第一篇：2010高考二輪復習英語教案——專題九 名詞性從句

2010高考二輪復習英語教案

專題九 名詞性從句

【專題要點】名詞性從句考點概覽：1.that和what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別；2.名詞從句的語序和時態(tài)；3.it作形式賓語的幾種情況；4.that從句作介詞賓語；5.賓語從句的否定轉移； 6.whether和if的用法區(qū)別；7.what在名詞性從句中的使用；8.doubt后的名詞性從句的使用?！究季V要求】考綱明確要求考生在復習備考中應該掌握名詞性從句的基本用法；一些易混引導詞的辨析；句子的語序、否定前移；名詞性從句和定語從句、狀語從句的辨析等。【教法指引】名詞性從句一直很受高考命題者的關注，分析近五年來的名詞性從句的考點，從出題者的角度，就是要考察名詞性從句中的語序以及引導詞之間的區(qū)別。有時候，會結合插入語或名詞與同位語隔開，或使句子結構復雜化等使得難度增加。其實，總的難度和變化都不大。但是從考生的角度來說，如果考生對句子結構掌握不過硬，對某些詞或詞組的用法不了解，就會容易造成和定語從句、狀語從句的混淆，造成根本環(huán)節(jié)的誤判而用其他從句的規(guī)則去解題。造成丟分，為此，在復習備考中教師可以按照如下要求做好指導： 1.扎實做好名詞性從句基本用法的復習；

2．小心辨析，采用對比分析法，從結構和句意兩方面分析定語從句和名詞性從句，尤其是定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別。

2．從結構入手，分析名詞性從句和狀語從句之間的關系及區(qū)別。3．加強名詞性從句引導詞各自意義，用法，特點的辨析。4．加強長、難句的分析和理解練習。

【知識網(wǎng)絡】

名詞性從句的用法

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

一、引導名詞性從句的連接詞 引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類： 連詞：that（無任何詞意）

whether, if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在從句中均不充當任何成分

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever, whomever 連接副詞：when, where, how, why 不可省略的連詞：

1.介詞后的連詞

2.引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：

whether與if 均為“是否”的意思。但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：

1.whether引導主語從句并在句首； 2.引導表語從句

3.whether從句作介詞賓語；

4.從句后有“or not” Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導的主語從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當形式主語。

It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二.具體分類

1、主語從句

作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當從句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語晚會將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。

有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：

（1）It + be + 名詞 + that從句（2）It + be + 形容詞 + that從句（3）It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that從句（4）It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句

另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that…

It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…

2、賓語從句

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導賓語從句的關聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句表語從句的關聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。1.由連接詞that引導的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導賓語從句時，that在句中不擔任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。

We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我們決不能認為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。

注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動詞原形”。例如： I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我堅持要她自己工作。

The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。2.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關聯(lián)詞引導的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句，應注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如： I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要幫助的人，她都會給予熱情的支持。3.用whether或if引導的賓語從句，其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if： a.引導主語從句并在句首時；b.引導表語從句時；c.引導從句作介詞賓語時；d.從句后有“or

not”時；e.后接動詞不定式時。例如：

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他來還是不來。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告訴我是去還是留？

4.注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應，當主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用 不同時態(tài)。例如：

he studies English every day.（從句用一般現(xiàn)在時）he studied English last term.（從句用一般過去時）

I know(that)he will study English next year.（從句用一般將來時）he has studied English since 1998.（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時）

當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)（could, would除外），從句則要用相應的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等；當從句表示的是客觀真理，科學原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例如：

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．

5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如?We don’t think you are here.我們認為你不在這。I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不會這樣做。

3、表語從句

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導表語從句的關聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句的關聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時用as if引導。其基本結構為：主語 + 系動詞 + that從句。例如：

The fact is that we have lost the game.事實是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。That’s just what I want.這正是我想要的。

This is where our problem lies.這就是我們的問題所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導而不是because。例如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【點撥】whether 可引導表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導表語從句。

4、同位語從句

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時候回來。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。

三、對比與用法

1、同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關系代詞，可以引導定語從句，充當句子成分，在從句中作賓語時可以省略； that引導同位語從句時，起連詞的作用，沒有實際意義，不充當句子成分，一般不能省略。試比較下面兩個例句: I had no idea that you were here．（that引導同位語從句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

2、That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末。用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關系： a.It + be +形容詞+ that-從句 It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明顯…… b.It + be +-ed 分詞+ that-從句 It is believed that… 人們相信…… It is known to all that… 從所周知…… It has been decided that… 已決定…… c.It + be +名詞+ that-從句

