertha’s existence that stops the wedding from going forth.Each of these arguments provides an interesting way of thinking about the text, but it is also important to recognize that Bertha does not function merely as a symbol.Her presence is also a gripping story element and a source of external psychological distress for Jane, from which Jane develops and grows.Similarly, Thornfield could be seen as ―British Society at Large,‖ but Thornfield is more than just an allegory.The relationships between Thornfield’s inhabitants as well as its architecture and grounds are all important to Jane’s story.Lastly, Jane herself, while possessing many proto-feminist viewpoints, is not simply a symbol for the ―Victorian Woman.‖ Her individual psychology cannot be read as representing the mindset of all Victorian women.Summary: Chapter 27 After falling asleep for a short while, Jane awakes to the realization that she must leave Thornfield.When she steps out of her room, she finds Rochester waiting in a chair on the threshold.To Rochester’s assurances that he never meant to wound her, and to his pleas of forgiveness, Jane is silent, although she confides to the reader that she forgave him on the spot.Jane suddenly feels faint, and Rochester carries her to the library to revive her.He then offers her a new proposal—to leave England with him for the South of France, where they will live together as husband and wife.Jane refuses, explaining that no matter how Rochester chooses to view the situation, she will never be more than a mistress to him while Bertha is alive.Rochester realizes that he must explain why he does not consider himself married, and he launches into the story of his past.Unwilling to divide his property, Rochester’s father left his entire estate to his other son, Rowland, and sent Rochester to Jamaica to marry Bertha, who was to inherit a massive fortune—30,000 pounds.Bertha was beautiful, and although she and Rochester spent hardly any time alone, the stimulated, dazzled, and ignorant youth believed himself to be in love and agreed to the marriage.Shortly after the wedding, Rochester learned that Bertha’s mother was not, as he had been led to believe, dead, but mad and living in an insane asylum.Bertha’s younger brother was a mute idiot.Rochester’s father and brother had known about the family’s unpromising genetic legacy, but they had promoted the marriage for the sake of the money.Bertha soon revealed herself to be coarse, perverse, and prone to violent outbreaks of temper and unhealthy indulgences.These excesses only hastened the approach of what had been lurking on her horizon already: absolute madness.By this time, Rochester’s father and brother had died, so Rochester found himself all alone with a maniacal wife and a huge fortune.He considered killing himself but returned to England instead.He resolved to place Bertha at Thornfield Hall ―in safety and comfort: [to] shelter her degradation with secrecy, and leave her.‖ Rochester then drifted around the continent from one city to the next, always in search of a woman to love.When he was met with disappointment, he sank into debauchery.He was always disappointed with his mistresses, because they were, as he puts it, ―the next worse thing to buying a slave.‖ Then he met Jane.Rochester retells the story of their introduction from his point of view, telling her that she enchanted him from the start.Jane feels torn.She doesn’t want to condemn Rochester to further misery, and a voice within her asks, ―Who in the world cares for you?‖ Jane wonders how she could ever find another man who values her the way Rochester does, and whether, after a life of loneliness and neglect, she should leave the first man who has ever loved her.Yet her conscience tells her that she will respect herself all the more if she bears her suffering alone and does what she believes to be right.She tells Rochester that she must go, but she kisses his cheek and prays aloud for God to bless him as she departs.That night, Jane has a dream in which her mother tells her to flee temptation.She grabs her purse, sneaks down the stairs, and leaves Thornfield.Summary: Chapter 28 Riding in a coach, Jane quickly exhausts her meager money supply and is forced to sleep outdoors.She spends much of the night in prayer, and the following day she begs for food or a job in the nearby town.No one helps her, except for one farmer who is willing to give her a slice of bread.After another day, Jane sees a light shining from across the moors.Following it, she comes to a house.Through the window, Jane sees two young women studying German while their servant knits.From their conversation Jane learns that the servant is named Hannah and that the graceful young women are Diana and Mary.The three women are waiting for someone named St.John(pronounced ―Sinjin‖).Jane knocks on the door, but Hannah refuses to let her in.Collapsing on the doorstep in anguish and weakness, Jane cries, ―I can but die, and I believe in God.Let me try to wait His will in silence.‖ A voice answers, ―All men must die, but all are not condemned to meet a lingering and premature doom, such as yours would be if you perished here of want.‖ The voice belongs to ―St.John,‖ who brings Jane into the house.He is the brother of Diana and Mary, and the three siblings give Jane food and shelter.They ask her some questions, and she gives them a false name: ―Jane Elliott.‖ Analysis : Chapters 27–28 Feeling...clamoured wildly.“Oh, comply!” it said.“...soothe him;save him;love him;tell him you love him and will be his.Who in the world cares for you? or who will be injured by what you do?”

