第一篇：醫(yī)學考博英語歷年真題摘要寫作

醫(yī)學考博英語歷年真題摘要寫作范文

97年題

A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition

This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting.Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is.However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids.This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai.What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism.The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% of the total amount of calories.If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body.Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition.Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done without.Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD)

In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC)they used to reject.In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully.PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China.Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles.There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC.In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students.Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles.Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice.Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in universities.Though it contributed to students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.Writing Drill 5 老年健康飲食為先

Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions.However, scientists find that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits.This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people.Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases.Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein.Fourth, light food should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases.Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.Writing Drill 6

Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases.It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying.These methods have different functions.Laughter activates over 80 muscles.In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion.Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress.Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc.that medication alone can’t do.2013年醫(yī)學考博英語正確的復習方法：http://004km.cn/product/PR000082 2013年醫(yī)學考博英語協(xié)議全程班：http://004km.cn/product/PR000276

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第二篇：醫(yī)學歷年考博真題總結(jié)

國家醫(yī)學考試中心2005年病理學（博士全國統(tǒng)考題）

一、簡答題（20）：

1.腫瘤的定義，腫瘤與反應(yīng)性增生的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系。2.乙性腦炎的鏡下病理改變。3.乳頭狀甲狀腺癌的病理特點。

4.列舉導致心、肺、腸、腦等壞死的疾病，及壞死類型。

二、論述題（40）：

1.舉例五種肉芽腫性疾病，病理特點及具有診斷價值的病理改變。2.原發(fā)性肺結(jié)核的病變特點、病理變化過程、預后。

3.病例分析：一個典型的慢性支氣管炎--肺氣腫--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病變過程，病理變化與臨床表現(xiàn)的聯(lián)系。

4.多在半年內(nèi)可痊愈的肝炎，問其屬于哪一型肝炎？結(jié)合病理特點，分析為何可在半年內(nèi)痊愈？

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2005年血液內(nèi)科（博士）

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2005年血液內(nèi)科（博士）

一、名詞解釋（30分）：

APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT

二、填空（？分記不清了）

1.已發(fā)現(xiàn)與遺傳性出血性毛細血管擴張癥相關(guān)的基因有（）（）（）（）。2.WHO將MDS分為（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七類。3.先天性再生障礙性貧血包括（）（）（）。4.遺傳球主要的分子病變涉及（）（）（）（）。

5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成體則主要由（）合成。

6.WHO關(guān)于伴有重現(xiàn)性細胞遺傳學異常的AML分類為（）（）（）（）。

7.國際多發(fā)性骨髓瘤工作組在MM新的分期標準中采用的兩項客觀指標為（）（）。

8.國際組織細胞協(xié)會將langerhans細胞組織細胞增多癥分為單系統(tǒng)疾病和多系統(tǒng)疾病。其中單系統(tǒng)疾病中的單部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。9.診斷幼年型粒單細胞白血病的最低實驗室標準有（）（）（）。10.MYH-9相關(guān)性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。

11.VitK依賴的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。

12.Gaucher病分為（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型為（）缺乏所致，C型為（）缺乏所致。

13.Downey將傳單患者異型淋巴分為（）（）（）。

14.B淋巴細胞在發(fā)育過程中首先表達的免疫球蛋白為（），其次為（）。15.CD34基因在染色體體定位為（），相應(yīng)的受體為（）。16.Hodgdin's病的四種病理亞型為（）（）（）（）。

三、簡答（好像每題5分）： 1.反應(yīng)停治療MM的機理。

2.患兒，女，4歲，1年前外院診斷ITP，持續(xù)皮質(zhì)激素（1mg/kg.d），治療效果欠佳。此次來診時PLT20*109/L，雙下肢散在出血點。若你接診，如何處理。3.給嚴重貧血的PNH患者輸濃縮紅細胞是否正確？為什么？ 4.簡述成人ALL（不包括成熟B-ALL）的預后分組。

四、問答（任選2題，好像每題12分？）1.試述ITP的發(fā)病機理。2.試述AIHA的治療。3.試述AML-M5的治療。

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2004年博士研究生入學考試婦產(chǎn)科學試卷

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2004年博士研究生入學考試婦產(chǎn)科學試卷

一、名詞解釋 先期化療

HELLP syndrome LEEP USI FETAL DEATH TTTS

四、簡答題

1、異位妊娠的保守治療指征

2、“吊床”學說

3、交界性腫瘤的特點

4、？

五、論述題

1、宮腔鏡治療的并發(fā)征及其處理

2、宮頸癌的手術(shù)方式及其指征

3、子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥的治療新進展及其前景

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

一,名詞解釋(大約有67個,是關(guān)于代謝與分子部分的，只記得三個)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.轉(zhuǎn)化 二,填空(有關(guān)代謝的)1.膽固醇：合成部位、直接前體

2.糖酵解:關(guān)于整個過程消耗幾個ATP,生成幾個ATP，NADH，是人就會答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只記得這些)

三,選擇

10道題,是關(guān)于代謝的,能量代謝占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的電子傳遞，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸鍵，某某反應(yīng)步驟放不放ATP之類，很簡單。

四，為什么靜脈注射時用G而不是6-P-G? 五，駱駝峰中的脂肪怎樣轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樗?六，忘了，應(yīng)該是簡單的。

七，2',3'-雙脫氧核苷怎樣抑制HIV? 八，給小鼠喂食N標記的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有無N標記，如有，有幾個？ 九，選擇：(蛋白質(zhì)和酶部分,以前的真題上都有,EASY)十，一種蛋白質(zhì)在一種組織中含量極低，無法分離純化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,問如何初步確定它的有無？

十一，什么叫蛋白質(zhì)組？什么叫蛋白質(zhì)組學？ 協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

一,名詞解釋(大約有67個,是關(guān)于代謝與分子部分的，只記得三個)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.轉(zhuǎn)化

二,填空(有關(guān)代謝的)1.膽固醇：合成部位、直接前體

2.糖酵解:關(guān)于整個過程消耗幾個ATP,生成幾個ATP，NADH，是人就會答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只記得這些)

三,選擇

10道題,是關(guān)于代謝的,能量代謝占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的電子傳遞，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸鍵，某某反應(yīng)步驟放不放ATP之類，很簡單。

四，為什么靜脈注射時用G而不是6-P-G? 五，駱駝峰中的脂肪怎樣轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樗?六，忘了，應(yīng)該是簡單的。

七，2',3'-雙脫氧核苷怎樣抑制HIV? 八，給小鼠喂食N標記的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有無N標記，如有，有幾個？ 九，選擇：(蛋白質(zhì)和酶部分,以前的真題上都有,EASY)十，一種蛋白質(zhì)在一種組織中含量極低，無法分離純化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,問如何初步確定它的有無？

十一，什么叫蛋白質(zhì)組？什么叫蛋白質(zhì)組學？

協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學2004年分子生物學（博士）

1.名解: 同工酶 染色體 染色質(zhì) 核基質(zhì) 轉(zhuǎn)化

密碼子的偏嗜性 基因簇

2.簡答

為什么核酸和蛋白都是有方向的? 信號轉(zhuǎn)導的cAMP通路 什么是內(nèi)切酶的星號活性

3.判斷對錯,說明理由 關(guān)于乳糖操縱子的

4.論述

給定一個cDNA序列,如何表達,純化到蛋白質(zhì)

