第一篇:高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)之名詞性從句
高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)--------名詞性從句用法及真題解析
名詞性從句是高考英語(yǔ)中非常重要的部分,它能使得英語(yǔ)的句子長(zhǎng)度加長(zhǎng),內(nèi)容豐富且句型多樣。高中階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)基本涉及了所有的名詞性從句常用句法,因此高考也在各種題型中考查同學(xué)們對(duì)此項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法的掌握。同學(xué)們除了應(yīng)具有基本的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),如能分析句中的主、謂、賓等基本成份,更重要的應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)一定的邏輯分析能力,能夠正確判斷出句與句之間的主、次關(guān)系及語(yǔ)意關(guān)聯(lián);能夠分析得出主、從句(可以根據(jù)連接詞的位臵),通過(guò)對(duì)題意的正確理解判斷使用何種連接詞。同時(shí)注意句中的語(yǔ)序,時(shí)態(tài)及主謂一致問(wèn)題。考點(diǎn)1 主語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞主要有三類(lèi): 連接詞that,whether;
連接代詞what,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等; 連接副詞when,where,why,how等。1.連接詞that,whether引導(dǎo)
①That the college will take in more new students this year is true. 今年這所大學(xué)將招收更多新生是真的。
②Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance. 他是否能按時(shí)完成任務(wù)非常重要?!咀ⅰ?1)if不能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。
(2)形式主語(yǔ)it替代主語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)的it替代主語(yǔ)從句的句式主要有以下幾種:
A.It+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+that從句。如: It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。B.It+系動(dòng)詞+名詞+that從句。如:
It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. 我們的希望是雙方能朝著和平的方向發(fā)展。C.It+be+v.ed形式+that從句。如:
It is announced that the plan has been successfully carried out. 據(jù)宣布計(jì)劃已經(jīng)順利實(shí)施。2.連接代詞引導(dǎo)
①What we can’t get seems better than what we already have. 我們得不到的東西似乎比我們擁有的東西好。②who the letter was from is still unknown. 這封信是誰(shuí)寄出的還不清楚。
③Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize. 你們當(dāng)中第一個(gè)到達(dá)這里的人將獲得獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。3.連接副詞引導(dǎo)
①How acupuncture reduces and relieves pain is unclear. 針灸是如何減輕和解除疼痛的還不清楚。
②why dinosaurs suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. 恐龍為什么突然消失了還是個(gè)謎。考點(diǎn)2 賓語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞主要有三類(lèi): 連接詞that,whether,if等,連接代詞what,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等,連接副詞when,where,why,how等。1.連接詞that,whether,if引導(dǎo)
①I(mǎi) think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help. 我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該向老師尋求幫助。
②I don’t know if/whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道這么多年后他是否還住在這兒。
【注】whether/if都意為“是否”。一般情況下,它們可以互換,口語(yǔ)中常用if,但以下情況中,只能用whether。(1)與or not緊接連用時(shí)。如:
Let me know whether or not you can come. 請(qǐng)讓我知道你是否能來(lái)。(2)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。如:
We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting. 我們對(duì)你是否參加會(huì)議感興趣。
2.連接代詞what,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等如:
①She asked me whose handwriting was the best in the class. 她問(wèn)我班上誰(shuí)的書(shū)法最好。
②I’ll just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就說(shuō)什么。
3.連接副詞引導(dǎo)when,where,why,how等 ①Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games began? 你知道古代的奧運(yùn)會(huì)是什么時(shí)間開(kāi)始的嗎? ②I’ve been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting. 我一直在考慮如何使我們的報(bào)紙更用趣。4.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
在賓語(yǔ)從句中要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。如:
①He asked me when we could set out the next day. 他問(wèn)我第二天什么時(shí)候可以出發(fā)。②Did you find out where she lost her car? 你查出她在哪里丟的車(chē)了嗎? 5.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
(1)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí),其賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可以是任何適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。①She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday. 她說(shuō)她周一至周五上班。(從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))②she says(that)she will leave a message on his desk. 她說(shuō)她要在他桌子上留個(gè)便條。(從句是一般將來(lái)時(shí))③She says(that)she has never been to Mount Emei. 她說(shuō)她從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)峨眉山。(從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))(2)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去式時(shí),其賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)一般要用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:
①He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他說(shuō)昨天下午沒(méi)有課。(從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí))②He said that he was going to take care of the baby. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)去照看這個(gè)嬰兒。(從句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí))③He said that they were having a meeting at that time. 他說(shuō)他們那時(shí)正在開(kāi)會(huì)。(從句是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí))(3)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是表達(dá)客觀真理和規(guī)律的句子時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)仍舊用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
①The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it. 老師告訴我們世上無(wú)難事,只怕有心人。②He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說(shuō)光比聲音傳播得快。
【注】在使用賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)需要注意下面幾點(diǎn):
(1)動(dòng)詞find,feel,think,consider,make,believe,guess,suppose,assume等后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),則需要用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將that賓語(yǔ)從句后臵。如:
①I(mǎi) think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day. 我認(rèn)為每天多喝開(kāi)水是有必要的。②I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天寫(xiě)日記成了慣例。
(2)hate,like,take,owe,have,take for granted等表示“喜歡;痛恨;認(rèn)為”的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)和see to表示“注意,留意”后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),需要用it作形式賓語(yǔ)而將賓語(yǔ)從句后臵。如:
①I(mǎi) hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food. 我討厭他們滿嘴食物說(shuō)話。②When you start the engine,you must see to it that the car is in neutral. 啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí),一定要使汽車(chē)的離合器處于空檔位臵。(3)介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如:
①She is always thinking of how she can do more for others. 她總想著如何才能為別人做得更多。
②We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我們正在討論是否讓學(xué)生加入我們的俱樂(lè)部。
(4)賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。將think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中,即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式,而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。如:
①I(mǎi) don’t think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。②I don’t believe he will come.我相信他不回來(lái)??键c(diǎn)
3、表語(yǔ)從句
常由連接詞that,whether;連接代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever;連接副詞when,where,how,why引導(dǎo)。1.連接詞引導(dǎo)
①The reason for his absence is that he hasn’t been informed.他缺席的原因就是他沒(méi)接到通知。
②The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題還是他們能否幫我們。2.連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)
①The problem is who will take charge of this shop. 問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)將接管這家店鋪。
②That is when I realized the importance of journalism. 那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到新聞工作的重要性。
【注】(1)as/as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句常跟在特定動(dòng)詞后面,如seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。如:
①I(mǎi)t sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 聽(tīng)上去好像有人在敲門(mén)。
②At that time,it seemed as though I couldn’t think of the right word. 當(dāng)時(shí)我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃?lái)。
(2)當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句一般由that引導(dǎo),這種用法常見(jiàn)于句型The reason why…is that…。如:
The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他來(lái)得晚是因?yàn)槠鸫餐砹恕?/p>
考點(diǎn)4 同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句在句子中作某一名詞的同位語(yǔ),一般位于該名詞之后,說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。這些名詞常見(jiàn)的有idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt,promise,suggestion,order等。
1.通常用連詞that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,that無(wú)詞義,也不作句子成分,但不能省略。注意從句用陳述句語(yǔ)序。如:
①They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again. 他們表示希望我們?cè)偃ピL問(wèn)上海。②I have no idea that she quit her present job. 我不知道她辭掉了現(xiàn)在的工作。
③Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答應(yīng)我,你今天晚上會(huì)來(lái)參加我們的聚會(huì)。
2.同位語(yǔ)從句還可以用whether,when,where,why,how等引導(dǎo)。如:
①The student asked me the question whether the book was worth reading. 學(xué)生問(wèn)了我這個(gè)問(wèn)題:這本書(shū)是否值得一讀。
②I have no idea why he was excited at that time.我不知道當(dāng)時(shí)他激動(dòng)的原因。
.
考點(diǎn)5 名詞性從句需要注意的事項(xiàng)
1.that的用法。在主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中that一般不能夠省略;在賓語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)可以省略,一般需要注意下面兩點(diǎn):(1)當(dāng)that從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略。如:
They share little in common except that they are from the same country. 除了來(lái)自同一個(gè)國(guó)家之外,他們幾乎沒(méi)有共同點(diǎn)。
(2)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可以省略第一個(gè)that,其他的不省略。如:
I believe(that)you’ve done your best and that things will improve. 我相信你已經(jīng)盡力了,而且情況也會(huì)得到改善。
2.that與what的區(qū)別。that在從句中不能夠充當(dāng)句子成分,也沒(méi)有含義;what可以在從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),意思是”什么,……的事情”。如: ①The hope that he may recover is not gone yet. 他會(huì)康復(fù)的希望沒(méi)有消失。②What he said proved to be true. 他所說(shuō)的話證明是正確的。
3.定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。定語(yǔ)從句是從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制;而同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)從句前面的抽象名詞作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明和解釋。如: ①The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽的消息是真的。②The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的。
③I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我許諾如果誰(shuí)讓我自由,我就讓他非常富有。
④The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 媽媽許下了一個(gè)令她的孩子們高興的諾言。
十年高考【2002-2011】英語(yǔ)分類(lèi)匯編----名詞性從句
1(2011北京卷22)________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.A.Which
B what
C.That
D.Whom 2(2011北京卷31)The shocking news mad me realize _____terrible problems we would face.A.what
B.how
C.that
D.why
3(2011上海卷31)There is clear evidence _____ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A.what
B.if
C.how
D.that
4(2011上海卷38)The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _____ others actually understand.A.why
B.that
C.which
D.what 5(2011山東卷26)I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ______ he never finishes anything.A.that
B.when
C.where
D.why
6(2011山東卷33)We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know______ she’ll accept it.A.where
B.what
C.whether
D.which 7(2011江西卷26)The villagers have already known ______ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.A.this
B.that
C.what
D.which 8(2011江蘇卷26)It was never clear _______ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.A.that
B.how
C.when
D.why
9(2011安徽卷33)His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out _____it is he is trying to express.A.that
B.how
C.who
D.what
10(2011四川卷10)Our teachers always tell us to believe in ________ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.A.why
B.how
C.what
D.which 11(2011遼寧卷23)Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ___to read first.A.what
B.who
C.how
D.why
12(2011遼寧卷32)When the news came_________the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.A.since
B.which
C.that
D.because 13(2011天津卷13)Modern science has given clear evidence ______ smoking can lead to many diseases.A.what
B.which
C.that
D.where 14(2011陜西卷15)I’d like to start my own business–that’s ____ I’d do if I had the money.A.why
B.when
C.which
D.what 15(2011重慶卷22)It is still under discussion __________the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A.whether
B.when
C.which
D.where
第二篇:高考英語(yǔ)從句總復(fù)習(xí)
從句
一. 定義
1.句子分為簡(jiǎn)單句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句是只有一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的句子。
2.復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子。主句是全句的主體,從句是主句的一個(gè)成分,它不能單獨(dú)做句子,它在句子中作什么成分,就叫什么成分的從句,如作主語(yǔ)的就叫主語(yǔ)從句,作賓語(yǔ)的就叫賓語(yǔ)從句,作表語(yǔ)的就叫表語(yǔ)從句,作定語(yǔ)的叫定語(yǔ)從句,作狀語(yǔ)的就叫狀語(yǔ)從句。3.復(fù)合句主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句(包括主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句)、形容詞性從句(即定語(yǔ)從句)、副詞性從句(即狀語(yǔ)從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等)。
二. 名詞性從句
(一)主語(yǔ)從句
1.主語(yǔ)從句是指從句充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的句子。2.引導(dǎo)詞;關(guān)系代詞:(1)從句成分什么都不缺:thatwhetherif(whether一般跟or not 搭配使用,if不能)That the earth is round is true Whether she comes or not makes no difference(2)從句成分缺人:whowhomwhosewhoeverwhomever(3)從句成分缺物:whatwhatererwhichwhichever Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.Whose watch was lost is unknown.What caused the accident remains unknown.Whatever you did is right.關(guān)系副詞:where:(什么地方),從句中缺地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) when:(什么時(shí)候),從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) why:(什么原因),從句中缺原因狀語(yǔ) how:(如何,怎樣),從句中缺方式狀語(yǔ)
Where he is from is the question nobody can answer She don’t know how she can get to the hospital Why he is late is he was ill yesterday 3.主語(yǔ)從句的特殊形式:it做形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)(1)It is +名詞+從句
It is a fact an honor that(2)it is +形容詞+從句
It is natural obviouspossible that…(3)it is +不及物動(dòng)詞+從句
It seems happened that…(4)it +過(guò)去分詞+從句
It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道… It is said that…據(jù)說(shuō)…
It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)…
4.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況
(1)if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。
(2)It is said ,(reported)…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens…, It occurs… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)
(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)
(5)含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí),主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)5.注意:
(1)主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài):不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.(2)主語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞放在句首不能省略
(二).賓語(yǔ)從句
1.從句在主句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的句子是賓語(yǔ)從句 2.引導(dǎo)詞
3.賓語(yǔ)從句的幾種形式(1)做及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ) I heard that he joined the army.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.She told me that she would accept my invitation.(2)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)
Our success depends upon how hard we work(3).作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)
I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.I am glad that you have made such progress(4)動(dòng)詞+it+that結(jié)構(gòu)
It做形式賓語(yǔ),代替that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
He has made it clear that he won’t give up the opportunity We consider it necessary that we should open out(5)賓語(yǔ)從句否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等,其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上,從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如:
I don’t think this dress fits you well.4.注意:(1)賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序
(2)如果主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不受限制,如果主句時(shí)態(tài)是過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句一般要隨著改為相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)(即一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等)。He thought he was working for the people.
I heard she had been to the Great W all.
John hoped that he would find a job soon.