It is common knowledge that… ……是常識 It is a surprise that… 令人驚奇的是……

It is a fact that… 事實是…… d.It +不及物動詞+ that-分句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……

It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。

3、否定轉移

1)將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。I don't think I know you.我想我并不認識你。I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。

注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒有生病吧。

2)將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉移到前面。It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。

第二篇：XX高考二輪復習英語教案- 名詞性從句

XX高考二輪復習英語教案: 名詞性從句

010高考二輪復習英語教案:名詞性從句

【專題要點】名詞性從句考點概覽：1that和hat引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別；2名詞從句的語序和時態(tài)；3it作形式賓語的幾種情況；4that從句作介詞賓語；賓語從句的否定轉移；

6hether和if的用法區(qū)別；7hat在名詞性從句中的使用；8dubt后的名詞性從句的使用。

【考綱要求】考綱明確要求考生在復習備考中應該掌握名詞性從句的基本用法；一些易混引導詞的辨析；句子的語序、否定前移；名詞性從句和定語從句、狀語從句的辨析等。

【教法指引】名詞性從句一直很受高考命題者的關注，分析近五年來的名詞性從句的考點，從出題者的角度，就是要考察名詞性從句中的語序以及引導詞之間的區(qū)別。有時候，會結合插入語或名詞與同位語隔開，或使句子結構復雜化等使得難度增加。其實，總的難度和變化都不大。但是從考生的角度來說，如果考生對句子結構掌握不過硬，對某些詞或詞組的用法不了解，就會容易造成和定語從句、狀語從句的混淆，造成根本環(huán)節(jié)的誤判而用其他從句的規(guī)則去解題。造成丟分，為此，在復習備考中教師可以按照如下要求做好指導：

扎實做好名詞性從句基本用法的復習；

2．小心辨析，采用對比分析法，從結構和句意兩方面分析定語從句和名詞性從句，尤其是定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別。

2．從結構入手，分析名詞性從句和狀語從句之間的關系及區(qū)別。

3．加強名詞性從句引導詞各自意義，用法，特點的辨析。

4．加強長、難句的分析和理解練習。

【知識網(wǎng)絡】

名詞性從句的用法

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句+d”，常用的句型有：

Itisneessarthat…

Itisapitthat…

Itissuggestedthat…

2、賓語從句

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導賓語從句的關聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句表語從句的關聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。

由連接詞that引導的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導賓語從句時，that在句中不擔任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如：

HehastldethatheillgtShanghaitrr他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。

eustneverthinearegdineverthinghilethersaregdinnthing我們決不能認為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。

注意：在deand、rder、suggest、deide、insist,desire,request,and等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（shuld）+動詞原形”。例如：

Iinsistthatshedherralne我堅持要她自己工作。

Theanderrderedthattrpssetffatne司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。

2用

h，h,hih,hse,hat,hen,here,h,h,hever,hatever,hihever等關聯(lián)詞引導的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句，應注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如：

Ianttnhathehastldu我想知道他告訴了你什么。

Shealasthinsfhsheanrell她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。

Sheillgiveheverneedshelpaarsupprt凡需要幫助的人，她都會給予熱情的支持。

3用hether或if引導的賓語從句，其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語序。此外，hether與if在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用hether，不用if：

a引導主語從句并在句首時；b引導表語從句時；引導從句作介詞賓語時；d從句后有“rnt”時；e后接動詞不定式時。例如：

hetherthereislifenthenisaninterestingquestin月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。

Thequestinishethersheshuldhavealpininfthetest?

Everthingdependsnhetherehaveenughne一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。

Inderhetherheillernt我想知道他來還是不來。

anutellehethertgrtsta?你能否告訴我是去還是留？

4注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應，當主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用

不同時態(tài)。例如：

hestudiesEnglisheverda（從句用一般現(xiàn)在時）

hestudiedEnglishlastter（從句用一般過去時）

InheillstudEnglishnextear（從句用一般將來時）

hehasstudiedEnglishsine1998（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時）

當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)（uld,uld除外），從句則要用相應的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等；當從句表示的是客觀真理，科學原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例如：

TheteahertldusthatThadleftusfrAeria．

thin,believe,iagine,suppse等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健＜磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲?。例如?/p>

edn’tthinuarehere我們認為你不在這。

Idn’tbelieveheillds我相信他不會這樣做。

3、表語從句

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導表語從句的關聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句的關聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時用asif引導。其基本結構為：主語+系動詞+that從句。例如：