5.填空

協(xié)和生化的老主任是誰(這道題好變態(tài))誰用什么實驗證明了核酸是遺傳物質(zhì) 可以磷酸化的氨基酸是哪三個 帶苯環(huán)的氨基酸是哪三個

DNA在多少nm有最大的光吸收,為什么? 南方醫(yī)科大學2005年腫瘤學（博士）

南方醫(yī)科大學2005年腫瘤學（博士）

（共計21條題）

一、簡答題（6選4，每題15分）

1.惡性腫瘤細胞放療損傷的4R 變化及其臨床意義。2.腫瘤外科在惡性腫瘤多學科綜合治療中的地位。3.自體造血干細胞移植的適應(yīng)癥。對何種腫瘤最有效。

4.拓撲異構(gòu)酶對惡性腫瘤的意義？舉出針對拓撲異構(gòu)酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化療藥名稱各一個。5.腫瘤多步驟轉(zhuǎn)移機制。6.細胞信號傳導途徑的基本組成要素。

二、論述題（選擇二題，每題20分）

7.從放療的局部治療角度論述放射治療領(lǐng)域的新進展。（何領(lǐng)域？何進展？反正是這方面）8.目前抗癌藥物的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用，除細胞毒藥物外，尚有那些藥物作用靶點。并舉例說明。

（內(nèi)科考生必答）

9.Indolent（非？）霍杰金淋病瘤的．．．（化療方案？機理？效果？反正是治療方面）

（內(nèi)科考生必答）

10.食管癌吞鋇造影X線的主要表現(xiàn)。（胸科考生必答）11.肝癌行肝切除術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥及其原因。12.肝癌行肝動脈栓塞化療的原理（及？？）。13.基因突變方式及其檢測方法。14.基因治療策略。

15.烷化劑的作用機理。舉出3種藥物名稱。（抗癌藥理考生必答）16.說出化療的毒性反應(yīng)有那些方面？并各舉出一個典型的藥物名稱。

（抗癌藥理考生必答）

17.甲狀腺癌（腫瘤？）的診斷、影像（CT）和鑒別診斷。（頭頸科考生必答）18.根治性頸淋巴清掃術(shù)的并發(fā)癥及其預防措施。（頭頸科考生必答）19.提高大腸癌療效有那些措施。

20.腹部腫塊按性質(zhì)如何分類。舉例說明。

21.肺癌淋巴引流的肺和縱隔淋巴結(jié)分群與分組。（胸科考生必答）天津醫(yī)科大學2003年眼科學

天津醫(yī)科大學2003年眼科學（博士）

一、名詞解釋（每題2分，共20分）

1、眼表

2、圓錐角膜

3、規(guī)則散光

4、對比敏感度

5、基底細胞癌

6、AMD

7、ROP

8、Exotropia

9、Epicanthus

10、Fungal keratitis

二、簡答題（每題5分，共40分）

1、簡述青光眼臨床分類

2、簡述干眼癥臨床表現(xiàn)

3、簡述Fuchs綜合征臨床特點

4、簡述調(diào)節(jié)性內(nèi)斜視的臨床分類

5、簡述真菌性角膜炎的臨床表現(xiàn)

6、簡述低視力概念及國際診斷標準

7、簡述視網(wǎng)膜色素變性臨床表現(xiàn)及遺傳方式

8、簡述增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變（PDR）的臨床表現(xiàn)

三.問答題（共40分）

1.介紹房水成分，作用及循環(huán)徑路（10分）

2.說明弱視的臨床分類，主要發(fā)病機制，治療時機和方法（15分）3.試述眼科影像診斷技術(shù)的進展（15分）首都醫(yī)科大學2002年神經(jīng)解剖學

首都醫(yī)科大學2002年神經(jīng)解剖學（博士）

簡答：

被蓋中央束

陰捕神經(jīng)

黑質(zhì)

藍斑

論述：

１腦干的非腦神經(jīng)節(jié)腦干的運動型交叉纖維Wallenberg的解剖基礎(chǔ)

２副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的二級神經(jīng)元交通支 頜部區(qū)的立毛肌支配（不知道該題是否準確）

３小腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元環(huán)路 海馬結(jié)構(gòu)的分層和分區(qū) 腦室的邊界和CSF的循環(huán) 首都醫(yī)科大學近年的神經(jīng)解剖及普外考博真題

首都醫(yī)科大學近年的神經(jīng)解剖及普外考博真題

２００３年神經(jīng)解剖試題 名詞解釋

1.肋間壁神經(jīng) 2.鼻睫神經(jīng) 3.Ⅶ 顱神經(jīng)

4.great petrosol N 5.confluence of sinuse 6.rentral tegmentrol decussation 簡答

1.底丘腦的神經(jīng)纖維聯(lián)系

2.下肢非意識感覺到大腦的纖維聯(lián)系 3.如何理解cerebelar glomorulus 論述

1.邊緣系統(tǒng)組成；PAPEZ環(huán)路；Hippocampal分層。2.白質(zhì)通路和灰質(zhì)通路；牽涉痛；Otic Ganglion。3.敘述下列的神經(jīng)支配及走行：

鼓膜張肌，蚓狀肌，梨狀肌，輸尿管。4.腦血管

虹吸部的概念，Paracentral lobule，Lingual gyrus, wernicle 區(qū)的血供，Galen V 定義．

２００３大外科試題（選擇題省略）１簡答：

Thomas sign.脊髓休克 腹管綜合征 APUD CELL 腫瘤相關(guān)抗原 ２論述：

感染性休克的診斷依據(jù) 胰島素瘤的定性定位診斷

２００２神經(jīng)解剖試題 簡答： 被蓋中央束 陰捕神經(jīng) 黑質(zhì) 藍斑 論述：

１腦干的非腦神經(jīng)節(jié) 腦干的運動型交叉纖維 Wallenberg的解剖基礎(chǔ)

２副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的二級神經(jīng)元

交通支

頜部區(qū)的立毛肌支配（不知道該題是否準確）３小腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元環(huán)路

海馬結(jié)構(gòu)的分層和分區(qū)

腦室的邊界和CSF的循環(huán)

２００１神經(jīng)解剖

一、名詞解釋（1-7題，5×7=35；2-12題，3×5=15）

1、邊緣系統(tǒng)

2、脊髓灰質(zhì)板層

3、后屈束

4、內(nèi)側(cè)縱束

1、攀緣纖維

2、下橄欖核

3、橋小腦三角

4、phrenic n.5、celiac plexus

10、obturator n.11、locus reculeus

12、carvernous sinus

二、問答題（10×5=50）

1、紋狀體 ① 位置及組成 ② 纖維聯(lián)系 ③ 化學遞質(zhì)環(huán)路 ④ 動脈供應(yīng)