但賓語(yǔ)從句如果表示定理法則、永恒真理等,則不變化:
The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun
(三)表語(yǔ)從句
從句在主句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)成分的句子是表語(yǔ)從句。一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句” The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.This is why we can’t get the support of the people
But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.(四)同位語(yǔ)從句
1.同位語(yǔ)從句是修飾前面名詞的從句。
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general 2.同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置
同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面,而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如:
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞,同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)),而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2)定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對(duì)先行詞加以限定,描述定的性質(zhì)或特征;同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的,其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如:
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。)(第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句,that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。)(同位語(yǔ)從句,that在句中不作任何成分)
三.形容性從句(定語(yǔ)從句)
(一)含義:從句充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分的句子叫做定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞:被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個(gè)詞,短語(yǔ),或整個(gè)主句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
(二)限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1.限制性定語(yǔ)是指定語(yǔ)從句緊跟它所修飾的中心名詞或代詞之后,沒(méi)有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。2.引導(dǎo)詞:分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。(1)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:
that:指代人、事物,作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略 who:指代人,做主語(yǔ)
whom:指代人,做賓語(yǔ),可以省略。它在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中常用who代替,可以省略 The man whowhom you met just now is my brother.which:指代事物,做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。做賓語(yǔ)可以省略 whose:指代人、物,做定語(yǔ),其后直接加名詞 He has a friend whose father is a doctor.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.指物時(shí)常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.——The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired(2)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:
where:指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) Shai hai is the city where I was born
The house where I live ten years ago has been pulled down when: 指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
I still remember the day when I first came to the school why: 指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 注意: 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句都可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)代替 Shai hai is the city wherein which I was born I still remember the day whenon which I first came to the school Please tell me the reason why for which you missed the plane 練習(xí):
A letter------is written in pencil is difficult to read.(主語(yǔ))Do you know the gentleman-----spoke just now? You can take anything----you like.(賓語(yǔ))What is the question-----they are talking about? Here is the man-----you want to see.3.注意
(1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that的幾種情況:
A 當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí),或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí),要用that Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li has said? There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done.B 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾,如:firstlastnext等
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.C 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)
This is the best film that I have seen.D 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí)
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用who
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/ E 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)
Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? F 當(dāng)先行詞既有人,也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? G 如有兩個(gè)從句,其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用that。He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(2)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用who的情況:
A 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)指人的先行詞進(jìn)行隔位修飾時(shí),只能用who(whom)。如:
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你認(rèn)識(shí)黑板前面正在給學(xué)生們講話的那位女孩子嗎?
B 當(dāng)先行詞為people和those時(shí),只能用who(whom)。如:
Those who want to go there come here please.那些想去那兒的人請(qǐng)來(lái)這邊。
C 當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)時(shí),只能用who(whom)。如: Anyone who is against us is our enemy.任何反對(duì)我們的人就是我們的敵人。D 在there be句型中名詞的定語(yǔ)從句多用who(whom)。如:
There are students in our class who / whom you have met.我們班有些學(xué)生你見(jiàn)過(guò)。
E 當(dāng)句子中有兩個(gè)指人的現(xiàn)行詞分別帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),若一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞為that, 那么,另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞必定為who。如:
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university.剛才你會(huì)到的那個(gè)男孩是李明的剛從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的弟弟。
(3)以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo),而且通??梢允÷浴?/p>
The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising
(三).非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1.含義:先行詞和從句用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),對(duì)所修飾你名詞或代詞等起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。如果去掉從句,并不影響它所修飾的先行詞的意義。
2.引導(dǎo)詞(1)關(guān)系代詞:
指人:who :做主語(yǔ),不可省略 ;whom:做賓語(yǔ),不可省略 指物:which:做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),不可省略(2)關(guān)系副詞:
when where why as等
Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A.it
B.that
C.which
D.he 答案C.此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。
The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。
3.as和which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
(1)as和which都可在句子中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),它們指代的是整個(gè)句子 He married her,aswhich is natural He is honest,aswhich we can see(2)as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前,也可放在主句之尾,還可分割整個(gè)主句,which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后;as有“正如,正想”之意 As is known to us,china is a developing country He is from south,which we can see from his accent
John ,as you know,is famous writer(3)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),which既可以作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ),也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ);而這時(shí)as 只可以做系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。例如:
A)He married her, which was natural.(可用as代替which)他和她結(jié)婚,這是很自然的事。
B)He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious.(不可用as 代替which)他獲得了諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng),這使他名揚(yáng)天下。
It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A.that B.which C.as D.it(4).在which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是am, is, are則這些系動(dòng)詞不能省略;而as后面若是這種情況,則可以省略。例如:
A)He is a teacher, as(is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)B)He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.(was不可省略)(5)當(dāng)先行詞有such,the same修飾時(shí),常用as I have never heard such a story as he tells This is the same book as I lost last week 注意:當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí),偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子。
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。
(四)引導(dǎo)詞+介詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在從句中做介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常用介詞+關(guān)系代詞引: The school whichthat he once studied is vert famous ——the school in which he once studied is very famous Tomorrow I will bring a book whichthat you ask for Tomorrow I will bring a book for which you ask 注意:
A:含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用。如:look at, look for, look after, take care of等 This is watch whichthat I looking for B:當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí),關(guān)系代詞指人是只能用whom,,關(guān)系代詞指代物時(shí),只能用which,關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí),用whose The man with whom you talked is my friend C:介詞+定語(yǔ)從句,前面可有some any both each none neither 等代詞或數(shù)詞修飾 He love his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him There are forty students in our class,,most of whom are from cities 四.狀語(yǔ)從句
一:時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
(一)when, while和as。
1.when引導(dǎo)從句的動(dòng)作可以與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可以先于主句的動(dòng)作。引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞(一段時(shí)間),又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞(一點(diǎn)時(shí)間)。when還含有“at that moment”的意思,引起的句子不能放在句首
When he heard the news,they were much surprised(從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作)When she came in, I stopped eating.她進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),我在吃飯。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí),我常常為他擔(dān)水。(延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞)
We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out.我們正在看電視,這時(shí)燈突然滅了。They had just arrived home when it began to rain.他們剛到家,這時(shí)天就開(kāi)始下雨了。
2.while 從句的動(dòng)作和主句同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV I like playing football while you like playing basketball 3.as 從句的動(dòng)作和主句同時(shí)發(fā)生。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可是瞬時(shí)性的,也可是延續(xù)性的。從句和主句要表示一個(gè)人的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作交替進(jìn)行或同時(shí)完成時(shí),則多用as,可譯為“一邊......,一邊......” She came up as I was cooking.(延續(xù)性)The runners started as the gun went off.(瞬時(shí)性)He looked behind from to time as he went.他一邊走,一邊不時(shí)地往后看。
As time goes on, it’s getting warmer and warmer..隨著時(shí)間的推移,天氣變得越來(lái)越暖了。練習(xí):
1.He was about halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears.(2006遼寧)
A.why B.where C.when D.while 2.— I’m going to the post office.— ____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?(1999)
A.As B.While C.Because D.If 3.____ the days went on, the weather got worse.(1990)
A.With B.Since C.While D.As 4.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____.(1992)
A.slipped;was looking B.had slipped;looked
C.slipped;had looked D.was slipping;looked 如果主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行過(guò)程中,從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如: The landlady suspected that someone must have broken into the house when/while/as she was watching TV show.女房東懷疑在她看電視時(shí)曾有人闖入屋
5.I ____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____.(2006安徽)
A.went;was occurring B.went;occurred C.was going;occurred D.was going;had occurred 6.It was some time ____ we realized the truth.(2005山東)
A.when B.until C.since D.before 7.— Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?
— He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word.(2006四川)
A.before B.until C.when D.after
(二)before 和after
before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后,如主句是將來(lái)時(shí),從句中現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句是過(guò)去時(shí),主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。
It will be some time before we know the results After we had finished dinner,we went home.重點(diǎn):before 的用法
1.用于It + be + 時(shí)間段 + before...句型中,意思是“在……之后才……”,如果主句中用否定式,則表示“不多久……就”。
It will be five years before I come back.我五年后才能回來(lái)。
It was not long before the enemy was driven out of their country.不久之后,敵人就被趕走了。
It won’t be long before they understand each other.他們不久就會(huì)互相了解的。
2.還有“趁……(還沒(méi)有)”之意。例如:
They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up.他們正在考慮趁房?jī)r(jià)未漲時(shí)把房子買(mǎi)下來(lái)。
Do it before you forget it.趁早動(dòng)手,以免忘了 3.短語(yǔ)before long與long before的區(qū)別
before long是“很快,不久”的意思, 可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如:
Before long, he went to America.不久,他就去了美國(guó)。
I hope to see you before long.我希望不久后再見(jiàn)到你。
而 long before是“很久以前”的意思,一般用在過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的句子里。如: She said she had read the novel long before.她說(shuō)她很久以前就讀過(guò)這部小說(shuō)。
(三)till和until
①u(mài)ntil和till都可表示“直到...為止”,與主句中持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式連用。He waited until / till we finished our meal.他一直等到我們吃完飯。
②當(dāng)until和till表示“直到...才....”時(shí),通常與主句中短暫動(dòng)詞的否定式連用,這時(shí),until和till也可用before代替。
I didn’t leave until / till / before she came back.直到她回來(lái),我才離開(kāi)的。③be動(dòng)詞的肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till連用。
④until引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,但till從句一般不放在句首。Until he told me, I knew nothing about it.他告訴我了我才知道。當(dāng)not until位于句首時(shí),主句中的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)要使用倒裝語(yǔ)序: Not until she came back did I leave.= I didn’t leave until she came back.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般用until,不用till。如:
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a
1.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we’ve actually had that lesson.(2007天津)A.until B.after C.since D.when 2.They ____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.(1998)A.saw B.watched C.noticed D.observed 題干中的主句為肯定句,until需要跟主句里肯定形式的表延續(xù)性動(dòng)作的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用,因此本題應(yīng)選表示延續(xù)性動(dòng)作的watched(其他選項(xiàng)中的saw,noticed,observed所表示的動(dòng)作都不能延續(xù),意味著結(jié)果)。3.“You can’t have this football back ____ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.(2006 A because B.since C.when D.until
(四)since的用法 1.連詞
(1)表示“自從……以來(lái)”:
A:主句+since+非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
一般主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),從句用過(guò)去時(shí),翻譯:“某某自從…以來(lái)已經(jīng)…了 He has studied very hard since he came to our school Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city B:主句+since+延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),從句用過(guò)去時(shí),翻譯:“某某自從沒(méi)有…以來(lái)已經(jīng)…了”
He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale.他自從從耶魯大學(xué)畢業(yè)以來(lái)已經(jīng)做了好幾份工作。We all have been missing her since she lived here 自從她從這里搬走,我們就再也沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她 He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來(lái),他屢次給我寫(xiě)信。He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來(lái),他就屢次給我寫(xiě)信。C:主句+since +延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),翻譯:“某某自從…以來(lái)…了’
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車(chē),我們每年都去野營(yíng)。
He has never been to see me since I have been ill.自從我生病以來(lái),他從未來(lái)看過(guò)我。
He has never been to see me since I was ill.自從我病愈以來(lái),他從未來(lái)看過(guò)我。
D:It be(一般式或完成式)+表示一段時(shí)間的詞匯+since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我成為研究生已經(jīng)有2年了。It was three years since we had been there.我們?cè)谀莾阂汛袅巳辍?/p>
應(yīng)注意的是,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對(duì)不能用否定式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示否定意義,下面兩句都錯(cuò)了:
It is a long time since he didn’t study English.It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.正確的說(shuō)法為:
It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒(méi)學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。
You haven’t come to see me for two months.你有兩個(gè)月沒(méi)來(lái)看我了。(2)既然;因?yàn)?/p>
He must have taken the book since it isn't here.他一定是把書(shū)拿走了,因?yàn)闀?shū)已不在這里了。
