第一篇:交通本科畢設(shè)外文翻譯
河北工程大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯
專
業(yè) 學(xué)
生 指導(dǎo)教師
河北工程大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院
2014年6月4號
未來個(gè)人運(yùn)輸在世界大城市中的發(fā)展
Schafer, Jacoby, Heywood and Waitz(2009)研究認(rèn)為一個(gè)人平均每天花大約70分鐘的時(shí)間使用交通工具。這個(gè)時(shí)間預(yù)算在過去各個(gè)國家中是相對穩(wěn)定的。所以,富有的人開始傾向于跑的更快,跑的更遠(yuǎn)。
而在不久的將來,全世界將會(huì)全面提高機(jī)動(dòng)車的機(jī)動(dòng)性。例如:Schafer and Victor(2000)推測,預(yù)計(jì)到2050年世界公民行駛的整體平均路程將比歐洲在1990年跑的整體平均路程多。從2000年到2050年,美國的平均機(jī)動(dòng)性將提高2.6倍,達(dá)到每年58000千米。Schafer and Victor(2000)還預(yù)估,到2050年印度的平均機(jī)動(dòng)性將增加到每年6000千米,達(dá)到了歐洲1970年早期的水平??偟膩碚f,人們在2000年能行駛230億公里,到了2050年,有望增加到1050億公里。
與此同時(shí),城市人口正持續(xù)增大。根據(jù)World Bank(2002)研究,擁有1000多萬居民的大城市的數(shù)量有望在下一代翻倍。隨著城市的擴(kuò)大和富裕,車輛所有制以及其使用會(huì)快速增加,相反,這將影響車輛的行速,加大道路擁擠和空氣污染。
上述趨勢使得人們對大城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展交通展開了廣泛地討論。從廣義上講,城市交通的可持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)涉及到可操作性以及通過公平高效手段產(chǎn)生的財(cái)富問題,同時(shí)還要維護(hù)身體健康,將自然資源消耗和放射性污染減到最低。通常,廣泛使用公共交通和快速軌道交通是可行的。例如:像東京,香港這樣的大城市,它們在私人車流行前就投資建設(shè)公共交通,以提供廣泛的,優(yōu)質(zhì)的公共交通系統(tǒng)。在這些城市,直到快速軌道交通的建立,公交遠(yuǎn)行還一直處于高水平階段。
然而,個(gè)人交通工具已成為現(xiàn)代城市生活的一部分。不管是作為獨(dú)有的、分享的還是用于飛行的交通工具,它們都給個(gè)人和社會(huì)帶來了很大的便利。因此,Kennedy et al.(2005)指出,對于城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展來說,為新一代可持續(xù)個(gè)人交通工具做規(guī)劃是至關(guān)重要的。同時(shí)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)觀念的應(yīng)用,讓可持續(xù)個(gè)人交通工具成為了可能。
另外,許多應(yīng)用智能型運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)將充分影響未來城市交通運(yùn)輸。這些應(yīng)用程序包括需求管理(需求感應(yīng)公共交通、汽車共乘共享、通路管制以及道路使用要求)、旅行計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)/實(shí)時(shí)旅游者信息、公共交通信號優(yōu)先系統(tǒng)。
為了研究大城市中個(gè)人交通運(yùn)輸目前及將來的狀況,本文選取了世界15大都市,根據(jù)地理位置劃分可如下所示:
北美洲:芝加哥、紐約 歐洲:倫敦、莫斯科、巴黎 中美洲、南美洲:布宜諾斯艾利斯(阿根廷首都)、墨西哥城、里約熱內(nèi)盧、圣保羅 印度:班加羅爾、加爾各答、新德里、孟買 中國:香港、上海
對于各個(gè)大城市來說,一系列影響未來交通的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)是已檢定的。主要包括人口和財(cái)富、私人電動(dòng)客運(yùn)車輛、公共交通模式操作、運(yùn)具選擇、旅行速度模式、交通事故。以人口和財(cái)富為列,因?yàn)槿丝诘拇笮∫约叭巳旱母挥谐潭绕鸬街陵P(guān)重要的作用,因此對選定大城市的人口預(yù)期增長和大城市所在國的人均財(cái)富預(yù)期增長作出相應(yīng)比較。
結(jié)果顯示,從2005年到2025年預(yù)計(jì)出現(xiàn)人口增長最高比例(超過預(yù)期30%)的地區(qū)有班加羅爾、加爾各答、新德里、孟買和上海,其次為適度增加12%-18%的芝加哥、香港、墨西哥城、、里約熱內(nèi)盧和圣保羅,增長最慢的(低于12%)主要有布宜諾斯艾利斯、倫敦、莫斯科、紐約和巴黎??傮w上說,人口增長最快的現(xiàn)象將出現(xiàn)在印度和中國。而從2010年到2014年,預(yù)計(jì)收入增長最快的是中國,接著是印度、俄羅斯、墨西哥、香港、巴西、英國、阿根廷、法國和美國。
然后,對選定大城市的計(jì)劃策略進(jìn)行分析,這些大城市主要有:紐約、倫敦、圣保羅、孟買和上海。同時(shí),目前的結(jié)論不需完整描述一個(gè)策略。例如:在國家、地區(qū)和地方上,城市交通規(guī)劃會(huì)涉及很多政府的結(jié)構(gòu),并且每個(gè)層次都有它自己的策略。所以,策略分析的主要目的是突出已定大城市在未來10到20年內(nèi)的主要目標(biāo)、實(shí)施重點(diǎn)以及措施計(jì)劃。其關(guān)注點(diǎn)是計(jì)劃出行方式即該策略如何預(yù)想私人車輛、公共車輛以及非機(jī)動(dòng)車輛在未來的作用。
以紐約為列,區(qū)域交通規(guī)劃的目標(biāo)是從2030年開始,滿足城市和地區(qū)的交通需求,并提高行駛速度。這個(gè)計(jì)劃策略包括改善交通網(wǎng)絡(luò),通過更好的道路管理和擁擠定價(jià)來減少交通堵塞。具體措施如下:1)提高關(guān)鍵擁堵路線的承載力2)提供新通勤火車進(jìn)入曼哈頓3)增加到稠密地區(qū)的交通4)改善、增加公共汽車服務(wù)5)改善當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄇ诨疖嚨姆?wù)。
另外,紐約近期推出了自己的戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃。主要目標(biāo)包括:例如城市交通事故減少50%;實(shí)施快速公交線路措施,以提高全市汽車的行速;到2015年使自行車通行翻一倍;啟動(dòng)全市停車政策來管理空間,以此減少巡航和擁堵;采用完整街道設(shè)計(jì)模版為重建項(xiàng)目;提供更好的街道面等。
最后,對選定城市的未來運(yùn)輸方式進(jìn)行了討論。主要包括個(gè)人車輛人均所有權(quán)、在城市內(nèi)部個(gè)人車輛行駛的人均距離、用于通勤的個(gè)人車輛行駛的人均距離、用于休閑旅游的個(gè)人車輛行駛的人均距離、道路死亡人均數(shù)量、新的機(jī)動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)?;谏鲜鲅芯?,我們預(yù)測到2025年各大城市都或多或少會(huì)有些改變,主要改變有個(gè)人交通工具的所有權(quán)、由個(gè)人交通工具內(nèi)在核心決定的人均距離、道路死亡人均數(shù)量等。這預(yù)測主要包括以下幾方面:
1)個(gè)人車輛所有權(quán)大幅增加的現(xiàn)象將出現(xiàn)在印度的四大城市和上海 2)在任何大城市中,使用內(nèi)核個(gè)人交通工具的數(shù)量將不會(huì)增加 3)預(yù)計(jì)用于通勤的個(gè)人交通工具的使用也將不會(huì)增加
4)用于休閑旅行的個(gè)人交通工具數(shù)量將增加(并且交通事故增長最快的),這種現(xiàn)象主要出現(xiàn)在上海,其次是印度的四大城市,里約熱內(nèi)盧和圣保羅
總的來說,在未來的15年內(nèi),可以預(yù)見到在選定大城市的各個(gè)地方不會(huì)出現(xiàn)大幅度降低對個(gè)人交通工具依賴的現(xiàn)象。相反,我們預(yù)計(jì)在印度、中國、巴西的大城市中,個(gè)人交通工具的作用將會(huì)不斷上升。
上述趨勢的出現(xiàn)是由于我們視不同的交通運(yùn)輸方式為獨(dú)立唯一的選擇。然而,越來越多的實(shí)施和新機(jī)動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)正處于使用中,即綜合網(wǎng)絡(luò)——提供多鏈接,高技術(shù),門到門的交通運(yùn)輸方式選擇。雖然,這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)有望減少人們對個(gè)人交通運(yùn)輸?shù)囊蕾嚩龋@種特性的大小和影響仍有待確定。
The Future of Personal Transportation in Megacities of The World On average, a person spends about 70 minutes per day traveling(Schafer, Jacoby, Heywood, and Waitz, 2009).This time budget is relatively constant over time and across countries.Consequently, wealthy people tend to travel faster and over longer distances.In the future there will be an overall increase in mobility throughout the world.For example, Schafer and Victor(2000)projected that by 2050 the average citizen of the world will travel(by all modes)as much overall distance as the average Western European did in 1990.From 2000 to 2050, the mobility of the average American will increase by a factor of 2.6, to 58,000 km/year.Schafer and Victor(2000)forecast that the average Indian will increase his/her travel to 6,000 km/year by 2050, comparable to the level of West Europeans in the early 1970s.In total, in 2000, people traveled 23 billion km, and by 2050 that figure is expected to grow to 105 billion km(Schafer and Victor, 2000).At the same time, urban population continues to expand, and the number of megacities—cities with over 10 million inhabitants—is expected to double within a generation(World Bank, 2002).As cities grow and become richer, vehicle ownership and use tend to increase rapidly.This, in turn, has an influence on travel speed, congestion, and air pollution.The above trends have resulted in wide discussion about sustainable transportation in metropolitan areas.In broad terms, movement to sustainable urban transportation involves accessibility and the generation of wealth by cost-effective and equitable means, while safeguarding health and minimizing the consumption of natural resources and the emission of pollutants(Kennedy, Miller, Shalaby, Maclean, and Coleman, 2005).Frequently, this has been feasible with wide use of public transportation in general, and rapid rail transportation in particular.For example, there are cities such as Tokyo and Hong Kong that invested in public transport to provide extensive, high-quality, public transport systems before private vehicle ownership was high(Barter, Kenworthy, and Laube, 2003).In these cities, bus travel was at a high level until rapid mass transit was built and became affordable.However, personal vehicles are an integral part of modern city life, providing a number of benefits to individuals and society no matter how they are used—as single occupancy vehicles or as shared or shuttle vehicles.Consequently, as pointed out by Kennedy et al.