第一篇:與學習有關的 英語作文
What I have lived for Three pursuits, general and simple, have governed my life: the kinship, the friendship, and the enjoyment of a time.These pursuits, like some apples on the tree, some of them I can get or touch, others, I have to try hard to get at.I cherish those I have, and pursue those I want.I have always had friendship.For me, it is not a difficult thing to get this apple.So long time I have gained strength from my friends, or received helps from those people.They are so important in my soul, as necessary as the air I breathed every day.Relaying on them, and lived for them.I don’t like school, but I like to stay at school for there are friendships there, like home, which makes most of people feel a sense of belonging.So, this is what I lived for, I will die if I don’t have this and live alone.With a reason for relaying on friendship, I pursue my kinship.I don’t have a very happy family life with father and mother.They have broken up when I was five years old.I feel I was the excrescent one, and I hate go home , I was unwelcome.It was because this kind of unhappy, I desire to build a family of mine.Some day, I have my own home, without depending on someone else to live.I believe I can achieve it.Everybody don’t know how tomorrow will be like.As a good saying,” tomorrow and accident, you never which one will come first”, I think that’s reasonable.Things are changing, I’m unwilling to do too hard things for tomorrow but ignore to enjoy the moment of this day.That’s important.May be I belong to a kind of person who never die with money left.Living in the moment, to enjoy the life.This has been my life.I have found it important to living, that’s the meanings of my life.
第二篇:學習與思考英語作文
學習與思考英語作文
無論是身處學校還是步入社會,大家或多或少都會接觸過作文吧,作文要求篇章結構完整,一定要避免無結尾作文的出現(xiàn)。作文的注意事項有許多,你確定會寫嗎?以下是小編為大家收集的學習與思考英語作文,供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
孔子說:“學而不思則罔;思而不學則殆?!币馑际侵福绻麑W習書本知識而不思考,就會不辨真?zhèn)危荒苋跁炌?,學以致用;如果只是苦思冥想?yún)s不認真讀書,就會孤陋寡聞,才疏學淺,更不能做到博見約取,標新立異。
Confucius said, “l(fā)earning without thinking is useless;thinking without learning is perilous.” That is to say, if we study book knowledge without thinking, we will not distinguish the truth from the false, we will not be able to integrate and apply what we have learned;if we just think hard but don't study hard, we will be ignorant, lack of talent and learning, we will not be able to achieve broad-minded engagement and innovation.孔子的這兩句話闡明了學習與思考的辯證關系。
These two sentences of Confucius illustrate the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking.學習與思考是人們在獲取知識過程中,兩個相輔相成,密不可分的思維活動。只學習不思考不行,只思考不學習也不行。只有將二者正確地結合起來,才算真正懂得了學習與思考的辯證關系。
Learning and thinking are two complementary and inseparable thinking activities in the process of acquiring knowledge.It's no use learning without thinking.It's no use thinking without learning.Only by combining them correctly can we truly understand the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking.這里所說的學習,主要指從書本上汲取間接經(jīng)驗。古今中外,凡成大學問者,無一不是博覽群書,讀破萬卷的。人非生而知之,只有不斷學習前人的經(jīng)驗、成果,充實自己的頭腦,才能進一步有所發(fā)現(xiàn),有所創(chuàng)造。革命導師馬克思為了完成資本論這一巨著,曾在大英博物館潛心研究,留下了深深的足跡??梢娬J真讀書是成才所不可缺少的。要勤于學習,必須博覽熟記,持之以恒。魯迅先生說:讀書“必須如蜜蜂一樣,采過許多花,才能釀出蜜來,倘若叮在一處,所得就非常有限,枯燥了”。另外,學習還要持之以恒,要“戒怠荒,戒無恒,戒躁急,戒泛雜”,只有這樣,才能學有所成。
Learning here mainly refers to learning indirect experience from books.At all times and in all over the world, all those who have become university inquirers are those who have read a wide range of books and broken thousands of volumes.People are not born to know.Only by constantly learning from the experience and achievements of predecessors and enriching their minds can we further discover and create.In order to complete the great work of capital, Marx, the revolutionary mentor, devoted himself to the study in the British Museum and left a deep footprint.It can be seen that serious reading is indispensable for success.To be diligent in learning, we must read, memorize and persevere.Lu Xun said: reading “must be like a bee, picking many flowers to make honey.If you sting in one place, your income will be very limited and boring.”.In addition, we should persist in learning and “abstain from idleness, lack of perseverance, restlessness and miscellaneous”.Only in this way can we learn something.然而,學習本身并非目的,學會舉一反三,靈活運用知識才是真正的目的。為此,就必須發(fā)揮主觀能動性,進行積極、認真的思考,弄清知識的來龍去脈以及知識的有機聯(lián)系。如果學到的東西不經(jīng)頭腦加工,就好比吃下的食物未經(jīng)口腔咀嚼、腸胃消化,即便是美味佳肴,也不會被身體吸取一樣,非但無益,反而有害。法國作家伏爾泰對此有著十分精辟的論述,他說:“書讀得越多而不加思考,你就會覺得你知道得很多。而當你讀書思考得越多的時候,你就會清楚地看到你知道得還很少?!笨梢娚朴谒伎际嵌嗝粗匾?!
