第一篇：2014屆英語專業(yè)學(xué)年論文說明

2014屆英語專業(yè)學(xué)年論文指導(dǎo)說明

1.學(xué)年論文的格式請參照模版，模板中封面上已經(jīng)填寫好的時間請不要更改。（特別注意：Acknowledgement盡量寫點個性化的內(nèi)容。評語頁請各位老師統(tǒng)一用黑筆填寫，然后簽名。封面的成績也用黑筆填寫。）

2.2014屆英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)生只有一個專業(yè)：英語，3個專業(yè)方向，班級格式統(tǒng)一為：

英語（翻譯）10-1；英語（翻譯）10-2；

英語（國旅）10-1；英語（國旅）10-2；

英語（國貿(mào)）10-1；英語（國貿(mào)）10-2.請各位老師務(wù)必規(guī)范班級格式！

3.學(xué)年論文字?jǐn)?shù)3000-3500字。請嚴(yán)格把好質(zhì)量關(guān)，不要盲目追求字?jǐn)?shù)，不要一氣呵成5000字以方便作為以后的畢業(yè)論文，一個暑假完成的論文不可能達到畢業(yè)論文的要求，請轉(zhuǎn)告各位學(xué)生不要想一蹴而就，以免事倍功半。

4.堅決杜絕抄襲！一經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，若指導(dǎo)老師勸誡無效，可以打不及格。所有成績請一定在開學(xué)第一周的星期四上報，逾期后果自負(fù)。請各位老師提醒學(xué)生最好開學(xué)之前兩周交稿，以便修改，若學(xué)生遲至開學(xué)再交稿，導(dǎo)致沒有時間修改，導(dǎo)師可按照所上交論文直接報成績。

5.學(xué)年論文裝訂時, 請按順序統(tǒng)一在左邊裝訂，訂3個釘子。

裝訂順序：

-封面

-評語頁

-Abstract

-摘要

-Acknowledgement

-目錄

-正文

感謝各位指導(dǎo)老師的支持與合作！

祝大家暑假愉快！

專業(yè)教研室

2013年6月20日

第二篇：英語專業(yè)學(xué)年論文寫作與指導(dǎo)工作說明

外語系本科

學(xué)年論文寫作與指導(dǎo)工作說明

（2011-10-11）

一、目的與重要性

檢驗、鞏固所學(xué)知識，培養(yǎng)、鍛煉分析問題、解決問題和初步科研的能力，為畢業(yè)論文寫作奠定基礎(chǔ)。

二、形式

由指導(dǎo)教師視個人和科研情況自行確定，如既可采用學(xué)術(shù)論文形式，也可讓學(xué)生通過收集資料、研讀文本、調(diào)查等形成讀書或調(diào)研報告。但無論采取何種形式，最終呈交的文字必須有理有據(jù)、規(guī)范、科學(xué)，達到2,000—2,500英文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求。

三、選題

1、指定選題：指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)自己的研究方向，提出若干個論文題目供學(xué)生選擇；

2、自定選題：學(xué)生根據(jù)指導(dǎo)教師研究方向，自定論文題目。自定選題須經(jīng)外語系學(xué)年論文指導(dǎo)組討論和同意后方可實施。

四、寫作規(guī)范 學(xué)年論文的寫作規(guī)范和格式要求參照“2011學(xué)術(shù)論文格式規(guī)范” 講座文件包中的相關(guān)規(guī)定；讀書或調(diào)研報告規(guī)范由具體指導(dǎo)教師制訂。

五、寫作與指導(dǎo)要求

在師生雙向選擇的基礎(chǔ)上確定指導(dǎo)教師和學(xué)生（外語系教師研究方向見2011年外語系教師研究方向一覽表），原則上每位教師的指導(dǎo)學(xué)生數(shù)不超過5名。指導(dǎo)教師要對學(xué)生在擬定論文提綱、收集、選擇和運用資料及寫作方法等方面給予指導(dǎo)，督促學(xué)生按時、保質(zhì)保量地完成寫作任務(wù)。學(xué)生應(yīng)定期、主動地與指導(dǎo)教師聯(lián)系和溝通，不可有拖沓、懈怠等行為。交流和指導(dǎo)的次數(shù)不得少于3次。論文從初稿至終稿的記錄以計算機記錄為依據(jù)。

六、成績評定

1、在指導(dǎo)和評議成績的基礎(chǔ)上，年級學(xué)年論文總評成績的優(yōu)秀率、良好率、中等率、及格和不及格率分別控制在20%、30%、30%和20%。

2、對總評成績不及格論文的處理：

有三次計算機提交記錄，仍未達到及格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的論文有兩個星期的修改時間，兩周后按時提交修訂文稿，指導(dǎo)老師寫出指導(dǎo)評語、給出指導(dǎo)成績，專業(yè)教研室再次評議。若第二次總評成績?nèi)詾椤安患案瘛?，論文寫作延期，要求與下一屆專業(yè)學(xué)年論文同期完成。論文總評成績?nèi)尉鶠椤安患案瘛闭?，學(xué)年論文成績記作“不及格”。

3、對延期提交的論文的成績評定：

1）若學(xué)生有正當(dāng)理由（如作為交換生出國留學(xué)）未能按時提交論文，申請延期提交論文并得到指導(dǎo)教師和系專業(yè)教研室批準(zhǔn)，應(yīng)在申請的期限內(nèi)完成論文寫作，指導(dǎo)教師按該生論文完成的質(zhì)量給出指導(dǎo)成績，專業(yè)教研室再就論文進行評議，最終給出總評成績。

2）若學(xué)生無任何理由不能按系內(nèi)規(guī)定按時提交論文，系內(nèi)給該生兩個星期的時間完成論文。兩個星期后，即便該生提交論文，論文指導(dǎo)成績也只能記為“及格”或“不及格”；若該生仍拒交論文或論文評定和總評成績?yōu)椤安患案瘛? 則該生與下一屆專業(yè)學(xué)生一起進行學(xué)年論文的寫作，最終論文的總評成績記為“及格”或“不及格”。

七、評議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1、讀書報告的評議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

學(xué)生對指導(dǎo)教師給出的閱讀書目閱讀、研究完成情況

2、學(xué)年論文的評議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

1）寫作態(tài)度是否積極、主動；

2）選題有無新意，寫作有無難度，工作量大??； 3）摘要和目錄是否規(guī)范；

4）參考書目數(shù)目是否達到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（10本書目及以上為優(yōu)秀）； 5）參考書目（新版論文規(guī)范）或注釋和參考書目(舊版論文規(guī)范)格式是否