(2005), planning for a new generation of sustainable personal vehicles is critical for the sustainable development of cities.Through technical innovation and the application of concepts of industrial ecology, there are several possible candidates for the sustainable personal vehicles of the future(Kennedy et al., 2005).In addition, it is likely that many applications of intelligent transportation systems will substantially affect future urban transportation.These applications include, for example, demand management(demand-responsive public transportation, car pooling and sharing, access control, road-use charging), trip planning systems/real-time traveler information, and signal priorities for public transport.To study current and future personal transportation in megacities, 15 metropolitan areas worldwide were selected.The selected metropolitan areas were classified by region as follows: North America: Chicago, New York Europe: London, Moscow, Paris Central and South America: Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo India: Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai China: Hong Kong, Shanghai For each metropolitan area, a set of key indicators affecting future transportation was examined.It includes population and health, Private motorized passenger vehicles, Public transportation modes operated, Modal split, Travel speed by mode, Road fatalities.As population and wealth, Size of the population and wealth of the population play vital roles.Consequently, Figure 1 and Table 1 present the expected growth in population of the examined megacities, and Table 2 presents the expected growth in wealth per capita for the countries in which the megacities are located.The results indicate that the highest proportional increases from 2005 to 2025(more than0%)is predicted for Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, and Shanghai, followed by modest increases(12-18%)for Chicago, Hong Kong, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, and S?o Paulo.The lowest increases(less than 12%)are predicted for Buenos Aires, London, Moscow, New York, and Paris.Overall, the highest increase of population will take place in the examined Indian and Chinese metropolitan areas.Table 2 indicates that the highest increase of incomes from 2010 to 2014 is expected for China, followed by India, Russia, Mexico, Hong Kong, Brazil, United Kingdom, Argentina, France, and the United States.Then the chapter studies the Selected urban transportation plans and strategies.The cities involve New York, London, Sao Paulo, Mumbai, Shanghai.Meanwhile, The presented summaries do not necessarily convey a complete description of the strategies.For example, the urban transportation plans of large metropolitan areas typically involve many government structures at national, regional, and local levels(see e.g., Urban Age, 2009), and each level can have its own strategy.Consequently, the presented summaries are designed to highlight the main objectives, focuses, and measures planned by the selected metropolitan areas for the next 10 to 20 years.The emphasis is on the planned modal split(i.e., how the strategies envision the future role of private vehicles, public transportation, and nonmotorized transportation.As New York, the goal of the regional transportation plan(PLANYC, 2007)is to meet the city’s and region’s transportation needs through 2030 and beyond, and to improve travel speed.The plan includes strategies to improve the transit network and reduce growing gridlock on the roads through better road management and congestion pricing.The specific initiatives include the following:(1)to increase the capacity on key congested routes,(2)to provide new commuter rail access to Manhattan,(3)to expand transit access to underserved areas,(4)to improve and expand bus service, and(5)to improve local commuter rail service.In addition, New York City has recently introduced its own strategic plan(NYCDOT, 2008).Its major goals include, for example cutting city traffic fatalities by 50% from the 2007 levels, implementing bus rapid transit lines and measures to increase bus speeds city-wide, doubling bicycle commuting by 2015, initiating city-wide parking policies to manage curb space to reduce cruising and congestion, adopting complete-street design templates for reconstruction projects, launching a Main Street Initiative to develop people-friendly boulevards in key corridors across the city, and delivering better street surfaces.At last, we discuss the future transportation in the examined metropolitan areas.It includes Personal vehicle ownership per capita, Distance driven by personal vehicles per capita within cities’ inner core, Distance driven by personal vehicles per capita for commuting, Distance driven by personal vehicles per capita for leisure trips, Number of road fatalities per capita, New mobility networks.Based on the analysis, projections through 2025 were made for each megacity for changes in ownership of personal vehicles;distance traveled per capita by personal vehicle within inner core, for commuting, and for leisure;and for number of road fatalities per capita.The forecasts include the following: ? The largest increases in personal vehicle ownership will occur in the four Indian megacities and Shanghai.? There will be no increase in the use of personal vehicles for inner-core transportation in any of the megacities.? No increases are expected in the use of personal vehicles for commuting.? The largest increases in the use of personal vehicles for leisure traveling(and the largest increases in road fatalities)will take place in Shanghai, followed by the four megacities in India, Rio de Janeiro, and S?o Paulo.Overall, no substantial decrease in the reliance on personal vehicles is foreseen in the next 15 years anywhere in the examined megacities.To the contrary, an increased role of personal vehicles is forecasted for the megacities in India, China, and Brazil.The above trends are based on treating the different transportation modes as independent and exclusive options.However, there is growing implementation and use of new mobility networks—integrated networks that provide a variety of connected and IT-enhanced transportation options door-to-door.Although such networks are expected to reduce the reliance on personal vehicles, the magnitude and nature of this effect remain to be ascertained.