Since it is so hot, let's go swimming.既然天氣這么熱,我們?nèi)ビ斡景伞?/p>
2.介詞:表示“自從……以來(lái)”,其具體用法有兩種情況:
(1)since+表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞匯(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn))。
They have been friends since childhood.他們從幼時(shí)起一直是好朋友。I have been there many times since the war.自那次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以來(lái),我曾去該地多次。(2)since+表示一段時(shí)間的詞匯+ago。
I have been here since five months ago.五個(gè)月以來(lái)我一直在這里。
They ____ friends since they met in Shanghai.(1989)A.have made B.have become C.have been D.have turned
(五)表示“一…就…”:as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…;表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”: the time, the moment;by the time(到…時(shí)候?yàn)橹梗? next time(下次), the first time(第一次…的時(shí)候), the last time(上次…的時(shí)候),once(一旦…)
She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise.她一聽(tīng)到聲音就沖進(jìn)房間 He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達(dá)那里就生起病來(lái)。
He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points.他還沒(méi)說(shuō)完就有人起來(lái)反駁他的論點(diǎn) He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次見(jiàn)他時(shí),他給我留下了好印象。注意:hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…
前面常用過(guò)去完成時(shí),后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí)它們還可以倒裝: No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達(dá)那里就生起病來(lái)。Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.(六)表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性:every time(每次), each time(每次), whenever(每當(dāng))等。Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.每當(dāng)我們遇上困難的時(shí)候他們就來(lái)幫我們 Each time he came to town he would visit our school.他每次進(jìn)城,總要來(lái)看看我們的學(xué)校。Every time I went to his house, he was out.我每次去他家,他都出去了。
二.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由由where(在……的地方), wherever(無(wú)論哪里),everywhere(每一個(gè)地方)引導(dǎo)的 He is ready to help wherever he is Put you son where you can see him Everywhere they want, they were warmly received 三.原因狀語(yǔ)從句
(一)because since as for 1.because 表示的原因語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng);通常放在主句之后,有時(shí)也放在主句之前;直接回答why 提出的問(wèn)題;在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中只能用because;被not所否定時(shí)只能用because It because he was too careless that he failed 2.since和as表示的原因是人們事先已經(jīng)知道的,是對(duì)已知事實(shí)提供理由,而不表示直接原因;since比as語(yǔ)氣稍強(qiáng),且比as略為正式,兩者通常都放在主句之前 3.for是并列連詞(其作三者為從屬連詞),它有時(shí)可表示因果關(guān)系(只能放在主句之后,且可與because換用),有時(shí)不表示因果關(guān)系,而是對(duì)前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷(也只能放在主句之后,但不能與because換用)。
The ground is wet, for(或because)it rained last night.地面是濕的,因?yàn)樽蛲硐逻^(guò)雨。
It rained last night, for(不能用because)the ground is wet this morning.昨晚下過(guò)雨,今天早上地面都是濕的(二)由now that,seeing that,considering that(由于…,既然…)
Seeing that it’s raining,we’d better stay indoors.既然外邊在下雨,我們最好待在室內(nèi)。Now that you are here, you’d better stay.你既然來(lái)了,最好還是留下吧
Considering that she has no experience, she has done well enough.考慮到她沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn),她已經(jīng)做得不錯(cuò)了
四.條件狀語(yǔ)從句
(一)if,unless
1.if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),主句是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬;if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的省略
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2.unless = if……not
You will never make rapid progress if you don’t work hard
You will never make rapid progress unless you work hard
(二)1.as(so)long as “只要……”As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay 只要你需要我,我就留下。as(so)long as 還可表示一段時(shí)間
Stay as long as you like。你愿留多久都可以。
So long as he lived, I didn’t feel that I have the right to see you between you.在他死之前,我覺(jué)得我沒(méi)有權(quán)利介入你們之間
2.only if 與 if only。only if 意為“只要”,只用于真實(shí)條件句中,是if 的強(qiáng)調(diào)式;if only 有兩個(gè)意思,一是表示“只要”,此時(shí)通常與陳述語(yǔ)氣連用,與 only if 用法相似;二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”,此時(shí)多用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣和感嘆句中。
I will come only if you don’t promise to invite Mary.只要你答應(yīng)不請(qǐng)瑪麗,我就來(lái)。
If only it clears up, we’ll go.只要天晴,我們就去。
If only I hadn’t told him about it.要是我沒(méi)有告訴他這事就好了 If only he will listen to you!他要是聽(tīng)你的話多好!3.as long as 與 only if 的區(qū)別
(1)從語(yǔ)氣上看,only if 的語(yǔ)氣要比as long as 強(qiáng)
(2)當(dāng)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為短暫性動(dòng)詞時(shí),通常只用 only if,而不用 as long as。如:He will come only if you ask him.(3)兩者均可引導(dǎo)從句置于主句之后,也可置于主句之前。但是,當(dāng)only if 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句置于主句之前時(shí),其后的主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序,而且 as long as 引導(dǎo)的從句置于主句之前不用倒裝。如:
As long as it doesn’t rain we can play.只要不下雨,我們就能玩。
Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room.只有得到教師的允許,學(xué)生才可以進(jìn)這間屋。
(三)provided(providing)(that),on condition that,given that,in case,suppose(supposing)等都有“如果”“假如”之意。
He will do the work providing you pay him 如果你給他錢(qián),他就干活
I send you this book on condition that you pay in cash 假如你付現(xiàn)金,這架相機(jī)就賣(mài)給你
Given that he wins the support of the people, he will win the election.如果贏得人民的支持,他將取得競(jìng)選的勝利
Suppose you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again 假如第二次失敗,別灰心,再試試。
五. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
(一)although, though“雖然,盡管” 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),句中不能用but表示轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣,但可跟yet,still表示轉(zhuǎn)折
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨,但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?/p>
(二)ever if, even though.“雖然,盡管,即使”We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.(三)“no matter +疑問(wèn)詞” 或“疑問(wèn)詞+后綴ever” :意為“無(wú)論…”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.(1)“no matter +疑問(wèn)詞”不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 Whatever you say is of no use now.Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么(2)注意however以下兩類(lèi)句型結(jié)構(gòu) ① however+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ):
However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days.不管你怎么走,至少要三天。② however+形容詞或副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ):
However much he eats, he never gets fat.無(wú)論他吃多少, 他都不發(fā)胖。③ 有時(shí)該結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)可以有所省略:
He was of some help, however small.他總能幫些忙,不管多小的忙。I refuse, however favorable the condition.不管條件多好,我都不接受。
(四)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句與倒裝
引導(dǎo)倒裝的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常用as和though,但不是能用although;as 可以在以上這樣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中引出讓步狀語(yǔ),但若不倒裝,則不能用as,而與之相反,although在不倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)中可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ),但在倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)中卻不可以用。
(五)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
六.目的狀語(yǔ)從句
(一)so that,in order that, so, that表示“以便;為了”,so that:如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句常與may,can,will連用;如果主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句常與could,should,would,might連用。
We learn English so that we can read English newspapers She came in quietly in order that she couldn’t wake up the baby
(二)least,in case,for fear that 表示“以防,以免”,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
七.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
(一)so that,so...that,such...that 1.so…that與such…that的區(qū)別在于:
(1)A such+a(an)+adj.+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that…
He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.他非常聰明,大家都非常喜歡他。
B such+adj.+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that…
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.這些小說(shuō)非常有趣,我想再讀一遍。
C such+adj.+不可數(shù)名詞+that…
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.注意:如果such后邊的名詞前由many、much、few、little等詞所修飾的話,則不用such而用so。如:
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.他所受教育很少,不適合做這個(gè)工作。(2)so…that也作“如此…以致”
so+adj./adv.+that…clause(so的后面跟形容詞或副詞)
He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.他跑得非???,沒(méi)人能追上他。
2.so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),意思是“因此;所以”;在從句前常有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi);結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞;目的狀語(yǔ)從句可移到句首,而結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句不能。
Iohn went early, so that he got a good seat.約翰去的很早,得到了一個(gè)好位置。
Iohn went early so that he could get a good seat.約翰去的很早,為的是得到一個(gè)好位置。
The little boy saved every coin_________ __________he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day 八.方式狀語(yǔ)從句
方式狀態(tài)語(yǔ)從句常由as, as if/as though等。例如:
She acted as if/though nothing had happened.It looks as if it'll rain.as if/as though引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
第三篇:2017高考英語(yǔ)——名詞性從句
2017年高考題
【2017·北京】23.Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.A.whatever B.whoever C.whomever D.whichever 【答案】B 代詞,根據(jù)意思可知是人獲獎(jiǎng),故排除AD,因?yàn)樾枰鲋髡Z(yǔ),只能用主格代詞who,故選B??键c(diǎn):考查連詞。【名師點(diǎn)睛】
主語(yǔ)從句 Subject Clauses(在主語(yǔ)的位置上)1.從句的連接詞可以是that, 也可以是特殊疑問(wèn)詞wh-。
That he is a famous singer is known to us.= It is known to us that? Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.Who will go makes no difference.? It is known to us that he is a famous singer.? It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.本題中,whatever引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)作do的賓語(yǔ)。2.wh和ever 連用的詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
? 區(qū)分使用wh-和wh-ever: wh 有疑問(wèn)的意思;wh-ever有肯定強(qiáng)調(diào)的意思 *Who will be invited hasn’t been decided.*Whoever comes here is welcomed.*A reward of $1,000 will be given to whoever can provide any clues to the case.*The gift will be given to whomever I like.? wh-ever 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不能用no matter wh-來(lái)替換,但在引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以替換 Whatever happened, he would not mind.= No matter what happened, he??
【2017·北京】26.Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.A.why B.where C.how D.when 【答案】B 試題分析:A.why 為什么 B.where 在哪 C.how 如何 D.when什么時(shí)候。句意:Jane漫無(wú)目的地走在兩旁栽樹(shù)的街道上,不知道她將去往何方,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處是表地點(diǎn)的,很容易就可選出答案B??键c(diǎn):考查連詞。
【2017·江蘇】26.We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.A.that 【答案】C 【解析】
B.which
C.what
D.how
【名師點(diǎn)睛】
這里容易誤判為定語(yǔ)從句的“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu),需要注意的是,half of后面的價(jià)格是以前的價(jià)格。如果是定語(yǔ)從句,那么half of后面的價(jià)格則是$20的一半,即$10,再結(jié)合“down to”可知,原來(lái)的價(jià)格
高于$20,因此不是定語(yǔ)從句。
介詞of后跟賓語(yǔ),因此這里是賓語(yǔ)從句,通過(guò)分析句子成分可知,賓語(yǔ)從句缺少賓語(yǔ),因此用what引導(dǎo)。
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句 1)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
后常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞有admit, agree, answer, believe, decide, declare, expect, explain, feel, hear, hope, intend, insist, mean, notice9 0rder, remember, reply, say, suggest, think, wish 等
2)wh-,if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
后常接wh-,if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞有advise,ask,discuss,doubt,find out,imagine,inform,1nquire, know, question, tell, understand, wonder,出scover等。3)“動(dòng)詞十間接賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)從句”
常使用此類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有advise,ask,inform,promise,question,remind,show,teach,tell,warn,assure等。
4)“動(dòng)詞+it十形容詞/名詞+that從句”
常見(jiàn)的后接it作形式賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有find,feel,think,believe,make,consider等。5)it作形式賓語(yǔ)的特殊句型
常見(jiàn)的有:see to it that...;hate it that...;owe it to sb.that...;take it for granted that.2.形容詞后賓語(yǔ)從句
后常接賓語(yǔ)從句的形容詞有:anxious,aware,certain,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, pleased, content, proud, annoyed, convinced,confident等。
3.介詞后賓語(yǔ)從句
后常接賓語(yǔ)從句的介詞有on,about,in,but,except等。4.賓語(yǔ)從句需要注意的問(wèn)題
1)當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)句子意思選擇用所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。2)當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句必須用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
3)但是當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)的是普遍真理或客觀規(guī)律時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)限制而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。4)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等,賓語(yǔ)從句的意義是否定時(shí),not要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中;但當(dāng)從句有否定意義的never,.seldom,hardly,scarcely等詞時(shí),否定詞不轉(zhuǎn)移。5)主句中謂語(yǔ)是think,believe,suppose,ex》ect,imagine,guess等,同時(shí),wh-連詞引導(dǎo)的表示疑問(wèn)的賓語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)將連詞wh-置于主句前面,主句若是疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序,從句語(yǔ)序不變。例 如:When do you think he will come back? Do you think when he will come back?(錯(cuò)句)
6)當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是wish時(shí),從句的時(shí)態(tài)要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;當(dāng)主句的動(dòng)詞是suggest,demand,require等詞時(shí),從句要用可省略should的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
7)if??纱鎤hether,但是當(dāng)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),只能用whether。
8)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that??墒÷裕钱?dāng)兩個(gè)that從句由and或or連接時(shí),第二個(gè)從句的that不能省略。考點(diǎn):賓語(yǔ)從句
【2017·天津】4.She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.A.when B.where C.whether D.what 【答案】C 【解析】
試題分析:句意:他問(wèn)我是否已經(jīng)把書(shū)還給圖書(shū)館了,我承認(rèn)。我還沒(méi)有還。A.什么時(shí)候;B.在哪里;C是否;D.什么。根據(jù)句意,故選C 考點(diǎn):考查賓語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句中連詞的考查。對(duì)于賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞的確定,首先確定連詞的詞義,然后根據(jù)句意判斷出正確的連詞,本句的句意很明顯,確定為是否。
2016年高考題
1.【2016·北京】24.Your support is important to our work.________ you can do helps.A.However 【答案】C 【解析】
試題分析:題目考查主語(yǔ)從句。helps是謂語(yǔ),“________ you can do”是主語(yǔ)部分,即主語(yǔ)從句,在主語(yǔ)從句中,do后缺少賓語(yǔ),表示“任何事情”,因此用whatever引導(dǎo),故選C??键c(diǎn):考查主語(yǔ)從句 【名師點(diǎn)睛】
主語(yǔ)從句 Subject Clauses(在主語(yǔ)的位置上)1.從句的連接詞可以是that, 也可以是特殊疑問(wèn)詞wh-。
That he is a famous singer is known to us.= It is known to us that? Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.Who will go makes no difference.? It is known to us that he is a famous singer.? It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.本題中,whatever引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)作do的賓語(yǔ)。2.wh和ever 連用的詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
B.Whoever
C.Whatever
D.Wherever ? 區(qū)分使用wh-和wh-ever: wh 有疑問(wèn)的意思;wh-ever有肯定強(qiáng)調(diào)的意思 *Who will be invited hasn’t been decided.*Whoever comes here is welcomed.*A reward of $1,000 will be given to whoever can provide any clues to the case.*The gift will be given to whomever I like.? wh-ever 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不能用no matter wh-來(lái)替換,但在引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以替換 Whatever happened, he would not mind.= No matter what happened, he??
2.【2016·北京】29.The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.A.what 【答案】B 【解析】 B.that
C.whether
D.why
考點(diǎn):考查表語(yǔ)從句 【名師點(diǎn)睛】
表語(yǔ)從句 Predictive Clauses(在be動(dòng)詞 后)
1.從句的連接詞可以是that, 也可以是wh-的特殊疑問(wèn)詞。The fact is that she never liked him.The question is whether the movie is worth seeing.The question is who can complete the difficult task.? This/That/It is because ?
I think it is because you are doing too much.? The reason why?is that?