However, learning is not an end in itself.Learning to draw inferences from one instance and flexibly use knowledge is the real purpose.Therefore, we must give full play to our subjective initiative, think actively and seriously, and make clear the origin and development of knowledge and the organic connection of knowledge.If you learn something without brain processing, it's like eating food without mouth chewing and stomach digestion.Even delicious food will not be absorbed by the body.It's not beneficial, but harmful.Voltaire, the French writer, has a very incisive discussion on this.He said: “the more books you read without thinking, you will feel that you know a lot.And the more you read and think, the less you know.” It can be seen how important it is to be good at thinking!
要善于思考,需要有蜜蜂釀蜜的精神。每一克甜美的蜂蜜不知凝聚了那小生命的`多少的心血。思考也需要我們下苦功夫,以“打破沙鍋問到底”的探索精神去鉆研,切不可不懂裝懂,淺嘗輒止。
To be good at thinking, we need the spirit of bees making honey.Each gram of sweet honey did not know how much of the little life's hard work it gathered.Thinking also requires us to work hard, to “break the casserole to the end” of the spirit of exploration to study, must not pretend to understand, shallow taste.學習是思考的基礎,思考是學習的升華。在學習的基礎上思考,思考才能深入;在思考的前提下學習,學習才有效果。同時對所學的知識必須結合實際反復運用,知識才能鞏固,技能才可純熟,這就是我們掌握知識的必由之路。
Learning is the basis of thinking and thinking is the sublimation of learning.On the basis of learning, thinking can be in-depth;on the premise of thinking, learning can be effective.At the same time, the knowledge we have learned must be combined with practice and repeatedly used, so that knowledge can be consolidated and skills can be proficient.This is the only way for us to master knowledge.愿我們大家都能勤于學習,善于思考,去勇敢地攀登科學知識之顛。
I hope that all of us can be diligent in learning, good at thinking and brave to climb the summit of scientific knowledge.
第三篇:工作記憶與英語學習
從工作記憶的角度淺談如何提高英語聽力能力
摘 要:在外語教學中,聽力起著非常重要的作用,是外語學習者的一個難點,同時是一項必須掌握的基本技能。本文從認知的角度出發(fā),探討工作記憶和聽力理解之間的關系,同時,就提高工作記憶容量方面提出一些提高英語聽力理解的建議,希望能對英語聽力教學有所幫助。關鍵詞:聽力理解;工作記憶;工作記憶容量
一、引言
在聽說讀寫譯五大基本技能中,聽力位列之首,足見其在英語教學過程中的重要性。在外語教學過程中應給予聽力理解足夠的重視,一方面積極探討聽力理解的性質和過程,另一方面認真研究聽力教學的理論與方法,努力提高聽力教學的效果。對語言信息的接收、分析加工和運用是聽者在聽力理解中所必經(jīng)的一個過程,在此期間聽者的工作記憶起著非常重要的作用,工作記憶是信息處理和信息加工的前提,同時它的質量高低直接影響到聽力理解的效果。跨學科研究的不斷深入使得記憶與聽力理解的關系必將得到更多的關注,很多學者都認為將工作記憶理論在聽力理解中進行運用,對我國英語聽力理解教學具有一定的現(xiàn)實指導意義。