Jane endures her most difficult trials in this section of the book: she resolves to leave Rochester although it pains her deeply, and she is forced to sleep outdoors and go hungry on the moors in her flight from Thornfield.However, this section is also where Jane proves to herself her endurance, her strength of principle, and her ability to forge new friendships.As she tells herself before leaving Thornfield, ―I care for myself.The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself.‖ Ultimately this self-interest will make her relationships with others, including her eventual marriage, all the more meaningful and rewarding.Jane’s departure from Thornfield is perhaps the most important decision she makes in the novel.In Rochester she found the love for which she had always yearned, and Thornfield was the first real home she ever knew.In fleeing them, Jane leaves a part of herself behind.But living with Rochester as his mistress would require a self-compromise that Jane is not willing to make.Even before she learns of Bertha’s existence, Jane senses that in marrying Rochester she risks cementing herself into a position of inequality.She fears that Rochester would objectify her and that by ―marrying above her station‖ she would come to the relationship already ―in debt‖ to him.Now Jane sees more clearly than ever that a relationship with Rochester would mean the loss of her self-respect, and of her control over her life.Jane cannot bring herself to do what is morally wrong, simply out of weakness of will and emotional neediness.Despite the happiness and the sense of acceptance that Thornfield and Rochester’s love offer, Jane knows that staying would be a type of self-imprisonment.Jane must choose between emotional exile and spiritual and intellectual imprisonment.She knows she must flee while she can.Throughout the narrative of Jane’s trials, the reader not only gains insight into Jane’s personal constitution and character, but also into the society in which she lives.When Jane experiences the plight of the poor, the novel presents us with a bleak glimpse of a society in which the needy are shunned out of tightfistedness and distrust.Summary: Chapter 29 After she is taken in by the Rivers siblings, Jane spends three days recuperating in bed.On the fourth day, she feels well again and follows the smell of baking bread into the kitchen, where she finds Hannah.Jane criticizes Hannah for judging her unfairly when she asked for help, and Hannah apologizes.Hannah tells the story of Mr.Rivers, the siblings’ father, who lost most of the family fortune in a bad business deal.In turn, Diana and Mary were forced to work as governesses—they are only at Marsh End(or Moor House)now because their father died three weeks ago.Jane then relates some of her own story and admits that Jane Elliott is not her real name.St.John promises to find her a job.Summary: Chapter 30 Jane befriends Diana and Mary, who admire her drawings and give her books to read.St.John, on the other hand, remains distant and cold, although he is never unkind.After a month, Diana and Mary must return to their posts as governesses.St.John has found a position for Jane, running a charity school for girls in the town of Morton.Jane accepts, but St.John presumes that she will soon leave the school out of restlessness, perhaps because he himself is quite restless.His sisters suspect he will soon leave England for a missionary post overseas.St.John tells his sisters that their Uncle John has died and left them nothing, because all his money went to another, unknown, relative.Jane learns that it was Uncle John who led Mr.Rivers into his disastrous business deal.Summary: Chapter 31 At Morton, the wealthy heiress Rosamond Oliver provides Jane with a cottage in which to live.Jane begins teaching, but to her own regret, she finds the work degrading and disappointing.While on a visit to Jane, St.John reveals that he, too, used to feel that he had made the wrong career choice, until one day he heard God’s call.Now he plans to become a missionary.The beautiful Rosamond Oliver then appears, interrupting St.John and Jane’s conversation.From their interaction, Jane believes that Rosamond and St.John are in love.Summary: Chapter 32 Jane’s students become more familiar and endeared to her, and Jane becomes quite popular among them.At night, though, she has troubling nightmares that involve Rochester.Jane continues to pay attention to the relationship between St.John and Rosamond, who often visits the school when she knows St.John will be there.Rosamond asks Jane to draw her portrait, and as she is working on it one day, St.John pays her a visit.He gives her a new book of poetry(Sir Walter Scott’sMarmion)and looks at the drawing.She offers to draw him a duplicate, and then boldly declares that he ought to marry Rosamond.St.John admits that he loves her and is tempted by her beauty, but