The reason why the play is successful is that it appeals to many different people.2.只能用whether 的情況
* 在表語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中 * 在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中 It all depends on whether they will support us.* 在不定式之前
He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.* 從句中有or not時(shí)
He doesn’t know whether he should stay or not.3.【2016·江蘇】21.It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.A.why 【答案】D 【解析】 B.what
C.as
D.that
【名師點(diǎn)睛】
that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句:由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,在大多數(shù)情況下被放到句子的后面,用it 作形式主語(yǔ)來(lái)代替它的位置。常見(jiàn)的以it作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句的句型有三種。1.It + be + 形容詞+that從句
適用于這種句型的常見(jiàn)形容詞有:necessary,clear,true,strange,important,wonderful,possible,likely,obvious,surprising etc。
1)It’s clear that they badly need help。很明顯,他們急需援助。
2)It’s possible that we can carry out the project at last.最終我們能完成這項(xiàng)工程是有可能的。
表語(yǔ)為 necessary,clear,true,strange, important, wonderful,possible, likely, obvious, surprising, astonishing, etc.等形容詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式一般為“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”
3)It is necessary that you(should)master the computer.你很有必要掌握電腦。
4)It is strange that he should have killed himself.真奇怪,他竟然自殺了 2.It +be +名詞詞組+ that從句
常用于這種句型的名詞詞組有:a fact,a good idea,a pity,an hour,a shame,no wonder,good news etc.1)It’s a pity that you missed the film.你沒(méi)有看那部電影真是太遺憾了。
2)―Tom has a bad cold.湯姆患了重感冒。
―It is no wonder that he looks pale.――難怪他看起來(lái)臉色蒼白。
3)It is a great shame that he should have stolen a pen.他竟然偷鋼筆,真是太丟臉了。shame 所用的句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。3.It + be+ 過(guò)去分詞+ that從句
常有的過(guò)去分詞有:said,reported, hoped, believed, expected, decided, well-known, thought, suggested 等。
1)It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.眾所周知,地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
2)It’s reported that the two countries have made an agreement about their trades.據(jù)報(bào)道這兩個(gè)國(guó)家就貿(mào)易問(wèn)題達(dá)成協(xié)議。
過(guò)去分詞表示:建議,命令,愿望如suggested,ordered,requested等詞時(shí),從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng) 詞形式為:should + 原型。
1)It is requested that Mr.Wang(should)give a performance.有人請(qǐng)求王先生表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。
2)It is suggested that we should discuss the problem.有人建議我們應(yīng)該討論一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題??键c(diǎn):考查主語(yǔ)從句
4.【2016·天津】11.The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.A.whether B.that C.which D.what 【答案】B 【解析】
試題分析:句意:經(jīng)理提出一個(gè)建議,我們應(yīng)該有個(gè)助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明suggestion 的內(nèi)容,而且同位語(yǔ)從句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引導(dǎo),that不作成分,只是起著連接的作用。故選 B。
考點(diǎn):考查同位語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】解答這類(lèi)題目,關(guān)鍵在于分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu),知道引導(dǎo)詞的使用習(xí)慣。通過(guò)判斷引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作的成分,來(lái)選擇正確的引導(dǎo)詞。連接同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有that, if, whether,和疑問(wèn)詞(what how where when...)。that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的同位語(yǔ)從句,if和whether,whether...or not引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的一般疑問(wèn)句的同位語(yǔ)從句。判斷是否是同位語(yǔ)從句,還可以用同位詞+is+同位語(yǔ)從句,如果可以講的通,一般就是同位語(yǔ)從句,例如這題中,可以改成The suggestion is that we should have an assistant.2015年高考題
1.【2015·湖南】26.You have to know ________ you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.A.what 【答案】C 【解析】 B.that
C.where
D.who
【考點(diǎn)定位】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】判斷是什么句子最關(guān)鍵,這個(gè)句子是由know引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有連接代詞和連接副詞。因?yàn)閺木洳糠秩鄙贍钫Z(yǔ)成分,答案就出來(lái)了。正確解答該題需要理解句意以及注意上下文(you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.)的表達(dá)。2.【2015·北京】33.I truly believe ______beauty comes from within.A.that 【答案】A 【解析】 B.where
C.what
D.why
【考點(diǎn)定位】考查名詞性從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】名詞性從句分多種,賓語(yǔ)從句在考試中也是很常見(jiàn)的,要注意賓語(yǔ)是句子的一個(gè)重要成分,它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞短語(yǔ)或句子充當(dāng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)句子就稱(chēng)之為賓語(yǔ)從句。一般情況下,賓語(yǔ)從句可作謂語(yǔ) 的賓語(yǔ),也可做主語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)所選空在句中所作的成分來(lái)判斷出是何種名詞性從句。
3.【2015·安徽】25.A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not ______ ships are built for.A.what 【答案】A 【解析】
試題分析:句意:船停放在海港里是很安全的,但這并非建造船的目的。isn’t后跟從句作表語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)從句中的for后缺少賓語(yǔ),用what引導(dǎo),what與for連用,表示目的。故選A。【考點(diǎn)定位】考查名詞性從句
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查表語(yǔ)從句。表語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句的一種,名詞性從句還包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句??梢愿鶕?jù)從句在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謥?lái)判斷名詞性從句的類(lèi)型。isn’t后跟一個(gè)從句作表語(yǔ),what在名詞性從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ);why和when作狀語(yǔ)。介詞for后缺少賓語(yǔ),因此用what。4.【2015·浙江】6.If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branched hidden in the water.A.what
B.who
C.that D.whoever B.whom
C.why
D.when 【答案】A 【解析】
試題分析:句意:如果你在河里或湖里游泳,請(qǐng)確定查看水面下有什么?通??傆幸恍┦^或樹(shù)枝藏在水里。此處的what指代的是樹(shù)枝或石頭,B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)用于指人,that 只有語(yǔ)法意義。句式上,該句用了(If 從句,祈使句)的句式,非謂語(yǔ)to investigate 后接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的表達(dá)。分析賓語(yǔ)從句的成分可以發(fā)現(xiàn),空格所做的成分是主語(yǔ)。根據(jù)下一句的表述中的樹(shù)枝和石頭,可以得出答案是what.【考點(diǎn)定位】考查賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
【名師點(diǎn)睛】判斷是什么句子最關(guān)鍵,這個(gè)句子是由investigate引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)閺木洳糠謎s 前面缺少成分,答案就出來(lái)了。正確解答該題需要理解句意以及注意上下文(Often there are rocks or branched hidden in the water.)的表達(dá)。
5.【2015·重慶】8.We must find out ____ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.A.when B.how 【答案】A 【解析】
試題分析:句意:我們必須弄明白什么時(shí)候來(lái),因此我們能給他預(yù)定房間。Find out 后面跟著賓語(yǔ)從句。
C.where D.why 根據(jù)句意選when?!究键c(diǎn)定位】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】 賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞的考查,賓語(yǔ)從句一共分為三類(lèi),一由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;二是由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,why,who,how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。三由if或whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。首先要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)確實(shí)是哪一類(lèi),再根據(jù)具體的信息來(lái)確實(shí)用哪一個(gè),是否符合當(dāng)時(shí)的語(yǔ)境。
6.【2015·四川】8.The exhibition tells us we should do something to stop air pollution.A.where B.why C.what D.which 【答案】B 【解析】
【考點(diǎn)定位】考查賓語(yǔ)從句
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。通常情況下,賓語(yǔ)從句如果是由陳述句變來(lái)時(shí)用that引導(dǎo);如果由一般疑問(wèn)句變來(lái)則用whether/if;而由特殊疑問(wèn)句變來(lái)則用特殊疑問(wèn)詞。通過(guò)四個(gè)選項(xiàng),排除1、2兩種情況。而特殊疑問(wèn)詞的選擇則要求對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容有著全盤(pán)的掌握。此句中,主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)并不缺少,故選項(xiàng)C、D是錯(cuò)誤的,再根據(jù)句意,只有B最為恰當(dāng)。
7.【2015·陜西】19.Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.A.what B.that C.why D.how 【答案】A 【解析】
【考點(diǎn)定位】考查賓語(yǔ)從句
【名師點(diǎn)睛】賓語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句的一種,解答這類(lèi)題目,關(guān)鍵在于分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)。確定這是什么從句,再通過(guò)判斷從句中缺少的內(nèi)容決定引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作的成分及意義,來(lái)選擇正確的引導(dǎo)詞。通常如果名詞性從句缺少主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的時(shí)候用what連接。
8.【2015·福建】29—I wonder _________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.—By working out every day.A.where 【答案】B 【解析】
試題分析:考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句中I是主語(yǔ),wonder是謂語(yǔ),how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句在整個(gè)句子中做賓語(yǔ)。連接副詞How是賓語(yǔ)從句中的方式狀語(yǔ)。句子是用表示方式的介詞by回答的,所以是針對(duì)方式題提問(wèn)的,故用how。根據(jù)句意---我好奇瑪麗在這些年是怎么保持著身材的。--通過(guò)每天鍛煉。故選C 【考點(diǎn)定位】考查賓語(yǔ)從句
【名師點(diǎn)睛】賓語(yǔ)從句算是高考中一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單的考點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)詞主要的選擇方法是看賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在主句中做什么成分,不同的引導(dǎo)詞表達(dá)的意思也不相同。通常賓語(yǔ)從句的前面會(huì)有一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,及物動(dòng)詞后面可以直接接上賓語(yǔ),但是也要結(jié)合具體情況進(jìn)行具體分析。
9.【2015·江蘇】25._____ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won’t accept it.A.That B.Why C.Where D.How 【答案】C 【解析】
試題分析:句意:李白是中國(guó)一位偉大的詩(shī)人,他的出生地是眾所周知的,但有些人不愿接受這一事實(shí)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,a great Chinese poet做Li Bai的同位語(yǔ),is前面是主語(yǔ)從句。比較選項(xiàng)只有where符合句意,where在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。故選C項(xiàng)。【考點(diǎn)定位】名詞性從句
【名師點(diǎn)睛】此題由于“a great Chinese poet”的插入,句子結(jié)構(gòu)變得稍顯復(fù)雜,因此要求考生能夠排除結(jié)構(gòu)干擾,看清考點(diǎn)還是考查名詞性從句連接詞的選擇,然后根據(jù)“從句部分缺什么補(bǔ)什么的原則選則連接詞”這一根本原則,同時(shí)結(jié)合句意,迅速鎖定正確答案。
10.【2015·北京】35._____we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.A.Where B.How C.Why D.When 【答案】B 【解析】 B.how
C.why
D.If
【考點(diǎn)定位】主語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】主語(yǔ)從句分多種,解題時(shí)要分析原題空中缺少的是何種狀語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)題考生首先要利用主句與從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系判別,尤其是連詞在從句中的功能,由于引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連詞功能有所分別,較為容易抉擇,但有的連詞的形式一樣,但具有不同意思,這就需要考生仔細(xì)甄別,充分利用與之相關(guān)內(nèi)容或與其搭配相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的意思。
2014年高考英語(yǔ)分項(xiàng)解析精編版
專(zhuān)題10名詞性從句
1.【2014·全國(guó)大綱卷】24.Exactly______ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.A.whether B.why C.when D.how 【答案】C 【解析】
試題分析:考查主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞。句意:準(zhǔn)確的說(shuō),土豆是什么時(shí)候被傳到歐洲的還不確定,但是可能在1565年左右。此處when引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)??键c(diǎn):考查主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】從句分多種,主語(yǔ)從句在考試中也是很常見(jiàn)的,要注意主語(yǔ)是句子的一個(gè)重要成分,它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞短語(yǔ)或句子充當(dāng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)句子就稱(chēng)之為主語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)所選空在句中所作的成分來(lái)判斷出是何種名詞性從句。從而來(lái)選出合適的連接詞。
2.【2014·重慶卷】12.---Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?---Yeah, but I have no idea _______ he did it;that’s one of his favorite universities.A.when B.why C.that D.how 【答案】B 【解析】
項(xiàng)。故本題選擇B項(xiàng)。why表示“原因”??键c(diǎn):考查同位語(yǔ)從句的用法?!久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】 一般來(lái)說(shuō),在主從復(fù)合句中,用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫同位語(yǔ)從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后,用以說(shuō)明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容??梢愿徽Z(yǔ)從句的名詞通常有:advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word(消息), problem, question, doubt, thought等。本題中的idea可以跟同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞,做好此類(lèi)題先分析從句的成分,然后再選擇適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞。
3.【2014·北京卷】Some people believe _______ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.A.whatever C.wherever 【答案】A 【解析】
試題分析:本題考查賓語(yǔ)從句,考查方式為連接詞。句意:有些人認(rèn)為以前或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事情將來(lái)還會(huì)重復(fù)發(fā)生。根據(jù)題干信息,“過(guò)去發(fā)生或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情,將來(lái)仍然會(huì)重復(fù)”,賓語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ),并且指的是事件,所以選用A??键c(diǎn):考查賓語(yǔ)從句的用法
【名師點(diǎn)睛】名詞性從句分多種,賓語(yǔ)從句在考試中也是很常見(jiàn)的,要注意賓語(yǔ)是句子的一個(gè)重要成分,它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞短語(yǔ)或句子充當(dāng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)句子就稱(chēng)之為賓語(yǔ)從句。一般情況下,賓語(yǔ)從句可作謂語(yǔ) 的賓語(yǔ),也可做主語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)所選空在句中所作的成分來(lái)判斷出是何種名詞性從句。
4.【2014·北京卷】30.The best moment for the football star was _______ he scored the winning goal.A.where C.how 【答案】B 【解析】
B.when B.whenever.D.however
D.why
考點(diǎn):考查表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查表語(yǔ)從句的用法,表語(yǔ)從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語(yǔ)。說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng),和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句的一種。表語(yǔ)從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)+ 連系動(dòng)詞+ 關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ 表語(yǔ)從句”。做此類(lèi)題時(shí)應(yīng)該分析句子成分,指出主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ),看缺少何種成分。
5.【2014·天津卷】14.I think _______ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.A.what B.that C.which D.who 【答案】A 【解析】
試題分析:考查主語(yǔ)從句。句意:我認(rèn)為關(guān)于他的畫(huà)給我印象最深的是他使用的顏色。在主語(yǔ)從句中what做主語(yǔ),指代物;that 只起連接作用,不做句子成分;which哪一個(gè);who做主語(yǔ),指代人;本從句中缺少主語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,物做主語(yǔ)。所以選A??键c(diǎn):考查主語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)主語(yǔ)從句的掌握情況。主語(yǔ)從句是在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的是一個(gè)從句,這個(gè)從句就叫做主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。What 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).表語(yǔ)。所以做此類(lèi)題時(shí)看題中是否缺少成分,在選擇連接詞。
6.【2014·山東卷】7.It is difficult for us to imagine_____ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.A.where B.what C.which D.why 【答案】B 【解析】
試題分析:imagine后需要一個(gè)賓語(yǔ),“l(fā)ife was like?”做imagine的賓語(yǔ)需要一個(gè)不做句子成分的引導(dǎo)詞,同時(shí)這個(gè)句子中l(wèi)ike缺少賓語(yǔ),所以空格處缺少一個(gè)兼詞what。句意為:很難想象古代奴隸的生活是什么樣子的。故答案選B??键c(diǎn):考查賓語(yǔ)從句的用法。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句的掌握情況,賓語(yǔ)從句在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類(lèi):動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句.What, whatever,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,且在名詞性從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),做題時(shí)看句子中是否缺少成分。然后判斷出答案。7.【2014·江西卷】28.Among the many dangers_--sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A.which B.what C.where D.when 【答案】A 【解析】
考點(diǎn):考查定語(yǔ)從句
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查定語(yǔ)從句中which的用法,which所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等也就是說(shuō)做題時(shí)要注意句子中是否缺少主語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)等成分,然后判斷關(guān)系代詞,學(xué)生要注意分析定語(yǔ)從句在不同情況下的應(yīng)用,才能面對(duì)更多的題型。