2、網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu) ① 定義 ② 主要核團 ③ 機能組合

3、神經(jīng)支配 ① 腎上腺髓質(zhì) ② 斜方肌 ③ 二腹肌 ④ 蚓狀肌

4、解剖基礎(chǔ) ① 交叉性癱瘓 ② 屈曲反射 ③ 翼狀肩 ④ 猿手

5、“聽新聞記紀錄”的解剖學基礎(chǔ) 浙江大學2004博士入學考試生理題

浙江大學2004博士入學考試生理題

一名詞解釋（20）1暗適應(yīng) 2離子通道 3體溫調(diào)定點 4有效不應(yīng)期

二問答題（任選4題，80分）

1PO2,PCO2,H+對呼吸的影響？其中樞和外周機制如何 2脂肪÷食物在消化道中消化和吸收的機制

3安靜和應(yīng)激情況下，對腎血流量如何分配？各有何意義？ 4頸動脈竇和主動脈弓壓力感受器的反射過程及調(diào)節(jié)血壓的意義 5學習與記憶的突觸生理學機制和特點 6胰島素的生理作用及分泌調(diào)節(jié)機制 浙江大學2004博士入學考試免疫題

浙江大學2004博士入學考試免疫題

一 名詞解釋

1超抗原2 抗原決定簇3kir 4nkt 5互補決定去區(qū) 6趨化因子

二大題 抗原提成相關(guān)基因作用 2II 性與IV型超敏反應(yīng)區(qū)別

3樹突轉(zhuǎn)細胞在免疫刺激和耐受中的作用機制 4Tc細胞的 殺傷細胞作用機制

5趨化作用，ADCC，及調(diào)理作用區(qū)別

2004年華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院骨科考博專業(yè)試題

2004年華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院骨科考博專業(yè)試題

一名解（原題為英文）1。休克抑制期 2。骨不連

3。骨筋膜室綜合征 4。非少尿型腎功衰 5。預存自體回輸血 二。問答題

1。創(chuàng)傷的檢查與診斷方法

2。腦復蘇的現(xiàn)代概念及主要治療方法 3。腰椎間盤的分型 進展及治療方法 4。周圍神經(jīng)損傷的分類及修復方法 5。股骨頭缺血壞死的FICAT分期 6。你對骨肉瘤的最新看法 7。骨腫瘤保肢手術(shù)的適應(yīng)征。

西安交通大學醫(yī)學院2003年骨科學博士題

西安交通大學醫(yī)學院2003年骨科學博士題

外科總論部分：

一：名詞解釋（3分/題）1.基因診斷

2.初期復蘇ABC 3.ARDS 4.冷休克 5.應(yīng)激性潰瘍

二：簡答題（7.5分/題）

1.腫瘤的國際分期，試以乳癌的分期說明 2.急性排斥反應(yīng)

三：問題題（10分/題，選答兩題）1.創(chuàng)傷修復過程

2.代謝性酸中毒的病因和診斷 3.炎癥介質(zhì)在全身感染中的作用

骨外專業(yè)部分：

一：名詞解釋（3分/題）1.Frank's分型 2.嗅鞘細胞

3.Weak up test 4.新月征

5.腱鞘巨細胞瘤

二：簡答題（7.5分/題）1.臀肌攣縮癥的防治

2.頸椎骨折不穩(wěn)定后路固定方法

三：問題題（10分/題，選答兩題）1.膝關(guān)節(jié)炎防治進展

2.長段骨缺損的治療新進展 3.外固定器在骨科上的應(yīng)用

西安交大醫(yī)學院2004年消化內(nèi)科考博試題 部分

西安交大醫(yī)學院2004年消化內(nèi)科考博試題

一、名詞解釋（6題，每題5分）

1.肝肺綜合癥 2.自身免疫性肝炎 3.暈厥 4.5.6.二、問答（5題，每題10分）

1、實質(zhì)性急性腎衰的常見病因

2、肺栓塞的診斷、鑒別診斷及治療

3、IBS羅馬Ⅱ診斷標準

4、肝硬化食管靜脈曲張出血的治療

5、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎和Crohn病的鑒別診斷

三、填空（20分）

武漢大學2004年醫(yī)學考博試題

武漢大學2004年醫(yī)學考博試題

消化內(nèi)科試題 慢性腹瀉的發(fā)病機制和病因 2 IBD遺傳易感性表現(xiàn)在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的發(fā)病機制 4 GERD的診斷與治療 肝性腦病與亞臨床肝性腦病的診斷與治療 6 NSAID誘發(fā)潰瘍的機制 病生試題

一、簡答題 簡述凋亡的基本過程 水中毒的病因和對機體的影響 3 低鉀血癥對機體的影響 4 心肌肥大的基本特點 簡述鈣超載引起心肌損傷的機制 何為缺血預處理？它有哪些保護作用？

二、論述題 一例嚴重感染并發(fā)急性腎小管壞死的病人會出現(xiàn)哪些酸鹼平衡紊亂，為什么？ 2 何為自由基？試述它在體內(nèi)的作用。

2004軍事醫(yī)學科學院考博試題－細胞生物學

2004軍事醫(yī)學科學院考博試題－細胞生物學

細胞生物學（以下試題任選五題，每題20分）

1、簡述質(zhì)膜的特性

2、什麼是受體，受體的基本類型。當用表皮生長因子刺激細胞時，簡述其信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路Ras-MAPK途徑和JAK-STAT途徑

3、分泌性蛋白在粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)合成時，都涉及那些結(jié)構(gòu)和因子，這些結(jié)構(gòu)和因子是如何協(xié)調(diào)蛋白質(zhì)多肽合成的。

4、溶酶體的概念，基本類型，標志酶，主要的生物學功能及其相關(guān)疾病。

5、什麼是細胞凋亡，細胞凋亡的生物學意義。Bcl-2蛋白家族在細胞凋亡中的作用。

6、RNA干涉的基本概念，作用機質(zhì)，應(yīng)用范圍。

7、簡述真核細胞蛋白激酶的分類和特性。

8、線粒體的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。怎樣理解線粒體是半自主的細胞器。線粒體除了參與體內(nèi)的能量代謝外，還參與那些基本的細胞生物活動？

生物化學（帶*是分子生物學，遺傳學，細胞生物學等，具體還有哪些我忘了，其他專業(yè)的可任選8個名詞/5個問答）名詞： *

1、結(jié)構(gòu)域 *

2、Tm *

3、不對稱轉(zhuǎn)錄 *

4、核小體 *

5、融合蛋白

*

6、蛋白質(zhì)和核酸的紫外吸收 *

7、點突變

*

8、（暫時忘了，想起了再告訴大家）

9、酶原

10、酶的活性中心

11、糖孝解及其代謝的兩步重要反應(yīng)

12、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶

其他等我想起再告訴大家 問答題：

*

1、簡述蛋白質(zhì)的理化性質(zhì)。蛋白質(zhì)的二維電泳的基本原理及其應(yīng)用 *

2、簡述質(zhì)膜膜受體的類型及功能

*

3、什麼是半保留復制，其有什麼生物學意義？ *

4、真核細胞的順式作用元件的基本種類，與順式作用元件結(jié)合的基本調(diào)節(jié)因子（轉(zhuǎn)錄因子）的基本結(jié)構(gòu)模式都有那些？ *