符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；

6）文字是否達意、流暢。

八、工作流程： 學(xué)年論文時間：2011年10月10日至2012年4月3日 1、2011-10-10，召開學(xué)年論文寫作與指導(dǎo)說明會； 2、2011-10-10至10-17，師生雙向選擇； 3、2011-10-18，公布論文寫作指導(dǎo)名單； 4、2011-10-25，師生見面會，指導(dǎo)教師對論文形式、寫作要求等做出說明，學(xué)生談初步確定的論文撰寫方向及總體思路，指導(dǎo)教師給出指導(dǎo)意見； 5、2011-10-26至2011-12-26，學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下進行論文或讀書、調(diào)研報告的寫作； 6、2011-12-27，在機器上提交論文或讀書、調(diào)研報告的一稿； 7、2012-2-26，提交二稿，以計算機記錄為準(zhǔn)； 8、2012-3-13，提交三稿，以計算機記錄為準(zhǔn)； 9、2012-3-20，學(xué)生將論文或報告終稿紙質(zhì)兩份交給指導(dǎo)教師，將電子版輸入計算機，指導(dǎo)教師填寫評語表，進行成績評定； 10、2012-3-23，指導(dǎo)教師將所指導(dǎo)的論文材料呈交給系里；

11、2012-3-27，專業(yè)教研室對學(xué)年論文進行復(fù)評，給出評議成績，最后外語系本科教學(xué)工作委員會對論文進行終審，給出最終成績；

12、2012-4-3，公布學(xué)年論文成績，總結(jié)、匯總、存檔。

附：

一、英美文學(xué)研究部分選題

1．A Brief Comment on Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice

（淺談莎士比亞的《威尼斯商人》）2．Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist（哈姆雷特人物性格分析）

3．Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language（莎士比亞戲劇的排比與對照用語）

4．The Social Significance of Dickens’s Oliver Twist

（狄更斯《霧都孤兒》的社會意義）5．On the Structure of Dickens’s Hard Times

（談狄更斯《艱難時世》的結(jié)構(gòu)）

6．Jan Austen’s Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects

(簡·奧斯汀的反語及其修辭效果)7．Appreciation of Literary Language of Pride and Prejudice

(《傲慢與偏見》文學(xué)語言賞析)8．A Character Analysis of the Heroine of Emma

(《愛瑪》女主人公性格分析)9．The High Class as Seen in Thackeray’s Vanity Fair

(從《名利場》看上流社會)10．From Pastoral Stories to Great Tragic Novels: An Analysis of Hardy’s Novels

(哈代小說-----從田園故事到偉大的悲劇性小說)11．Tess: A Rebellious Woman

(叛逆者苔絲)12．Remarks on D.H.Lawrence’s Psychological Analyses

(淺談勞倫斯的心理分析描寫)13．Social Reality as Reflected in the Poetry of William Blake

(布萊克詩中反映的社會現(xiàn)實)14．Edgar Allan Poe and the World Literature

(愛倫·坡與世界文學(xué))15．An Analysis of the Heroine of The Scarlet Letter

(淺析《紅字》的女主人公)16．Symbolism in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter

(《紅字》的象征手法)17．Mark Twain: A Humorist

(馬克.吐溫-----一位幽默大師)18．The Tragic Color of Ernest Hemingway’s Novels

(海明威小說的悲劇色彩)19．Social Significance as Reflected in The Great Gatsby

(《了不起的蓋茨比》所反映的社會意義)20．O.Henry’s Artistic Animation as Seen in His Short Stories

4(歐·亨利短篇小說的藝術(shù)手法)21．A Critical Study of William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily: Its Narrative Techniques and Structure(福克納《獻給艾米莉的一枝玫瑰》的敘事技巧與結(jié)構(gòu))22．Some Features of Steinbeck’s Literary Style

(斯坦貝克文學(xué)風(fēng)格的幾個特點)23．Emily Dickson and Her Unique Poetry

(艾米莉·迪金森與她獨特的詩歌)24．An Analysis of Several Robert Frost’s Famous Poems

(淺析弗洛斯特的幾首著名詩歌)25．Symbolism in O’Neill’s Major Plays

(奧尼爾主要劇作的象征主義藝術(shù))26．The Modern American Society and The Death of the Salesman

(《推銷員之死》與現(xiàn)代美國社會)27．A Comparative Study of Empathy in English and Chinese Poetry

(英漢詩歌里的移情比較研究)28．A Comparative Study of Sentence Structures in English and Chinese Poetry

（英漢詩歌句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較分析）

二、英美文學(xué)研究部分參考書目

Altick, Richard, and Andrew Wright.Selective Biography for the Study of English and American Literature.6th ed.New York: Macmillan, 1979.(此書專為學(xué)生編輯，是精心挑選的介紹英美文學(xué)家的資料匯編。)Bateson, F.W.and Harrison T.Maserole.A Guide to English and American Literature.London: Longman, 1976.Bryer, Jackson, ed.Sixteen Modern American Authors: A Survey of Research and Criticism.New York: Norton, 1973.(此書匯集了一系列詳細(xì)介紹和評論Sherwood Anderson, Willa Cather, Hart Crane, Theodore Dreiser, T.S.Eliot, William Faulkner, F.Scott Fittzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Eugene O’Neill, Ezra Pound, Adwin Arlington Robinson, John Steinbeck, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, and Thomas Wolfe等著名作家及其作品的文章。)Corse, Larry B., and Sandra B.Corse.Articles on American and British Literature: An Index to Selected Periodicals, 1950—1977.Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1981.(專門為利用一般大學(xué)圖書館資料的學(xué)生設(shè)計的參考資料。)Eddleman, Floyd E., ed.American Drama Criticism: Interpretations, 1890—1977, 2nd

ed.Hadmen, CT: Shoe String Pressm 1979.Elliott, E., ed.The Comumbia History of the American Novel.New York: Columbia Press, 1991.Harner, James L.Literary Research Guide: A Guide to Reference Sources for the Study of Literatures in English and Related Topics.New York: MLA, 1981.Holman, C.Hugh, and William Harmon.A Handbook to Literature.5th ed.New York: Macmillan, 1986.(一部詳細(xì)介紹文學(xué)術(shù)語和精要介紹文學(xué)運動的辭書。)Kuntz, Joseph M., and Nancy C.Martinez.Poetry Explication: A Checklist of Interpretation Since 1925 of British and American Poems Past and Present.Boston: Hall, 1980.Leary, Lewis.American Literature: A Study and Research Guide.New York: Martins Press, 1976.MLA International Bibliography of Books and Aritcles on Modern Language and literature.New York: MLA, 1921---.(每年更新版本，是一本查閱有關(guān)文章和著作的參考資料。)The New Cambridge Bibliograhy of English Literature.5 vols.Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1967---1977.(介紹從A.D.600至1950年間的文學(xué)作品。)Preminger, Alex, ed.Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics.NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.(詮釋各種詩歌技術(shù)名詞和詩歌運動。)Richetti, J., ed.The Columbia History of the British Novel.New York: Columbia Press, 1991.Sampson, G.The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.Schweik, Robert C., and Dieter Riesner.Reference Sources in English and American Literature: An Annotated Bibliography.New York: Norton, 1977.(含生平介紹、6 歷史和批評的參考書目。)Spiller, Robert E., et al.Literary History of the United States.4th ed.2 vols.New York: Macmillan, 1975.（從殖民時代至20世紀(jì)60年代的文學(xué)運動和作家。）Walker, Warren S.Twentieth-Century Short Story Explication.3rd ed.Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1977.(對1800年以來發(fā)表的短篇小說的各類評論的參考書目。)The Oxford History of English Literature.12 vols.Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1945--.(1945年開始出版后不斷更新，是最全的文學(xué)史書。)The Penguin Companion to World Literature.4 vols.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969---1971.（匯集了東方、歐洲和英美文學(xué)的經(jīng)典。）