8.【2014·四川卷】2.Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's ______ I was born.” A.when
B.how
C.why
D.where 【答案】D 【解析】
試題分析: A何時(shí);B誰(shuí);C為什么;D哪兒。系動(dòng)詞is后是表語(yǔ)從句,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為連接副詞,故判斷缺少狀語(yǔ),根據(jù)題干中給出的提示信息pointed to the hospital可知“奶奶”說(shuō)的是出生的地點(diǎn),故答案選D。句意:奶奶指著醫(yī)院說(shuō),“那就是我出生的地方?!?考點(diǎn):考查表語(yǔ)從句的用法。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查表語(yǔ)從句的用法,表語(yǔ)從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語(yǔ)。說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng),和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句的一種。表語(yǔ)從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)+ 連系動(dòng)詞+ 關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ 表語(yǔ)從句”。做此類(lèi)題時(shí)應(yīng)該分析句子成分,指出主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ),看缺少何種成分。
9.【2014·福建卷】34.Pick yourself up.Courage is doing you're afraid to do.A.that B.what C.how D.whether 【答案】B 【解析】
【知識(shí)拓展】
在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類(lèi):動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句。連接賓語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有that, if, whether,和疑問(wèn)詞(what,how,where,when...)。
考點(diǎn):考查賓語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句的掌握情況,賓語(yǔ)從句在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類(lèi):動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句.What引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,且在名詞性從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),做題時(shí)看句子中是否缺少成分。學(xué)生必須仔細(xì)斟酌句子成分,然后再作判斷。
10.【2014·江蘇卷】26.—What a mess!You are always so lazy!—I’m not to blame, mum.I am ________ you have made me.A.how 【答案】B 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句用法。本題考查的是表語(yǔ)從句,注意動(dòng)詞make后接雙賓語(yǔ),即make sb.sth.故用關(guān)系詞what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。句意:——怎么這么亂?。∧憧偸沁@么懶!——我不應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備,媽媽。我是你使得我這樣的。故B正確??键c(diǎn):考名詞性從句用法
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查考生對(duì)名詞性從句的掌握情況,做名詞性從句的題時(shí),先劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu),找出從句是什么,然后看主句完整不完整,如果主句不完整,就是主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句三者之一;如果主句完整,就是同位語(yǔ)從句。這里就是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句,從句子成分中分析出正確答案。
11.【2014·陜西卷】15.________ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.A.Why 【答案】B 【解析】試題分析:考查主語(yǔ)從句。句意:被延誤的航班何時(shí)起飛依天氣而定。題干中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為depends,為此前面是主語(yǔ)從句。Why在主語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ);when在主語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);that在主語(yǔ)從句中不做任何成分;what在主語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷主語(yǔ)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),故選B.When
C.That
D.What B.what
C.that
D.who B。
考點(diǎn):考查主語(yǔ)從句
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查考生對(duì)主語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)從句是在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的是一個(gè)從句,這個(gè)從句就叫做主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。本題 when在主語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),所以做此類(lèi)題時(shí)看題中是否缺少成分,再選擇連接詞。
12.【2014·湖南卷】24.As John Lennon once said,life is_____ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.A.which 【答案】C 【解析】 B.that C.what
D.where
考點(diǎn):考查名詞性從句用法
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查考生對(duì)名詞性從句的掌握情況,定語(yǔ)從句作用相當(dāng)于形容詞,修飾主句中的一個(gè)名詞或代詞或整個(gè)句子,同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)前面的名詞做進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容的句子。本題中說(shuō)的那個(gè) “句子中賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)用一個(gè)句子來(lái)代替就是該種從句”用一個(gè)句子來(lái)代替賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ),那就屬于主語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)性從句了。所以做題時(shí)仔細(xì)分析題干,才能更好地做好題。
13.【2014·浙江卷】8.“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _____ my mother used to tell me.A.what
B.how
C.that
D.whether 【答案】A 【解析】
【知識(shí)拓展】這四個(gè)詞在引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別:what引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句,它在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);how引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句,它在從句中作狀語(yǔ);that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句,它在從句不做成分,沒(méi)有詞義;whether引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句,它在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)不做成分,但是有“是否”的含義??键c(diǎn):考查表語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】本題考查考生對(duì)表語(yǔ)從句的掌握情況,表語(yǔ)從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語(yǔ)。
表語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成。表語(yǔ)從句就是一個(gè)句子在整個(gè)句子中處于表語(yǔ)的位置,通常情況下放在系動(dòng)詞之后。英語(yǔ)中的系動(dòng)詞不多,放在系動(dòng)詞后面的句子、單詞、詞組通常作的是表語(yǔ)。最常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞是be動(dòng)詞。所以做題時(shí)仔細(xì)分析題干,才能更好地做好題。
2013年高考英語(yǔ)試題分類(lèi)匯編之單項(xiàng)填空
專(zhuān)題10—名詞性從句
1.【2013浙江】The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.A.how B.that C.which D.whether 【答案】B 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句。此處是由that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句,指代belief的具體內(nèi)容,同時(shí)從句中不缺少成分,所以用that引導(dǎo),這里選B項(xiàng)。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句不一樣,同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)同位詞內(nèi)容的說(shuō)明不是修飾,同位語(yǔ)從句的that不能省略。定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中做成分,做賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候可以省略。注意二者的區(qū)別。2.________ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.A.When B.How C.What D.That 【答案】C 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句。此處you said 需要賓語(yǔ)。describes a bright future for the company需要主語(yǔ),只有what能滿足要求。句意:你會(huì)上所說(shuō)的話是對(duì)公司發(fā)展前景的一個(gè)很好的描述。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】考查名詞性從句的連接詞要學(xué)會(huì)分析句子成分。如果主語(yǔ)從句缺少主賓表,用what連接主語(yǔ)從句,如果不缺成分,用that連接,引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的that在從句中不做成分,只起到連接的作用。3.It remains to be seen the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.A.that B.which C.what D.Whether 【答案】D 【解析】 試題分析:考查名詞性從句。題干中it作形式主語(yǔ),所填詞引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的主語(yǔ),引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作成分,但其意思是:是否,用whether引導(dǎo),故選D。句意:新成立的委員會(huì)的政策是否能夠付諸實(shí)施還有待觀察。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。根據(jù)句意可知需要whether,而且It remains to be seen whether可以當(dāng)成固定句型記憶。
4.________struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.A.That B.It C.What D.Which 【答案】C 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句。________ struck me most 是主語(yǔ)從句,在這個(gè)從句中缺主語(yǔ),因此用what引導(dǎo)。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】看到名詞性從句的題目首先判斷是什么名詞性從句。其次看從句的成分。如果從句缺少主賓表,用what連接,如果不缺成分,用that連接,引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的that在從句中不做成分,只起到連接的作用,學(xué)生要會(huì)分析句子成分。
5.Police have found ________ appears to be the lost ancient statue.A.which 【答案】D 【解析】 B.where
C.how
D.what 的數(shù)量,故選D。句意:警察已經(jīng)找到了好像是失蹤的古代雕像的東西。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】看到名詞性從句的題目首先判斷是什么名詞性從句。其次看看從句的成分。根據(jù)found可知后面是賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ),用what連接,如果不缺成分,用that連接,只起到連接的作用,不做成分。
6.Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell ________ close you may be to victory.A.how B.that
C.which
D.where 【答案】A 【解析】
【名師點(diǎn)睛】解答名詞性從句的題目首先判斷是什么名詞性從句。其次看看從句的成分。根據(jù)tell可知后面是賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句中形容詞close前面缺少修飾語(yǔ)。用how對(duì)它進(jìn)行修飾。
7.It's good to know ________ the dogs will be well cared for while we're away.A.what B.whose C.which D.that 【答案】D 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句。句中的it是形式主語(yǔ),________ the dogs will be well cared for while we're away是真正的主語(yǔ),用引導(dǎo)詞that。句意:非常高興知道,我們不在的時(shí)候這些狗會(huì)被照顧得很好?!久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。解答這類(lèi)題目,關(guān)鍵在于分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的that在從句中不做成分,只起到連接的作用。
8.________ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.A.That B.Which C.Whether D.What 【答案】D 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句中主語(yǔ)從句連接詞的用法。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)知,此句的謂語(yǔ)是is,其前是主語(yǔ)從句,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞want后缺賓語(yǔ),故用what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。句意:我想告訴你的是我對(duì)我父母的深深的愛(ài)和尊敬。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】如果主語(yǔ)從句缺少主賓表,用what連接主語(yǔ)從句,如果不缺成分,用that連接,引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的that在從句中不做成分,只起到連接的作用,學(xué)生要會(huì)分析句子成分。表語(yǔ)從句也是這樣。9.From space, the earth looks blue.This is ________ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.A.why B.how C.because D.whether 【答案】C 【解析】 試題分析:考查表語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)境中“地球表面約71%被水覆蓋”和“從太空上看,地球是藍(lán)色的”之間是因果關(guān)系,故用because引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】連接表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有:that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等。還有如because, as if, as though等。解答這類(lèi)題目,關(guān)鍵在于分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)。通過(guò)判斷引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作的成分及意義,來(lái)選擇正確的引導(dǎo)詞。10.________ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.A.That B.What C.Who D.Which 【答案】B 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句的連接詞。is之前為主語(yǔ)從句,該從句缺主語(yǔ),指的是事物,所以選B?!久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。解答這類(lèi)題目,關(guān)鍵在于分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)。通過(guò)判斷引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作的成分及意義,來(lái)選擇正確的引導(dǎo)詞。連接主語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有that, if, whether,和疑問(wèn)詞(what how where when...)。that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的主語(yǔ)從句,if和whether,whether...or not引導(dǎo)表示“是否”,引導(dǎo)一般疑問(wèn)句。連接代詞主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。連接代詞一般指疑問(wèn),但what, whatever除了指疑問(wèn)外,也可以指陳述。連接副詞主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.11.Experts believe ________ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.A.why B.where C.that D.what 【答案】C 【解析】
試題分析:考查名詞性從句的連接詞。believe后的賓語(yǔ)從句陳述的是一個(gè)事實(shí),并且從句中不缺成分,所以只需填入關(guān)系詞that即可。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】賓語(yǔ)從句屬于名詞性從句一種,賓語(yǔ)從句中的連接詞that, whether, if在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,只起連接作用;連接代詞who(ever), which(ever), whom(ever),whose(ever),what(ever)在句中做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ);連接副詞when, why, where, how,在句中做狀語(yǔ)。應(yīng)從上下句的句法關(guān)系著手分析,同時(shí)注意賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題。
第四篇:高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)1名詞性從句教學(xué)案
專(zhuān)題11 名詞性從句
考綱展示 命題探究
考點(diǎn)一 主語(yǔ)從句
基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)
主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通過(guò)放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
在句中起主語(yǔ)作用的從句稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)從句。連接主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞主要有三類(lèi):從屬連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。
(1)從屬連詞
從屬連詞主要有兩個(gè)that, whether;從屬連詞在從句中不作任何成分。That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要來(lái)參加會(huì)議使我們每一個(gè)人都十分激動(dòng)。Whether you can succeed depends on yourself.你是否能成功取決于你自己。
特別提醒
if一般(不在句首)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句不能省略。(2)連接代詞
連接代詞在從句中起名詞的作用,作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等,一般表示疑問(wèn)。who誰(shuí),whom誰(shuí)(賓格),whose誰(shuí)的,what什么,which哪一個(gè),whoever無(wú)論是誰(shuí),whomever無(wú)論是誰(shuí)(賓格),whosever無(wú)論是誰(shuí)的,whatever無(wú)論是什么,whichever無(wú)論是哪一個(gè)。
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說(shuō)什么還不清楚。
Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你們當(dāng)中第一個(gè)到達(dá)這里的人將獲得這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)品。
特別提醒
主語(yǔ)為從句時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要用單數(shù)形式;但如果what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)、代表復(fù)數(shù)概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
What we need is water.我們所需要的是水。
What we need are useful books.我們所需要的是有用的書(shū)。(3)連接副詞
連接副詞在從句中起副詞的作用,作狀語(yǔ),一般表示疑問(wèn),但有時(shí)不表示疑問(wèn)。when什么時(shí)候,where在哪里,why為什么,how如何,whenever無(wú)論是什么時(shí)候,wherever無(wú)論在哪里,however無(wú)論如何。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行還沒(méi)有宣布。
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.它們?yōu)槭裁赐蝗幌н€是個(gè)謎。
重難點(diǎn)
it作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句
(1)It+be+adj.+主語(yǔ)從句。常用于該句型的adj.有: necessary必要的 likely可能的 clear清楚的 important重要的 possible可能的 right正確的 wrong錯(cuò)誤的 strange奇怪的 natural自然的 certain肯定的 obvious明顯的
It_is_quite_clear_that the whole project is to fail.很清楚,整個(gè)項(xiàng)目就要失敗。
典例1 It is by no means clear ________the president can do to end the strike.[答案] what 句意:總統(tǒng)可以采取什么措施來(lái)結(jié)束罷工一點(diǎn)兒都不清楚。此句中it是形式主語(yǔ),代替后面的真正的主語(yǔ)從句,故設(shè)空處應(yīng)填能夠引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞,由于從句中及物動(dòng)詞do后缺少賓語(yǔ),故應(yīng)使用連接代詞what。
(2)It+be+名詞/名詞詞組+主語(yǔ)從句。常用于該句型的名詞或名詞詞組有: shame遺憾
pity可惜
hope希望 no wonder難怪 good news好消息
It_is_a_shame_that we should have lost such an important customer.真遺憾我們失去了一位如此重要的客戶。
It_is_our_hope_that the two sides will work together.我們的希望是雙方能夠合作。
(3)It+be+過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句。常用于該句型的過(guò)去分詞有:
said據(jù)說(shuō)
believed被相信
reported據(jù)報(bào)道 thought被認(rèn)為 known所知
It_is_said_that our school will hold a sports meet next week.據(jù)說(shuō)我們學(xué)校下周要舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。
It_has_been_decided_that they should start the project next month.他們要在下個(gè)月開(kāi)始這項(xiàng)工程已經(jīng)定下來(lái)了。
(4)It+特殊動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)從句。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有: seem看上去
appear顯得
happen碰巧 matter重要 turn out結(jié)果是
It_happened_that a lion was hiding nearby.剛好有一頭獅子躲在旁邊。
Does it_matter_that I won't attend the meeting tomorrow? 明天我不去參加會(huì)議要緊嗎?