5、DNA和蛋白質(zhì)印跡技術(shù)的基本原理。簡述在Western blotting中都需要注意哪些問題？

6、DNA堿基序列中的chagarff規(guī)則 山東大學2004年內(nèi)分泌考博試題

山東大學2004年內(nèi)分泌考博試題

名釋： Goodpasture syndrome 2 SIADN 3 異源內(nèi)分泌綜合征 4 肝腎綜合征 6 伴瘤綜合征

問答題 亞急性甲狀腺炎的診斷與治療 2 腎小管酸中毒的分型和機制 3 引起繼發(fā)性高血壓的病因 4 伴瘤綜合征的診斷與治療

論述題 骨質(zhì)疏松的病因，診斷與治療 四川大學2004年骨科考博專業(yè)試題

四川大學2004年骨科考博專業(yè)試題

一、名詞解釋：（每題2分）Tissue engineering Colles’ fracture

Bone-fascia compartment syndrome Galeazzi’s fracture Thomas sign

二、問答題：

⒈上下肢骨傳導音的檢查方法及意義？

⒉股骨頭血供的特點及其對股骨頸骨折的臨床治療、預后的指導意義？

⒊脊柱“三柱”理論的原理及其對脊柱骨折治療的指導意義？請簡述脊柱骨折治療的基本原則？

⒋人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后骨溶解的病理生理及臨床表現(xiàn)？目前有效的治療方法？ ⒌骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核與慢性骨關(guān)節(jié)化膿性感染的異同？請簡述兩者治療方法的特點？ ⒍病案分析

男性，30歲，傷后8小時入院，雙下肢活動障礙，雙骶髂關(guān)節(jié)部腫脹疼痛。X光片下示恥骨聯(lián)合分離3Cm，雙側(cè)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)脫位，骶骨骨折。請給出治療方案并說明理由。蘇州大學2004年博士入學外科學考試題

蘇州大學2004年博士入學外科學考試題

一． 名詞解釋：

1.Legg-Calve-Perthes病

2.Garden力線指數(shù)

3.腕管綜合征

4.Hangman骨折

5.骨嗜酸性肉芽舯

二 論述題。

1.如何根據(jù)胸腰段脊柱骨折的臨床表現(xiàn)，輔助檢查（X線、CT、MRI等）選擇治療方法。

2.簡述腰椎劃脫癥的病因分類和手術(shù)指征。

3.簡述影響全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)遠期療效的因素和相關(guān)的預防措施

4.試述加快骨折愈合的生物學方法有哪些，你對BO有何看法 蘇州大學2004年博士入學解剖試題

蘇州大學2004年博士入學解剖試題

第一題為必答題，然后從其他題目中選4道題目回答。

1.側(cè)支循環(huán)的概念和意義，并舉例說明。

2.試述椎骨間的連接。

3.從形態(tài)和功能上比較肩關(guān)節(jié)與髖關(guān)節(jié)的異同。

4.腋淋巴結(jié)及其與乳房淋巴結(jié)回流的關(guān)系。

5.試述筋膜。

6.脊髓節(jié)段與椎骨的對應(yīng)關(guān)系及其意義。

7.試述Willis動脈環(huán)。

8.內(nèi)囊的位置和內(nèi)容，內(nèi)囊損傷后的表現(xiàn)及其原因。

9.試述血腦屏障。

10.椎體束的組成、行經(jīng)和支配。

中南大學湘雅三醫(yī)院2003年耳鼻咽喉科學專業(yè)博士研究生入學試題 及 答案

中南大學湘雅三醫(yī)院2003年耳鼻咽喉科學專業(yè)博士研究生入學試題

2003年中南大學湘雅三醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉科學專業(yè)博士研究生入學試題

一、名詞解釋（20分）1． nasal cycle 2． Ostiomeatal Complex(OMC)3． Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)4． Laryngeal obstruction 5． bone conduction

二、簡答題（每小題10，共計30分）1． 簡述鼻源性頭痛的特點。

2． 簡述喉癌的分型及各自的臨床特點。

3． 簡述頸部腫塊skandalakis的“4個80%規(guī)律”與“3個7規(guī)律”。

三、問答題（每小題15分，共計30分）1．試述面神經(jīng)全長的分段及分支。2．試述頸部的境界、分區(qū)及各區(qū)的境界

四、病例分析（20分）

女，50歲?；乜s性涕血6月，右頸部腫塊4月，右耳鳴、重聽，右面頰麻木感1月。體查：雙側(cè)鼻甲不大，中鼻道寬敞，無濃性分泌物。鼻咽部右側(cè)咽隱窩飽滿，粗糙伴血痂，伸舌正中，軟腭運動正常，雙側(cè)扁桃體不大。會厭活動良好，雙側(cè)聲帶瓷白色，活動好，關(guān)閉佳。右側(cè)外耳道寬敞，鼓膜光錐變形，鼓膜內(nèi)陷，有液平面。頸部氣管居中，甲狀腺不腫大，右側(cè)頸部可捫及5×4cm大小腫塊，質(zhì)硬，不活動，無壓痛。問題

1． 寫出你的初步診斷

2． 有那些措施對你進一步明確診斷有意義？

2003年博士研究生耳鼻咽喉科學專業(yè)入學試題答案

一、名詞解釋（20分）

1.nasal cycle:正常人體鼻阻力呈現(xiàn)晝夜及左右規(guī)律性和交替性變化，這種變化主要受雙側(cè)下鼻甲充血狀態(tài)的影響，約間隔2—7h出現(xiàn)一個周期，稱之為生理性鼻甲周期或鼻周期。2.Ostiomeatal Complex: 鼻和鼻竇炎癥性疾病的發(fā)病機理和病理生理學現(xiàn)代概念認為：中鼻甲、中鼻道及其附近區(qū)域的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的生理異常和病理改變最為關(guān)鍵，該區(qū)域稱為竇口鼻道復合體。

3.Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)：一般是指成人在7小時的夜間睡眠中，至少有30次呼吸暫停，每次發(fā)作時，口、鼻氣流停止流通至少10秒以上；或呼吸暫停指數(shù)大于5。稱之為阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征。

4.Laryngeal obstruction：因喉部或其鄰近組織病變，喉部通道阻塞而引起呼吸困難。臨床上稱之為喉阻塞。

5.bone conduction ：聲波直接經(jīng)顱骨途徑使外淋巴發(fā)生相應(yīng)波動，并激動耳蝸的螺旋器產(chǎn)生聽覺，稱之為骨傳導。包括移動式和壓縮式兩種骨傳導。二．簡答題（每小題10，共計30分）1．簡述鼻源性頭痛的特點。

（1）一般都有鼻部病變，如鼻塞、膿涕等，多在竇內(nèi)膿性物排出后緩解；（2）鼻急性炎癥時加重；（3）多為深部頭痛；（4）鼻腔粘膜收縮或使用表面麻醉劑后，頭痛可以減輕；（5）頭痛有一定部位和時間。