第二篇:3畢設(shè)翻譯
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙
海洋污染公報(bào)
關(guān)鍵詞:
水框架指令、海洋戰(zhàn)略框架Directiv、大型無脊椎動(dòng)物、指標(biāo)、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)方法、監(jiān)控
摘要:
水框架指令(WFD)和海洋戰(zhàn)略框架指令(MSFD)是歐洲傘法規(guī)供水系統(tǒng)。將這些指令的跨后期的原則轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)和準(zhǔn)確的方法對科學(xué)界是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。由國際海洋考察理事會(huì)的底棲生物生態(tài)學(xué)工作組舉辦的雜志的目的是,描述學(xué)說是如何被翻譯的,這是面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和前進(jìn)的最佳途徑。我們已經(jīng)解決了以下學(xué)說:生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的方法,底棲指標(biāo)的發(fā)展,'原始'或可持續(xù)的條件的定義,壓力和監(jiān)測方案的開發(fā)的檢測。我們得出結(jié)論:測試和整合不同的辦法是在歐盟水框架指令過程中促進(jìn),這導(dǎo)致進(jìn)一步的見解和改進(jìn),MSFD可以依靠這種方法。專家參與在整個(gè)實(shí)施過程中被證明是至關(guān)重要的。
1、引言
在歐洲,傘法規(guī)解決水系統(tǒng)的生態(tài)質(zhì)量是水框架指令(WFD;2000/60/EC),(針對湖泊,河流,過渡(= estuariesand瀉湖)和沿海水域的)和海洋戰(zhàn)略框架指令(MSFD;2008/56/EC)的海洋水域。這兩個(gè)指令背后的生態(tài)概念,在原則上很簡單,包括與一個(gè)區(qū)域現(xiàn)狀的比較,這將會(huì)根據(jù)最小預(yù)期或可持續(xù)的人類使用的面積,并為防止情況惡化,被干預(yù)的當(dāng)前狀態(tài)將其帶回到所需的良好狀態(tài)(美等人,2008)。對于各種指標(biāo)的WFD,目標(biāo)值和基準(zhǔn)值設(shè)定方法,以評估良好的生態(tài)狀態(tài)(GES)已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來。對比標(biāo)定,這一定義被討論并在過去十年中出版,該過程正在繼續(xù)(博爾哈等人,2009D;赫林等人)。
最近MSFD的實(shí)施工作已經(jīng)開始,通過定義11定性描述符的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/指標(biāo),用以評估良好環(huán)境狀況(GENS)。從歐盟水框架指令的過程中,我們了解到,定義和翻譯GES,使它變成一套可衡量的環(huán)境目標(biāo)和相關(guān)指標(biāo)并不是一件容易的事(赫林等,2010)。這個(gè)過程是由成員國層面為了歐盟水框架指令而做,因此整個(gè)過程需要某些地理區(qū)域的成員國之間的相互校準(zhǔn)。在MSFD里,這個(gè)過程是區(qū)域化的,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)區(qū)域海國家不得不為GENS定義每個(gè)描述符常用指標(biāo)(所羅門,2006;Rice等人,2010)。
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這兩個(gè)指令的概念相似,并借鑒了歐盟水框架指令實(shí)施過程中的教訓(xùn),這將對MSFD產(chǎn)生幫助。,沒有一個(gè)現(xiàn)有的方法是十全十美的和實(shí)現(xiàn)了指令中的原則是基于現(xiàn)有的科學(xué)知識,這被科學(xué)界廣泛承認(rèn)。因此,國際理事會(huì)的組成部分----底棲生物生態(tài)學(xué)工作組(北控水務(wù))對于海洋考察(ICES)決定編譯這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的論文,關(guān)于大型底棲無脊椎動(dòng)物的關(guān)鍵問題為目標(biāo)的編譯。
歐盟水框架指令的實(shí)施遇到了一些困難,比如評估方法的發(fā)展和評估系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測方案實(shí)施(博爾哈等,2009D)。因此,本文的重點(diǎn)是兩指令的基本原則如何被翻譯成可執(zhí)行的方法,關(guān)于成為歐盟水框架指令的一部分的方法以及這些方法對MSFD實(shí)施的意義。首先,我們認(rèn)為在這兩個(gè)指令中使用了“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)方法”的原則。第二,我們討論,因?yàn)樗鼈兩婕暗紾ES和GEnS的定義,在底棲指標(biāo)分類、“原始的”、可持續(xù)條件的定義以及與生態(tài)測量到的壓力的重要性的發(fā)展。在這種情況下,我們討論了有關(guān)檢測不同人為影響類型的問題,人為與使用指標(biāo)的自然變化的區(qū)別,以及如何評價(jià)“非土著或外來物種”的壓力。第三,我們討論關(guān)于監(jiān)測方案(精力和質(zhì)量),它必須提供足夠的信息,讓GES及GENS獲得有信心的評估。對于每一個(gè)的原則,北控水務(wù)就如何著手未來制定了建議。
2、使用生態(tài)系統(tǒng)方法
運(yùn)用以生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的方法被認(rèn)為是可持續(xù)環(huán)境管理的最重要的要求之一,被定義為“一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略,土地,水和生物資源的綜合管理,以公平方式促進(jìn)保護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用”(聯(lián)合國生物多樣性公約,1993年12月29日)。一個(gè)以生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的做法是為了系統(tǒng)策略的評估和管理而產(chǎn)生的,為了聯(lián)系生態(tài)系統(tǒng)到社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益(貨物和服務(wù))的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)評價(jià),期待他們的資源得到長久的穩(wěn)定(謝爾曼和杜達(dá),1999年,Rosenberg和麥克勞德2005年,張國榮和麥克勞德,2007)。為了管理人類壓力對海洋環(huán)境的影響,最近世界各地認(rèn)為,法律文書解決需要評估一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)(博爾哈和多爾,2008)。確定系統(tǒng)的健康理念必須考慮結(jié)構(gòu),功能和海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)匯集的自然物理,化學(xué),自然地理,地理和氣候因素,然后與有關(guān)地區(qū)的任何人類活動(dòng)和影響整合這些(進(jìn)程博爾哈等人,2009年b)。這種方法是在WFD中被使用,其中一些生物元素和支撐理化參數(shù),隨著污染物的濃度被選擇為評估部分和元素,用于指令的特定目標(biāo),根據(jù)其靈敏度,耐用性和置信性是必要的。因此,生態(tài)平衡不得不在理想的評估方法的需求和實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的可行性中尋求,因?yàn)槿鐚?shí)用和經(jīng)濟(jì)的限制(即現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的約束),這是符合成本效益的實(shí)施指示的一個(gè)重大挑戰(zhàn)。
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此外,一套合適的指標(biāo)的選擇是一件事,所有的指標(biāo)納入一個(gè)單一的得分指示和水生系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)和性能是另一個(gè)(奧布里和Elliott,2006。博爾哈等,2008,2009D;福登等人,2008)。簡單的方法,如歐盟水框架指令的“一出,全力以赴”的原則(博爾哈,2005),它評價(jià)了水體從最壞的額定元素的質(zhì)量,可能是一個(gè)有用的出發(fā)點(diǎn),但最終會(huì)被禁止(博爾哈等人,2009D)。用平均方法與不同指標(biāo)的權(quán)重也是不理想的,因?yàn)樵诘蜏鼗蚋邷貭顟B(tài)的主觀的和平均的指標(biāo)。此外,這也不是一個(gè)有用的方法,不同的指標(biāo)是用來表達(dá)不同的人為壓力,或當(dāng)在評估中使用的方法是不可靠的(博爾哈和羅德里格斯,2010年)。我們提議一棵決策樹,其中的元素根據(jù)他們在評估狀態(tài)中的信心來權(quán)衡(如底棲生物,用對比和對比標(biāo)定方法),作為對全球分類或在系統(tǒng)中的壓力靈敏度更精確的方法(博爾哈等權(quán)重,2008)。在MSFD的情況下,這將是一個(gè)重大的挑戰(zhàn),因?yàn)槊枋龊椭笜?biāo)的高數(shù)量和指標(biāo)來評價(jià)一個(gè)區(qū)域或者次區(qū)域的GEnS和不同的人類壓力的聯(lián)系。盡管管理者希望有一個(gè)關(guān)于GES和GEnS的單一的最終得分,最好是報(bào)告給政府和公眾,在指標(biāo)和描述水平的評價(jià)都有很好的能見度,因?yàn)樗麄冊谛判暮兔舾蟹矫娴牟煌?/p>
3、定義良好的生態(tài)(WFD)或良好環(huán)境狀況(MSFD)
GES及GENS在這兩個(gè)指令的定義要求指標(biāo)的發(fā)展,原始的或可持續(xù)條件和生態(tài)狀況對人體的壓力聯(lián)動(dòng)的定義。關(guān)于這些原則的指標(biāo)的方法,在本節(jié)將突出顯示,重點(diǎn)是底棲生物的方法。
指標(biāo)在論文(Heink和Kowarik,2010)中被廣泛定義,指標(biāo)是科學(xué)對政府的應(yīng)對,需要有系統(tǒng)條件的可靠和準(zhǔn)確的信息。對于海洋環(huán)境,目前存在著各種各樣的底棲指標(biāo)(迪亞茲等人,2004;博爾哈和多爾,2008)。這些指標(biāo)的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)是用精確的方法,在健康和退化的水系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行區(qū)分,以確定是否需要'行動(dòng)'和'無行動(dòng)“ 以改善生態(tài)環(huán)境條件。歐盟水框架指令并在較小程度上MSFD已經(jīng)帶領(lǐng)執(zhí)行和履行指令的目標(biāo)(指標(biāo),邊界,監(jiān)測)成員國,致使各種各樣的評估方法。因此,WFD不得不包括相互校準(zhǔn)練習(xí),以確保各種評估方法之間的一致性,在相同的生態(tài)區(qū)域和型內(nèi)使用,并在不同質(zhì)量等級中定義邊界(博爾哈等人,2007)。
事實(shí)上,規(guī)模大和歐盟水框架指令的雄心勃勃促進(jìn)了水系統(tǒng)保護(hù)目標(biāo)的有效實(shí)施,并且極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了我們的指標(biāo)應(yīng)用知識。鑒于這些經(jīng)驗(yàn),今后的工作應(yīng)集中于(1)提高在所知參考區(qū)域的自然變化率的知識(2)溝通和理解便利的練的透明度最大化
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(3)需要增加力量攀比的統(tǒng)計(jì)的練習(xí)增加需要(杜阿爾特,2009)。在相互校準(zhǔn)階段的這些缺點(diǎn),我可以與在成員國之間現(xiàn)有的研究經(jīng)驗(yàn),主要差異,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度各機(jī)關(guān)準(zhǔn)備接受,或以良好的生態(tài)功能的解釋(美等人,2008)。在第二個(gè)相互校準(zhǔn)輪歐盟水框架指令中,這些問題都被考慮了,這將導(dǎo)致在不同的成員國使用的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的可比性進(jìn)一步改善。