二、工作記憶與聽力理解
(一)工作記憶的基本理論模型
1974 年,Baddeley和Hitch提出了工作記憶的概念,認為工作記憶是一個負責暫時儲存和加工信息的系統(tǒng),它的一個重要特點就是容量有限。他們認為工作記憶是一個由中央執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)、語音回路和視空模板等三個相對獨立的成分組成的復雜系統(tǒng)。三個獨立的成分中,核心是中央執(zhí)行系統(tǒng),它主要負責各子系統(tǒng)之間以及子系統(tǒng)與長時記憶之間的聯(lián)系,注意資源的管理和策略的選擇與計劃也是由它負責的。語音回路由語音存儲和發(fā)音控制這兩部分構成, 是一個專門負責以聲音為基礎的信息存儲與控制的裝置。視空間模板主要處理包括視覺元素和空間元素兩部分在內的視覺空間信息。
(二)工作記憶與聽力理解的關系
在言語理解過程中,工作記憶的作用不可小覷。Anderson將聽力理解劃分為感知處理、切分和運用這三個相互聯(lián)系又循環(huán)往復的階段,記憶信息三級加工模型中的感覺記憶、工作記憶和長時記憶與這三個階段一一對應,其中工作記憶發(fā)揮著至關重要的作用。感知階段作為聽力理解的第一階段,信息短暫的停留在此階段(不超過 4 秒鐘),聽者將接收到的聲音符號暫時存儲到感覺記憶。因感覺記憶所接收的信息多而雜,因此它和我們的目標語料不一定有密切的聯(lián)系,所以大腦要選擇性地注意那些與當前任務相關的信息,通過檢索和分析聽到的語音信號,把它們分割成有意義的單位,這樣可以通過識別語音組成的規(guī)則,進而使得這些語音信號以單詞形式進入到工作記憶中。
儲存和加工是工作記憶同時執(zhí)行兩個功能。如用于加工的空間多了,則用于儲存的空間就少了,反之亦然,這是由工作記憶容量的有限性所導致的。儲存與加工相互競爭,此消彼長。因此,在聽辨詞匯時,對于工作記憶容量小者來說在聽力過程中是一個一個詞進行的,不能有效的將上下文語篇進行恰當組合,從而進行合理推測。而工作記憶容量大的聽者,他們不僅關注詞本身所蘊含的意思,還注意整句或者整篇文章的意思,使得理解的效果更準確。陳吉堂(1997)曾提及聽力理解十分依賴短時記憶的容量。陳吉棠(2002)提出短時記憶與聽力理解的瓶頸性制約。他發(fā)現(xiàn)在英語學習者學習一段時間之后,會發(fā)現(xiàn)在低水平和高水平之間似乎存在著難以跨越的鴻溝,長時間內聽力水平仍停留在原來的水平。短時記憶的容量的有限性是造成短時記憶信息提取受阻的一個重要原因。
三、從工作記憶角度探討提高聽力理解的策略
基于以上對工作記憶與聽力理解關系的詳細論述,筆者提出以下幾點建議來提高學習者的聽力理解能力。
(一)通過組塊的方式來增加工作記憶的有限容量
組塊可作為一個單位來測量短時記憶的信息容量,所謂組塊是指在過去經(jīng)驗中人們已經(jīng)內化了的一些信息單元,它們可以是一個詞組、一個短語,也可以是一個句子,甚至幾個句子。美國心理學家喬治·米勒(1956)發(fā)表的論文《神奇數(shù) 7加減 2:我們加工信息能力的某些限制》,明確提出短時記憶容量為7+/-2個單位;并且提出組塊(chunk)概念,可以理解為儲存在長時記憶中的一組意義聯(lián)系緊密的信息單位。語言學家桂詩春(2000)認為組塊是克服短時記憶容量有限的一個有效方法。將若干小組塊組合在一起形成大組塊,可以減少輸入短時記憶中的項目數(shù)量,從而減輕短時記憶的負荷。在聽力教學中,我們可以嘗試以下幾種方法來對學生進行聽力訓練:(1)運用詞塊習得進行教學,提高工作記憶的容量。因為工作記憶的加工和存儲是同時進行的,提高加工速度與完善存儲能力,是提高工作記憶容量的重要途徑。(2)選擇性地集中注意力。因工作記憶容量有限,聽者在聽一段材料時不可能把注意力放在所以材料上,有選擇性地在有限注意力集中在主要內容、主題思想和上下文內容的關鍵詞上是一種有效的方法。這種選擇性的集中注意力不但減少了對冗余信息的加工時間而且節(jié)約了有限的記憶存儲空間。
(二)有效預測材料信息,減輕工作記憶的處理負荷
在外語教學過程中,充足的聽前的準備將減少學習者的聽力理解負擔,因為這樣可以幫助聽者彌補因工作記憶容量小,停留時間短帶來的缺憾。與此同時,培養(yǎng)學生對聽力理解輸入信息的敏感性和對目標詞匯的正確把握也非常重要,因這樣可以縮小信息撲捉的范圍,從而減輕工作記憶的處理負荷。通過培養(yǎng)學生迅速、準確地預先瀏覽題目這一良好習慣,從而確定記憶的方向和重點,有意識的分配注意力和記憶。此外,通過常規(guī)練習提高學生根據(jù)上下文進行猜詞猜義的能力,還可通過語音語調來對沒聽懂的部分進行合理的猜測。在瀏覽問題時,畫出題干中的重要信息,在聽的過程中及時提取所需要的信息,節(jié)約有限的工作記憶容量,達到一種“快、準、狠”的狀態(tài),這樣還可以減輕聽力理解的做題速度。