典例2 It doesn't matter ________you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.[答案] whether 句意:在十字路口無(wú)論你向左轉(zhuǎn)還是右轉(zhuǎn)都沒(méi)關(guān)系——兩條路都通往公園。It是形式主語(yǔ),設(shè)
空處應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞,從句后半部分的連詞or提示本題為whether...or...結(jié)構(gòu),表示“是……還是……”。
典例3 It's no longer a question now ________man can land on the moon.[答案] that 句意:現(xiàn)在人類(lèi)登上月球不再是問(wèn)題。考查名詞性從句,it為形式主語(yǔ),后面的從句是真正的主語(yǔ)。由于引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分,只起連接作用,故用that。
[考法綜述] 了解名詞性從句的基本用法,掌握各引導(dǎo)詞的用法,辨析that與what,掌握it作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)。
命題法 考查主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
典例1 ________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.[答案] How 句意:我們?nèi)绾卫斫馐挛锱c我們的感受有很大關(guān)系。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,________we understand things 在句中作主語(yǔ),是主語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)句意可知,此處應(yīng)用連接副詞how。
典例2 What Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.________________________________________________________ [答案] What→Where 依據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處指有些人對(duì)大詩(shī)人李白的出生地存在質(zhì)疑,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,What Li Bai,...was born在句中作主語(yǔ)且其中只缺狀語(yǔ),因此改為Where,引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句要在從句中作主、賓或表語(yǔ)。
【解題法】(1)掌握各引導(dǎo)詞在意義和功能上的差別。
(2)在語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空中,考查名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞是不給提示詞的,考生要分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),找出主語(yǔ)部分,分析引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作成分和表達(dá)的意義。
(3)在短文改錯(cuò)中,考查引導(dǎo)詞的錯(cuò)用,掌握相似引導(dǎo)詞的差別,如what和that等。從引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作成分和意義入手。
A.單句填空
1.Exactly________the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.答案 when [句意:馬鈴薯具體是在什么時(shí)候被引入歐洲的并不確定,但有可能是在1565年左右。由句意可知,后一分句是來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明前一分句中的不確定的內(nèi)容的,根據(jù)“around 1565”可知是對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行提問(wèn),因此用when引導(dǎo)前面的主語(yǔ)從句。] 2.I think________impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.答案 what [句意:我認(rèn)為他的畫(huà)給我印象最深的是他對(duì)色彩的運(yùn)用。what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,且在從句中作主語(yǔ),表示“……的”。] 3.Some people believe________has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.答案 what/whatever [句意:一些人認(rèn)為,不管是以前發(fā)生的還是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情都會(huì)在將來(lái)重現(xiàn)。此處“________has happened before or is happening now”是主語(yǔ)從句,且從句中缺少主語(yǔ),故填what/whatever。] 4.________the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.答案 When [句意:延誤的飛機(jī)何時(shí)起飛很大程度上取決于天氣狀況。根據(jù)句意填連接副詞When。] 5.________makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.答案 What [句意:使這本書(shū)非同尋常的是這位作家創(chuàng)造性的想象力。What在此處引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。] 6.________you are on good terms with your classmates will affect your mood.答案 Whether [句意:你與同學(xué)相處得是否融洽會(huì)影響你的情緒。此處為主語(yǔ)從句,if表示“是否”且于句首時(shí)不引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)用Whether。] 7.It suddenly occurred to me ________I hadn't locked my door.答案 that [句意:我突然想起我沒(méi)鎖門(mén)。it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是that引導(dǎo)的從句。It occurs to sb.that意為“某人突然想起……”。] 8.As the spokeswoman said,________we should take action against them depends on what they will do.答案 whether [句意:正如女發(fā)言人所說(shuō)的那樣,我們是否應(yīng)該針對(duì)他們采取行動(dòng)取
決于他們將會(huì)怎么做。本空需要用連接詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,表示“是否”,因此用whether引導(dǎo)。] 9.—What made her so happy? —________her son passed the college entrance examination.答案 That [句意:——是什么使她這么快樂(lè)?——她兒子通過(guò)高考了。答語(yǔ)為that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分,只起連接作用。] 10.________will matter is not how many books you read, but how much you learn when you finish reading them.答案 What [句意:重要的不是你讀了多少書(shū),而是你讀完書(shū)后學(xué)到了多少。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看,is前面是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句,從句中缺少主語(yǔ),應(yīng)用What。] B.單句改錯(cuò)
1.That you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.________________________________________________________ 答案 That→What [句意:你在會(huì)上所說(shuō)的話描述了公司的光明前途。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,且在從句中作賓語(yǔ),故用What, That引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,在從句中不作成分。] 2.It remains to be seen that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意:這個(gè)新成立的委員會(huì)的政策能否實(shí)施還有待觀察。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,It 作形式主語(yǔ),而真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的從句“that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”;再根據(jù)句意可判斷,此處表示“是否”,故改為whether, that無(wú)意義。] 3.It struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.________________________________________________________ 答案 It→What [句意:這部電影最打動(dòng)我的是父親對(duì)他兒子深深的愛(ài)?!癐t struck me most in the movie”為主語(yǔ)從句,從句中缺少主語(yǔ),表示“所……的”,故用What,It不引導(dǎo)從句。] 4.Which one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.________________________________________________________ 答案 Which→Whichever [句意:你們中任何一個(gè)人打破窗戶都必須賠償。根據(jù)題干中one of you可知,空處要用whichever修飾one, 指“你們中的任何一個(gè)人”。which指哪一個(gè),表達(dá)疑問(wèn),故改為whichever。] 5.It doesn't matter how many times you fail;that matters is how many times you stand up and try again.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意:你失敗多少次都不要緊;要緊的是你有多少次站起來(lái)并再次嘗試。分析句子成分可知,“that matters”是主語(yǔ)從句,從句中缺少主語(yǔ),指物,故用what引導(dǎo)。that不作成分。]
6.We have learned from the story that which is most valuable is not what we have in our lives but who we have in our lives.________________________________________________________ 答案 which→what [“which is most valuable”是主語(yǔ)從句,在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,該主語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ)且表示事物,故用what。which指某一范圍中的哪個(gè)或哪些。] 7.It was never clear that the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→why [句意:不清楚這個(gè)人為什么不早一點(diǎn)報(bào)告那起事故。此處需要連接副詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),why表示“為什么……”。故把that改為why。] 8.—The manager finally agreed to our new marketing proposals.—It never occurred to me what you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [答句表示“我根本就沒(méi)想到你能說(shuō)服他改變自己的看法”,句中It作形式主語(yǔ),這里應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,連接詞在從句中不作任何成份,也無(wú)意義。故把what改為that。]
考點(diǎn)二 賓語(yǔ)從句
基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)
在句中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句稱(chēng)為賓語(yǔ)從句(Object Clause)。賓語(yǔ)從句可分為三類(lèi):動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句、介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句、形容詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help.我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該向老師求助。I wonder whether/if it is true.我想知道它是否是真的。
I wonder what I can do for you.我不知道能為你做些什么。
He didn't tell me when we would meet again.他沒(méi)告訴我什么時(shí)候我們?cè)傧嘁?jiàn)。
Could you please show me how you operate the machine? 你能給我展示一下如何操作這臺(tái)機(jī)器嗎?
I don't know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該信任誰(shuí)。
典例1 Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________he could have expressed it differently.[答案] that 句意:杰瑞不后悔給出評(píng)論,但是覺(jué)得自己本來(lái)可以用不同的方式來(lái)表達(dá)的。從句that he could have expressed it differently作felt的賓語(yǔ),連接詞that在從句中不作成分。故填that。
特別提醒
that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常被省去,但下列情況下不能省略:①當(dāng)that從句作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí);②動(dòng)詞后跟有多個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只有第一個(gè)that可以省略,引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后幾個(gè)從句的that不可省略;③賓語(yǔ)從句前有插入語(yǔ)時(shí);④that引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首時(shí)。
I know nothing about him except that he is from the countryside.除了他來(lái)自鄉(xiāng)下以外,我對(duì)他一無(wú)所知。
He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining.他說(shuō)他非常喜歡雨,下雨天他都不愿打傘。
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我們希望他和我們待在家里。That our team will win, I believe.我相信我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞都能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。
表疑問(wèn)的賓語(yǔ)從句需要運(yùn)用陳述句語(yǔ)序,但個(gè)別賓語(yǔ)從句本應(yīng)運(yùn)用陳述語(yǔ)序,但由于習(xí)慣而仍保持原疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序不變。
I don't know what is the matter with the machine.我不知道這臺(tái)機(jī)器怎么了。2 動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ)從句的用法
(1)大多數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后可接賓語(yǔ)從句。
We should keep in mind that there is no short cut to learning.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記,學(xué)習(xí)是沒(méi)有捷徑的。(2)用it作形式賓語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
一些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),則需要用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句后置。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有:
find發(fā)現(xiàn)
feel感覺(jué)
think認(rèn)為 consider考慮 believe相信 guess猜測(cè) suppose假定,設(shè)想 make使得
I think it necessary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.我認(rèn)為我們每天喝大量開(kāi)水是有必要的。
The teacher made it a rule that all the cleaning should be finished before 7:30 every morning.老師規(guī)定每天早晨7:30之前所有的清掃工作必須結(jié)束。
(3)動(dòng)詞hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜歡”,“厭惡”的動(dòng)詞以及一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。
I hate it_when they talk with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時(shí)說(shuō)話。
I would appreciate it_if you can help me.如果你能幫助我,我將不勝感激。
典例2 You can always rely on________Jack says, as he never tells a lie.[答案] what 句意:你完全可以相信杰克的話,因?yàn)樗麖牟徽f(shuō)謊。what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句作rely on的賓語(yǔ),what在從句中作says的賓語(yǔ)。介詞后接賓語(yǔ)從句的用法
(1)一般情況下介詞后只能接wh-類(lèi)連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。He'll talk to us about what he saw in the USA.他將給我們講述他在美國(guó)的見(jiàn)聞。
典例3 When she was awake, she found that she was standing on________seemed to be a piece of stone.[答案] what 句意:當(dāng)她醒來(lái)時(shí),她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己好像正站在一塊石頭上。stand on后接賓語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句缺少引導(dǎo)詞和主語(yǔ),what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的從句一般不作介詞賓語(yǔ)。故填what。
(2)in, but, except 等少數(shù)幾個(gè)介詞后可接由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,但此時(shí)介詞和that已形成固定搭配,即in that因?yàn)?,but that要不是,except that除了。
The high income tax is harmful in_that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得稅很高是有害的,因?yàn)樗赡苁谷瞬辉敢舛噘嶅X(qián)。He would have failed but_that you helped him.若不是你幫助他,他會(huì)失敗的。(but that意為“若不是,要不是”)4 形容詞后接賓語(yǔ)從句的用法
(1)表示情感的形容詞后可接賓語(yǔ)從句,如:afraid, certain, glad, pleased, sure, surprised, sorry, happy, confident, anxious, aware, convinced, determined, proud, worried, thankful, ashamed, annoyed, disappointed, hurt, content等。
I'm very pleased that all of your family will come.我很高興你們?nèi)叶紩?huì)來(lái)。
I'm sure that they'll make it in spite of the terrible weather.我確信盡管天氣很不好,但他們會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)的。
(2)sure后賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞that, whether, if的選擇。
當(dāng)be sure用于肯定句時(shí),其后的賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞常用that;當(dāng)be sure用于否定
句時(shí),其后的賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞常用whether或if。
Are you sure that I won't bother you if I sit beside you? 你確定我坐在你旁邊不會(huì)打擾你嗎?
I am not sure whether I should write to him or not.我不確定要不要給他寫(xiě)信。
重難點(diǎn) 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
(1)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.他說(shuō)他從周一至周五都在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。
He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他會(huì)告訴我們我們不在的期間他出了什么事的。
(2)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。The boy said that there were no classes on Sunday afternoon.那個(gè)男孩說(shuō)周日下午沒(méi)有課。
My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.我的語(yǔ)文老師問(wèn)我他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)我是否在讀《紅與黑》這本書(shū)。
(3)如果從句表示客觀事實(shí)或真理,不管主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是何種時(shí)態(tài),從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
As a child, I was told that the moon has no light of its own.I didn't believe it.孩提時(shí),人們告訴我月亮自身不會(huì)發(fā)光,我不相信。
特別提醒
學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)的有關(guān)知識(shí)時(shí)要注意:若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須根據(jù)需要選用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài);若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),則從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí));若從句的內(nèi)容為客觀事實(shí)、格言、諺語(yǔ)、真理等,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不受動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一致性原則的限制,仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);若從句的內(nèi)容為歷史事實(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移
(1)主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中,即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定形式,而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定形式。
I don't_think I can remember the 100 words within two hours.我想我不能在兩小時(shí)內(nèi)記住這100個(gè)單詞。I don't_suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜歡它。
(2)含有否定轉(zhuǎn)移的句子變反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)有兩種情況:若主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)
句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)分別與賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)保持一致;若主句主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)分別與主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)保持一致。
I don't_think(that)he is interested in that thing, is he? 我認(rèn)為他對(duì)那件事不感興趣,是嗎?
You don't_imagine he passed the exam, do you? 你認(rèn)為他沒(méi)有通過(guò)這次考試,是嗎?