2． 簡述喉癌的分型及各自的臨床特點。

根據(jù)喉癌發(fā)生的部位，將喉癌分為聲門上型、聲門型和聲門下型。其臨床表現(xiàn)分述如下。聲門上型：早期可無顯著癥狀?？赡苡泻聿坎贿m感；以后可出現(xiàn)吞咽疼痛，放射至耳部。痰中帶血，有臭味。該區(qū)淋巴管豐富，易出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移，預后較差。

聲門型：早期出現(xiàn)聲嘶，進行性加重。腫塊較大時能阻塞聲門引起呼吸困難。該區(qū)淋巴管較少，不易向頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移，且容易早期診斷，預后較好。聲門下型：早期癥狀不明顯，不易發(fā)現(xiàn)。腫瘤潰爛時出現(xiàn)咳嗽及痰中帶血；向上侵犯聲帶時，可出現(xiàn)聲嘶；腫瘤增大可阻塞聲門下出現(xiàn)呼吸困難。常有氣管前或氣管旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。

3． 簡述頸部腫塊skandalakis的“4個80%規(guī)律”與“3個7規(guī)律”。

關(guān)于頸部腫塊的性質(zhì)，skandalakis總結(jié)了4個80%，即80%是腫瘤，其中80%是惡性，惡性中80%是淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移，原發(fā)癌中80%來自鎖骨上。關(guān)于病程skandalakis總結(jié)出3個7的規(guī)律，即7天者多為炎癥，7個月者多為腫瘤，7年者多為先天性腫塊。

三、問答題（每小題15分，共計30分）1．試述面神經(jīng)全長的分段及分支。

面神經(jīng)的全長可分為8段：1.運動神經(jīng)核上段；2.運動神經(jīng)核段；3.小腦腦橋角段；4.內(nèi)耳道段；5.迷路段；6.鼓室段；7.乳突段；8.顳骨外段。

自上而下，面神經(jīng)的分支有：1.巖淺大神經(jīng)；2.鐙骨肌神經(jīng)；3.鼓索神經(jīng)；4.面神經(jīng)出莖乳孔后發(fā)出分支；5.面部分支：（1）顳支；（2）顴支；（3）頰支；（4）下頜緣支；（5）頸支.2．試述頸部的境界、分區(qū)及各區(qū)的境界：

頸部境界：上界為下頜骨下緣、下頜角、乳突和上項線和枕外隆突的連線，下界為胸骨頸靜脈切跡、胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)、鎖骨、肩峰至第七頸椎棘突的連線。

分區(qū)：以斜方肌前緣為界分為前后兩部，斜方肌前緣以前的部分為頸前外側(cè)部，斜方肌前緣以后的部分稱為頸后部或項部。由胸鎖乳突肌分成頸前三角區(qū)和頸后三角區(qū)。頸前三角區(qū)：兩邊為胸鎖乳突肌前緣，底為舌骨體上緣及下頜骨下緣。頸前三角區(qū)又分為頜下三角、頦下三角、頸動脈三角、肌三角。頜下三角位于二腹肌前腹、后腹和下頜骨下緣之間，頦下三角位于兩側(cè)二腹肌前腹內(nèi)側(cè)緣和舌骨體上緣之間。頸動脈三角位于胸鎖乳突肌前緣，二腹肌后腹及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之間。肌三角位于頸中線，胸鎖乳突肌前緣，及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之間。

頸后三角區(qū)：位于鎖骨上緣，斜方肌前緣及胸鎖乳突肌后緣之間。頸后三角區(qū)又分為鎖骨上三角和枕三角。鎖骨上三角位于鎖骨上緣，胸鎖乳突肌后緣，肩胛舌骨肌下腹下緣之間。枕三角位于胸鎖乳突肌后緣，肩胛舌骨肌下腹上緣和斜方肌前緣之間。

四、病例分析（20分）

1．（1）鼻咽癌？（2）鼻咽癌右側(cè)頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移？（3）右側(cè)鼓室積液

2．（1）鼻咽部活檢；（2）電子纖維鼻咽鏡或纖維鼻咽鏡或鼻內(nèi)鏡檢查；（3）影像學檢查 CT和MRI；（4）EB病毒血清學檢查；（5）頸部淋巴結(jié)穿刺細胞學檢查或活檢；（6）頸部、腹部B超和胸片檢查

復旦大學醫(yī)學院2004年神經(jīng)病考博士試題

復旦大學醫(yī)學院2004年神經(jīng)病考博士試題

一 名詞解釋

MASS REFLEX COMA VIGIL CADASAL 邁熱病 二 IHS 的診斷標準

三 多巴胺代謝通路,(圖表示)各種抗帕金森病的藥物的作用機制

四 右側(cè)延髓背外側(cè)綜合癥的臨床表現(xiàn)

五 大腦靜脈回流,及海綿竇炎性血拴的臨床表現(xiàn)

六 MS 的診斷標準

七 常見的顛癇綜合類型及特征.復旦大學醫(yī)學院2004年內(nèi)科學

復旦大學醫(yī)學院2004年內(nèi)科學（博士）

（任選五道，每題20分）

1、急性冠脈綜合征的定義，治療原則

2、自發(fā)性腹膜炎的定義、發(fā)病機理，診斷標準，哪些病人需預防性使用抗生素？

3、肺癌的診斷技術(shù)及進展，如何選擇合理利用？

4、甲亢的臨床類型，Graves病的發(fā)病機理

5、腎性貧血的原因，是否需要補鐵，為什么？

6、血液惡性腫瘤的治療中，針對蛋白分子靶向治療進展？

中山醫(yī)科大學1995-2000年招收攻讀博士研究生入學試題 外科

中山醫(yī)博士試題（95外科）

1.水電解質(zhì)平衡

2.肝癌門靜脈轉(zhuǎn)移的臨床病理生理

3.胃近端癌R2根治手術(shù)方法

4.膀胱腫瘤病理分期

5.縱隔腫瘤及分區(qū)

6.肱骨髁上骨折的治療原則

7.全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換適應(yīng)癥、禁忌癥及并發(fā)癥

8.硬膜外血腫臨床表現(xiàn)治療原則

9.尿道損傷的治療原則

中山醫(yī)博士試題（96外科）

必答題

1.腹股溝疝定義，里脫疝、瑞契疝定義及臨床特點

2.前列腺癌診斷

3.肝門部膽管癌病理、臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷

4.骨結(jié)核好發(fā)部位、治療原則

選答題

1.膽道出血病因及臨床表現(xiàn)治療（普外）

2.骨折愈合臨床標準(骨外)3.睪丸腫瘤標記(泌尿外)4.顳區(qū)硬膜外血腫表現(xiàn)(腦外)二尖瓣狹窄手術(shù)指征(心外)