(三)擴充圖式知識,養(yǎng)成好的聽力習慣
圖式是一種內在結構,它組織著我們的感知世界。在我們的長時記憶中,我們對世界的感知就是以圖式的形式儲存在其中的。圖式理論認為,在聽力理解過程中扮演著極其重要角色的背景知識,是決定聽力理解成功與否的關鍵因素。存儲在學習者長時記憶里的既存圖式知識一旦被激活,這樣便會加大信息處理的單位,處理信息的時間相應縮短,記憶負擔得以減輕,使得聽力材料得到有效的處理。顯然,儲存在聽者記憶中的圖式越多,這些存儲在記憶中的圖式知識在聽的過程中就越容易被激活,其對材料的理解也就越準確。除了連結圖式知識,養(yǎng)成好的聽力習慣也特別重要。要準確快速地提取短時記憶中的語言信息,克服消極情緒的影響,在聽力過程中保持良好的狀態(tài),養(yǎng)成一個好的聽力習慣是有非常必要的。因此,在聽力教學過程中,正確引導學習者建立正確的學習觀及健康的學習心態(tài)是教師義不容辭的責任,以此來幫助學習者將注意力集中到所相關的重要信息上,節(jié)約注意力資源,改善聽力理解效果。
(四)轉移傳統(tǒng)的思維定勢,避免母語負遷移
“母語遷移”分為“母語正遷移”和“母語負遷移”,主要是指在外語教學過程中,學習者的母語知識對外語學習所產(chǎn)生的一些積極和消極影響?!澳刚Z負遷移”是指英語學習者在學習目的語過程中母語所產(chǎn)生的消極影響,這是英語學習者經(jīng)常遇到并需要正視的問題。對母語的依賴,許多外語學習者都有這一習慣,在聽力理解過程中,許多學習者聽到一句外語時,本能反應是在大腦中把目的語轉換成母語,然后進行對比。因母語與目的語之間不可能進行一一對應,它們之間必定存在某種差異,這就會導致“母語的負遷移”。這種負遷移會干擾聽力理解的進行,延緩它的速度,拖延從工作記憶中提取相關知識的時間。因此,在平時的聽力理解訓練過程中,盡量避免使用母語進行“轉寫”,加強訓練,最大程度地避免使用母語的“負遷移”。
四、結語
隨著語言教學的跨學科發(fā)展,特別是教學與計算機、認知科學、神經(jīng)語言學和認知語言學等領域的交叉結合,使得外語教學對認知的模式和過程日益關注和重視,這就奠定了今后的研究將日益以“認知”為主線并結合多學科的發(fā)展趨勢。其中一個重要的切入點———工作記憶,特別是工作記憶容量。在聽力理解教學方面,工作記憶容量的擴大是提高英語聽力理解的效率的一個有效的方法。改善記憶方法來提高提高記憶效果,不斷調整自己傳統(tǒng)的思維定勢和記憶方法,使得自己的聽力得到突破,向一個高層次發(fā)展。同時,在改進的同時要根據(jù)自己的實際情況,結合腦記的筆記方式,把工作記憶與聽力理解有機結合起來。
參考文獻:
[1] Baddeley, A.R.& Hitch G.J.Working memory [A].In G.A.Bower(Ed.)The Psychology of Learning and Motivation.New York Academic Press 1974(8):47-89.[2] Baddeley, A.D.The episodic buffer A new component of working memory? [J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2000(4),11:417-423.[3] Miller, G.A.The magical Number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information [J].Psychology R eview, 1996(16):297-308.[4] Wilkins.Linguistics in Language Teaching [M].London: The English Language Book Society & Edward Amold, Ltd, 1972.[5] 陳吉棠.再論記憶與聽力理解[J].外語界,2002(3).[6] 陳彩琦,等.工作記憶的模型與基本理論問題[J].華南師范大學學報(自然科學版),2003.[7] 桂詩春.新編心理語言學[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000.[8] 高文艷.從提高短時記憶容量談大學英語聽力教學[J].河北理工大學學報,2008.[9] 惠艷妮.聽者的角色及意義建構[J].先財經(jīng)學院學報,2011.[10] 劉惠軍,成就目標定向對工作記憶廣度和控制性提取影響的研究[D].北京:首都師范大學博士論文,2003.[11] 劉惠軍,郭德俊.工作記憶的性質和工作機制[J].首都師范大學學報,2006(1):108-114.[12] 溫植勝.外語學能研究新視角:工作記憶效應[J].現(xiàn)代外語,2007(2):87-95.