與此相反,以避免這樣的昂貴(雖然有利)相互校準(zhǔn),MSFD需要共同實(shí)施11描述的,在區(qū)域海平面翻譯成目標(biāo)和指標(biāo),(Rice等人,2010)。雖然定義通用的指標(biāo)是一個(gè)進(jìn)步,發(fā)揮最佳和最合適的指標(biāo)的選擇仍是一個(gè)重大挑戰(zhàn)。對于區(qū)域和次區(qū)域,指標(biāo)最優(yōu)選擇將針對不同部位而不同,在不同部位取樣工作是不太可能被平衡,并GENS的閾值單一水平不是普遍適用的。在區(qū)域尺度上的方法越來越一致可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更健壯(廣泛適用的話),很少敏感指標(biāo)。指標(biāo)相互校準(zhǔn)會(huì)在MSFD中被禁止,但仍然會(huì)有調(diào)查指標(biāo)的敏感性的需要,以協(xié)調(diào)GEnS級別的任何指標(biāo)和規(guī)范的基礎(chǔ),用國家經(jīng)驗(yàn)來監(jiān)視海上的每個(gè)區(qū)域。
4、環(huán)境評估監(jiān)測的要求
這兩個(gè)指令指出,各會(huì)員國應(yīng)發(fā)展評估系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行狀況監(jiān)測方案,從而允許GES及GENS的信心評估。不同類型的海洋監(jiān)測的存在,取決于對它的理由或目的(灰色和埃利奧特,2009)。在底棲監(jiān)測中,采樣技術(shù)的類型(范文抓斗,箱取樣器,潛水員操作的設(shè)備,抽樣框等),重復(fù)次數(shù)(3?20),樣品處理(篩孔差異)和采樣策略(如隨機(jī)或固定),主要取決于生境類型(例如潮間帶,潮下帶),所使用的指標(biāo)類型,預(yù)期的統(tǒng)計(jì)功效,該計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)和可用預(yù)算(穆??ǖ热耍?007年b;范·霍伊等人,2007;約瑟夫森等,2009;Lavesque等,2009)。在抽樣策略的不同(如固定或隨機(jī)的)有其統(tǒng)計(jì)力量和所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)的多樣性的后果(凡德爾米爾,1997)。所以很明顯,生物多樣性的評估及其豐富(所有指標(biāo)的主要術(shù)語)就抽樣策略具有不同的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。目前,國家和區(qū)域監(jiān)測方法在歐洲范圍內(nèi)各不相同,有些方面需要在MSFD的光下加以協(xié)調(diào)。
然而,一旦入侵物種已經(jīng)確立了自己的自然系統(tǒng),幾乎是不可能采取措施消除或減少影響。因此,預(yù)防進(jìn)一步的入侵是指令內(nèi)至關(guān)重要的,由于常高的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失與入侵(皮門特爾等人,2000)和對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵作用有影響。許多國際論壇同意預(yù)防措施,注重預(yù)防的品種引進(jìn)和一個(gè)快速響應(yīng)的外來物種,甚至之前的任何影響在生物學(xué)界被檢測到。因此,早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)應(yīng)包括檢測,診斷,快速篩查,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估,確
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定適當(dāng)?shù)捻憫?yīng),向主管機(jī)關(guān)報(bào)告和權(quán)威回應(yīng)(見歐洲外來入侵物種;http://eceuropa.eu/ environment/nature/invasivealien/index_en.htm)。每個(gè)級別應(yīng)該與潛在的新的外來物種'報(bào)警'名單,監(jiān)視,監(jiān)控,分類學(xué)專家,工作組和主管部門有聯(lián)系。這必須根據(jù)良好的生態(tài)知識研究,以及深入的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)專業(yè)知識,否則新的入侵將陸續(xù)到來,忽視或過晚。因此,科學(xué)家不僅需要監(jiān)測環(huán)境的狀態(tài),而且要預(yù)測未來的變化,并設(shè)法減輕或管理它們。
5.、結(jié)論
歐盟水框架指令的實(shí)施,導(dǎo)致了生態(tài)或環(huán)境評估的專項(xiàng)科研,伴隨著幾個(gè)指標(biāo)的制定,以及有關(guān)的指導(dǎo)原則達(dá)成的討論。這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)促進(jìn)了關(guān)于歐盟水框架指令長處和短處的更好理解,這是在文獻(xiàn)中廣泛討論的。特別是對于底棲無脊椎動(dòng)物,積累的知識是廣泛的,在很大程度上反映了一個(gè)長期的關(guān)于底棲研究方法的當(dāng)務(wù)之急,以有效的環(huán)境評估。該MSFD定義了與WFD相似的目標(biāo),部分是為了避免需要開發(fā)新方法,但有些原則是完全不同的,比如在這方面貢獻(xiàn)的確定。
由于歐洲的海洋區(qū)域和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)空間范圍的復(fù)雜性,用于識別萬向指示的范圍是有限的,并且對于一些人來說,顯著采樣/分析努力對于做一個(gè)自信的評估來說是必需的。相關(guān)的生境類型和空間上可定義壓力梯度的成立取樣策略的實(shí)施,對于可靠的狀態(tài)評估和管理活動(dòng)的有效性進(jìn)行評價(jià)來說,是一個(gè)不可缺少的先決條件。指標(biāo)提供以證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)的信息,但也有不足之處,考慮到其在生態(tài)或環(huán)境評估使用,謹(jǐn)慎始終是必需的。因此,專家必須參與各級行政部門(區(qū)域歐盟)生態(tài)或環(huán)境評估的各個(gè)階段,以確保成果的質(zhì)量和一致性。
所有建議的方法都有優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),并仍在發(fā)展更具成本效益的一攬子措施。討論和測試方法會(huì)導(dǎo)致評估他們對生態(tài)或環(huán)境狀況的選擇進(jìn)一步深入了解和改善。很多方法都適用于某些區(qū)域或出于某種目的,但很少(如果有的話)有能力來解決所有的問題。因此,為確??鐓^(qū)域的類似評估策略,必須采取措施,允許采用相同的原則環(huán)境狀況的區(qū)域范圍的評估,即使為了使用不同的評估工具必須給予津貼也是值得的。辦法適用的程度取決于對跨區(qū)域的方法和其多功能性的復(fù)雜性。世界糧食日已經(jīng)發(fā)起并加速這個(gè)話題的科研成果,并且MSFD可以從中獲利。因此,MSFD和歐盟水框架指令的實(shí)施,需要良好的溝通。
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參考文獻(xiàn)
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙
different impact sources affecting soft-bottom benthic communities along European coasts.Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 835–845.Borja, A., Franco, J., Valencia, V., Bald, J., Muxika, I., Belzunce, M.J., Solaun, O., 2004.Implementation of the European water framework directive from the Basque country(northern Spain): a methodological approach.Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, 209–218.Borja, A., Bricker, S.B., Dauer, D.M., Demetriades, N.T., Ferreira, J.G., Forbes, A.T., Hutchings, P., Jia, X.P., Kenchington, R., Marques, J.C., Zhu, C.B., 2009b.Ecological integrity assessment, ecosystem-based approach, and integrative methodologies: are these concepts equivalent? Marine Pollution Bulletin 58,457–458.Borja, A., Ranasinghe, A., Weisberg, S.B., 2009c.Assessing ecological integrity in marine waters, using multiple indices and ecosystem components: challenges for the future.Marine Pollution Bulletin 59, 1–4.Borja, A., Miles, A., Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Berg, T., 2009d.Current status of macroinvertebrate methods used for assessing the quality of European marine waters: implementing the Water Framework Directive.Hydrobiologia 633,181–196.Buhl-Mortensen, L., Aure, J., Oug, O., 2009.The Response of Hyperbenthos and Infauna to Hypoxia in Fjords Along The Skagerrak: Estimating Loss of Biodiversity Due to Eutrophication.In: Moksness., E., Stotterup, E., Dahl, J.(Eds.), Integrated Coastal Zone Management.Wiley-Blackwell Publ, UK, pp.79–96.Carey, J.M., Keough, M.J., 2002.The variability of estimates of variance, and its effect on power analysis in monitoring design.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 74, 225–241.Chainho, P., Costa, J.L., Chaves, M.L., Dauer, D.M., Costa, M.J., 2007.Influence of seasonal variability in benthic invertebrate community structure on the use of biotic indices to assess the ecological status of a Portuguese estuary.Marine Pollution Bulletin 54, 1586–1597.Clarke, K.R., Somerfield, P.J., Airoldi, L., Warwick, R.M., 2006.Exploring interactions by second-stage community analyses.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 338, 179–192.Daunys, D., Zemlys, P., Olenin, S., Zaiko, A., Ferrarin, C., 2006.Impact of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha invasion on the budget of suspended material in a shallow lagoon ecosystem.Helgoland Marine Research 60, 113–120.Dauvin, J.C., 2007.Paradox of estuarine quality: benthic indicators and indices, consensus or debate for the future.Marine Pollution Bulletin 55, 271–281.Dauvin, J.C., Ruellet, T., 2009.The estuarine quality paradox: is it possible to define an ecological quality status for specific modified and naturally stressedestuarine ecosystems Marine Pollution Bulletin 59, 38–47
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第三篇:本科畢設(shè)答辯演講稿
尊敬的各位老師,上午好!