Thefatisthatehavelstthegae事實是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。

That’susthatIant這正是我想要的。

Thisishereurprblelies這就是我們的問題所在。

Thatishhedidn’tettheeeting那就是他為什么不到會的原因。

Itlsasifitisgingtrain看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，當主語是reasn時，表語從句要用that引導而不是beause。例如：

Thereasnhheaslateasthatheissedthetrainbneinutethisrning

【點撥】hether可引導表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導表語從句。

4、同位語從句

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advie、deand、dubt、fat、hpe、idea、infratin、essage、nes、rder、prble、prise、questin、request、suggestin、truth、ish、rd等。例如：

Thenesthatenthegaeisexiting 我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。

Ihavenideahenheillebahe我不知道他什么時候回來。

Thethughtaethithatarhadprbablfallenill他想到可能瑪麗生病了。

三、對比與用法、同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關系代詞，可以引導定語從句，充當句子成分，在從句中作賓語時可以省略；that引導同位語從句時，起連詞的作用，沒有實際意義，不充當句子成分，一般不能省略。

試比較下面兩個例句:

Ihadnideathatuerehere．（that引導同位語從句，不能省略）

Haveugttheidea

（that）thisbgivesuflifeinanientGreee？（that引導定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

2、That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末。

用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關系：

aIt+be+形容詞+that-從句

Itisneessarthat… 有必要……

Itisiprtantthat… 重要的是……

Itisbviusthat… 很明顯……

bIt+be+-ed分詞+that-從句

Itisbelievedthat… 人們相信……

Itisnntallthat… 從所周知……

Ithasbeendeidedthat… 已決定……

It+be+名詞+that-從句

Itisnnledgethat… ……是常識

Itisasurprisethat… 令人驚奇的是……

Itisafatthat… 事實是……

dIt+不及物動詞+that-分句

Itappearsthat… 似乎……

Ithappensthat… 碰巧……

Iturredtethat… 我突然想起……

Itisquitelearthatthehlepretisdedtfailure

很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。

It'sapitthatushuldhavetleave

你非走不可真是憾事。

3、否定轉移)將thin,believe,suppse,expet,fan,iagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。

Idn'tthinInu 我想我并不認識你。

Idn'tbelieveheille 我相信他不回來。

注意：若謂語動詞為hpe,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。

Ihpeueren'till我想你沒有生病吧。

2)將see,appear等后的從句的否定轉移到前面。

Itdesn'tseethatthenheretg

看來他們不知道往哪去。

Itdesn'tappearthate'llhaveasunndatrr

看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。

第三篇：高考二輪復習英語教案：專題十 定語從句

高考二輪復習英語教案

專題十 定語從句

【專題要點】定語從句要點概述：1.關系代詞和關系副詞的區(qū)別。當先行詞是時間或地點時，如何判斷用關系副詞when, where還是which或that；2.when,where引導定語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別；3.“介詞+關系代詞which/whom”引導的定語從句，關鍵要找準先行詞或定語從句中的謂語動詞的固定搭配；4.that, which引導定語從句的區(qū)別；5.as引導的定語從句；6.such---as與such---that的區(qū)別；the same----as/that的用法；7.the way作先行詞時用that/in which引導或省略that或in which；8.that引導的定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。

【考綱要求】對于定語從句考綱要求掌握以下內(nèi)容：1.引導限制性定語從句的關系詞；2.引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞；3.限制性與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別；4.介詞+關系代詞的用法；5.不定代詞/數(shù)詞+of which/whom引導的非限制性定語從句及其該結構與并列句的判斷；6.關系詞之間的異同現(xiàn)象及選用。

【教法指引】定語從句是高中英語學習的重要語法項目之一，在高考各個題型中都有可能會涉及到。它的結構和用法比較復雜，是高中階段英語學習的一個重點，也是高考英語常考的一個考點，是歷年高考的熱點，掌握定語從句對于語言理解和運用具有重要的意義。對定語從句的考查角度較多，分析近幾年的高考試題發(fā)現(xiàn)：從從句類型上看，考查非限制定語從句，限制性定語從句；從關系詞上看，關系代詞which，關系副詞where，關系副詞when均有考查；從介詞+關系代詞方面，也有涉及。當然不管從那個方面考查，只要弄清定語從句的有關概念就可以“以不變應萬變”。因此教師在引導學生復習備考中要注意： 1．了解有關定語從句的所有語法規(guī)則，弄清從句中關系代詞和關系副詞的區(qū)別。2．分清及物動詞和不及物動詞，判斷句子結構是否完整，注意句子中逗號的語法作用。3．注意先行詞的特殊性和關系代詞的選擇，依據(jù)先行詞來選擇“介詞+關系代詞”的結構。4.加強有關定語從句的理解和練習。