阿尼克斯特著，戴餾齡、吳志謙等譯《英國文學(xué)史綱》，人民文學(xué)出版社，1980。艾弗.埃文斯著，蔡文顯譯《英國文學(xué)史》，人民文學(xué)出版社，1984。陳嘉《英國文學(xué)史》（1---4卷），北京：商務(wù)印書館，1983。

陳嘉（編）《英國文學(xué)作品選讀》（1---3卷），北京：商務(wù)印書館，1983。馬庫斯.埃利夫著，方杰譯《美國的文學(xué)》，中國對外翻譯出版公司，1985。朱光潛《西方美學(xué)史》上下卷（第2版），人民文學(xué)出版社，1979。

三、翻譯類學(xué)年論文的寫作要求

（一）總體要求

翻譯類學(xué)年論文要求學(xué)生必須掌握與選題相關(guān)的基本翻譯理論知識，在此基礎(chǔ)上通過查閱相關(guān)資料，有條理、有邏輯地闡發(fā)某一翻譯現(xiàn)象。論文要求觀點鮮明、論據(jù)充分、論證有力、邏輯性強、條理清楚、文字正確通順、格式規(guī)范。論文應(yīng)該科學(xué)合理地利用資料，嚴(yán)禁抄襲或剽竊他人的作品。

（二）選題思路

翻譯問題非常復(fù)雜，可研究探索的領(lǐng)域和課題非常多。但是像自然科學(xué)那樣成熟的翻譯理論并不多，因為很多理論、原則、方法等往往涉及到一個局限性的問題，即能在多大范圍內(nèi)接受檢驗的問題。因此，翻譯研究中的一些理論爭議尚無定論，一些看似合理的理論觀點往往難于做到無懈可擊。所以，學(xué)年論文一般不宜選擇純理論的論題，而應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇運用某一基本理論、原則、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或方法來解釋或說明翻譯中的某一現(xiàn)象，或是通過豐富、具體的例證歸納出某一領(lǐng)域的翻譯 原則或技巧，做到“小題大做”。為了增強論文的說服力，還可引用某些權(quán)威人士的評論和譯文?？蓮囊韵聨讉€方面著手選題：

1．翻譯方法與技巧。從實際研究的角度看，翻譯方法問題，牽涉最多的是技巧問題，即通過對翻譯中轉(zhuǎn)換現(xiàn)象的語言學(xué)描寫和功能分析，來探討語言轉(zhuǎn)換的限制條件或基本規(guī)律。描述的對象可以是詞義、句法或修辭的翻譯，可集中于一個方面，如“英語前置詞的譯法”、“隱喻的譯法”、“英語長句的翻譯”等等。一般而言，這類題目較容易駕馭，可列舉一定數(shù)量的典型例證，然后分門別類，通過分析比較，歸納出幾種處理方式。

2.翻譯中的文化現(xiàn)象。從語言與文化的關(guān)系出發(fā)探討翻譯,是一個比較新的研究領(lǐng)域，研究的內(nèi)容一般是影響翻譯的文化因素或翻譯的文化功能，要求學(xué)生具有較寬廣的知識面和較強的比較分析能力。有許多問題可作為畢業(yè)論文的論題，如“文化詞（culture-loaded words）的譯法”、“習(xí)語的翻譯”、“廣告語的譯法”、“典故的譯法”等等。

3．運用語言學(xué)理論解釋文學(xué)作品的翻譯策略。這是一種將語言學(xué)知識與文學(xué)翻譯結(jié)合起來的較為新穎的論題，即通過某一語言學(xué)理論系統(tǒng)地解釋、說明文學(xué)作品翻譯中的語言現(xiàn)象。

4．譯本比較。至少要對同一部作品的兩種譯本進行比較，選擇此類論題需要投入較多的時間和精力，需要扎實的語言功底、較高的文化修養(yǎng)和一定的翻譯理論。要同時考慮到不同譯本翻譯的目的、譯本的對象以及產(chǎn)生與接受譯本的社會背景等因素，在此基礎(chǔ)上來比較不同譯本的差異、優(yōu)劣或各自特色。

5.選題示例（源自部分本科院校英語系，供參考）

1）The Translation of Irony in Two Chinese Versions of Pride and Prejudice 2）Foreignization and Domestication in Yangbi's Chinese Version of Vanity Fair 3）An Ayalysis of Methaphor Translation in Fortress

4）On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation 3）Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability 4）A Preliminary Study of Explanatory Translating 5）On the Translation of Brand Names / Trade Marks 6）Translating the Lengthy English Sentences into Chinese 8 7）Views on the Chinese Version of The Merchant of Venice 8）On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems

9）On Translating Advertisements Between Chinese and English: A Functionalist Approach 10)The Appropriateness and Comparison of Poem Translation 11）On the Cultural Factors in Translation

12)The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice 13)On the Faithfulness in Translation 14)On Literal Translation and Free Translation 15)On the Chinese-English Translation of Numerals

16)The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms 17)Equivalence and its Application in Translation

18)On the Cross-Culture Pragmatic Failure in English Translation 19)On the Translation of Chinese Set-Phrase 20)On the Translation of English Idioms 21)The Arts in Verse Translation

22）On Translating the Passive Voice into Chinese 23）A Review on the Translation of Movie Titles 24）Cultural Equivalence in Translation 25）Onomatopoeia and its Translation

26）A Contrast between English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 27）English News Headlines and Their Translation 28）On the Methods of Translating Long Chinese Sentences 29）On Foreignization and Domestication of Cultural Factors in Translation 30）On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese

31）A Comparative Study of Two English Version of A Dream of Red Mansions 32）The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice 33）The Application of Functional Equivalence in English and Chinese Cross-cultural Translation 9 34）On the Translation of English Proverbs 35）English Neologisms and Their Translation 36）On the Translation of Humor in Pride and Prejudice 37）On the Importance of Context in Translation

38）A Comparative Study on the Translation of Puns in A Dream of Red Mansions

39）On Euphemism Translation 40）Translating Metaphors from English into Chinese

四、語言與文化方向?qū)W年論文寫作要求

（一）選題思路

語言與文化密不可分。語言是文化的一部分，又是文化的載體。文化的概念很大，根據(jù)英語專業(yè)本科教學(xué)大綱的要求，考慮到學(xué)生寫作的可操作性，建議從以下三個方面進行選題研究： 1.語言與文化

從具體語言材料出發(fā)，探討文化對語言的理解、使用和學(xué)習(xí)的影響。學(xué)生選題時可以考慮以下幾個方面：（1）詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵；（2）日常談話中的文化差異；（3）成語、諺語和典故；（4）比喻和聯(lián)想；（5）委婉語和禁忌語；（6）非語言交際。這六個選題仍然屬于比較大的題目，在確定了其中一個范圍后，還需選擇一個自己感興趣的研究題目。2.文學(xué)與文化

從具體的文學(xué)作品中，挖掘其內(nèi)在的文化因素。這里的文學(xué)作品主要包括反映雙重文化身份、文化沖撞的創(chuàng)作，如美國華裔作家（如湯亭亭、譚恩美等）的作品。還包括美籍作家（如賽珍珠等）的中國題材的作品，中國作家（如林語堂等）的英文作品，另外還有對某些英美文學(xué)作品的文化解讀。3.社會與文化