he explains that he refuses to allow worldly affection to interfere with his holy duties.The flirtatious, silly, and shallow Rosamond would make a terrible wife for a missionary.Suddenly, St.John notices something on the edge of Jane’s paper and tears off a tiny piece—Jane is not certain why.With a peculiar look on his face, he hurries from the room.Analysis: Chapters 29–32 Marsh End and Morton are the setting of the novel’s fourth phase.Here Jane develops a new sense of belonging, and proves herself capable of finding like-minded companions with whom she is not romantically involved.The fact that Diana and Mary Rivers are also governesses puts them on an equal footing with Jane.Although Jane left Thornfield convinced that she had made the right decision, she harbored uncertainty as to whether she would ever find a sense of belonging without sacrificing her autonomy.Jane’s stay at Marsh End proves to her that she is not doomed to be forever alienated from the world, that a balance between community and autonomy can be achieved.Now, as an integrated member of the Rivers household, Jane realizes that one may give and accept love from others in equal exchange.When St.John gives Jane Sir Walter Scott’s Marmion, and Jane-the-narrator comments that this was a new book, it seems as if Bront? is providing a definitive statement about when the events of the novel take place, since Marmion was first published in 1808.However, other characters inJane Eyre refer to books published after this date.Blanche Ingram, for instance, refers to Byron’s poem The Corsair in Chapter 33, but Byron’s book wasn’t published until 1814.Bront? was obviously not especially concerned with fixing her story in a precise and consistent relation to historical dates, and perhaps she selected the texts mentioned in her novel for other reasons.Summary: Chapter 33 One snowy night, Jane sits reading Marmion when St.John appears at the door.Appearing troubled, he tells Jane the story of an orphan girl who became the governess at Thornfield Hall, then disappeared after nearly marrying Edward Rochester: this runaway governess’s name is Jane Eyre.Until this point, Jane has been cautious not to reveal her past and has given the Rivers a false name.Thus although it is clear that St.John suspects her of being the woman about whom he speaks, she does not immediately identify herself to him.He says that he has received a letter from a solicitor named Mr.Briggs intimating that it is extremely important that this Jane Eyre be found.Jane is only interested in whether Mr.Briggs has sent news of Rochester, but St.John says that Rochester’s well-being is not at issue: Jane Eyre must be found because her uncle, John Eyre, has died, leaving her the vast fortune of 20,000 pounds.Jane reveals herself to be Jane Eyre, knowing that St.John has guessed already.She asks him how he knew.He shows her the scrap of paper he tore from her drawing the previous day: it is her signature.She then asks why Mr.Briggs would have sent him a letter about her at all.St.John explains that though he did not realize it before, he is her cousin: her Uncle John was his Uncle John, and his name is St.John Eyre Rivers.Jane is overjoyed to have found a family at long last, and she decides to divide her inheritance between her cousins and herself evenly, so that they each will inherit 5,000 pounds.Summary: Chapter 34 Jane closes her school for Christmas and spends a happy time with her newfound cousins at Moor House.Diana and Mary are delighted with the improvements Jane has made at the school, but St.John seems colder and more distant than ever.He tells Jane that Rosamond is engaged to a rich man named Mr.Granby.One day, he asks Jane to give up her study of German and instead to learn ―Hindustani‖ with him—the language he is learning to prepare for missionary work in India.As time goes by, St.John exerts a greater and greater influence on Jane;his power over her is almost uncanny.This leaves Jane feeling empty, cold, and sad, but she follows his wishes.At last, he asks her to go to India with him to be a missionary—and to be his wife.She agrees to go to India as a missionary but says that she will not be his wife because they are not in love.St.John harshly insists that she marry him, declaring that to refuse his proposal is the same as to deny the Christian faith.He abruptly leaves the room.Summary: Chapter 35 [B]ut as his wife—at his side always, and always restrained, and always checked—forced to keep the fire of my nature continually low, to compel it to burn inwardly and never utter a cry, though the imprisoned flame consumed vital after vital—this would be unendurable.During the following week, St.John continues to pressure Jane to marry him.She resists as kindly as she can, but her kindness only makes him insist more bitterly and unyieldingly that she accompany him to India as his wife.Diana