【知識網(wǎng)絡】

定語從句

用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞（有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分）而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。

一、關系代詞引導的定語從句

1.關系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞

句子成分

用于限制從句或非限制性從句

只用于限制性從句

代替人

代替物

代替人或物 主語

Who

which

that 主語

Whom

which

that 賓語

Whose（=of whom）whose（=of which）This is the detective who came from London.The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.The desk whose leg is broken is very old.This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2.關系代詞的用法

（1）如果先行詞是all，much，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none等不定代詞，關系代詞一般只用that，不用which.例如： All the people that are present burst into tears.（2）如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first，last，any，only，few，mush，no，some，very等詞修飾，關系代詞常用that，不用which，who，或whom.例如：

（3）非限制性定語從句中，不能用關系代詞that，作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。例如：

There are about seven million people taking part in the election，most of whom、are well educated.（4）which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition，which made his parents very happy.（5）that可指人或物，在從句中作表語，（指人作主語時多用who）僅用于限制性定語從句中。

（6）which可作表語，既可指人，以可指物。指人時，一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有種特征。品性或才能的人。Which引導的定語從句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。

（7）如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關系代詞用which；若是指集體中的各個成員，則用who.（8）先行詞有兩個，一個指人，一個指物，關系代詞應該用that.例如：

The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.（9）如果先行詞是anyone，anybody，everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，關系代詞應該用 who 或whom，不用which.例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you？ 3.“介詞＋關系代詞”是一個普遍使用的結構

（1）“介詞＋關系代詞”可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中的介詞可以是

in，on，about，from，for，with，to at，of，without 等，關系代詞只可用whom或

which，不可用that.（2）from where為“介詞＋關系副詞”結構，但也可以引導定語從句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill，from where we can see the town…（3）像listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of.（2）

二、關系副詞引導的定語從句 1.關系副詞也可以引導定語從句

關系副詞在從句中分別表示時間。地點或原因。關系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語，where 充當?shù)攸c狀語，why充當原因狀語。2.that可引導定語從句表示時間。地點或原因

That有時可以代替關系副詞 when，where 或者why引導定語從句表示時間。地點或原因，在that引導的這種定語從句中，that也可以省去。

三、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句 1.二者差異比較

限制定語從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞這間一般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關系代詞。關系副詞或that來引導。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導。2.關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇依據(jù)

（1）弄清代替先行詞的關系詞在從句中作什么成分，作狀語的應選用關系副詞，作主語。賓語或表語的可選用關系代詞。

3.先行詞與定語從句隔離

定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后，但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分，構成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如：

1）This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about…… 2）He was the only person in this country who was invited

四、as在定語從句中的用法

1.引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

（1）as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。（2）as 也可單獨使用，引導非限制性定語從句，作用相當于which.例如： The elephant's nose is like a snake，as anybody can see.（3）the same---that與 the same---as在意思上是不同的。2.as引導的非限制性定語從句的位置

as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面。中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：（1）As is expected，the England team won the football match.（2）The earth runs around the sun，as is known by everyone.3.as, which的比較

1).在非限制性定語從句中，均可替代整個主句或句中某個部分，在從句中作主語，賓語，表語．如從句在主句之后，兩者皆可用 They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.2).如從句在主句之前，用as As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.3).如關系代詞代表主句全句意思，有“正如．．．”“就象．．．”之意時，用as We won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.4).當先行項被the same, such, so修飾時，用as This is the same book as you bought yesterday.同類書(比較：This is the

same book that you bought yesterday.同一本書)Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face.I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.5).當從句內(nèi)容對主句內(nèi)容起消極作用，則用which The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgraced.6).as 也可以用來引導非限制性定語從句，用來指待一件事，這時它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。

He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.As we know from his accent, he is an American.He, as we know from his accent, is an American.As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as I can see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc.