從英語國家的社會角度研究文化，包括其歷史、政治、外交、思想意識形態(tài)等。

注意：無論就以上三方面哪個方面進行選題寫作，都必須有一本英文原作為基礎(chǔ)。

（二）語言與文化研究選題（這里只是選題的大致范圍，寫作時還要進一步縮?。?/p>

1．漢英詞匯文化內(nèi)涵比較

2．談中國人和英美人非語言交際的差異

3．從比喻語言看漢英兩個民族的差異

4.幽默的民族性——中英文幽默對比比較 5．從習(xí)語看漢英兩個民族的差異

6.英漢成語的對照與對比

7.英漢動物習(xí)語分析對比

8.《女勇士》中中西文化的沖撞與融合 9.《大地》三部曲中的美國文化精神

10.從《圍城》看西方文化對中國文化的影響 11.美國華裔作家譚恩美作品中的中美文化沖突與融合

從《成長的煩惱》看中美家庭教育模式之差異

12.試論《喜福會》中的中國文化屬性 13.從《刮痧》看中美文化差異 14.《紅字》中的女巫文化和女權(quán)主義 15.試析《小婦人》中的美國文化傳統(tǒng)

16.通過《霧都孤兒》看19世紀(jì)30年代的英國政治背景（以下選題只是大致范圍，寫作時還要進一步縮小）17.Hierarchies in American and Chinese Address Forms 18 The American Political Parties 19.Working Women in American Society 20.The American Indians

21.The Role Played by the American Blacks in the History of America

（三）語言與文化研究參考書目

1.陳原《語言與社會生活》，三聯(lián)書店，1980.2.陳建民《語言文化社會新探》，上海教育出版社，1989.3.鄧炎昌、劉潤清《語言與文化：英漢語文化對比》，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1989.4.顧嘉祖、陸升、鄭立信《語言與文化》，上海外語教育出版社，1990.11 5.關(guān)世杰《跨文化交流學(xué)——提高涉外交流能力的學(xué)問》，北京大學(xué)出版社，1995.6.胡文仲《跨文化交際學(xué)選讀》，湖南教育出版社，1990.7.胡文仲《文化與交際》，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1994.8.胡文仲、高一虹《外語教學(xué)與文化》，湖南教育出版社，1997.9.賈玉新《跨文化交際學(xué)》，上海外語教育出版社，1997.10.李瑞華《英漢語言文化對比研究》，上海外語教育出版社，1996.11.林大津《跨文化交際研究——與英美人交往指南》，福建人民出版社，1996.12.王福祥、吳漢櫻《文化與語言》，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1994.13.王振亞 《語言與文化》，高等教育出版社，1999.14.Brosnahan, Leger著，畢繼萬譯《中國和英語國家非語言交際對比》，北京語言文化大學(xué)出版社，1991.15.Hall, E.The Silent Language.New York: Doubleday & Co., 1959.16.Hall, E.Beyond Culture.New York: Doubleday E.Communication Cultures.外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1998.17.Oatey, Helen《與英美人交往的習(xí)俗和語言》，上海外語教育出版社，1987.18.Samovar, L.A.et al.Communication Cultures, 2nd edition(跨文化交際).外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000.19.Samovar, L.et al.Understanding Intercultural Communication.1981.20.Scollon, R.et al.Intercultural Communication(跨文化交際).外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000.21.Wadsworth, Valdes & J.M.Culture Bound: Bridging the Samovar.1986.22.Kingston, Maxine Hong.The Woman Warrior.London: Pan Books.1981.23.Kingston, Maxine Hong.The Woman Warrior.New York: Vintage Books.1975 24.Tan, Amy.The Joy Luck Club.New York: Putnam, 1989.五、商務(wù)方向?qū)W年論文工作要求

（一）撰寫商務(wù)調(diào)查報告的基本目的

撰寫商務(wù)調(diào)查報告的基本目的，是通過調(diào)查報告的撰寫，進一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生熟悉調(diào)查報告的特征，掌握調(diào)查研究的方法與要求，運用本專業(yè)所學(xué)的基本理論、基本知識和基本技能，撰寫針對性強，觀點鮮明，內(nèi)容充實，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，語言表 12 述嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、樸實的商務(wù)調(diào)查報告的能力，建議與畢業(yè)論文有直接聯(lián)系。

（二）撰寫調(diào)查報告的基本要求

1.學(xué)生必須在開展商務(wù)調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上獨立完成調(diào)查報告的寫作。禁止抄襲他人的文章。強調(diào)數(shù)據(jù)的實證搜集及其分析結(jié)果的客觀性。調(diào)查報告所引用資料的出處必須一一注明。

2.調(diào)查報告內(nèi)容要具體、明確，充分體現(xiàn)自己的調(diào)查結(jié)果，注意調(diào)查與報告的結(jié)合（特別注意不要寫成某某國家、某某省市等超出自己調(diào)查能力的調(diào)查報告），要體現(xiàn)出應(yīng)有的社會性、客觀性、針對性，具有較強的文字表達能力。調(diào)查報告在上交時要求附上學(xué)生自己的設(shè)計。有效問卷發(fā)放和回收量應(yīng)在80份以上。本專業(yè)提倡學(xué)生進行實地調(diào)查，寫出有實際內(nèi)容和現(xiàn)實指導(dǎo)意義的調(diào)查報告 3.學(xué)員擬訂商務(wù)調(diào)查報告提綱、結(jié)構(gòu)安排、撰寫初稿、定稿等環(huán)節(jié)應(yīng)主動征求老師意見（具體安排見本系公布的統(tǒng)一時間）。

（三）商務(wù)調(diào)查報告的成績評定

商務(wù)調(diào)查報告的成績評定由系商務(wù)組負(fù)責(zé)。主要采用書面審閱方式。成績根據(jù)審閱結(jié)果及學(xué)生的科研態(tài)度、遵時守紀(jì)等情況綜合評定。成績采用優(yōu)秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格五級記分制。

（四）商務(wù)調(diào)查報告成績未通過的處理方法

商務(wù)調(diào)查報告考核未通過的同學(xué)，可以在下一次的規(guī)定申請時間再次申請參加考核。由此引起的整體學(xué)業(yè)的延誤按本院學(xué)籍、學(xué)歷管理的有關(guān)條例，由學(xué)生自負(fù)。

（五）參考選題（不局限于所列，可以根據(jù)自己的具體情況另行選擇）1.如何寫好外貿(mào)商業(yè)信函（詢價、報價、還盤）2.如何采取措施學(xué)好商務(wù)英語

4、商務(wù)英語學(xué)習(xí)中所忽略注意的問題

5、例解珠江三角洲外貿(mào)現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題

6、以個案淺談某地外貿(mào)企業(yè)的困境與出路

7、從案例看我國中小企業(yè)開拓國際市場之探討

8、我國外貿(mào)出口品牌戰(zhàn)略的實施--個案研究

9、文化背景知識和商務(wù)英語教學(xué)