tells Jane that she would be a fool to go to India with St.John, who considers her merely a tool to aid his great cause.After dinner, St.John prays for Jane, and she is overcome with awe at his powers of speech and his influence.She almost feels compelled to marry him, but at that moment she hears what she thinks is Rochester’s voice, calling her name as if from a great distance.Jane believes that something fateful has occurred, and St.John’s spell over her is broken.Analysis: Chapters 33–35 In these chapters, the foreshadowing of John Eyre’s importance in the plot is at last fulfilled, and the household that has initially been for Jane merely a community of social equality is now revealed to be a true family.More importantly, St.John emerges as a crucial figure, providing Jane with a powerful and dangerous alternative to Rochester.All of these experiences prepare the ground for Jane to return to Rochester: having come to know her own strength, having learned that she is no longer alone in the world, having come into her own inheritance, and having received a competing marriage proposal, Jane can now enter into marriage without feeling herself beholden to her husband.St.John’s character emerges forcefully in these chapters.As a potential husband to Jane, he offers a foil to the character of Rochester.Whereas Rochester is passionate and impetuous, St.John is cold, harsh, and clinical.While Jane often finds herself reminding Rochester of the importance of Christian morality, she finds the same morality in St.John overwhelming and threatening.This leads to St.John’s other important function: he provides an interesting comparison to the models of religion embodied in Helen Burns and Mr.Brocklehurst.Unlike the meek and forbearing Helen, St.John is active and even ambitious.He is not hypocritical like Brocklehurst, but he is so rigidly principled and lacking in empathy that his behavior is potentially just as destructive.Despite Jane’s protracted attempt to integrate Christian morality comfortably into her own life and behavior, St.John is a dangerous influence on her, because his forceful personality compels her obedience against her own internal feelings.Jane refuses to marry St.John because she does not love him, but St.John pressures Jane to ignore her feelings and submit to his powerful conception of necessary moral duty.Jane remains true to herself only with great difficulty, and with the help of the preternatural experience of hearing Rochester call out her name over the moors.In declining St.John’s proposal Jane escapes yet another threat to her freedom and her sense of self.Yet the very seriousness with which Jane considers his proposal leads her to an important realization about herself.Part of the reason she fled Thornfield was that she feared becoming a slave to her own passion and sacrificing her principles.By coming so close to marrying St.John, she demonstrates her ability to do the opposite: to sacrifice passion altogether and devote herself wholly to principle.Now Jane knows that returning to Rochester would not signify a weakness on her part.Moreover, she now appreciates more than ever what Rochester offered her.Having found herself on the threshold of a loveless marriage, she understands fully the importance of following not only her mind but also her heart.Summary: Chapter 36 Jane contemplates her supernatural experience of the previous night, wondering whether it was really Rochester’s voice that she heard calling to her and whether Rochester might actually be in trouble.She finds a note from St.John urging her to resist temptation, but nevertheless she boards a coach to Thornfield.She travels to the manor, anxious to see Rochester and reflecting on the ways in which her life has changed in the single year since she left.Once hopeless, alone, and impoverished, Jane now has friends, family, and a fortune.She hurries to the house after her coach arrives and is shocked to find Thornfield a charred ruin.She goes to an inn called the Rochester Arms to learn what has happened.Here, she learns that Bertha Mason set the house ablaze several months earlier.Rochester saved his servants and tried to save his wife, but she flung herself from the roof as the fire raged around her.In the fire, Rochester lost a hand and went blind.He has taken up residence in a house called Ferndean, located deep in the forest, with John and Mary, two elderly servants.Summary: Chapter 37 Jane goes to Ferndean.From a distance, she sees Rochester reach a hand out of the door, testing for rain.His body looks the same, but his face is desperate and disconsolate.Rochester returns inside, and Jane approaches the house.She knocks, and Mary answers the door.Inside, Jane carries a tray to Rochester, who is unable to see her.When he realizes that Jane is in the room with him, he thinks she must be a ghost or spirit speaking to him.When he catches