我叫xxx,是xx級xx班的學(xué)生,我的論文題目是粘聲波正演模擬方法研究,論文是在xx導(dǎo)師的悉心指點(diǎn)下完成的,在這里我向我的導(dǎo)師表示深深的謝意,向各位老師不辭辛苦參加我的論文答辯表示衷心的感謝,下面我將本論文設(shè)計(jì)的目的和主要內(nèi)容向各位老師作一匯報(bào),懇請各位老師批評指導(dǎo)。
首先,我想談?wù)勥@個(gè)畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)的目的及意義
在地震勘探中,我們通常把地下介質(zhì)為看成彈性各向同性介質(zhì)。但是在實(shí)際中,地下介質(zhì)為非完全彈性各向異性介質(zhì),存在吸收衰減現(xiàn)象。因此更趨向于粘彈性。粘彈介質(zhì)正演模擬方法的研究對于還原地下介質(zhì)的真實(shí)情況具有較強(qiáng)的理論意義和實(shí)際意義。由于粘彈性介質(zhì)的正演模擬計(jì)算成本較高,計(jì)算繁瑣,為了降低計(jì)算成本,本文進(jìn)行了聲學(xué)近似下的粘聲波正演模擬方法研究。下面是關(guān)于正演模擬方法的簡單分類:
地震波正演模擬方法基于理論基礎(chǔ)和表達(dá)形式可以分為三種:1>積分方程法(基于惠更斯原理);2>地震波方程數(shù)值解法(基于波動(dòng)方程);3>射線追蹤法(基于射線理論)
根據(jù)求解方法,地震波方程數(shù)值解法可分為有限元法、偽譜法、有限差分法。
有限元法算法比較復(fù)雜,計(jì)算較慢,而偽譜法不適合物性劇烈變化的復(fù)雜模型,相比于這兩種方法,有限差分法可以適應(yīng)劇烈變化的地下介質(zhì),算法速度較快。因此,此處選擇有限差分法進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬。
第二部分是國內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀。
從19世紀(jì)四十年代第一次提出粘彈性介質(zhì)理論,粘性介質(zhì)理論不斷發(fā)展,到現(xiàn)在,已經(jīng)逐步發(fā)展成熟。國內(nèi)的相關(guān)研究也逐漸增多。
第三部分為正演模擬的過程。流程圖如圖所示……
如圖所示為粘聲波方程,具體的推導(dǎo)過程在論文10-12頁有詳細(xì)的推到步驟。
由于涉及到了網(wǎng)格的選取,網(wǎng)格是用來實(shí)現(xiàn)介質(zhì)模型離散化的一種常用手段,所以此處對網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行了簡單的介紹。由于計(jì)算量相同時(shí),交錯(cuò)網(wǎng)格數(shù)值模比常規(guī)網(wǎng)格更精確,數(shù)值計(jì)算更穩(wěn)定,收斂速度更快,壓制數(shù)值頻散更徹底。因此我使用交錯(cuò)網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行模擬。
如圖為推導(dǎo)出的差分系數(shù)計(jì)算矩陣與交錯(cuò)網(wǎng)格有限差分格式,推導(dǎo)過程詳見論文13-16頁。
對于震源的選擇,此處,我選擇的是雷克子波作為加載的震源,來模擬激發(fā)地震波。表達(dá)式如圖所示。為了檢測震源是否準(zhǔn)確,我選用頻率為30hz,做出雷克子波的特征圖:
……
由于實(shí)際介質(zhì)更加傾向于半無限空間,所以要進(jìn)行邊界條件的選擇,邊界條件分為衰減邊界條件、吸收邊界條件,本文應(yīng)用的是是PML吸收邊界條件,如圖所示。然后為了檢驗(yàn)邊界條件的作用,我用簡單的單層介質(zhì)模型進(jìn)行了簡單的測試,結(jié)果如圖所示,從圖中可以看出,當(dāng)沒有邊界條件的時(shí)候,在界面處會(huì)產(chǎn)生明顯的反射波。
有限差分法最大的局限性就是數(shù)值頻散問題。造成數(shù)值頻散現(xiàn)象的原因有很多,例如震源精度,采樣間隔,波形畸變等因素的影響??梢杂眠@三種方法來壓制數(shù)值頻散?!?/p>
然后我用選取不同階數(shù)的正常聲波常規(guī)網(wǎng)格有限差分算子進(jìn)行簡單的試算,如圖所示:……
第四部分為模型的試算,為了探究地震波的傳播規(guī)律,首先我建立了一個(gè)簡單的正序三層分布模型,模型的相關(guān)參數(shù)以及震源位置如圖所示,來模擬地震波在地下介質(zhì)中的傳播?!?/p>
然后我有建立了兩個(gè)三層分布模型,一個(gè)含高速夾層,一個(gè)含低速夾層,震源位置如圖所示。
這是他們在同一時(shí)刻的波場快照。……
之后,為了探究了粘聲波的衰減規(guī)律,我建立了一個(gè)四層分布模型,模型參數(shù)如圖所示,右圖分別為正常聲波跟粘聲波沿測線方向的炮記錄,為了對比明顯,我選取第30道的聲波記錄跟粘聲記錄,放到一個(gè)表格中進(jìn)行對比,如圖所示,進(jìn)行局部放大,可以看出粘聲波的地震記錄在深層的反射波的振幅明與普通聲波的相比,有明顯的衰減現(xiàn)象,同相軸相對教弱;在深層,粘聲波的記錄的波形變化比較嚴(yán)重。也就是說,粘性介質(zhì)考慮到了地層對能量的衰減作用,反射波的能量比完全彈性的介質(zhì)減弱很多,更加的符合實(shí)際的底層情況。
……… 最后,再次謝謝各位老師的聆聽,歡迎各位老師批評指正。
第四篇:建筑學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯 題目: 德黑蘭城市發(fā)展
學(xué) 院: 專 業(yè): 學(xué) 號: 學(xué)生姓名: 指導(dǎo)教師:
城市建設(shè)學(xué)院 建筑學(xué)
日 期: 二零一一年六月
First Chapter:Development of the city of Tehran
Ali Madanipour 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
Tehran :the making of a metropolis,F(xiàn)irst Chapter:Development of the city of Tehran,Ali Madanipour,ISBN:0471957798,Press: New York John Wiley,1998,page five to page eleven。
第一章:德黑蘭市的發(fā)展
阿里.馬丹妮普爾
德黑蘭:一個(gè)大都市的建造,第一章:德黑蘭市的發(fā)展,阿里.馬丹妮普爾,書號:0471957798,紐約John Wiley出版社,1998,第五頁到第十一頁。
德黑蘭市的發(fā)展
全市已長成了一定的規(guī)模性和復(fù)雜性,以這樣的程度,空間管理需要另外的手段來處理城市組織和不斷發(fā)展的復(fù)雜性,并為城市總體規(guī)劃做準(zhǔn)備。
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,在盟軍占領(lǐng)國家的期間,有一個(gè)時(shí)期的民主化,在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)開始的政治緊張局勢之后,它們互相斗爭對石油的控制權(quán)。這個(gè)時(shí)期已經(jīng)結(jié)束于1953年,結(jié)果 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
是由政變產(chǎn)生了伊朗王,那個(gè)后來擔(dān)任了25年的行政君主的人。隨著高出生率和農(nóng)村向城市遷移,德黑蘭和其他大城市增長加劇甚至比以前更快地。到1956年,德黑蘭的人口上升到150萬,到了1966至300萬,1976至450萬,其規(guī)模也從1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。
從石油行業(yè)的收入增長創(chuàng)造的盈余資源,需要流通和經(jīng)濟(jì)的吸收。50年代中期,特別是在工業(yè)化的驅(qū)動(dòng)下德黑蘭許多大城市有了新工作。20世紀(jì)60年代的土地改革釋放了大量來自農(nóng)業(yè)的農(nóng)村人口,這是不能吸收的指數(shù)人口增長。這種新的勞動(dòng)力被吸引到城市:到新的產(chǎn)業(yè),到似乎始終蓬勃發(fā)展建筑界,去服務(wù)不斷增長公共部門和官僚機(jī)構(gòu)。德黑蘭的角色是國家的行政,經(jīng)濟(jì),文化中心,它堅(jiān)定而鞏固地通往外面的世界。德黑蘭戰(zhàn)后的城市擴(kuò)張,是在管制、私營部門的推動(dòng),投機(jī)性的發(fā)展下進(jìn)行的。房屋一直供不應(yīng)求,并有大量可用的富余勞動(dòng)力和資本,因此在德黑蘭建筑行業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展,土地和財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)格不斷上漲。這個(gè)城市成長為一個(gè)在某種意義上道路對外脫節(jié)的,城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村一體化的,郊區(qū)不斷增長的新的定居點(diǎn)。這加強(qiáng)了社會(huì)的孤立性,破壞了郊區(qū)的花園和綠地,并使城市管理者的感到無能為力。1962年一位副市長在德黑蘭表示:“建筑物和居民點(diǎn)已經(jīng)滿足人們所想要的無論何處何種樣子”,創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)“事實(shí)上城鎮(zhèn)相互連接的方式不當(dāng)”的城市(Nafisi, 1964,第426頁)。有許多事情迫切需要做,但市政府并沒有法律上或經(jīng)濟(jì)上有能力處理這進(jìn)程。
1966年市政法第一次規(guī)定了城規(guī)最高委員會(huì)的法律體制和土地利用規(guī)劃公司的綜合計(jì)劃。還有他一系列法律,以支持德黑蘭市的新的法律和體制安排,使住房和其他管理工作在城市中發(fā)展起來。最重要的一步是策劃的德黑蘭綜合計(jì)劃于1968年被批準(zhǔn)。它是由一個(gè)伊朗規(guī)劃師Fereydun Ghaffari領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的美國的Victor Gruen和伊朗的Aziz Farmanfarmaian所共同產(chǎn)生的(Ardalan,1986)。該計(jì)劃確定的城市的問題是:城市密度過高特別是城市中心、主要道路沿線商業(yè)活動(dòng)的膨脹、污染、不完善的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,貧困地區(qū)廣泛的失業(yè)和低收入群體不斷地遷移到德黑蘭。解決的辦法是城市自然社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型。(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).不過該提案大多主張形態(tài)上的變化,試圖強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的理念,強(qiáng)加這個(gè)復(fù)雜的都市的秩序。設(shè)想這個(gè)城市的未來可向西形成一個(gè)線性多中心的形式,減少密度和市中心的擠塞情況。全市將形成10個(gè)地區(qū),其他各區(qū)由綠化帶隔開,每個(gè)地區(qū)約50萬居民,并設(shè)置擁有高樓的商業(yè)及工業(yè)中心。各個(gè)地區(qū)(mantagheh)將分為若干區(qū)域(nahyeh)和社區(qū)(mahalleh)。每個(gè)區(qū)域人口約1.5到3萬,有一所中學(xué)和商業(yè)中心以及其他必要設(shè)施。每個(gè)社區(qū)有大約5000居民,有一所小學(xué)和一個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)氐纳虡I(yè)中心。這些地區(qū)和區(qū)域?qū)⒂邢噙B的交通運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò),包括高速公路,捷運(yùn)路線及巴士路線。過境路線的站點(diǎn)會(huì)迅速發(fā)展為活動(dòng)度高居住密度高的節(jié)點(diǎn)。重建及改善計(jì)劃中將有60萬人離開中心地區(qū)(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).。
幾乎所有這些措施可以追溯到那個(gè)擁有時(shí)尚規(guī)劃理念的時(shí)代,這主要是受英國新城鎮(zhèn)的影響。在Victor Gruen的《我們城市的心臟》(1965)書中,曾設(shè)想未來的中心大 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
都市會(huì)由10個(gè)城市包圍,每個(gè)國家都有它自己的中心。這很像Ebenezer Howard’s(1960年,第142頁)提到的,那個(gè)四周被園林城市群包圍著的中心城市:“社會(huì)的城市”。在德黑蘭的規(guī)劃中,這一概念的直譯版被使用。另一個(gè)在英國新城鎮(zhèn)被使用的概念,比如Redditch和 Runcorn,是把公共交通路線作為城市的骨架的重要性,其停車點(diǎn)是它的重點(diǎn)服務(wù)中心。使用鄰里中心和小學(xué)來限制鄰里單元人口,這被廣泛應(yīng)用于這些新市鎮(zhèn),這是一個(gè)曾在20世紀(jì)20年代在美國發(fā)展的想法(Mumford, 1954)。這些思想依然存在,但是,主要是在紙面上。該計(jì)劃已執(zhí)行,已在美國城市規(guī)劃中有根深蒂固的想法,包括了用高速公路網(wǎng)的不斷延伸去連接城市的脫節(jié)部分;在不同地區(qū)的社會(huì)管理和物理性質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行區(qū)劃;引進(jìn)容積率的控制發(fā)展的密度。
在20世紀(jì)70年代進(jìn)行的其他主要規(guī)劃工作包括Shahrak Gharb的局部發(fā)展新城鎮(zhèn),以及Shahestan依照英國顧問Llewelyn–Davies提出的規(guī)劃新的城市行政中心,雖然這被當(dāng)做正在上升的革命浪潮后來從未實(shí)施過。
革命和后革命時(shí)期可分為三個(gè)階段:革命(1979-1988年),重建(1989-1996年)和改革(1997-2004),每個(gè)都展示了德黑蘭城市規(guī)劃中不同的做法。
德黑蘭和其他城市經(jīng)過兩年大量實(shí)證,1979年有代表性的是一個(gè)革命的到來推翻了伊朗君主,由議會(huì)共和制和神父統(tǒng)治的不穩(wěn)定結(jié)合所取代。其原因可以追溯到在國王的發(fā)展模式導(dǎo)致了許多沖突,現(xiàn)代與傳統(tǒng),經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與政治發(fā)展,全球市場力量和地方資產(chǎn)階級力量,外國勢力和民族主義,腐敗和自滿中堅(jiān)分子與不滿的群眾。像1906年的革命一樣,許多隱藏意見的累積使1979的革命成為可能。在第一次革命,維新已占了上風(fēng),而在第二次,傳統(tǒng)主義者贏得了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。然而,無論革命的態(tài)度還是他們掌握政權(quán)之后的一系列重大問題,包括城市發(fā)展都顯示出現(xiàn)代化的偏好。從這個(gè)意義上講,該國的這兩個(gè)爆炸革命事件可以被看作是在動(dòng)蕩中逐步轉(zhuǎn)型所作的努力(Madanipour,1998,2003)。革命是在與伊拉克長期戰(zhàn)爭(1980-1988)之后,其間停止了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。在城市發(fā)展方面的投資減少,而農(nóng)村地區(qū)和省城受到革命政府的青睞,同時(shí)遏制從農(nóng)村向城市遷移并與大城市公平對待。在此期間主要規(guī)劃干預(yù)是對白天城市中心的私家車活動(dòng)的限制。同時(shí),戰(zhàn)爭和新政府的免費(fèi)或低費(fèi)用的設(shè)施,吸引了更多的人承諾向首都城市移民,到1986年人口達(dá)600萬。從20世紀(jì)50年代城市人口的增長速度已開始減慢,而直到80年代中期首都的增長都更快,但是它的增長率也開始下降(Khatam, 1993)。在革命和戰(zhàn)爭后,正常化和重建時(shí)期開始了,其中大部分持續(xù)到上世紀(jì)90年代。這期間見證了德黑蘭城市規(guī)劃的若干努力。但是沒有一個(gè)有效的框架來管理劇烈的城市發(fā)展。綜合計(jì)劃在革命后遭到攻擊,因?yàn)樗徽J(rèn)為無法適應(yīng)變化。1998年,市長批評它主要是形態(tài)上的發(fā)展規(guī)劃、植根于前政權(quán)的政治框架、并沒有足夠重視實(shí)際操作問題(Dehaghani,1995)。