“I don't think/believe/suppose/expect so.”是常見(jiàn)的表達(dá),但是沒(méi)有“I don't hope/guess so.”,正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)為“I hope/guess not.”。
[考法綜述] 考查賓語(yǔ)從句主要集中在對(duì)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的各引導(dǎo)詞的考查上,以及it作形式賓語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句的考查。
命題法 考查賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
典例1 I truly believe ________beauty comes from within.[答案] that 句意:我真的相信美是發(fā)自內(nèi)心的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,________beauty comes from within在句中作believe的賓語(yǔ),是賓語(yǔ)從句,不缺少句子成分,故填that。
典例2 As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly what thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→how 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和形容詞thick可知應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,表示程度。此處表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墻需要“多”厚。故把what改為how。
【解題法】(1)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),找出主句謂語(yǔ),判斷從句類(lèi)別。掌握各引導(dǎo)詞在意義、功能上的差別。
(2)在語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空中,要分析設(shè)空處在從句中的成分和意義,結(jié)合整個(gè)主句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義,從而找到合適的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3)在短文改錯(cuò)中,先分析主句結(jié)構(gòu),再分析從句的類(lèi)別,熟記各引導(dǎo)詞的特點(diǎn),找出使用錯(cuò)誤的引導(dǎo)詞,并改正。
A.單句填空
1.The exhibition tells us ________we should do something to stop air pollution.答案 why [句意:該展覽告訴我們?yōu)槭裁次覀円扇〈胧┳柚箍諝馕廴?。根?jù)句意以及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處用why引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。] 2.—I wonder ________Mary has kept her figure after all these years.—By working out every day.答案 how [根據(jù)答語(yǔ)“By working out every day”可知,空格處用how 來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,表示方式。] 3.Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for________ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.答案 what [句意:讀著她的自傳,我對(duì)Doris Lessing 在文學(xué)上已經(jīng)取得的成就贊嘆不已。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷,for后接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,而從句中缺少賓語(yǔ),所以要用what。] 4.We must find out________Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.答案 when [句意:我們一定要搞清楚Karl什么時(shí)候來(lái),以便我們給他訂房間。由句意可知,要給Karl訂房間,那么就要清楚他來(lái)這里的時(shí)間,故填when。] 5.Susan made it clear to me ________ she wished to make a new life for herself.答案 that [句意:蘇珊清楚地向我表明,她希望自己開(kāi)始一種新的生活。it為形式賓語(yǔ),設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句為真正的賓語(yǔ)。從句結(jié)構(gòu)和句意完整,故用that。] 6.After a long journey, those young men finally reached ________they called the paradise.答案 what [句意:長(zhǎng)途跋涉后,這些年輕人最終到達(dá)了他們稱(chēng)之為天堂的地方?!癬_______they called the paradise”是賓語(yǔ)從句,作reach的賓語(yǔ),在從句中call缺賓語(yǔ),故用what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)作從句中call的賓語(yǔ)。] 7.The 3G cellphone must be of great use and convenience to________wants to get the information through the Internet quickly.答案 whoever [句意:3G手機(jī)對(duì)于那些想要快速瀏覽網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲取信息的人來(lái)說(shuō)一定是非常方便實(shí)用的。whoever引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞to的賓語(yǔ),且whoever在從句中作主語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于anyone who。] 8.John seemed puzzled about________the question meant.答案 what [句意:John 對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題意味著什么感到很迷惑。根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)判斷,about后接的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,而從句中meant缺少賓語(yǔ),所以填what。] 9.Mom often phones me, asking________I am getting along with my studies.答案 how [句意:母親常給我打電話,問(wèn)我學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)展如何。此處asking 后為賓語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)填how。] 10.Are you sure________Mr Li will come to your birthday party? 答案 that [句意:你確定李先生要來(lái)參加你的生日晚會(huì)嗎?空處引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,且在從句中不作成分,故用that引導(dǎo)。] B.單句改錯(cuò)
1.It is difficult for us to imagine that life was like for slaves in the ancient world.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意:對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)很難想象在古代奴隸的生活是什么樣子的。What...be like為固定形式,表示“……是什么樣子”。what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作imagine的賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作介詞like的賓語(yǔ)。] 2.Pick yourself up.Courage is doing that you're afraid to do.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意:振作起來(lái)。勇氣就是做你害怕要去做的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,doing后為賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中缺少賓語(yǔ),故用what。that在名詞性從句中不作成分。] 3.Police have found where appears to be the lost ancient statue.________________________________________________________ 答案 where→what [句意:警察已經(jīng)找到了與丟失的古代的雕像類(lèi)似的東西。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,用what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。where是副詞,不作主語(yǔ)。] 4.Experts believe why people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意:專(zhuān)家們相信,人們只有在必要時(shí)才去購(gòu)物就能減少食物浪費(fèi)。根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知,believe后面要求接賓語(yǔ)從句,而且從句中不缺句子成分,也無(wú)意義,所以用that。] 5.Some people care much about their appearance and always ask if they look fine in which they are wearing.________________________________________________________
答案 which→what [句意:有些人太過(guò)在意自己的外表,總是問(wèn)(別人)自己穿在身上的衣服看起來(lái)是否不錯(cuò)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),再結(jié)合句意“他們所穿的衣服”應(yīng)使用連詞what引導(dǎo)這一賓語(yǔ)從句,what在從句中作wear的賓語(yǔ),指代人穿的衣服。which在引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí)意為“哪一個(gè)”,不合題意,故把which改為what。] 6.Only when you go to New York City in person will you realize what diverse the American culture is.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意:只有當(dāng)你親自來(lái)到紐約時(shí),你才會(huì)意識(shí)到美國(guó)文化是多么不同。根據(jù)how+adj./adv.+主語(yǔ)+其他部分可知,應(yīng)用how。故把what改為how。] 7.The bride and groom gave who attended their wedding some gifts to share their happiness.________________________________________________________ 答案 who→whoever [句意:新郎和新娘給任何一個(gè)參加他們婚禮的人發(fā)禮物以分享他們的幸福。分析句子成分可知,“who attended their wedding”是賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中缺少主語(yǔ),故用whoever,意為“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”,而who意為“誰(shuí)”,表疑問(wèn)。] 8.—Dad, I want to go out for dinner with my friends tonight.—Keep in mind when you have to be home by 9:00.________________________________________________________ 答案 when→that [句意:——爸爸,今晚我想和朋友們一起出去吃飯?!涀∧?點(diǎn)前必須回家。keep in mind that...是習(xí)慣用語(yǔ),意為“記住……”,其中that引導(dǎo)的從句作keep的賓語(yǔ)。故把when改為that。] 9.This still leaves the question of that local public services should be improved in the next five years.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→how [句意:未來(lái)五年地方公共服務(wù)應(yīng)該如何改進(jìn)的問(wèn)題仍然遺留下來(lái)。應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞of的賓語(yǔ),且how在從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)。how意為“如何”,that無(wú)意義。故把that改為how。] 10.He seems too tired today, and I wonder that he got a good sleep last night.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→if/whether [句意:他今天似乎太累了,我想知道他昨天晚上是否睡得好。賓語(yǔ)從句表示是否,動(dòng)詞后可用if或whether, that無(wú)意義,故把that改為if/whether。]
考點(diǎn)三 表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句
基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)
一、表語(yǔ)從句
在句子中作表語(yǔ)的從句稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)從句(Predicative Clause)。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞主要有:從屬連詞that, whether;連接代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等;連接副詞when, where, why, how等。此外,表語(yǔ)從句還可用because和as if/as though等連接詞引導(dǎo)。表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
從屬連詞在句中只起連接作用,不作成分;連接代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ);連接副詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
從屬連詞:that,whether 連接代詞:what,who,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whosever,whichever等
連接副詞:how,when,where,why等
The question is whether you can afford it.問(wèn)題是你是否買(mǎi)得起。
Our plan is that we'll go there once a week.我們的計(jì)劃是一周去那里一次。That's what he said.那就是他說(shuō)的話。
Your big opportunity is right where you are now.好機(jī)會(huì)就在你眼前。
特別提醒
if不引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句;that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句一般不省略。
典例1 —When choosing furniture, you only focus on function while I think more about the design.—That's ________we differ.[答案] where 句意:——在選擇家具時(shí),你只注重功能而我更注重設(shè)計(jì)。——那正是我們不同的地方??疾楸碚Z(yǔ)從句。where在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句
此類(lèi)表語(yǔ)從句可用陳述語(yǔ)氣,也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,常跟在一些連系動(dòng)詞后面,如: seem似乎
look看起來(lái)
taste嘗起來(lái) sound聽(tīng)起來(lái) feel摸起來(lái) appear好像
It seemed as_though it had happened yesterday.那件事好像昨天發(fā)生的一樣。
It looks as_if it is going to rain.看起來(lái)天要下雨了。
特別提醒
as if/as though意為“好像,仿佛”,其引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句常位于系動(dòng)詞(如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell等)之后。若表語(yǔ)從句所述的是非真實(shí)的情況,從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;若從句所述的是事實(shí)或是極有可能發(fā)生的情況,從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣??忌屑?xì)體會(huì)其中的語(yǔ)境差別。
I felt as_if we had_known each other for years.我感覺(jué)好像我們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)多年了。
She looks as_if she has_been_working hard for a long time.她看起來(lái)好像努力工作了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。3 because, why也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句
because引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)不能是reason或cause。常用于以下句型: This/That is why...這/那是……的原因 This/That is because...這/那是因?yàn)椤?/p>
This is why we missed the early bus.這就是我們錯(cuò)過(guò)了早班車(chē)的原因。That's because he is ill.那是因?yàn)樗×恕?/p>
特別提醒
當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句一般用that引導(dǎo),不能用why或because,這種用法常見(jiàn)于以下句型:
The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他來(lái)晚了是因?yàn)槠鸫餐砹恕?/p>
二、同位語(yǔ)從句 在句中作同位語(yǔ)的從句,稱(chēng)作同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句常位于下列名詞之后,如: advice建議
demand要求
doubt懷疑 fact事實(shí) hope希望 idea主意
information信息 message消息 news消息 whisper低語(yǔ) order命令 problem問(wèn)題 promise諾言 question問(wèn)題 request請(qǐng)求 suggestion建議 truth事實(shí) wish愿望 word消息 conclusion結(jié)論 thought想法
The_news_that we won the game was exciting.我們贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。
The_suggestion_that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。
I have no_idea_when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他們什么時(shí)候回來(lái)定居。2 同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
(1)常用的引導(dǎo)詞有:that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。if一般不引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句
在同位語(yǔ)從句中that, whether不作成分,whether表示“是否”,其他連接詞具有實(shí)義,同時(shí)在同位語(yǔ)從句中作一定成分。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的連接詞一般都不省略。
The_fact_that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem to the world.有一些國(guó)家仍然貧窮對(duì)整個(gè)世界來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)大問(wèn)題。
The_question_why so many people would choose to live in the countryside is still under discussion.為什么如此之多的人愿意到鄉(xiāng)下去居住仍然在討論中。
典例2 I made a promise to myself________this year, my first year in high school, would be different.[答案] that 句意:我向自己保證:今年——我高中的第一年——將會(huì)是不同尋常的一年。分析句意可知,空格處引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明promise的內(nèi)容,并且此從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整,故用that引導(dǎo)。
(2)what也可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句
I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have.我給了這個(gè)女孩一個(gè)大洋娃娃,那正是她渴望擁有的東西。(3)分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句
有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)較短,而從句內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng),這時(shí)為避免“頭重腳輕”,常常將謂語(yǔ)部分提到從句前面,形成分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句。
My_wish will come true one day that I should buy a big house for my parents.我要給父母買(mǎi)一間大房子的愿望終有一天會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
典例3 The notice came around two in the afternoon________the meeting would be postponed.[答案] that 句意:下午兩點(diǎn)左右,有人通知說(shuō)會(huì)議要推遲了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,“________the meeting would be postponed”是同位語(yǔ)從句,該從句解釋說(shuō)明notice的具體內(nèi)容,從句不缺少成分,所以用that引導(dǎo)。此處謂語(yǔ)較短,從句較長(zhǎng),為避免“頭重腳輕”而將從句放在了謂語(yǔ)部分之后,形成了分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句。故填that。
重難點(diǎn) 后邊不能直接跟that從句的動(dòng)詞
這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類(lèi)詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
(√)I admire their winning the match.我羨慕他們贏了比賽。
(×)I admire that they won the match.2 不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞
有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見(jiàn)的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。
(√)He impressed the manager as an honest man.他給經(jīng)理的印象是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)人。
(×)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.3 wh-與wh-ever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別
連接詞what, which, who分別表示“……的東西或事情”、“哪一個(gè)”、“誰(shuí)”,表示疑問(wèn)含義;而whatever, whichever, whoever分別相當(dāng)于anything that, any...that, anyone who意為“無(wú)論……”,強(qiáng)調(diào)一切情況。試比較:
What you choose to wear should be clean.你選擇穿的衣服應(yīng)該是干凈的。
Whatever you choose to wear should be clean.無(wú)論你選擇穿什么,你的衣服應(yīng)該是干凈的。
特別提醒
如何判斷是用wh-還是用wh-ever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句?