her hand, he takes her in his arms, and she promises never to leave him.The next morning they walk through the woods, and Jane tells Rochester about her experiences the previous year.She has to assure him that she is not in love with St.John.He asks her again to marry him, and she says yes—they are now free from the specter of Bertha Mason.Rochester tells Jane that a few nights earlier, in a moment of desperation, he called out her name and thought he heard her answer.She does not wish to upset him or excite him in his fragile condition, and so she does not tell him about hearing his voice at Moor House.Summary: Chapter 38 Jane and Rochester marry with no witnesses other than the parson and the church clerk.Jane writes to her cousins with the news.St.John never acknowledges what has happened, but Mary and Diana write back with their good wishes.Jane visits Adèle at her school, and finds her unhappy.Remembering her own childhood experience, Jane moves Adèle to a more congenial school, and Adèle grows up to be a very pleasant and mild-mannered young woman.Jane writes that she is narrating her story after ten years of marriage to Rochester, which she describes as inexpressibly blissful.They live as equals, and she helps him to cope with his blindness.After two years, Rochester begins to regain his vision in one eye, and when their first child—a boy—is born, Rochester is able to see the baby.Jane writes that Diana and Mary have both found husbands and that St.John went to India as he had planned.She notes that in his last letter, St.John claimed to have had a premonition of his own approaching death.She does not believe that she will hear from St.John again, but she does not grieve for him, saying that he has fulfilled his promise and done God’s work.She closes her book with a quote from his letter, in which he begs the Lord Jesus to come for him quickly.Analysis: Chapters 36–38 Jane’s melodramatic discovery of the ruined Thornfield and her recounting of the story of Bertha Mason’s mad and fiery death lead to the novel’s last, brief stage at Ferndean, during which Jane and Rochester are able to marry at last.It is possible to question Jane Eyre’s proto-feminism on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochester’s full equal(as she claims to be in the novel’s epilogue-like last chapter)when he is physically infirm and dependent on her to guide him and read to him—in other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her.However, it is also possible that Jane now finds herself Rochester’s equal not because of the decline Rochester has suffered but because of the autonomy that she has achieved by coming to know herself more fully.No woman was ever nearer to her mate than I am: ever more absolutely bone of his bone, and flesh of his flesh.I know no weariness of my Edward’s society: he knows none of mine, any more than we each do of the pulsation of the heart that beats in our separate bosoms;consequently, we are ever together.Another problem that troubles some critics is the fact that Jane finds happiness in the novel only through marriage, suggesting that marriage constitutes the only route to contentment for women(after all, the ―happy ending‖ for Diana and Mary, also, is that they find husbands).It could be argued that, in returning to Rochester, Jane sacrifices her long-sought autonomy and independence.Another way of looking at Jane’s marriage is that she doesn’t sacrifice everything, but enters into a relationship in which giving and taking occur in equal measure.Indeed, in order to marry Rochester Jane has had to reject another marriage, a marriage that would have meant a much more stifling and suppressed life for her.Moreover, in declining to marry St.John, Jane comes to the realization that part of being true to ―who she is‖ means being true to her emotions and passions;part of what makes her herself is manifested in her relationships with others—in the giving of herself to other human beings.By entering into marriage, Jane does indeed enter into a ―bond,‖ but in many ways this ―bond‖ is also the ―escape‖ that Jane has sought all along.In providing a happy ending for Jane, Bront? seems to suggest that individuals who manage to navigate the pressures and hypocrisies of established social and religious structures can eventually enter into lasting love.A woman who refuses to bend to class and gender prejudices, or to accept domination or oppression, might still find kindred hearts and a sense of spiritual community.Lastly, Bront? seems to suggest a way in which a woman’s quest for love and a feeling of belonging need not encroach upon her sense of self—need not restrict her intellectual, spiritual, and emotional independence.Indeed, Bront? suggests that it is only after coming to know oneself and one’s own strength that one can enter wholly into a well-rounded and loving relationship with another.