10、商務(wù)英語復(fù)合型人才培養(yǎng)的思考

11、淺談某地區(qū)出口產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的市場分布

13、某跨國公司的本土化經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略及其實施

14、廣州／深圳等地區(qū)的一個三資企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)分析

15、某地區(qū)、州、市（縣）、鄉(xiāng)、村（山寨）旅游業(yè)發(fā)展調(diào)查研究

16、某中小企業(yè)開展涉外電子商務(wù)狀況的調(diào)研與思考

17、某地中小企業(yè)品牌管理國際化進程的現(xiàn)狀與思考

18、XXX市家電出口市場的特點與企業(yè)對策思考

19、中資餐飲企業(yè)連鎖經(jīng)營的現(xiàn)狀與問題 20、XXX鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對外流通的現(xiàn)狀與問題

21、并購還是聯(lián)盟？—某地中小企業(yè)與跨國企業(yè)關(guān)系的調(diào)研與思考

22、某涉外企業(yè)顧客滿意與顧客忠誠水平調(diào)研與思考

23、服務(wù)企業(yè)品牌戰(zhàn)略的實施狀況調(diào)查

第三篇：英語專業(yè)論文

英語專業(yè)文學(xué)方向本科畢業(yè)論文寫作問題探究

[摘 要]英語畢業(yè)論文由于從事英美文學(xué)教學(xué)的教師理論水平參差不齊、教師對學(xué)生文藝?yán)碚摻邮苣芰Φ膽岩?、商品?jīng)濟時代文學(xué)和文藝?yán)碚撉吆凸训纫蛩?造成文學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)和文學(xué)方向畢業(yè)論文寫作中缺乏科學(xué)的分析方法。本研究將探索將文藝?yán)碚撘氡究飘厴I(yè)生的論文寫作課程中的必要性和可行性,從而建構(gòu)以文藝?yán)碚摓橹行牡挠⒄Z專業(yè)文學(xué)方向畢業(yè)論文寫作的新模式。

[關(guān)鍵詞]文學(xué)理論;讀者反映理論;認(rèn)知教學(xué)法

依據(jù)《高等教育法》(1998)的本科教育學(xué)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),學(xué)生應(yīng)比較系統(tǒng)地掌握本專業(yè)所必需的基礎(chǔ)理論知識、基本技能和相關(guān)知識,并“具有從事本專業(yè)實際工作和研究工作的初步能力”。這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)強調(diào)了研究性教學(xué)(research-oriented teaching)的重要性,無疑為英美文學(xué)教學(xué)中理論研究與實踐的有機融合提出了要求,而這種融合往往體現(xiàn)在學(xué)生文學(xué)論文寫作的能力之中。然而,高校中實用主義風(fēng)氣、急功近利思想和“重技能,輕人文”弊端的集中體現(xiàn)沖擊著文學(xué)課教學(xué),助長了學(xué)生輕視與人文修養(yǎng)有關(guān)的課程,助長了他們對文學(xué)作品敬而遠(yuǎn)之的傾向(馬愛華, 2006)。作為全面考核畢業(yè)生綜合素質(zhì)的有效途徑,畢業(yè)論文寫作是本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)前必須經(jīng)受的考驗關(guān)口,是師生教學(xué)相長的過程。本文將從文學(xué)課教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀出發(fā),通過畢業(yè)論文寫作的過程,在揭示現(xiàn)象、總結(jié)經(jīng)驗的基礎(chǔ)上,提出重視文藝?yán)碚摰慕虒W(xué),提高學(xué)生的文學(xué)素養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)研究性學(xué)習(xí)能力的意義。

一、研究現(xiàn)狀

部分專家認(rèn)為英語專業(yè)(張沖, 2003)是“英語語言技能的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練和對英語語言文化的專門研究”,其特征為“技能加專業(yè),復(fù)合而開放”,其培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)為“純熟的語言能力,深度的專題研究”。這一專業(yè)定位除了強調(diào)語言技能之外,著重強調(diào)了“文化”和“研究”。文化理解和專題研究的基礎(chǔ)在于學(xué)生文學(xué)課程的給養(yǎng)過程,其中,文學(xué)理論分析則既指導(dǎo)了文學(xué)課程的學(xué)習(xí),又加深了學(xué)生對文學(xué)作品的理解。文學(xué)作品的學(xué)習(xí)與文藝?yán)碚摰年P(guān)系好比材料和工具的關(guān)系,“工欲善其事,必先利其器”,如果學(xué)生沒有相關(guān)的文藝?yán)碚摰膶W(xué)習(xí),就好比一個沒有工具的工匠,只能望天興嘆。

二、問題成因

文藝?yán)碚撌菍W(xué)習(xí)英美文學(xué)的分析和鑒賞工具,研究生階段的文藝?yán)碚摻虒W(xué)已經(jīng)有了一定的歷史,但在英語專業(yè)本科教學(xué)中文藝?yán)碚摰慕虒W(xué)目前尚未展開。這直接導(dǎo)致學(xué)生的文學(xué)畢業(yè)論文的寫作難度增大,出現(xiàn)了許多亟待解決的問題。主要成因如下:

1.從事英美文學(xué)教學(xué)的教師理論水平參差不齊。部分教師講授英美文學(xué),而其自身很少涉及文藝?yán)碚摰氖褂?或者說自己的文學(xué)批評理論知識匱乏,因此不可能在授課時有意識地將文藝?yán)碚撊谌氲浇虒W(xué)中去。

2.輕視或放低對學(xué)生的人文素質(zhì)和評析能力的生成要求。有些教師擔(dān)心學(xué)生的接受能力,甚至害怕因為學(xué)生不能正確理解文藝?yán)碚摰木瓒鴮⑵湔`用或者濫用?！陡叩葘W(xué)校英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱》(2000)明確規(guī)定了文學(xué)課程的教學(xué)目的“在于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀、欣賞、理解英語文學(xué)原著的能力,掌握文學(xué)批評的基本知識和方法。通過閱讀和分析英美文學(xué)作品,促進學(xué)生語言基本功和人文素質(zhì)的提高,增強學(xué)生對西方文學(xué)及文化的了解”,顯而易見,加大文學(xué)批評理論的講授和研討是符合《大綱》要求的。

3.所學(xué)知識與研究性寫作存在三個“不和諧”關(guān)系:文學(xué)課的教與學(xué)脫節(jié);文學(xué)課與語言實踐脫節(jié);文學(xué)教學(xué)理論的研究與外語教學(xué)實踐脫節(jié)(馬愛華, 2006)。學(xué)生習(xí)得的知識孤立于其寫作實踐之外。人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)不明確,學(xué)生急功近利,一成不變的文學(xué)課程教學(xué)脫離實際人才

培養(yǎng)模式。學(xué)生將文藝?yán)碚撘暈榧埳险劚?。因?導(dǎo)致“文學(xué)理論教材和教學(xué)實踐逐漸偏離當(dāng)今消費時代的審美精神”以及“文學(xué)理論的教學(xué)被大學(xué)生們冷落”(李迪江, 2002)。