第四篇：2010高考二輪復習英語教案

2010高考二輪復習英語教案

專題八 非謂語動詞和獨立主格結構

【專題要點】非謂語動詞和獨立主格結構主要用法如下：1.動名詞和動詞不定式作主語、賓語；2.只跟動名詞作賓語的動詞或動詞短語；3.只跟動詞不定式作賓語的常見動詞； 4.既可以跟動名詞又可以跟動詞不定式作賓語，且意義不同的動詞或短語；5.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語補足語的區(qū)別；6.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作定語時的區(qū)別； 7.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語時的區(qū)別；8.動名詞的復合結構在句中作狀語； 9.there be 結構的兩種非謂語形式；10.獨立主格結構在句中作狀語； 11.with復合結構在句中作狀語或定語。

【考綱要求】非謂語動詞包括不定式、動詞-ing形式和過去分詞三種形式。動詞的非謂語形式是中學英語語法的重點和難點,也是每年高考熱點中的熱點, 考綱要求掌握：非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)；他們在英語句子中的作用；非謂語動詞的基本用法和含義，非謂語動詞在句子中可以充當多種句子成分，比如主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語等；掌握非謂語動詞充當相同句子成分時的辨析；掌握非謂語動詞在不同的語境、語義下的運用。對于獨立主格結構考綱要求掌握獨立主格結構的構成方式；在句子中的作用以及with復合結構。

【教法指引】非謂語動詞包括不定式、v-ing形式和過去分詞，是高中英語學習的難點，也是高考考查的重點。高中英語非謂語動詞是一個重要考點，教師在引導學生復習備考中要注意重點突出、訓練得當，尤其是對以下要點的復習： 1.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的用法區(qū)別；2.非謂語動詞的主動式與被動式；3.非謂語動詞完成式的用法；4.非謂語動詞用作伴隨狀語；5.非謂語動詞用作目的狀語；6.非謂語動詞用作結果狀語；7.非謂語動詞用作賓語補足語；8.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語問題；9.非謂語動詞用作主語的問題；10.“(be+)過去分詞+介詞”結構；11.動名詞的復合結構和there be結構的非謂語動詞形式。

對于獨立主格結構的復習，教師必須要講清它的構成方式和在句子中的作用以及與with復合結構和分詞之間的辨析的關系。【知識網(wǎng)絡】 非謂語動詞用法

非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別

(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)(3）不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語

1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結果）。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活。

3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明 作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結構迥異，進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分詞作表語

分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人??的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到??”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對??感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth.is interesting.這類詞常見的有： interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的 satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的論點很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別

英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語 1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語 【口訣記憶】

決心學會想希望，拒絕設法愿假裝，主動答應選計劃 同意請求幫一幫，愿望似乎就沒有，碰巧承擔常努力。attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視 afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝 ask問 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love愛 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃

bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿 care關心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準備 decide決定 learn學習regret抱歉，遺憾 choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許 start開始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕 decide決定 learn學習vow起

contrive設法，圖謀 incline有?傾向 propose提議 seek找，尋覓 try試圖

2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式 ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使 allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿 announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使 bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求 assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示 advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求

authorize授權，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦 bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒 beg請求 induce引誘 report報告

compel強迫 invite吸引，邀請，summon傳喚 command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示 drive驅趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓練 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve應受 leave使，讓 tell告訴 direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘 entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡 enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說 encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指責，譴責 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語 【口訣記憶】

考慮建議盼原諒，避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成就欣賞 禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準逃亡

acknowledge承認，自認 cease 停止 mention說到，講到 admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭 advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有，喜愛 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口 consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好 favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描繪，計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨

finish完成，結束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復 imagine設想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險

involve卷入，包含 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議 hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄 keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持，忍受 loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。

(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別 【口訣記憶】 想起忘記常后悔

1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事 3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾 regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算，有意要? mean doing意味著

7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進醫(yī)院。4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語

1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London．將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系 Get him something to eat．給他拿點兒東西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物動詞構成的不定式做定語，要加上適當?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系，這里的介詞不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about．沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。

4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如： ability能力，本領 drive趕，駕駛 movement運動，活動 ambition抱負，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役，運動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機會 chance機會 force力，壓力，要點 promise許諾，希望 courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因 decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光

determination決心，決定 motive動機，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要求不定式做補語，則相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實現(xiàn)了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他總是第一個到來，最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語

分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：

1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher．他是個先進教師。

3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關系 一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？ 5．不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區(qū)別。

1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關系是主動關系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。

2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關系是被動關系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果對這些樹多關心一些，它們本來會長得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設法克服。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談論著這個計劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談論這個計劃。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔細閱讀，你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結果)We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的：

a：not/never too?to, too?not to , but/only too? to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義

b：做結果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導主語。6．非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y構（1)疑問詞+不定式結構

疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：

When to start has not been decided．何時動身尚未決定。(主語)I don't know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有?，只能?”講時跟不定式結構（but與不帶to的不定式 連用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式

1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.讓他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：

①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結構中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。

（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構

1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。

2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞's+動名詞。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。

間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。

7．非謂語動詞中的有關句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型

1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．設法解釋是浪費時間。

3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光說沒用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費。8.非謂語動詞的特殊結構

有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。1）現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立結構

judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨立結構

to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動詞原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering（考慮到，就?而言），providing / provided ?假如，supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞，后接that 從句。

獨立主格結構

一、概念：

“獨立主格結構”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。這種結構在形式上與主句沒有關系，通常稱為“獨立主格結構”。

二、功能：

“獨立主格結構”實質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結構上與主句不發(fā)生關系，因此成為獨立主格結構。其實，雖然叫做獨立主格結構，并不是真正的獨立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。

三、形式：

獨立主格結構在形式上有兩部分組成：第一部分有名詞或代詞擔任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔任。按其結構形式分為：—ing 分詞獨立主格結構；—ed分詞獨立主格結構；無動詞獨立主格結構等。

四、舉例：

1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于無事可做，他們離開了。（代詞＋－ing;表原因）

2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老師走進教室，手里拿著書。（無動詞結構；表伴隨）

3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，閉著眼睛。（名詞＋－ed;表狀態(tài)）

4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放學了，我們開始玩籃球。（名詞＋副詞；表時間）

5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒再多說一個字，他拾起那張紙。（借此結構；表伴隨）

6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我們的晚會開始了。（名詞＋不定式；表時間）

五、獨立主格結構與分詞短語作狀語的異同：

1、獨立主格結構與分詞短語都可以轉化成狀語從句。但是，獨立主格結構轉換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例：

⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果時間允許，本周末我們最好休息一下。

⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.從頂樓上看，花園更漂亮。

2、還應該注意，分詞結構的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結構在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例：

⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表，用了我很長時間。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞）

六、獨立主格結構與獨立成分的異同：

1、有的分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實際上已經(jīng)成了習慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例：

⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來說，這個規(guī)則很容易懂。

⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根據(jù)他所說的，她一定很誠實。

2、有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例：

⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.說實話，我在會上說的并不是我的意見。

⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是，他把鑰匙鎖在車里了

七、非謂語動詞獨立主格結構

在獨立主格結構中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關系）

= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”）

= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學校。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）

= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A．不定式“獨立主格結構”

在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構也可用一個從句或并列分句來表達。1．動詞不定式用主動的形式

在獨立主格結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）

——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.對不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時間。

（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.）

The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。

（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）

Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹，花和草后，我們新建的學校將看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B．-ing形式“獨立主格結構”

動詞的-ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應與句子的主語保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在課桌旁坐好后，他開始看雜志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）

1． 表示時間的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每個人都準備好后，老師開始上課。（相當于一個時間狀語從句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每個人坐好后，主席開始開會。（相當于一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那個男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當于一個原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點兒緊張。（相當于一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：

含有being的獨立主格結構。

It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是國慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。

= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。

= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3． 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.時間允許的話，我們下星期將進行一次野炊。（相當于一個條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當于一個條件狀語從句If my health allows）4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.學生們快樂地在學校里走著，每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當于一個并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當于一個并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

C．-ed形式“獨立主格結構”

與邏輯主語+動詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨立主格結構。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學者也能看懂。

= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。

= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。

= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任務完成以后，他休了兩個月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比較：

動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結束）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行）

The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的

八、with、without 引導的獨立主格結構

介詞with/without +賓語+賓語的補足語可以構成獨立主格結構，上面討論過的獨立主格結構的幾種情況在此結構中都能體現(xiàn)。A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：

在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構成的獨立主格結構中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。B． with+名詞代詞+副詞

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時，我們的學校看上去更美。

= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。

= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信號發(fā)出了，火車開始起動了。

= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。

= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁沒人注意的時候，從窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。

The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：

在with/without 的復合結構中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without不能省略）

九、獨立主格結構的句法功能

獨立主格結構在句中除了能充當原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。在形式上，“獨立主格結構”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號與主句隔開。A．作狀語

獨立主格結構作狀語，其功能相當于一個狀語從句或并列分句。1．表示時間 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降臨，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。

（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決，新當選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。

（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜沒有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示條件

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運動會。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）

Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果從各方面考慮，你的計劃似乎更實際些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：

表示時間、原因、條件的獨立主格結構一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞?！菊`】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下課了，學生都離開了教室。