第四篇：法理論文推薦及各導(dǎo)師研究方向

法理論文推薦及各導(dǎo)師研究方向

說明：該書單源自**教授法理學課程安排，部分文章未公開發(fā)行，不在本版本中列出。原書單中注明為某專著的部分章節(jié)的，在本書單中僅列出書名（一部分進行了如此處理）。

胡玉鴻：“人的模式構(gòu)造與法理學研究”《中外法學》2000年5期

劉進田：“人性預(yù)設(shè)與法律文化”《司法部直屬院?！鞍宋濉逼陂g優(yōu)秀論文集》法律出版社1996年

里贊：“人性惡與法治——一個形而上學的視角”《現(xiàn)代法學》2001年6期

拉德布魯赫：“法律上的人”見該氏《法律智慧警句集》中國法制出版社2001年

施密特：“合法性與正當性”見《政治的概念》上海人民出版社2003年

哈貝馬斯：“法的合法性”載《法哲學與法社會學論從2》政法大學2000年

黃宗羲《明夷待訪錄·原法》中華書局1985年

**：《說法活法立法》增訂版清華大學出版社2004 **：《法律信仰》廣西師大出版社2003年

於興中：“作為法律文明秩序的法治”載清華法治論衡（大概是一）清華大學2001 朱蘇力：“現(xiàn)代化視野中的中國法治”載《學問中國》江西教育出版社1997 黃仁宇：《放寬歷史的師界》三聯(lián)書店

任群先：“執(zhí)行為什么難”《人民法院報》2004年2月4日

周旺生：“論法之難行之源”《中外法學》2001年6期

**：“法律：民族精神與現(xiàn)代性”載《中外法學》2001年6期

黃仁宇：《關(guān)系千萬重》三聯(lián)書店2001年

**：“以法律為業(yè)——關(guān)于近代中國語境下的法律公民與法律理性的思考”《金陵法律評論》（南京大學的）2003年春季卷 **：“論法律的實質(zhì)理性——兼論法律從業(yè)者的職業(yè)倫理”載《中國社會科學》2003年1期

**：“書生視野 無限江山——關(guān)于近世中國五代法學家及志業(yè)的一個學術(shù)史研究”見《法學家的智慧——關(guān)于法律的知識品格與人文類型》**著清華大學出版社2004年

鄭戈：“韋伯論西方法律的獨特性”載《韋伯：法律與價值》上海人民出版社2001年

朱景文：《比較法社會學的框架和方法》第六章 人民大學出版社2001年

吳經(jīng)熊：《法律哲學研究》廣西師大出版社2004年

王伯琦：《王伯琦法學論著集》三民書局1999年

孔祥?。?“法官載法律規(guī)范沖突中的選擇適用權(quán)”《法制日報》2003年11月27日

德沃金：《法律帝國》大百科全書出版社1996年

孫曉樓：《法律教育》中國政法大學199年

賀衛(wèi)方：“中國法律教育之路》政法大學1999年

羅伯特·斯蒂文斯《法學院》中國政法大學出版社2003年

沈宗靈：“批判法學在美國的興起”載《比較法研究》1989年2期

吳玉章：“論美國的批判法學運動”載《中國社會科學》1992年5期

季衛(wèi)東：《法制秩序的建構(gòu)》政法大學2000年

呂世倫：《美國女權(quán)主義法學論述》載《法律科學》1998年1期

信春鷹：《后現(xiàn)代法學：為法治探索未來》載《中國社會科學》2000年5期

清華法理學教師主要有：高鴻鈞、**、王晨光、高其才、江山等五位。其中

高鴻鈞老師關(guān)注的主題（不考慮彼此包涵關(guān)系，下同）主要有：法治、比較法、法律共同體等，參考資料主要為：由他主編的《清華法治論衡》（一～四輯）；K·茨威格特, H·克茨著《比較法總論》；由他與賀衛(wèi)方等人合譯的《法律與革命》；由他與賀衛(wèi)方主持的比較法譯叢書；由法學院同仁合著的《法治：理念與制度》他在各種法學期刊發(fā)表的重要論文（以下老師的論文都應(yīng)當重視，此項不再列出）。