第四篇:如何學習英語英語作文
1How to learn English well
Learning English just like learning any other language, is hard work so my first advice is to spend much time practicing using English every day.Besides, we should listen to the teacher and take notes carefully in class.Go over what is learnt regularly and finish doing our homework carefully.Listen to English radio programmes, read English stories and newspapers, watch English films and TV programmes ,keep a diary in English and attend English debbates and speech contests.If we make mistakes, correct them at once and try not to make the same mistakes.What's more, we should look up new words in the dictionary before class and prepare each lesson carefully before class.I believe if we work hard and have good ways of learning English, we will learn English well.學習英語就象學習其他語言一樣是艱辛的。因此我的第一個建議是每天花多點時間練習使用英語。除此之外,我們應該上課認真聽講、記筆記。定期復習所學內容,認真做作業(yè)。聽英語廣播,讀英語故事和報紙,看英語電影和電視節(jié)目,用英語寫日記,參加英語討論和演講比賽。如果我們犯錯誤,就要立刻改正,盡力下次不要犯同樣的錯誤。而且,我們在 上課前要查字典,認真準備每節(jié)課。我相信如果我們努力學習、有好的學習方法,我們會學好英語的。
2Learning English just like learning any other language, is hard work so we should spend time practicing using English.Besides, we should listen to the teacher carefully,review what is learned regularly, prepare each lesson carefully before class, do our homework carefully, copy good sentences and recite them and attend English debbates and speech contests.What's more, be patient and confident.Don't be shy and don't be afraid of making mistakes.We must understand that mistakes are unavoidable.So be patient with your mistakes and try to awoid them other time.I believe“ practice makes perfect”.If we study hard, we will learn English well.學習英語就象學其他語言一樣需要努力。因此我們應該花時間 練習使用英語。而且我們應該上課認真聽講、經(jīng)常復習學過的內容、課前認真預習、認真做作業(yè)、抄寫好的句子并背誦、參加英語討論和演講比賽。除此之外,要耐心有信心。不要靦腆、害怕犯錯誤。我們應該知道:錯誤是避免不了的。因此要耐心對待錯誤,避免下次再犯。我相信“實踐出真知”。如果我們努力學習,我們會學好英語的。
第五篇:學習英語作文
As we all know, English is one of the most important languages in the world and it is one of the most important subjects in junior high.So it is necessary for us to learn it well.I have started learning English since at the age of 12.The teaching method is the mutual combination of listening, speaking, reading and writing.Everyone learns English in different ways.I think the best way to improve your English is to improve your English skills—listening, speaking, reading and writing.We should practice them every day.We should remember more words and grammar, reading more English story books or novels, watching more English TVs or movies, listening English tapes and repeating after the speaker.Second you are not afraid to make any mistakes when you speak English as much as possible.Third you ask the teachers when you don’t understand any knowledge.It’s very good for you if you are interested in English.You will find studying English is interesting and helpful.One more thing remember?Practice makes perfect!
There is no doubt that English is one of the world’s most widely used languages.It is the official language in the world.People always take it as a first language or language use.In this world is closely related to the society, if you don’t understand English, will lose a lot of employment and that is a pity!Mastering English is not only can win more opportunities, but also a life skill.Learning English, you can broaden their horizons, understanding the different person, a different lifestyle.What is more, English has in fact become the language of international cooperation in science and technology.The most advanced results in space, nuclear and computer research are published in it.