三、文藝?yán)碚撛谖膶W(xué)論文寫作中的意義

1.文學(xué)理論的專業(yè)知識學(xué)習(xí),鋪墊了文學(xué)論文的研究能力?！拔膶W(xué)理論教學(xué)應(yīng)該優(yōu)先地培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的理論素養(yǎng),更多地培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的應(yīng)用能力,如從文學(xué)作品的分析討論中,來培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的理解能力、分析能力和表達能力等(李迪江, 2002)”。本科學(xué)生已經(jīng)有了一定的文學(xué)常識,至少對于著名作品的情節(jié)有了一定程度的了解,文學(xué)名著選讀課使用文學(xué)名著的原版書籍作為教材,使得學(xué)生有機會對文學(xué)文本進行仔細(xì)研讀,為文藝?yán)碚摰膶W(xué)習(xí)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

2.畢業(yè)論文寫作,完成學(xué)生從讀者到理論分析的升華。Guerin認(rèn)為,“讀者參與在文本的創(chuàng)作中”。作品的意義是文本和讀者相互作用的結(jié)果,它強調(diào)讀者在閱讀過程中的不同參與方式。這一理論代表人物之一伊瑟爾指出,所有文學(xué)篇章都有“空白”或“缺口”,這些空白和缺口必須由讀者在解讀過程中填補或具體化(劉辰誕, 1999)。文學(xué)作品須由接受者內(nèi)化和心靈化,即需要接受者的理解、體驗、加工、補充和創(chuàng)造,融入接受者的思想和情感、傾向和評價,只有這樣,作品中的時間、人物形象等才會活生生地呈現(xiàn)在自己的頭腦中(郭宏安, 1997)。從這個角度暴露了英語專業(yè)教育中一貫的“知識單一和技能單一”問題,帶來的思考是應(yīng)該如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生多種語言技能,滿足其獨立學(xué)習(xí)的需要。

3.文學(xué)史學(xué)習(xí)為文藝?yán)碚摰膶W(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。心理學(xué)、原型批判、女權(quán)主義、馬克思主義的文學(xué)評論等可將傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)史中作家、作品按照時間排序的方式打破。從各種文藝?yán)碚摰慕嵌葘ψ骷摇⒆髌分匦屡判?不同的文學(xué)作品可以用相同的文藝?yán)碚撨M行分析,既起到梳理文學(xué)史和文學(xué)作品的目的,又使學(xué)生對文學(xué)作品甚至文學(xué)史的認(rèn)識提升到一個新的高度。如:莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》,尤金?奧尼爾《榆樹下的欲望》,勞倫斯的《兒子與情人》等作品中都蘊含著戀母情結(jié)的心理學(xué)分析。以此為基礎(chǔ),給學(xué)生補充講述古希臘劇作家索?？死锼沟闹瘎∽髌贰抖淼移炙雇酢?能幫助學(xué)生探究作品人物的內(nèi)心世界,為論文寫作奠定基礎(chǔ)的同時,也有助于選擇一個更為可行的題目。

4.結(jié)合文本與文藝?yán)碚?豐富學(xué)生的論文選題。學(xué)生文學(xué)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文選題往往單一,如選擇:《偉大的蓋茨比》中美國夢破滅的主題或美國夢的悲劇一類的主題;《呼嘯山莊》、《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情主題等。選擇經(jīng)典作家的代表作品為研究對象并不是不可以,但對于一般本科生而言,要就這些作品的某一方面進行較為深入、有創(chuàng)意的探討,還是有相當(dāng)難度的。因為,對于某一經(jīng)典文本的某些問題,國內(nèi)外評論界可能早有定論,而一般的學(xué)生“尚不能用當(dāng)代文論的新視角去解讀,很難提出自己的新解”(杜志卿, 2005)。

5.研讀詩歌,理論先行。在歷屆本科英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)生的論文中,有關(guān)詩歌的論文很少有人涉及。究其成因,主要是在較短篇幅的詩歌中大量運用意象和象征等寫作手法,再加上詩人用特有的音韻感和

第四篇：愛麗絲夢游仙境英語專業(yè)論文

Alice adventures in wonder land 主要內(nèi)容

《愛麗絲奇境歷險記》講述了小姑娘愛麗絲追趕一只揣著懷表、會說話的白兔，掉進了一個兔子洞，由此墜入了神奇的地下世界。在這個世界里，喝一口水就能縮得如同老鼠大小，吃一塊蛋糕又會變成巨人，在這個世界里，似乎所有吃的東西都有古怪。她還遇到了一大堆人和動物：渡渡鳥、蜥蜴比爾、柴郡貓、瘋帽匠、三月野兔、睡鼠、素甲魚、鷹頭獅、丑陋的公爵夫人。兔子洞里還另有乾坤，她在一扇小門后的大花園里遇到了一整副的撲克牌，牌里粗暴的紅桃王后、老好人紅桃國王和神氣活現(xiàn)的紅桃杰克（J）等等。在這個奇幻瘋狂的世界里，似乎只有愛麗絲是唯一清醒的人，她不斷探險，同時又不斷追問“我是誰”，在探險的同時不斷認(rèn)識自我，不斷成長，終于成長為一個“大”姑娘的時候，猛然驚醒，才發(fā)現(xiàn)原來這一切都是自己的一個夢境。

《愛麗絲穿鏡奇幻記》講述的是小姑娘愛麗絲剛下完一盤國際象棋，又對鏡子里反映的東西好奇不已，以致穿鏡而入，進入了鏡子中的象棋世界。在這里，整個世界就是一個大棋盤，愛麗絲本人不過是這個棋盤中的一個小卒。小姑娘從自己所處的棋格開始，一步一步向前走，每一步棋都有奇妙的遭遇：愛麗絲會腳不沾地地飛著走路，那里的花朵和昆蟲都會說話，白王后變成了綿羊女店主，她手中的編織針變成劃船的槳，等等。鏡中的故事大多取材于英國傳統(tǒng)童謠，作者通過自己的想象加以展開，并詳細(xì)敘述，童謠里的人和物活靈活現(xiàn)地呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前：為一丁點兒小事打架的對頭兄弟，行止傲慢的憨蛋和為爭奪王冠而戰(zhàn)的獅子和獨角獸?？磥碇挥邪l(fā)明家兼廢品收藏家白騎士無法歸類，但他恰好是作者本人的化身。等到愛麗絲終于走到第八格，當(dāng)了王后之后，為所有這些人準(zhǔn)備了一次盛大的宴會，宴會上的烤羊腿會鞠躬，布丁會說話，盛宴最終變成了一片混亂，忍無可忍的愛麗絲緊緊捉住搖晃的紅后最后變成了一只小黑貓，愛麗絲也在搖晃中醒來，開始追問這到底是自己的夢呢，還是紅國王的夢？ 作者介紹

劉易斯·卡羅爾（Lewis Carroll），原名查爾斯·路德維?！さ榔孢d，與安徒生、格林兄弟齊名的世界頂尖兒童文學(xué)大師。原名查爾斯·路德維希·道奇遜。1832年1月出生于英國柴郡的一個 牧師家庭，1898年卒于薩里。曾在牛津大學(xué)基督堂學(xué)院任教達30年之久，業(yè)余愛好非常廣泛，尤其喜愛兒童肖像攝影。他的第一本童書《愛麗絲奇境歷險記》于1865年出版，當(dāng)時就引起了巨大轟動，1871年又推出了續(xù)篇《愛麗絲穿鏡奇幻記》，更是好評如潮。兩部童書旋即風(fēng)靡了整個世界，成為一代又一代孩子們乃至成人最喜愛的讀物。