【誤】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出來了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。4．表示伴隨情況或補充說明

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那個奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.殺人犯被帶了進來，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B．作定語

獨立主格結構作定語，其功能相當于一個定語從句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的復合結構作定語,修飾the student)他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的復合結構作定語,修飾bottle)你可以使用一個頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。(without的復合結構作定語,修飾the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：

在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個句子改為獨立主格結構的情況。需要提示的是，不 是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨立主格結構。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不要改為獨立主格結構）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔細檢查試卷的話，有些錯誤是可以避免的。（不要改為獨立主格結構）

第五篇：高一英語教案：名詞性從句

名詞性從句

名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。

※ 區(qū)分同位語從句和定語從句。

The news ____a theme park will be set up here is true.A.that

B.which

C of which

D./

定語從句是修飾、說明名詞或代詞(先行詞)的，而同位語從句則是揭示該名詞具體內(nèi)容的。所以，從某種程度上說，名詞和同位語從句之間可以劃等號。但要切記 which 不能引導同位語從句。

※that 與what 引導主語從句時的區(qū)別：

It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey.A.while

B.if

C.that

D.for

______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It。

that 在名詞性從句中不充當任何成份，也無詞義，僅起連接作用。引導并列的賓語從句時，第二個 that 以及引導主語從句、同位語從句時，不可省略。that 從句作主語時，常用句型結構為：It is(was)+ adj.或n.+ that 從句: It is impossible that he has enrolled at the university.It is a fact that he was forced to attend the evening class.在 The reason for...(Why...)is that...結構中的 that 不可用 because 替代。

The reason for his illness is that he was caught in the rain last night.The reason why he was ill is that he was caught in the rain last night.** ______ you have done might do harm to other people.A.That

B.What

C.Which

D.This

** ______ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.A.What

B.That

C.The fact

D.The matter ** ______ we can't get seems better than ______ we have.A.What;what

B.What;that C.That;that

D.That;what

what 本身在名詞性從句中充當一定的成份，或主語、或賓語、或表語。這時 what 具有兩種含義：保留疑問的意義，即“什么，什么樣的”；相當于“先行詞 + 定語從句”結構的用法，“the thing／fact／matter that...”常譯為“所……的(東西或事情)”。區(qū)分用 that 還是 what 的依據(jù)是看從句中有沒有主語、表語或從句的及物動詞帶不帶賓語，若帶有賓語，則用 that;若無賓語，則用 what。

※

whether 和 if 兩個連詞的不同用法。

______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.A.Whenever

B.if

C.Whether

D.That

______ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If

B.Whether

C.That

D.Where

whether 和 if 意為“是否”，雖不充當句子成份，但也不可省略。兩詞在動詞后引導賓語從句時，常可互換。但在下列情況下，名

詞性從句引導詞用 whether 而不用 if。從句作介詞賓語時，后面緊接 or not 時。主語從句或賓語從句置于句首時。引導表語從句、同位語從句時。動詞 discuss 后的賓語從句中。由 if 引導賓語從句可能產(chǎn)生歧義時。動詞 doubt 用在疑問句或否定句中時，賓語從句的連接詞用 that 而不能用 whether 或 if;doubt 用在肯定句中時，則用 whether 或 if 均可，但不能用 that。I don’t doubt that you will succeed.I doubt whether(if)he has told the truth.※選用正確的連接代詞 what , who(m), whose , which , 和連接副詞 when , where , why , how。

Go and get your coat.It's ______ you left it.A.where

B.there

C.there where D.where there

I remember ______ this used to be a quiet village.A.when

B.how

C.where

D.what。

— Do you remember ______ he came?

— Yes , I do , he came by car.A.where

B.how

C.that

D.if。

連接代詞 what , whom , who , whose , which 都保留各自的疑問含義，既起連接作用，又在句中充當一定的成份。連接副詞 when , where , why , how 等，也是既有疑問含義，又起連接作用，同時又在從句中充當各種狀語，分別表示時間、地點、方式、原因等。