綜合計(jì)劃的25年壽命在1991年結(jié)束。一個(gè)伊朗顧問公司(A-Tech)受委托于1985年籌備1986-1996期間的規(guī)劃。經(jīng)過多次延遲,在1993年,該計(jì)劃最終被城市規(guī)劃高級理事會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。該計(jì)劃還注重增長的管理和線性空間戰(zhàn)略,利用了城市區(qū)域,次區(qū)域,地 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
區(qū),小區(qū)和鄰里尺度。它促進(jìn)保護(hù)、權(quán)力下放、多中心發(fā)展,有五個(gè)衛(wèi)星新市鎮(zhèn),并發(fā)展住宅增加城市密度。該協(xié)會(huì)建議,城市在5個(gè)亞區(qū)中被劃分成22個(gè)區(qū),每個(gè)區(qū)都擁有自己的服務(wù)中心(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004)。
1993年的計(jì)劃不受市政當(dāng)局歡迎,不同意它的估價(jià)和優(yōu)先次序,認(rèn)為它不現(xiàn)實(shí)、昂貴、無法實(shí)施。1996-2001年期間市政當(dāng)局自己做了一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃,它被認(rèn)為是德黑蘭市政的第一個(gè)規(guī)劃或是德黑蘭80。它強(qiáng)調(diào)對一個(gè)城市提出戰(zhàn)略和政策來實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的第一個(gè)規(guī)劃,而不是以介紹土地利用規(guī)劃為目標(biāo)。它把城市的主要問題確定為能提供服務(wù)的資源短缺、城市發(fā)展模式和速度、環(huán)境污染、缺乏有效的公共交通工具、效率低下和官僚主義。然后市政府對城市的未來遠(yuǎn)景概述了六個(gè)主要特征:一個(gè)清潔的城市,建設(shè)便于運(yùn)動(dòng)的城市公園和綠化帶,新的文化和體育設(shè)施,改革發(fā)展的城市組織,以及對城市空間的改善,包括土地利用和保護(hù)的全面和詳細(xì)的計(jì)劃的編制規(guī)劃(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996)。
全市實(shí)施了1968年的計(jì)劃中提出的一部分建議,諸如增加南方的綠色開放空間,或是興建高速公路網(wǎng);開放城市的大部分地區(qū)使之得到新的發(fā)展以緩解全城的運(yùn)作。繼承1993年計(jì)劃的意見,市政府放寬容積率限制,并允許熱鬧地帶有更高的密度。然而,這并非基于規(guī)劃的考慮,主要是為了使市政當(dāng)局的財(cái)政獨(dú)立。這在發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)廣受歡迎,但受到公民的爭議。開發(fā)者可以通過向市政府繳納罰款建立更高的建筑物,而不必考慮對周圍環(huán)境的影響,這個(gè)政策俗稱“密度銷售”。該城市的面貌,特別是在其北部地區(qū),是在短期內(nèi)改變的,其中包括中通過寬闊的街道和高速公路連接高樓大廈。在較貧窮的南部,一個(gè)大型的重建項(xiàng)目Navab穿過密集而破舊的建筑物建造高速公路,建立龐大的上層建筑的各個(gè)方面。這個(gè)城市的行政邊界擴(kuò)大了兩次,一次向外,一次向西,涵蓋了700平方公里的22個(gè)區(qū)市。
這個(gè)時(shí)期的重建爭議隨著民主的改革而產(chǎn)生,它重新啟動(dòng)了城市市議會(huì)的選舉,這首先造成了市長和市政府關(guān)系的制度混亂。該會(huì)于2001年公布了自己的城市構(gòu)想作為德黑蘭憲章,這總結(jié)了大會(huì)上安理會(huì)成員、非政府組織和市政專家之間原則上同意的問題。該憲章主要采納了可持續(xù)性和民主性原則,被用于開發(fā)自然和處理環(huán)境、交通、社會(huì)、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)問題、城市管理戰(zhàn)略、區(qū)域性城市,國家和國際角色。
Development of the city of Tehran The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent thatits spatial managementneeded additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipalorganization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
and struggles over the control of oil.This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years.With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before.By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million;its size grew from 46 km2 in 1934 to 250 km2 in 1976(Kariman, 1976;Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy.An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran.The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth.This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy.Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world, was firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development.Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available;hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran.The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements.This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless.A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’(Nafisi, 1964, p.426).There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans.A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city.The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968.It was produced by a consortium of Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner(Ardalan, 1986).The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre;expansion of commercial activities along the main roads;pollution;inefficient infrastructure;widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran.The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis.The future of the city was envisaged to be growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre.The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts,each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings.Each district(mantagheh)would be subdivided into a number of areas(nahyeh)and neighborhoods(mahalleh).An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities.A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre.These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route.The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density.A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns.In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen(1965)had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities,each with its own centre.This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s(1960, p.142)‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities.In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used.Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci.The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States(Mumford, 1954).These ideas remained, however, largely on paper.Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
parts of the sprawling metropolis;zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas;and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution(1979–1988), reconstruction(1989–1996), and reform(1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism.Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses.Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible.In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership.However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization.In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troubled efforts at progressive transformation(Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war(1980–1988)with Iraq, which halted economic development.Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities.The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre.Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986.The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline(Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
lasted for most of the 1990s.This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran.Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it.The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change.In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation(Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991.A firm of Iranian consultants(A-Tech)was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996.After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council.This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood.It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city.It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement.The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80.Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them.It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services;the pace and pattern of urban growth;environmental pollution;the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy.The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan;opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city.Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning.This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality.This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens.Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment.The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to high-rise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways.In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side.The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to encompass 22 district municipalities in 700 km2.This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which re-launched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality.The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2001, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, non-governmental organizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject.The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles.