中山醫(yī)博士試題（97外科）

一.多器官衰竭診斷標準

二.吻合口潰瘍病因及診斷

三.肝癌治療新進展

四.脊柱側(cè)彎定義分類治療

五.腎癌與腎盂腎癌鑒別診斷

98博士研究生入學考試試題--外科學

1.休克引起心功能障礙的原因有那些？（20分）

2.外傷性心包填塞的病因、急救處理原則。（16分）

3.上消化道出血剖腹探查的順序。（16分）

4.膽管癌的病因，姑息治療方法中你認為那種最好？（16分）

5.睪丸生殖系腫瘤的分類及治療原則。（16分）

6.L4椎體滑脫的治療原則。（16分）

中山醫(yī)博士試題（99外科）

一． 名詞解釋

1． 手部無人區(qū)（2分）

2． 脊柱側(cè)彎（1分）

3． 應(yīng)力緩沖效應(yīng)（2分）

二． 問答題

1． 人工關(guān)節(jié)松動的原因（10分）

2． 二尖瓣狹窄并左心衰的臨床表現(xiàn)及治療（20分）

3． 應(yīng)激性潰瘍的治療原則（12分）

4． 肝功能分級及其臨床意義（10分）

5． BPH的病理改變及鑒別診斷（20分）

6． 試述胎糞性腹膜炎的臨床分型（13分）

7． 小腦幕切跡疝的臨床表現(xiàn)（10分）

中山醫(yī)博士試題（2000外科）

1.頸椎病手術(shù)指征？前后入路選擇？

2.聽神經(jīng)瘤的臨床表現(xiàn)和治療？

3.泌尿系梗阻的常見原因及診斷治療原則（以上尿路結(jié)石為例）？

4.消化性潰瘍穿孔修補術(shù)和根治術(shù)選擇原則？

5.外傷性氣胸的病理生理改變與剖胸探查指征？

6.手急性化膿性腱鞘炎和深部間隙感染與解剖的關(guān)系？ 中山醫(yī)科大2003年內(nèi)科考博試題

中山醫(yī)科大2003年內(nèi)科考博試題

1.ARDS定義診斷治療

2.食管噴門失弛緩癥的診斷和治療

3.糖尿病血脂紊亂分型及診斷治療—1999年美國標準

4.急進型腎小球腎炎的病理分型及治療

5.純紅再障的診斷及治療

中山大學醫(yī)學院2004年藥理考博題

中山大學醫(yī)學院2004年藥理考博題

1.阿托品的臨床應(yīng)用 2.量效曲線的參數(shù)和意義

3.直接作用在血管平滑肌的藥物及機制 4.鈣拮抗劑對正常心肌電生理的作用 5.苯二氮卓類的藥理作用 今天腫瘤26選7，我選了：

1.腫瘤外科在腫瘤綜合治療中的作用 2.信號傳導的組成

3.拓撲異構(gòu)酶在腫瘤中的意義并列舉1.2的代表藥物各兩個 4.根治性化療的機理及臨床應(yīng)用 5.腫瘤外科新進展

6.基因突變的類型及檢測方法 7.腫瘤藥物的不良反應(yīng)及列舉藥物 其他還有提高結(jié)腸癌治療效果的方法、預防性手術(shù)定義及舉例、中晚期食管癌臨床表現(xiàn)及機理、凋亡特點及機制、AFP臨床意義及應(yīng)用、介入方法及機理、肺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移途徑、致癌藥物機理及舉例、術(shù)前放療原則、簡述免疫治療、喉癌手術(shù)？？？、鼻咽癌術(shù)后復發(fā)處理？？？、蒽環(huán)類藥物機理

2004年中山大學醫(yī)學院外科考博試題

2004年中山大學醫(yī)學院外科考博試題

膝關(guān)節(jié)半月板損傷的診斷（10）什么叫血管源性腦水腫（4）

肱骨髁上骨折的分型和手術(shù)適應(yīng)征（7）

胃癌根治術(shù)的淋巴結(jié)程度，胃癌D2手術(shù)淋巴結(jié)清除范圍（12）典型食管癌的臨床表現(xiàn)（7）初期復蘇的主要內(nèi)容（4）

結(jié)腸腺瘤癌變的手術(shù)適應(yīng)征（7）膽囊腺瘤的手術(shù)適應(yīng)征（7）腎癌的外在表現(xiàn)（7）

上消化道大出血的治療原則（12）

前列腺增生和前列腺癌發(fā)生在什么部位，它們的鑒別診斷（10）

更正：上消化道出血的常見原因，外科治療原則？ MODS的中英文全稱； 腎癌的腎外表現(xiàn)；

膽囊息肉的診斷方法，無癥狀膽囊息肉的手術(shù)指證？ 膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的臨床表現(xiàn)以及診斷； 肝功能Child分級中的A級標準；

2004年中山大學醫(yī)學院生化專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)試題

2004年中山大學醫(yī)學院生化專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋（10*3）

1.分子伴侶、2.隨從鏈、3.尿素循環(huán)、4.基因診斷、5.基因重組、6.底物水平磷酸化、7.一碳單位、8.生物轉(zhuǎn)化、9.KLENOW 片段、10.鄰近效應(yīng)

二、簡答題（8*5）

1、a－螺旋的特點

2、DNA雙螺旋的類型及結(jié)構(gòu)特點

3、遺傳密碼的特點

4、紅細胞糖代謝的特點

5、mRNA的加工修飾包括哪些內(nèi)容

6、真核基因組的結(jié)構(gòu)特點

7、如果一酶與底物作用的反應(yīng)曲線成“S”型，解釋其原因

8、NADPH參加反應(yīng)的類型

三、論述題（3*10）

1、人類基因組計劃已經(jīng)完成，今后分子生物學的工作重點應(yīng)該是什么？

2、為什么在缺氧的條件下，糖酵解反應(yīng)能夠持續(xù)進行？

3、如果要用基因工程方法生產(chǎn)胰島素，如何獲得胰島素基因？ 2004年中山醫(yī)博士腫瘤學部分試題

2004年中山醫(yī)博士腫瘤學部分試題

1-7題選答4條。每條10分

1.簡述腫瘤外科在腫瘤綜合治療中的作用。2.術(shù)前放療的原則 3.根治性化療的理論基礎(chǔ)和原則 4.腫瘤免疫治療有哪些方法？

5.蒽環(huán)類最常見的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6.腫瘤細胞信號傳導有哪些基本組成要素？ 7.8-25選3，各20分。1.肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的各站淋巴結(jié)

2.化療藥物有哪些不良反應(yīng)？舉例說明。3.頸清術(shù)有哪些并發(fā)癥？處理原則？ 4.基因突變的形式和檢測方法? 5.AFP對肝癌診斷和治療的意義

中國科學院上海藥物研究所2003年博士入學考試藥理學專業(yè)試題

中國科學院上海藥物研究所2003年博士入學考試藥理學專業(yè)試題

（任選6題）

1． 舉例說明分子生物學技術(shù)在藥理學研究的優(yōu)越性。2． IC50，LD50，EC50的定義和意義。3． 舉例說明抗癲癇藥物的作用靶點。

4． RBA中，特異性結(jié)合與非特異性結(jié)合的區(qū)別是什么？KD和Bmax的意義是什么？如果在RBA中，某藥對配體結(jié)合有抑制作用，怎樣用RBA方法進一步區(qū)分這種抑制是競爭性的還是非競爭性的？

5． 簡述非甾體抗炎藥的最新研究進展。

6． 列舉出五種與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)的酪氨酸激酶，并簡要敘述兩條酪氨酸激酶介導的信號傳導通路。