做題時(shí),我們要認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境,看看句子要表達(dá)什么意思,如果表示任何一個(gè)人或事物,無(wú)范圍可言,就用wh-ever;如果有疑問(wèn)的含義,且指的是具體的人或物,就用wh-。wh-ever和no matter wh-的區(qū)別
wh-ever既可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,又可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,如:whatever, whichever, whoever等;而no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,如:no matter what, no matter where, no matter who等。
I will give this dictionary to whoever can win the first prize in the English
contest.我將把這本字典贈(zèng)給在英語(yǔ)比賽中獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的人。(賓語(yǔ)從句)Whoever/No_matter_who can win the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.不管誰(shuí)在英語(yǔ)競(jìng)賽中獲得一等獎(jiǎng),我都會(huì)把這本字典給他。(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
[考法綜述](1)對(duì)表語(yǔ)從句的考查通常是以引導(dǎo)詞的選擇為主,所以正確分析表語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)重要。先確定從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義是否完整,如果完整就用that,且that不能省略;如果不完整,確定所缺成分,然后結(jié)合句意選定答案。弄清從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的也很重要。如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)是不及物動(dòng)詞,那么后面的部分是狀語(yǔ),再根據(jù)缺少的意思來(lái)選定答案。
(2)解答考查同位語(yǔ)從句的題目時(shí),一定先要找出從句解釋說(shuō)明的那個(gè)名詞,然后根據(jù)從句的意思和從句的結(jié)構(gòu)判斷從句所缺的引導(dǎo)詞:
①?gòu)木湟馑己统煞侄纪暾陀胻hat引導(dǎo),此時(shí)要注意that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
②從句成分完整,但意思不完整,就用whether(是否),切記此時(shí)不能用if代替whether。③從句缺少主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),則應(yīng)用連接代詞。根據(jù)句子所要表達(dá)的意思進(jìn)一步選擇用哪一個(gè)連接代詞。
④從句缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)或原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),則分別用連接副詞where, when, how, why。
命題法1 考查表語(yǔ)從句
典例1 A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ________ ships are built for.[答案] what 句意:船泊港灣固然安全,可那不是造船的初衷。but連接的并列句中that's后應(yīng)為表語(yǔ)從句,________ ships are built for表示為什么目的而造船,what for結(jié)構(gòu)與句子意思相符。
典例2 As John Lennon once said, life is that happens to you while you are busy making other plans.________________________________________________________ [答案] that→what 句意:正如約翰·列儂曾經(jīng)所說(shuō),生活就是在你忙于制訂其他計(jì)劃的時(shí)候發(fā)生在你身上的事情。此處引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),把that改為what。
【解題法】 表語(yǔ)從句的解題思路
(1)找出主句的動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞之后,為表語(yǔ)從句分析從句意義和結(jié)構(gòu),利用各引導(dǎo)詞的特點(diǎn)。
(2)在語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空中,主要考查引導(dǎo)詞。找出空前的系動(dòng)詞確定是表語(yǔ)從句,分析所填詞在從句中的成分和意義。
(3)在短文改錯(cuò)中,主要考查引導(dǎo)詞的錯(cuò)用、漏用和多余。掌握that與what的區(qū)別,以及who與whoever等詞的區(qū)別。分析句子成分,結(jié)合句意。
命題法2 考查同位語(yǔ)從句
典例3 —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it;that's one of his favorite universities.[答案] why 句意:——邁克昨天真的拒絕了耶魯大學(xué)的錄取嗎?——是的,可我不知道他為什么那么做;那是他最喜歡的大學(xué)之一。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,用于解釋說(shuō)明idea的內(nèi)容;從句中缺少狀語(yǔ),根據(jù)句意此處表示原因,故用why引導(dǎo)。
典例4 The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief what you are better than anyone else on the sports field.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→that [句意:成功達(dá)到最高水平的唯一辦法是保持這樣一種信念,即你比運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上的任何一個(gè)人都好。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知。此處為同位語(yǔ)從句,而且從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整,所以用that。] 【解題法】 同位語(yǔ)從句的解題思路
(1)掌握常跟同位語(yǔ)從句的一些名詞如suggestion, advice, hope等,了解同位語(yǔ)從句的功能。
(2)在語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空中,主要是考查引導(dǎo)詞。同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that較多見(jiàn),也會(huì)考到when, where等。分析主句結(jié)構(gòu),識(shí)別關(guān)鍵詞,判斷從句種類(lèi)。
(3)在短文改錯(cuò)中,主要考查引導(dǎo)詞的誤用、漏用和多余??忌鶕?jù)主句結(jié)構(gòu)挑出從句,如從句表示陳述意義,常用that引導(dǎo),表疑問(wèn)常用疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。
A.單句填空
1.The best moment for the football star was ________he scored the winning goal.答案 when [句意:對(duì)這個(gè)足球明星來(lái)說(shuō),進(jìn)球得分的時(shí)刻是最好的時(shí)刻。when在表語(yǔ)從句中表時(shí)間。] 2.“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.”This is ________my mother used to tell me.答案 what [句意:“每次你吃甜東西,喝點(diǎn)綠茶?!边@是過(guò)去媽媽經(jīng)常對(duì)我說(shuō)的話。分析結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處考查的是表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。從句缺少tell的直接賓語(yǔ),用what引導(dǎo)。] 3.—What a mess!You are always so lazy!—I'm not to blame, mum.I am________you have made me.答案 what [句意:——真是一團(tuán)糟!你總是這么懶惰!——媽媽?zhuān)瑒e怪我。我現(xiàn)在這樣就是你造就的呀。分析成分可知,I am后是表語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞what在從句中作made me后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于the one that,即I am the one that you have made me。類(lèi)似例子還有:He is no longer what(=the one that)he used to be。] 4.Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's________I was born.” 答案 where [句意:奶奶指著那個(gè)醫(yī)院說(shuō):“那就是我出生的地方?!贝颂幙疾榈氖敲~性從句中的表語(yǔ)從句。] 5.Courage is a kind of quality ——and that's ________it takes to face the
challenges in life.答案 what [句意:勇氣是一種好品質(zhì),那就是面對(duì)生活中挑戰(zhàn)所需要的品質(zhì)。that's 后為表語(yǔ)從句,而且引導(dǎo)詞作從句中takes的賓語(yǔ)。故應(yīng)填what。] 6.Faced with difficulties, you should believe your confidence is ________makes a difference.答案 what [句意:面對(duì)困難,你應(yīng)該相信你的自信會(huì)起很大作用。make a difference意為“起作用,有影響”;本句中“________makes a difference”是表語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)閺木淙敝髡Z(yǔ),故用what。] 7.Don't be sad.The most important thing is ________we must learn from our mistakes and move on.答案 that [句意:不要難過(guò),最重要的是我們必須從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn),并繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。表語(yǔ)從句不缺任何成分,故填that。] 8.I'm afraid he is more of a talker than a doer, which is ________he never finishes anything.答案 why [句意:我覺(jué)得他說(shuō)得多做得少,這就是他從來(lái)沒(méi)有完成任何事情的原因。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代前面整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容;在定語(yǔ)從句中,空處引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,再結(jié)合句意可知應(yīng)填why。] 9.The message of Saving Private Ryan is ________humans want peace, not war.答案 that [句意:《拯救大兵瑞恩》傳達(dá)的信息是人們想要和平而不是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。此處為表語(yǔ)從句,從句不缺少成分,所以用that引導(dǎo)。] B.單句改錯(cuò)
1.From space, the earth looks blue.This is why about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→because [句意:從太空看,地球是藍(lán)色的。這是因?yàn)榈厍虮砻娲蠹s有71%的區(qū)域被水覆蓋。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處為表語(yǔ)從句,表示原因,故用because。because后加原因,why后加結(jié)果。因此把why改為because。] 2.Evidence has been found through years of study why children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意:通過(guò)數(shù)年的研究,兒童早期睡眠問(wèn)題長(zhǎng)大后有可能繼續(xù)的證據(jù)已經(jīng)被找到了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格后面的部分是解釋說(shuō)明evidence的內(nèi)容,是evidence的同位語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分,故把why改為that。] 3.Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is what she expects to be successful all the time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意:如果能稱(chēng)之為問(wèn)題的話,她唯一的問(wèn)題是她一直想成功。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,從句中不缺少任何成分,故用that引導(dǎo)。] 4.The problem is what we can improve our reading skill in such a short time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意:?jiǎn)栴}是我們?nèi)绾卧谶@么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)提高我們的閱讀技能。分析句子成分并結(jié)合句意可知,這里需要用連接副詞how來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。] 5.There is still some doubt that the system will work even though all the factors have been considered.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意:即使所有的因素都考慮了,系統(tǒng)是否會(huì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)仍有些疑問(wèn)。whether引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,作doubt的同位語(yǔ),whether表示“是否”。] 6.People all over the world have a dream whether they will always live a peaceful life.________________________________________________________ 答案 whether→that [句意:全世界的人民都有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想,即永遠(yuǎn)過(guò)著和平的生活。此處為同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋名詞dream的內(nèi)容,因?yàn)閺木渲胁蝗鄙俪煞智乙饬x完整,所以用that引導(dǎo)。] 7.The expert's argument what the increasing number of cars is the main cause of the rising PM 2.5 readings has got much support from the public.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意:這個(gè)專(zhuān)家的爭(zhēng)論已經(jīng)得到了來(lái)自公眾的大力支持,爭(zhēng)論圍繞汽車(chē)數(shù)量的增加是PM2.5值上升的主要原因。此處為同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明argument的內(nèi)容,因從句不缺少成分,且句意完整,所以使用that引導(dǎo)。]
易錯(cuò)題一:名詞性從句中連接詞的誤用
[例1] ________ surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room.[錯(cuò)解] It/That/Who [錯(cuò)因分析] 此處缺少主語(yǔ),因此考生容易誤用It, That, Who, Which等。[答案] What [心得體會(huì)]
[例2] I have no idea ________ he will come here or not this afternoon, for he is very busy at the present time.[錯(cuò)解] which/that/if [錯(cuò)因分析] 該題貌似定語(yǔ)從句,考生易誤填which/that。此外,一些考生也許一看到后面的“or not”容易誤填if。根據(jù)語(yǔ)意可知,idea后面接一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,該從句是
對(duì)idea的解釋說(shuō)明,且由后面的“or not”可知應(yīng)用whether。if不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
[答案] whether [心得體會(huì)]
易錯(cuò)題二:漏用關(guān)系詞
[例] She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood ________ ________ he said meant.[錯(cuò)解] that;what [錯(cuò)因分析] 許多同學(xué)一看便判斷出understood后為賓語(yǔ)從句,第一空誤填that;第二個(gè)空認(rèn)為said后缺賓語(yǔ),填what。
[答案] what;what [心得體會(huì)]
易錯(cuò)題三:名詞性從句中用it作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
[例] ________has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to
protect you against serious illnesses in later life.[錯(cuò)解] What [錯(cuò)因分析] 考生誤認(rèn)為此空引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,缺少主語(yǔ),誤填What。[答案] It [心得體會(huì)]
第五篇:高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:名詞性從句
004km.cn 解決高考問(wèn)題,就上高考圈
名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句。名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。17.1 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類(lèi):
連接詞: that, whether ,if(不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分)
連接代詞:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 連接副詞:when, where, how, why 不可省略的連詞:
1.介詞后的連詞
2.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。例如:
That she was chosen made us very happy.她被選上了,我們很高興。
We heard the news that our team had won.我們聽(tīng)到消息說(shuō)我們隊(duì)贏了。
比較:whether與if 均為“是否”的意思。但在下列情況下,whether 不能被if 取代:
1.whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首
2.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句
3.whether從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)
4.從句后有“or not”
大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句都可以置于句末,用 it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。例如:
It is not important who will go.誰(shuí)去,這不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match.到底誰(shuí)贏呢,形勢(shì)尚不明朗。17.2 名詞性that-從句 004km.cn 解決高考問(wèn)題,就上高考圈
1)由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用,在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,本身也沒(méi)有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ)。例如:
主語(yǔ):That he is still alive is sheer luck.他還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。
賓語(yǔ):John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說(shuō)他星期三要到倫敦去。表語(yǔ):The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實(shí)是近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。同位語(yǔ):The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他,這一情況令辦公室所有的人不安。
形容詞賓語(yǔ):I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對(duì)工作滿意我感到很高興。2)That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞,而將that-從句置于句末。例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系:
a.It + be +形容詞+ that-從句
It is necessary that…
有必要……
It is important that…
重要的是……
It is obvious that…
很明顯…… b.It + be +-ed 分詞+ that-從句
It is believed that…
人們相信……
It is known to all that…
從所周知……
It has been decided that…
已決定…… c.It + be +名詞+ that-從句
It is common knowledge that…
……是常識(shí)
004km.cn 解決高考問(wèn)題,就上高考圈
It is a surprise that…
令人驚奇的是……
It is a fact that…
事實(shí)是…… d.It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-分句
It appears that…
似乎……
It happens that…
碰巧……
It occurred to me that…
我突然想起…… 17.3 名詞性wh-從句
1)由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom,.whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。
Wh-從句的語(yǔ)法功能除了和that-從句一樣外,還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)等。例如:
主語(yǔ): How the book will sell depends on its author.書(shū)銷(xiāo)售如何取決于作者本人。直接賓語(yǔ):In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲。
間接賓語(yǔ):The club will give whoever wins a prize.獲勝者俱樂(lè)部將頒獎(jiǎng)。
表語(yǔ): My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)將接任該基金會(huì)主席職位。
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):She will name him whatever she wants to.她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位語(yǔ):
I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。
形容詞賓語(yǔ):I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請(qǐng)。
介詞賓語(yǔ): That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們?nèi)ツ膬骸?)Wh-從句作主語(yǔ)也常用先行詞it做形式主語(yǔ),而將wh-從句置于句末。例如:
It is not yet decided who will do that job.還沒(méi)決定誰(shuí)做這項(xiàng)工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他們何時(shí)結(jié)婚依然不明。17.4 if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句
1)yes-no型疑問(wèn)從句 004km.cn 解決高考問(wèn)題,就上高考圈
從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的,因此也分別被稱(chēng)為yes-no型疑問(wèn)句從句和選擇型疑問(wèn)從句,其功能和wh-從句的功能相同。例如:
主語(yǔ):Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.這一計(jì)劃是否可行還有等證實(shí)。
賓語(yǔ):Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.請(qǐng)讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫(xiě)完。
表語(yǔ):The point is whether we should lend him the money.問(wèn)題在于我們是否應(yīng)該借錢(qián)給他。
同位語(yǔ):They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他們調(diào)查他是否值得信賴(lài)。
形容詞賓語(yǔ): She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她懷疑我們是否能夠前來(lái)。
介詞賓語(yǔ): I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我擔(dān)心他是否能度過(guò)疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。
2)選擇性疑問(wèn)從句
選擇性疑問(wèn)從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whether…or或whethe…or not構(gòu)成。例如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.請(qǐng)告訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡該計(jì)劃。17.5 否定轉(zhuǎn)移
1)將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中,即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式,而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。例如:
I don't think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。
I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來(lái)。
注意:若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒(méi)有生病吧。
2)將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。例如:
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。004km.cn 解決高考問(wèn)題,就上高考圈
3)有時(shí)將動(dòng)名詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定。例如:
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.我記得從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣一個(gè)人。(not否定動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ) having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.在這里,人們不會(huì)想到在街上會(huì)碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主語(yǔ),從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用否定形式。)
4)有時(shí)狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前。例如:
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定狀語(yǔ))螞蟻不只是為自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.(否定because狀語(yǔ))
他并不因亞里斯多德說(shuō)過(guò)如何如何,就輕信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struckby her beauty.(否定狀語(yǔ)many weeks)她結(jié)婚還不到幾個(gè)月,這個(gè)人的弟弟就看見(jiàn)她了,并對(duì)她的美貌著了迷。