※what 與 whatever;who 與 whoever 的不同用法。

______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone

B.Person

C.Whoever

D.Who

Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.A.anyone

B.whomever

C.whoever

D.no matter who

It's generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants.A.however

B.whatever

C.whichever

D.whenever

whoever 為連接代詞，意為“凡……者”，相當于 anyone(或 any person)who + 定語從句。whoever 既作主句的主語，又作從句的主語；而 who 引導的主語從句，只表示“誰”，在從句中作主 語。what 與 whatever , when 與 whenever , where 與 wherever 的含義基本相同，只是后者比前者語氣更重。在意義上也有細微差別：

what 與 whatever(whatever 含義為 anything that);

when 與 whenever(whenever 含義為 any time when);

where 與 wherever(wherever 含義為 any place where)。

※名詞性從句要用陳述語序。

They want to know ______ do to help us.A.what can they

B.what they can

C.how they can

D.how can they

No one can be sure ______ in a million years.A.what man will look like

B.what will man look like

C.man will look like what

D.what look will man like

He asked ______ for the violin.A.did I pay how much

B.I paid how much

C.how much did I pay

D.how much I paid

You can't imagine ____ when they received these nice presents.A.how they were excited

B.how excited they were

C.how excited were they

D.they were how excited

These photographs will show you ______.A.what does our village look like

B.what our village looks like

C.how does our village looks like

D.how our village looks like

※ 時態(tài)呼應。

Can you make sure ______ the gold ring?

A.where Alice had put

B.where had Alice put

C.where Alice has put

D.where has Alice put

We were all surprised when he made it dear that he ______ office soon.A.leaves

B.would leave

C.left

D.had left

對名詞性從句(尤其是賓語從句)語序的考查總是結合時態(tài)、語態(tài)和連接詞來進行。名詞性從句的時態(tài)要與主句的時態(tài)相互呼應。但如果從句表示“客觀真理”或有“具體的年、月、日”時，從句的時態(tài)不隨主句的時態(tài)而變。

1.____he is in trouble is easy to see.a.What

b.That

c.When

d.How 2.____he will come or not is still a question.a.That

b.When

c.If

d.Whether 3.___makes mistakes in the composition must correct them.a.Who

b.Whoever

c.Those

d.No matter who 4.I have no idea ___he had already gone abroad.a.how

b.that

c.when

d.where 5.___he said at the meeting surprised everyone present.a.What

b.That

c.Which

d.Why 6.Is the news ___the president will pay an official visit to China true? a.which

b./

c.of which

d.that 7.___we can’t get seems better than ___we have.a.What;what

b.What;that

c.That;that

d.That;what 8.Excuse me, would you please tell me ___? a.when was the sports meet going to be held b.when will the sports meet be taken place c.when is the sports meet to take place d.when the sports meet is to take place 9.Computers can only give out ___has been stored in them.a.that

b.which

c.what

d.anything

10.Tom wouldn’t tell me ___-his new bike.a.how much did he pay b.how much he paid for c.he pain how much for d.did he pay how much 11.This simple experiment shows ___air has some strength.a.what

b.that

c.which

d.whose 12.When the computer didn’t work, I didn’t know___.a.what’s wrong

b.what the matter is c.what was the matter

d.what’s the trouble 13.–Do you know ____she came? a.how

b.when

c.that

d.if 14.That is ____he came here late.a.what

b.when

c.however

d.why 15.I never fail to help __ is in need for help.a.whom

b.who

c.whoever

d.whomever 16.___she can’t understand is ___he wants to change his mind.a.That;that b.What;why

c.Which;what

d.What;what 17.It is possible ____you misunderstood ___I had said.a.that;that

b.what;what

c.what;that

d.that;what

18.Word came ___the famous writer would visit our school soon.a.that

b.which

c.it

d.how 19.Do you agree to the suggestion ___we have a trip the day after tomorrow? a.which

b.where

c.that

d.when 20.It looks ___ it’s going to rain.a.if

b.as

c.though

d.as if 21.The question he asked was ___ the electrical equipment should be stored.a.what

b.which

c.where

d.because 22.The young man always thinks __he can do more for the people.a.how

b.of that

c.why

d.of how 23.We think it important ___college students should master at least one foreign language.a.which

b.that

c.what

d.whether 24.Mr.Li is to give us a talk on __he saw and heard in London.a.what

b.all what

c.that

d.which 25.When we will leave for Wuhan ___not been decided.a.is

b.does

c.has

d.have 26.Go and get your bag.It’s ____you left it.a.there

b.where

c.there where

d.where there

27.Jack is no longer ___thirty years ago.a.what was he

b.what he was c.the man what he was

d.like what he was 28.___is a fact that English people and American people share a lot of customs.a.There

b.This

c.That

d.It 29.She asked me the question ___the job was worth doing.a.if

b.what

c.whether

d.which 30.I didn’t know which town ___?

a.the manager lived

b.the manager lived in c.did the manager live

d.did the manager live in