7． 參與特異性免疫應(yīng)答的效應(yīng)細胞有哪些？并做簡要說明。

8． 免疫抑制劑的分類？可以用于治療哪些疾病？以2種為例，說明它們的作用機理。中國科學院上海藥物研究所2004年博士入學考試藥理學專業(yè)試題

中國科學院上海藥物研究所2004年博士入學考試藥理學專業(yè)試題

（任選6題）

1． 試述帕金森病的病變機理及治療藥物。

2． 離子通道的生理功能是什么？有哪些類別？藥物如何影響離子通道的活動？對于每一類離子通道，各舉出1~2種作用于該通道的藥物。3． 目前正在進行臨床研究的防止動脈粥樣硬化的藥物有哪些類型？簡述它們的作用機制。4． 根據(jù)Vaughan Williams的分類方法，抗心律失常藥物可分為哪幾類。它們的藥理作用特點是什么？

5． 簡述非甾體抗炎藥的作用機理。

6． 去年搶救SARS的病人的一項重要治療措施是大劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素療法，簡述糖皮質(zhì)激素的主要藥理作用及不良反應(yīng)。

7． 結(jié)合實例簡述基于信號傳導通路新型抗腫瘤藥物的研究進展及其意義。8． 說明Wester Blot 實驗方法在分子藥理學研究中的用途，并簡述實驗的主要步驟、結(jié)果評定和意義。

第三篇：醫(yī)學考博英語真題備考經(jīng)驗談（精選）

醫(yī)學考博英語真題備考經(jīng)驗談

不知不覺考博已經(jīng)過去一年了，前幾天看到同學現(xiàn)在還在為了考博英語焦頭爛額，覺得可以把自己的一點經(jīng)驗總結(jié)一下，希望對大家有所幫助。我是2013年參加的博士英語考試，考了兩次，一次是衛(wèi)生部統(tǒng)考，一次是自己學校的考試。兩次都考上了，得了兩份錄取通知書。

縱觀整個復習過程，我個人認為最關(guān)鍵的一點就是多做題，不管是全國的還是北大等高校自己出的考試題，多做題都是最有效的方法。真題這塊是不容忽視的，在復習其他專項之前要看，為的是了解題型和重難點，在復習專項之后要看，主要是測試自己復習的效果如何及現(xiàn)在差距。

了解好真題后，首先是單詞，個人認為是最費時間，效果最差的一項。我提前一年起背博士英語單詞，但是效果不好，記不住，做題的時候覺得效果不好。北大等學校的考題基本上還是一個都不認識，只能蒙。雖然這樣，詞匯還是需要系統(tǒng)記憶的，我當時用的是《華慧考博英語詞匯10000例詳解》你們可以參考。

閱讀部分，我覺得要多做題，平時就要訓練在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)的閱讀速度和閱讀量，養(yǎng)成快速閱讀的習慣，不要被一兩個單詞阻礙。要時刻模仿考試時的環(huán)境和緊張程度。全國統(tǒng)考的閱讀不難，平時多練習《醫(yī)學考博英語閱讀專項訓練》很有好處。其他學校的閱讀難易程度就參差不齊了，北大，天津的出奇的難，中南大學的就比較簡單。

作文的關(guān)鍵就是要實實在在的寫，不能只是在腦子里打草稿，一定要動筆，一個字一個字寫，有時候只有動筆才能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的問題，而且還能練習書寫速度和質(zhì)量。

翻譯部分，全國統(tǒng)考沒有，只有自己出題的學校有，而且很難。通常能見到政治方面的中翻英，有的學校還有英翻中，也不是很好組織語言。建議大家平時多看看China Daily的網(wǎng)站。這樣的主觀題目是拉分的關(guān)鍵部分，有的學校這樣的部分占到40％，很有難度，建議參加這些學?？荚嚨耐瑢W買一本歷年來各校考試題的合集，發(fā)狠的做。我買了一本，一共40套，做了25套左右，雖然經(jīng)常被打擊的想撕書，但最后考的時候還是有點效果的。還有就是聽力，沒辦法，練吧。不太好的同學建議找到聽力的原文，跟著帶子朗讀，進而背過，這是一個很好的短期內(nèi)提高聽力的辦法。最后就是輔導班，建議大家有條件的話盡量去學一下，華慧考博網(wǎng)真題班，雖然可能比較貴，但就我去年的經(jīng)驗來看，還是物有所值的。

考前2-3個月每天要做模擬題或真題，每天看著表，一天一套，不要管分數(shù)，堅持做，做錯的能搞懂就搞懂，搞不懂就背過。雖然方法笨了點，但是很有效。這些只是自己的一點備考經(jīng)驗，希望對大家有用！

第四篇：清華大學歷年法理學 考博真題

清華大學法學院法理學歷年考博真題

（個別題目表述可能有所出入，僅供復習參考）

2006年

1、論活法。

2、論法的合法性。

3、論憲法的政治屬性與法律屬性。

2007年

1、論歷史法學派的“歷史”。

2、論法的正當性基礎(chǔ)。（或法律與道德的關(guān)系）

3、論習慣法的概念與功能。

2008年

1、論法學與人文學科和社會科學的關(guān)系。

2、《物權(quán)法》和《勞動合同法》的出臺引起社會很大反響，請評析這一現(xiàn)象。

3、論為權(quán)利而斗爭。

2009年

一、簡論題（任選一題）

1、慎子說：“法非從天下，非從地生，發(fā)于人間，合于人心而已”。試分析之。

2、德沃金說：“法律是道德的一個部門?！痹嚪治鲋?。

3、簡述吳經(jīng)雄在中國法學史上的地位。

二、材料分析題。

題干給的是歷史法學的一段材料，要求分析之。（內(nèi)容很長，大約千字有余。）

2010年

僅一道題：晚近三十年中國法制建設(shè)的經(jīng)驗。（100分）

2011年

只記得有以下兩題：

1、簡述中國司法的特質(zhì)。

2、試論中國法理學研究的現(xiàn)狀。

第五篇：中國人民大學-考博英語真題

中國人民大學——英語2004年博士研究生入學考試試題

客觀題部分

請用鉛筆將此部分試題的答案填涂在答題卡上，否則無效！II.Vocabulary(10 points)PartA(5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices

marked iL B, C arm 1).Choose the:one thatbest completes the

sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across

the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A.previously B.vLrtually

C.primarily D.domestically The sentence should read,;“She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany.” Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer

[A] [B] [C] [D]

1.International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__

patriotism.A.obsolete

B.aggressive C.harmonious D.amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A.dilemmas B.countenances C.concessions D.junctions 3.People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A.strive

B.ascertain

C.justify D.adhere 4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife

for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A.conservation B.maintenance C.storage

D.reserve 5.According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points.last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A.soared

B.mutated

C.plummeted D.fluctuated 6.Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and

frustrated thousands of users around the world.A.genius

B.vires

C.disease

D.bacteria 7.The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the.worst form of

competition in schools.A.negligent B.edible

C.fabulous D.disproportionate 8.The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his

grandparents lived.A.reconciled

B.consolidated C.deteriorated

D.attributed 9.During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to

practice his Chinese.A.passed on B.passed up C.passed by D.passed out 10.When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be

distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies

C.platitudes D.analogin Part B(5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase

underlined.Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and

D.Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square

bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example: The secretary is Very competent;she can finish all these letters within one