如果說劉易斯·卡羅爾因為這兩部童書而被稱為現(xiàn)代童話之父，絲毫沒有夸大的成分。至少他的兩部《愛麗絲》一改此前傳統(tǒng)童話（包括《安徒生童話》、《格林童話》）充斥著殺戮和說教的風(fēng)格，從而奠定了怪誕、奇幻的現(xiàn)代童話基調(diào)。僅從這點來說，就堪稱跨時代的里程碑。故事簡介

Alice, sitting with her sister, is bored.A White Rabbit scurries by, muttering to himself and pulling a watch from his waistcoat pocket.Curious, Alice follows the animal down a rabbit hole, the first of many instances in which she is propelled by her curiosity.Alice falls, landing in a pile of leaves.She finds herself in a hall and discovers a tiny key to a tiny door leading to a garden.She drinks from a bottle labeled DRINK ME, and shrinks down to ten inches tall.Too short to unlock the garden door, Alice begins to cry.She eats some cake, grows unusually tall, then fans herself and becomes exceedingly small.She finds herself swimming in a pool of her own giant tears.A group of animals gathers around her on the shore.A Mouse gives a speech and then a foot race ensues.Alice is soon left alone and begins to cry again.The White Rabbit approaches.Thinking Alice is his housemaid, he sends her on an errand to fetch some things from his house.Alice drinks from a bottle she finds inside and grows until she fills the house, spilling out windows and bumping her head against the ceiling.Frightened, the Rabbit and his friends throw pebbles at Alice.The pebbles become cakes, which Alice eats to shrink.She escapes and meets a Caterpillar sitting on a mushroom, smoking.While he questions her identity and learning, Alice experiments with eating parts of the mushroom to alter her height.After a brief conversation with a Pigeon, she visits the highly

peppered house of the ill-tempered Duchess and encounters the Cheshire Cat, traveling next to the house of the March Hare.Here the Hare, the Mad Hatter, and the Dormouse have tea.Confused, she leaves the party in disgust and finds her way to the garden she could not reach earlier.In the garden, Alice encounters a very curious croquet game and a Queen of Hearts who threatens to chop off everyone's heads.Alice talks with the moralizing Duchess until the Queen threatens to execute the woman.At the Queen's orders, a Gryphon leads Alice to the Mock Turtle.She listens to his life story and his instructions for dancing the Lobster

Quadrille.The two creatures ask Alice to recount her own adventures, which she does, until a Trial is announced in the distance.The Trial concerns some tarts stolen from the Queen.When she is called to the witness stand, Alice begins to grow again and knocks over the jury box.The King orders her to leave the court because of her height.She refuses and continues to grow as the White Rabbit introduces more evidence.The Queen threatens to chop off Alice's head.Having grown to her full size, Alice calls the Queen and her soldiers a mere deck of cards, at which point the entire pack of them rises up and flies down upon her.Alice awakes.Her sister is brushing off some leaves from Alice's face.She recounts her Adventures and runs off.Her sister watches Alice and begins to dream herself, imagining that the White Rabbit rushes by through the grass.梗概：Alice's Adventures in Wonderland(commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland)is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym LewisCarroll。[1]It tells of a girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit hole into a fantasy world(Wonderland)populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures.The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as children.[2] It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre,[2][3] and its narrative course and structure have been enormously influential,[3] especially in the fantasy genre.

第五篇：英語專業(yè)論文翻譯

A smart copper(II)-responsive binucleargadolinium(III)complex-based magnetic resonanceimaging contrast agent?

Yan-meng Xiao,ab Gui-yan Zhao,ab Xin-xiu Fang,ab Yong-xia Zhao,ab Guan-hua Wang,c Wei Yang*a and Jing-wei Xu*a A novel Gd-DO3A-type bismacrocyclic complex, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], with a Cu2+-selective binding unitwas synthesized as a potential “smart” copper(II)-responsive magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)contrast agent.The relaxivity of the complex was modulated by the presence or absence of Cu2+;in the absence of Cu2+, the complex exhibited a relatively low relaxivity value(6.40 mM1 s1), while the addition of Cu2+ triggered an approximately 76% enhancement in relaxivity(11.28 mM1 s1).Moreover, this Cu2+-responsive contrast agent was highly selective in its response to Cu2+ over other biologically-relevant metal ions.The influence of some common biological anions on the Cu2+-responsive contrast agent and the luminescence lifetime of the complex were also studied.The results of the luminescence lifetime measurements indicated that the enhancement in relaxivity was mainly ascribed to the increased number of inner-sphere water molecules binding to the paramagnetic Gd3+ core upon the addition of Cu2+.In addition, the visual change associated with the significantly enhanced relaxivity due to the addition of Cu2+ was observed from T1-weighted phantom images.Introduction Copper(II)ion is a vital metal nutrient for the metabolism of life and plays a critical role in various biological processes.1,2 Its homeostasis is critical for the metabolism and development of living organisms.3,4 On the other hand, the disruption of its homeostasis may lead to a variety of physical diseases and neurological problems such as Alzheimer's disease,5 Menkes and Wilson's disease,6 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,7,8 and prion disease.9,10 Therefore, the assessment and understanding of the distribution of biological copper in living systems by noninvasive imaging is crucial to provide more insight into copper homeostasis and better understand the relationship between copper regulation and its physiological function.A wide variety of organic uorescent dyes have been exploited for the optical detection of ions in the last few decades.11–13However, optical imaging using organic uorescent dyes hasseveral limitations such as photobleaching, light scattering,limited penetration, low spatial resolution and the disturbance of auto uorescence.14 By comparison, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an increasingly accessible technique used as a noninvasive clinical diagnostic modality for medical diagnosis and biomedical research.15 It can provide high spatial resolution three-dimensional anatomical images with information about physiological signals and biochemical events.16 As a powerful diagnostic imaging tool in medicine, MRI can distinguish normal tissue from diseased tissue and lesions in a noninvasive manner,17–19 which avoids diagnostic thoracotomy or laparotomy surgery for medical diagnoses and greatly improves the diagnostic efficiency.Multiple MRI imaging parameters can provide a wealth of diagnostic information.In addition, the desired cross-section for acquiring multi-angle and multi-planar images of various parts of the entire body can be freely chosen by adjusting the MRI magnetic eld;this ability makes medical diagnostics and studies of the body's metabolism and function more and more effective and convenient.Contrast agents are often used in MRI examinations to improve the resolution and sensitivity;the image quality can be signicantly improved by applying contrast agents which enhance the MRI signal intensity by increasing the relaxation rates of the surrounding water protons.20 Due to the high magnetic moment(seven unpaired electrons)and slow electronic relaxation of the