第五篇:交通畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文及翻譯
Synchro在交通控制與設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用
在城市的較小的區(qū)域內(nèi),可以對區(qū)域內(nèi)的所有交叉口進(jìn)行控制;在城市較大的區(qū)域,可以對區(qū)域進(jìn)行分區(qū)分級控制。分區(qū)的結(jié)果往往使面控制成為一個(gè)由幾條線控制組成的分級集中控制系統(tǒng),這時(shí),可認(rèn)為各線控制是面控制中的一個(gè)單元;有時(shí)分區(qū)的結(jié)果是成為一個(gè)點(diǎn),線,面控制的綜合性分級控制系統(tǒng)?,F(xiàn)在對城市道路進(jìn)行區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)控制就是將其劃分為多級多個(gè)信號控制子區(qū),對信號子區(qū)進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)控制,優(yōu)化管理控制信號子區(qū),然后對整個(gè)道路進(jìn)行區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)控制,達(dá)到整個(gè)城市道路優(yōu)化的目的。
把城市道路劃分為多個(gè)信號控制子區(qū),也就是進(jìn)行城市道路干線交叉口交通信號協(xié)調(diào)控制,把城市劃分為多個(gè)主路控制,再把主路上各個(gè)交叉口進(jìn)行聯(lián)動(dòng)控制,同時(shí),對單個(gè)交叉口信號控制優(yōu)化的同時(shí)需要考慮主路上下游各個(gè)交叉口的聯(lián)動(dòng)控制。主路上的各個(gè)交叉口按照設(shè)計(jì)的信號配時(shí)方案進(jìn)行運(yùn)行,使車輛進(jìn)入城市主干道交叉口時(shí),不至經(jīng)常遇到紅燈,稱為城市主干道交叉口信號協(xié)調(diào)控制,稱為“綠波”信號控制。
城市單點(diǎn)交叉口作為城市交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的重要組成部分,作為城市道路交通問題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。對城市單點(diǎn)交叉口,評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的參考指標(biāo):交叉口的通行能力、進(jìn)口道的飽和度、道路交叉口進(jìn)口道停車延誤、交叉口進(jìn)口道停車次數(shù)、進(jìn)口道排隊(duì)長度和汽車的油耗等。交叉口定時(shí)信號控制配時(shí)方法在不斷的改進(jìn)之中,國內(nèi)外大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為從不同的評價(jià)指標(biāo)出發(fā),可以采用不同的種優(yōu)化算法尋求其它更合理的配時(shí)方法。
平面交叉口按交通管制方式可以分為全無控制交叉口、主路優(yōu)先控制交叉口、信號燈控制交叉口、環(huán)形交叉口等幾種類型。主路優(yōu)先控制交叉口,是在次路上設(shè)停車讓行或減速讓行標(biāo)志,指令次路車輛必須停車或減速讓主路車輛優(yōu)先通行的一種交通管制方式。
交叉口是道路網(wǎng)中通行能力的“瓶頸”和交通事故的“黑點(diǎn)”。國內(nèi)外城市中的交通堵塞主要發(fā)上在交叉口,造成車輛中斷,事故增多,延誤嚴(yán)重。如日本大城市中的機(jī)動(dòng)車在城市中心的旅行時(shí)間約三分之一花在平面交叉口上。同時(shí),交叉口也是交通事故的主要發(fā)生源。美國交通事故約有一半發(fā)生在交叉口;原聯(lián)邦德國道路上的交通事故約有百分之三十六發(fā)上在交叉口,城市中的交通事故約有百分之六十到百分之八十發(fā)生在交叉口及其附近。因此,交叉口這個(gè)交通事故“多發(fā)源”問題不能不引起人們的高度關(guān)注。怎樣對城市交叉口實(shí)施科學(xué)管理就是本
節(jié)要討論的問題。實(shí)施管制的方式取決于交叉口的幾何特征和交通狀況目的是為了保障交叉口的交通安全和和充分發(fā)揮交叉口的通行能力。本節(jié)主要以十字交叉口為主,討論全無控制交叉口和主路優(yōu)先控制交叉口,同時(shí)簡要介紹現(xiàn)代環(huán)形交叉口的基本要點(diǎn)。
單個(gè)交叉口的控制策略會(huì)對其上游及下游道路交叉口的車流量產(chǎn)生很大的影響,上游和下游交叉口距離越近交通流量越大的情況下,影響會(huì)越大。交通信號“點(diǎn)控制”就是把單獨(dú)的交叉口拿出來進(jìn)行單獨(dú)的分析,對其進(jìn)行單獨(dú)的信號優(yōu)化和道路控制策略,而不考慮該交叉口對其上下游交叉口的影響。城市道路交通信號區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)控制的就是研究在一個(gè)城市道路子區(qū)內(nèi),對各個(gè)道路交叉口進(jìn)行的信號周期時(shí)長、交叉口的綠信比以及路口間的相位差進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,以減小交叉口的停車延誤、提高城市路網(wǎng)的通行能力的交通區(qū)域信號協(xié)調(diào)控制方法。隨著城市道路區(qū)域信號協(xié)調(diào)控制理論的發(fā)展,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),可以把一個(gè)較大的城市的道路交通區(qū)域路網(wǎng)看成一個(gè)大的整體,對其進(jìn)行交通信號協(xié)調(diào)控制及優(yōu)化,由于道路路網(wǎng)及機(jī)動(dòng)車流量的復(fù)雜性,但是對其優(yōu)化結(jié)果對其通行能力的提高不是很理想。因此,從20世紀(jì)70年代,許多研究者開始嘗試將龐大、復(fù)雜繁瑣的道路路網(wǎng)按照一定的原則和方法模型進(jìn)行劃分,劃分成若干個(gè)信號控制子區(qū),然后再對信號控制子區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)信號控制,用以提高城市里整個(gè)道路路網(wǎng)的協(xié)調(diào)控制效果。
目前,城市道路交通擁堵問題己經(jīng)成為全國乃至全世界都普遍關(guān)注問題。城市道路及交叉口作為城市交通道路的基本服務(wù)設(shè)施,主要包括道路交叉口與路段,其服務(wù)性能的良好運(yùn)行直接影響到城市交通的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
城市道路交叉口是道路系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,城市道路通過交叉口這個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)把各條道路互相連接構(gòu)成城市的道路路網(wǎng),來協(xié)調(diào)交叉口各個(gè)進(jìn)口方向上的車流量需要;同時(shí)在城市道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)中各種各樣的交通流(機(jī)動(dòng)車,非機(jī)動(dòng)車,行人)在此相互交叉通過、分流轉(zhuǎn)向,可見交叉口是城市道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)最為重要的位置。但交叉口也是交通堵塞和交通事故的多發(fā)地點(diǎn)。城市道路運(yùn)輸機(jī)動(dòng)車的效率、道路安全度、交叉口通行能力、道路的服務(wù)水平對環(huán)境和能源的影響基本上取決于城市道路交叉口的通行能力。
在對城市道路交叉口中控制和優(yōu)化中最為常見的是信號控制,在信號控制中單點(diǎn)信號交叉口是城市道路控制與優(yōu)化的基礎(chǔ)。對城市道路交叉口進(jìn)行科學(xué)合理的信號控制與優(yōu)化,是提高城市交叉口的交通安全和通行能力、減少交叉口停車
延誤的有效措施,可以緩解城市擁堵的交通問題。
對城市道路交叉口信號進(jìn)行控制優(yōu)化的方法模型進(jìn)行說明,介紹了交通信號燈控制的基本方法,熟悉介紹交通信號管理軟件synchro的相關(guān)功能和仿真情況,以synchro為工具進(jìn)行城市道路區(qū)域的協(xié)調(diào)控制,對城市道路區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)控制模型進(jìn)行介紹!以呼和浩特城市道路為例,通過對呼和浩特道路現(xiàn)狀交通的分析調(diào)查,運(yùn)用交通管理軟件synchro進(jìn)行仿真,通過對仿真結(jié)果的分析結(jié)合呼和浩特現(xiàn)在的道路狀況,得到現(xiàn)狀道路所存在的交通問題,通過對問題的分析,提出相應(yīng)的優(yōu)化方案,然后運(yùn)用synchro對優(yōu)化后的交通情況進(jìn)行仿真,對比評價(jià)仿真結(jié)果,提出優(yōu)化方案。對城市交通信號問題進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,挺高城市交通道路的通行能力!完善城市交通的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施!