..;.,ca, ODe bour.A.careful

B.industrious C.clever

D.capable In this sentence, “competent” is closest-;n m e:zting to “capable”.Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer

[A] [B] [C] [DD] 11.He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional

roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A.depict

B.advocate

D;criticize D.analyze 12,.They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirm B.achieve C.match

D exaggerate

13.The most urgent thing is to find a dump.for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A.imminent B.recyclable C.smelly D.poisonous i4.British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A.allies

B.delegates C.voters

D.juries

15.The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and our own retirement security is ,chilling.A.frightening B.promising

C.freezing D.revealing 16.Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A.secret plan B.bold attack

C.clever design D.joint effort 17.Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A.trustworthy B.intelligent

C.diligent D.meticulous 18.Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A.intriguing B.exasperating: C.demonstrative D.unprovoked 19.The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for.nocturnal raids in the forest.A.illegal

B.night-time

C, brutal D.abusive 20.Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight, A.mercurial B, gallant

C.ardent D.frugal III.Cloze(10 points)Directions : Read the following passage.Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full-time passion.The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D candidates ___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet.Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on Yahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community.They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material ___32___ on the Intemet.The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for “Yet

Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”.but Filo and Yang insist they selected the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos.Yahoo? itself first ___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was ___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files ___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape.As a result Stanford's computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc.Today, Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.1.A.became

B.grew

C.mm

D.intend 2.A.made

B.saw

C.looked

D.turned 3.A.in

B.on

C.about

D.fer 4.A.touch

?.contact

C.n-ack

D.record 5.A.founded

E.found

C.argued

D.reported 6.A.unwieldy

B.tough

C.tamable

D invaluable

7.A.exchanged

B.shank

C.sold

D.converted 8.A.explain

B.serve

C.discover

D.evaluate 9.A.which

B.that

C.actually

D.eagerly 10.A.relative

B.interactive C.bound

D.contacted 11.A.fluently

B.efficiently C.exactly

D.actually 12.A.transmitted B.purchased C.sold

D.13.A.about

B.bound

C.going

D.supposed I4.A.fable

B.model

C.name

D.brand 15.A.supported

B.resided

C.lived

D.launched 16.A.connected B.lodged

C.introduced D.linked 17.A.over

B, away

C.inside

D.beneath 18.A.housed

B.caught

C.hosed

D.bidden 19.A.average

B.normal

C.ordinary

D.equal 20.A.attains

B.detains

C.maintains D.contains IV.Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1

Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young children spend on academic activities.Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited.Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes.However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often

result.To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting.When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination.The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space.If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated.Once students can form letters

within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students

who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room.The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes.After the students have made several

airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class.To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and

misbehave in the media center.Reading is incompatible with talking.The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and read them while in the center.Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep.The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very

boring.Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs students and raise their interest in the course.41.The purpose of this passage is to___ A.inform B.persuade

C.debate

D.narrate 42.Guthrie identified three methods for__ A.educating students

B.altering bad habits C.avoiding undesired action

D.forming good hobbies 43.Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method? A.Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the

child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B.Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young

children and gradually increase session length but not to where students

become frustrated or bored.C.Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is

introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D.A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his

parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44.To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth.Over time.watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king.What method is used in this example? A.The threshold method.B.The fatigue method.C.The incompatible response method.D.The punishment method.45.We can draw the conclusion from the passage that A.The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted

response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes

exhausted B.The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a

response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be

performed simultaneously

C.The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde

into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes

a cue for not performing it D.The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child

make response incompatible with unwanted response Passage 2 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing.Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wralts.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market.“Nova” is Latin for new(star)“ and means ”star“ in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like ”no va“, meaning ”it doesn't go“.Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning.When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant”(for advertising ,egetables)became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”.No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff aarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest.The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique

called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back.Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46.The best title of this passage might be __.A.Culture Is Very Important ia Advertishag B.Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations C.Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries D.Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 47.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage? A.hesitation B.mistake C.stutter D.default 48.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? A.Cultural shocks

B.Faulty translations C.Avoid cultural oversights D.Prevent blunders 49.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “ca ” most probably mean____ A.an animal used in perfume for its smell B.a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals C.a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals D.an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals 50.One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___ A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.B.use the technique called “l(fā)iteral translation” to reduce the possibility of

blunders C.avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes D.explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3 It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses.In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down.Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers.It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies wi！be swept out more quickly in hard times;it is the company he worries about.His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of.his company and the industry.so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase.At the very topexecutives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual.Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits.His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running.But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf eyes.He likes to work.He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search fares,” is a growing industry.America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51.We can infer from the second paragraph that___

A.promotion depends on amiability

B.chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level

C.it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his

subordinates

D.a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the

industry 52.The term “aerobic exercise”(fa'st line in second last paragraph)is a kind Of

____

A.hallucination exercise

B.physical exercise

C.meditation exercise

D.entertainment 53.From the last paragraph we can gather that ____

A.there are too many aggressive executives

B.individual talent is not essential for a company

C.the job of an “executive search rum” is corporate head-hunting

D.it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial

ranks 54.For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________

A.they can conduct their business

B.they can indulge themselves

C.they can cultivate their mind

D.they can exercise as well as socialize 55.What is NOT tree according to the article? A.Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B.Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C.All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D.Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4 In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh.he had four, dod in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech.Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his words, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuku.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword.The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded;the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage tho attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories.Here life and fiction become joined.The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code;but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building(he became expert at karate and kendo)and, most important, through the discipline writing.In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage.His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask(1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56.The article implies that A.Mishima refused to join the army when he was young B.Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer C.Mishima is a person who'is hard m define D.Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer 57.The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was A.Fo capture the commanding genera!

B.to urge the government to declare a war against America C.to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemment

D.to force the Emperor to give up the throne 58.In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____ A.was web received by the soldiers B, was laughed at by the soldiers C.impressed the commanding general D, left a deep impression tO the soldiers 59.What IS true according to article? A.The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B.The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnpt C.Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D.one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60.Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___ A, written “Patriotism”, one of his most powerful stories B.written eighty short stories C.published “A Forest in Flower” D.published “Confession of a Mask” 主觀題部分

請用鋼筆或圓珠筆將此部分試題的答案做在答題紙二上，否則無效！V.Translation(20 points)Fart A.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy.Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could not be further delayed.Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the SurpluS actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased;a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze.Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET.中國已經(jīng)發(fā)層成為一個全球極富吸引力的、現(xiàn)實的大市場。世界各國 和地區(qū)不少有遠見卓識的企業(yè)家，都將目光投向了中國，并從投資活動中 獲得了豐厚的回報。我相信，中國加入世貿(mào)組織后，外商參與中國投資活 動的機會將越來越多，自身發(fā)展的空間也越來越大。在中國的投資活動一 定能成為溝通世界各國和地區(qū)的企業(yè)家與中國市場的一座橋梁，促進中國 和世界經(jīng)濟共同發(fā)展、共同繁榮。VI.Writing(20 points)Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title “My Understanding of GlobaIization”.Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.