**老師關(guān)注的主題主要是：歷史法學、法的民族精神，參考資料主要為：本人專著：《說法、活法、立法》；薩維尼弗里德里?！た枴ゑT著《論立法與法學的當代使命》；由舒國瀅與許主持的“西方法哲學文庫”；由許主編的《清華法學》第一～四卷。

王晨光老師關(guān)注的主題主要是：比較法、法律推理與法理解釋，參考資料主要為：哈特《法律的概念》；德沃金《法律帝國》；劉星《法律是什么》。

高其才老師關(guān)注的主題主要是：習慣法，參考資料主要為：《中國習慣法論》等。

江山老師關(guān)注的主題主要為：中國背景下、跨越時代的法秩序重構(gòu)，參考資料主要為：江山法學著作系列《法的自然精神導(dǎo)論》、《互助與互足》、《中國法理念》、《人際同構(gòu)的法哲學》等。

需要強調(diào)一點，本院諸位教授在各種重要法學期刊上發(fā)表的論文絕對不能忽視，本院教授對中國傳統(tǒng)的法理學基本不持追隨之態(tài)度，答題時應(yīng)考慮歷史、文化、哲學、法律學派等足以展示你的才華的內(nèi)容。

第五篇：注冊測繪師考試各規(guī)范精華摘要

大地測量基本技術(shù)規(guī)定

全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)連續(xù)運行參考站網(wǎng)建設(shè)規(guī)范

全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）測量規(guī)范

全球定位系統(tǒng)(G P S)接收機(測地型和導(dǎo)航型)校準規(guī)范

超短基線(mi n i 一b a s e l i n e)

指標準值在0.2 m一2 4 m范圍內(nèi)的標準長度。幾何精度因子

因用戶和所選星座間的幾何關(guān)系引起定位誤差的放大因子。G D O P值越小，定位精越高。5.1.1 天線、基座水準器應(yīng)正確，光學對中器的對中誤差小于l m ma 5.1.2 鎖定衛(wèi)星能力不大于1 5 m i n , R T K與R T D初始化時間不大于3 m i n.2.2 校準場各種基線的組成數(shù)量.2.2.1 超短基線可由4個以上觀測墩組成，觀測墩面在同一高程平面上。6.2.2.2 短基線的長度可在2 0 0 0 內(nèi)任意選取，但不得少于6段距離。.2.2.3 中、長基線分l O k m, 1 5 k m, 2 0 k m, 2 5 k m, 3 0 k m等長度，可與超短基線、短基線的點相關(guān)連組成網(wǎng)，所組成各種長度不少于2段。在G P S校準場上進行，分短基線測量和中、長基線測量。

全球定位系統(tǒng)(GPS)測量型接收機檢定規(guī)程

全球定位系統(tǒng)實時動態(tài)測量(RTK)技術(shù)規(guī)范

衛(wèi)星定位城市測量技術(shù)規(guī)范

國家一、二等水準測量規(guī)范

數(shù)字水準儀順序也一樣。

國家三、四等水準測量規(guī)范

國家重力控制測量規(guī)范

加密重力測量規(guī)范

區(qū)域似大地水準面精化基本技術(shù)

海道測量規(guī)范

中國航海圖編繪規(guī)范

1：5000、1：10000、1：25000海岸帶地形圖測繪規(guī)范

海洋工程地形測量規(guī)范

海圖圖式

精密工程測量以相鄰點相對點位中誤差或在特定方向上的相對位置精度作為精度指標，劃分為一、二、三、四級。

一、二級精密工程測量應(yīng)在可控觀測條件下作業(yè)，三、四級精密工程測量應(yīng)選擇最佳的野外條件作業(yè)。同一工程中不同的觀測項目，可選用不同的精度指標。同類觀測項目中若有不同精度要求的控制點，應(yīng)選擇最高精度指標布設(shè)統(tǒng)一的控制網(wǎng)。精密工程水平控制網(wǎng)的等級