本論文通過對城市道路交叉口交通信號的控制的說明,介紹了交通信號燈控制的基本方法,引出了城市道路交通信號區(qū)域控制,通過對城市交通信號區(qū)域控制的介紹,提出了對城市道路交通信號區(qū)域進(jìn)行分級控制優(yōu)化的方法模型。
本論文通過對交通信號仿真優(yōu)化軟件synchro6.0各個(gè)功能的介紹,軟件優(yōu)化模型及各評價(jià)指標(biāo)的計(jì)算方法與模型的相關(guān)介紹?;诤艉秃铺厥行鲁菂^(qū),以新城區(qū)新華大街為主干道進(jìn)行城市道路主干道交通信號控制與優(yōu)化仿真。通過對新華大街與錫林郭勒北路,新華大街與迎賓北路,新華大街與呼倫貝爾北路各個(gè)交叉口交通信號配時(shí)方案,道路屬性,交通量等進(jìn)行調(diào)查,通過對調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理研究,運(yùn)用交通信號控制仿真軟件synchro6.0進(jìn)行交通現(xiàn)狀的仿真,然后再對新華大街主干道信號配時(shí)方案進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,對優(yōu)化結(jié)果進(jìn)行仿真,進(jìn)行評價(jià)然后進(jìn)行優(yōu)化前后的仿真對比。說明道路主干道控制優(yōu)化的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。由于本次設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間較短,加上本人在這方面的學(xué)習(xí)研究還有待提高,所以本論文只能簡單地介紹相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)方法和模型,對于更加復(fù)雜交錯(cuò)的交叉口還有待進(jìn)一步的學(xué)習(xí)和研究。
總體來說,Synchro系統(tǒng)對信號交叉口的配時(shí)方案及優(yōu)化程序主要針對交叉口信號周期時(shí)長、相位方案和交叉口綠信比等進(jìn)行總體綜合優(yōu)化。該系統(tǒng)能充分考慮到該區(qū)域道路的各項(xiàng)性質(zhì)(交叉口范圍內(nèi)的公交站點(diǎn)、公共交通的影響,交叉口范圍內(nèi)的路邊停車、自行車和行人等各種外在因素對交叉口通行能力和服務(wù)水平的影響,其適用能力強(qiáng),是一種專業(yè)針對信號交叉口使用較為簡便的信號控制優(yōu)化配時(shí)軟件。
道路交叉口停車計(jì)算與交叉口延誤的計(jì)算方法相同。在交叉口進(jìn)口道產(chǎn)生停
車延誤的車輛數(shù)與排隊(duì)車輛數(shù)相同,如上圖中的Q。同時(shí)Synchro系統(tǒng)認(rèn)為10s以內(nèi)延誤的車輛沒有完全停車,對這些車輛,Synchro通過計(jì)算每個(gè)車輛每次在進(jìn)口道延誤的時(shí)間,對延誤在10s以內(nèi)的車輛按照定好的相應(yīng)比例確定停車數(shù)。
由于新華大街各個(gè)交叉口相距很近,使得交叉口與交叉口之間的車容量較小,而且各個(gè)交叉口之間的信號燈周期時(shí)長不同,不能進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)管理,亦使得新華大街不能進(jìn)行綠波交通控制。對各個(gè)交叉口信號周期進(jìn)行優(yōu)化后,可以顯著提高交叉口的服務(wù)水平,且可以對新華大街主干道進(jìn)行聯(lián)動(dòng)控制,大大的減小了新華大街主干道上的延誤
在這段時(shí)間里,我通過對交通信號管理與仿真軟件 synchro的不斷熟悉與運(yùn)用,逐漸深入的了解到了交叉口交通信號對城市道路交通的重要性!交通信號對于緩解現(xiàn)在各個(gè)城市道路擁擠的重要性,在這段時(shí)間里,我通過對呼和浩特新城區(qū)新華大街主干道道路情況和各個(gè)交叉口的交通情況的調(diào)查與統(tǒng)計(jì),發(fā)現(xiàn)可以運(yùn)用交通信號管理軟件synchro對各個(gè)交叉口進(jìn)行優(yōu)化仿真,可以使新華大街主干道進(jìn)行“線控制“,進(jìn)而提高新華大街主干道各個(gè)交叉口的通行能力。
Synchro in traffic control and the design application
In city of smaller area, within the area can be controlled all the intersection;In the city of large region, can region partition of hierarchical control.The division of the results often make level control into one by the few line of control the grading of centralized control system, at this moment, you may think that makes the control is the surface control a unit;Sometimes the division of the results is to become a point, line, face the comprehensive control of hierarchical control system.Now on the city road for regional coordination control is dividing the multilevel more signal control branch area, the son of signal area for coordinated control, optimizing the management control signal branch area, and then to the road for regional coordination control to achieve the purpose of the whole city road optimization.The urban road is divided into more signal control branch area, also is the city road junction lines to the traffic signal coordination control, the city is divided into more massive control, and each intersection on running for linkage control, at the same time, to a single intersection signal control optimization and at the same time to consider all the linkage of the massive upstream and downstream intersection control.Each intersection running according to design signal timing formula for operation, make the vehicle into the city intersection, not often meet with red light, called city intersection signal coordination control, known as the ”green wave“ signal control.City single point as a city intersection traffic network in the important part of urban road traffic problems as the key point.City intersection of single point, evaluation standard reference index: crossing capacity, the import of saturation, the way the intersections, intersection delay import way parking import stops, import way way queue length and the car fuel consumption, etc.Timing signal intersection control timing method in continuous improvement in, most scholars think both at home and abroad from different evaluation index set out, can adopt different kinds of optimization algorithm for other, more reasonable timing method.According to the plane intersection traffic control way without control can be divided into the intersection, massive priority control signal intersection control, intersection, ring intersection of several types.Massive priority intersection control, is on the way in time set the right-of-way or slow down the right-of-way parking sign, instruction time road vehicles must stop or slow down to the right-of-way vehicles running a traffic control method.Intersection of road network traffic capacity is in the ”bottleneck“ and traffic accidents ”black spots“.The traffic jam main cities at home and abroad to the hair in the intersection, causing traffic disruption, more accidents, delay serious.Such as Japan cities in motor vehicle in the city center of about a third of the travel time spent on plane intersection.At the same time, the intersection of the traffic accident is the main sources.The United States about half the traffic accident happened in the intersection;The federal Germany on the road traffic accident about thirty-six percent to the hair in the intersection, city in the traffic accident happened about sixty percent to eighty percent in the intersection and its nearby.Therefore, the intersection traffic accident ”was“ not aroused people's concern.How to carry out the scientific management of city intersection of this section is to talk
about the problem.Implementation of the control mode depends on the geometrical characteristics of the intersection and traffic conditions the purpose is to ensure the intersection of traffic safety and and give full play to the crossing capacity.This section mainly intersections is given priority to, to discuss all to no control intersection and massive priority intersection control, and briefly introduced the basic points of modern ring intersection.The single intersection control strategy of the upstream and downstream will road intersection traffic produce very big effect, intersection upstream and downstream the closer the greater the traffic flow, the greater the effect will be.The traffic signal ”point control" is to separate out the intersection of the separate analysis, and carry on the single signal optimization and road control strategy, and don't consider the intersection of the upstream and downstream the influence of the intersection.The urban road traffic signal control is the study of the regional coordination in a city way way zone, to each road intersections of signal period of how long, how intersection green than and between the letter at phase difference is optimized, to minimize the intersection delay parking, improve the urban road network capacity traffic signal control method coordination area.Along with the urban road area signal coordination control the development of the theory, the researchers found that, can be to a larger city road traffic area network as a great whole, the traffic signal coordination control and optimization, as a result of road network and the complexity of the flow of motor vehicles, but for the optimization results to the travel of the ability is not very ideal.Therefore, since the 1970 s, many researchers began to try to be huge, complex tedious road network according to certain principles and methods model division, divided into several signal control branch area, and then again to signal control subdomain coordinate signal control, to improve the way of city road network coordination control effect.At present, the urban road traffic congestion problem has been become the attention and to the world.City road and intersection traffic as a city of basic services, mainly including road intersection and sections, the service performance in good operating directly affect the normal operation of city traffic.City road crossing the road system is an important component of the urban road through the intersection nodes to the various factors of city road connect each other of road network, to coordinate each intersection on the direction of imported cars need;At the same time in the city road network all kinds of traffic flow(motor vehicle, the motor vehicle, pedestrians)in the cross each other through the shunt turned, visible intersection of city road network is the most important position.But the intersection is traffic and traffic accidents of the multiple sites.City road transport vehicle efficiency, road safety degree, intersection traffic capacity, the service level of the road to the environment and the influence of the energy basically depends on the urban road crossing capacity.In the urban road intersections control and optimization of the most common is the signal of control, signal control of a single point signal intersection control and optimization of city road is based.City road intersection of scientific reasonable signal control and optimization, is to improve the city traffic safety and the intersection traffic capacity, reduce the effective measures to stop intersection delay, can ease congestion