paramagnetic gadolinium(III)ion, gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents are commonly employed to increase the relaxation rate of the surrounding water protons.16,21 However, most of these contrast agents are nonspecific and provide only anatomical information.On the basis of Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan theory,22–24 several parameters can be manipulated to alter the relaxivity of gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents.These parameters include the number of coordinated water molecules(q), the rotational correlation time(sR)and the residence lifetime of coordinated water molecules bound to the paramagnetic Gd3+ center(sM).Adjusting any of these three factors provides the opportunity to design “smart” MRI contrast agents for specific biochemical events.25–27 In recent years, there have been many studies on the development of responsive gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents;most of them have focused on the development of targeted, high relaxivity and bioactivated contrast agents.These responsive gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents can be modulated by particular in vivo stimuli including pH,28–35 metal ion concentration36–43 and enzyme activity.44–50 Notably, a number of copper-responsive MRI contrast agents have been reported to detect uctuations of copper ions in vivo.51–58 These activated contrast agents exploit the modulation of the number of coordinated water molecules to generate distinct enhancements in longitudinal relaxivity in response to copper ions(Cu+ or Cu2+).In this study, we designed and synthesized a binuclear gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], that is specically responsive to Cu2+ over other biologicallyrelevant metal ions.The new copper-responsive MRI contrast agent comprises two Gd-DO3A cores connected by a 2,6-bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinic acid scaffold59,60(BMPNA), which functions as a receptor for copper-induced relaxivity switching.The synthetic strategy for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] is depicted in Scheme 1.Subsequently, the T1 relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was studied at 25 C and 60 MHz in the absence or presence of Cu2+.Experiments to determine the selectivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] towards Cu2+ over other biologically-relevant ions were carried out as well.Luminescence lifetime was measured to determine the number of coordinated water molecules(q)of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the absence or presence of Cu2+.In addition, T1-weighted phantom images were collected to visualize the relaxivity enhancement caused by Cu2+, suggesting potential in vivo applications.Experimental section

Materials and instruments

All materials for synthesis were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purication.1H and 13C NMR spectra were taken on an AMX600 Bruker FT-NMR spectrometer with tetramethylsilane(TMS)as an internal standard.Luminescence measurements were performed on a Hitachi Fluorescence spectrophotometer-F-4600.The time-resolved luminescence emission spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer LS-55 uorimeter with the following conditions: excitation wavelength, 295 nm;emission wavelength, 545 nm;dela time, 0.02 ms;gate time, 2.00 ms;cycle time, 20 ms;excitation slit, 5 nm;emission slit, 10 nm.The luminescence lifetime was measured on a Lecroy Wave Runner 6100 Digital Oscilloscope(1 GHz)using a tunable laser(pulse width ? 4 ns, gate ? 50 ns)as the excitation(Continuum Sunlite OPO).Mass spectra(MS)were obtained on an auto ex III TOF/TOF MALDI-MS and anIonSpec ESI-FTICR mass spectrometer.Elemental analyses were performed on a Vario EL Element Analyzer.Synthesis Synthesis of compound 3.Methyl 2,6-bis(3-(bromomethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinate(Compound1)59,60 and 4,7,10-tris(2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-4,7,10-triaza-azoniacyclododecan-1-ium bromide(Compound 2)61 were prepared following thereported methods.Compound 2(0.25 g, 0.296 mmol)was suspended in 2 ml anhydrous acetonitrile with 6 equivalents of NaHCO3(0.1492 g)and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h.Compound 1(0.0675 g, 0.148 mmol)was added, and the mixture was slowly heated to reflux(80 C)and stirred overnight.After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solution was ltered.The precipitate was washed several times with anhydrous acetonitrile, and the collected ltrate solution was evaporated under reduced pressure.The residue was puried using silicagel column chromatography eluted with CH2Cl2–n-hexane–CH3OH(10 : 3 : 1, v/v/v)to afford Compound 3(0.1038 g, 53%)as a pale yellow solid.1H NMR(600 MHz, DMSO): 8.22(s, 2H), 8.15(s, 2H), 6.62(s, 2H), 4.53(s, 4H), 3.82(s, 3H), 3.42(m, 4H), 2.98(m, 8H), 2.85(s, 8H), 2.71(m, 24H), 1.33(s, 54H)(Fig.S1?).13C NMR(151 MHz, CDCl3): d 173.21, 172.44, 163.99, 152.38, 150.11, 143.13, 128.07, 109.83, 108.36, 82.59, 57.84, 56.52, 56.06, 55.56, 52.98, 50.55, 48.91, 47.30, 27.96(Fig.S2?).HRMS(ESI): m/z calc.for C67H111N13O14 [M + 2H]2+ 661.92650, [M + H + Na]2+ 672.91747, [M + 2Na]2+ 683.90844, found [M + 2H]2+ 661.92584, [M+ H + Na]2+ 672.91690, [M + 2Na]2+ 683.90682(Fig.S3?).Synthesis of compound 4.Compound 3(0.1 g, 0.0756 mmol)was stirred with triuoroacetic acid in methylene chloride solution(2 ml)at room temperature for 24 h.The solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was washed three times in CH3OH and CH2Cl2 to eliminate excess acid.The obtained residue was dissolved with a minimum volume of CH3OH and precipitated with cold Et2O.The precipitate was ltered to afford a brown yellow solid(0.1022 g).1H NMR(600 MHz, DMSO): 9.06(s, 2H), 8.17(s, 2H), 6.84(s, 2H), 4.33(s, 4H), 3.98(s, 3H), 3.56(b, 20H), 3.09(m, 24H)(Fig.S4?).13C NMR(151 MHz, D2O): d 174.11, 169.13, 164.64, 150.75, 148.85, 142.10, 129.88, 109.75, 107.99, 55.69, 54.01, 53.10, 52.43, 51.15, 49.59, 48.22, 47.69(Fig.S5?).MALDI-TOFMS spectrum(CH3OH): m/z calc.for C43H63N13O14 [M H] 984.46, found 984.7(Fig.S6?).Anal calc.for C43H63N13O14-$3CF3COOH$2H2O: C, 43.14;H, 5.17;N, 13.35;found C, 42.34;H, 4.999;N, 13.29%.Preparation of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] and [Tb2(DO3A)2-BMPNA].Compound 4(0.05 mmol)was dissolved in 2 ml of highly-puried water.GdCl3 or TbCl3(0.1 mmol)was added dropwise.The pH was maintained at 6.5–7.0 with NaOH during the whole process.The solution was then stirred at 75 C for 24 h.MALDI-MS(H2O): m/z calc.for C42H55N13O14Gd2 [M + H]+ 1281.46, found 1281.4(Fig.S7?).MALDI-MS(H2O): m/z calc.for C42H55N13O14Tb2 [M + H]+ 1284.3, found 1284.4(Fig.S8?).T1 measurements.The longitudinal relaxation times(T1)of aqueous solutions of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] were measured on an HT-MRSI60-25 spectrometer(Shanghai Shinning Globe Science and Education Equipment Co., Ltd)at 1.5 T.All of the tested samples were prepared in HEPES-buffered aqueous solutions at pH 7.4.All of the metal ions(Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+)were used as chloride salts.Concentrations of Gd3+ were determined by ICP-OES.Relaxivities were determined from the slope of the plot of 1/T1 vs.[Gd].The data were tted to the following eqn(1),20

(1/T1)obs ?(1/T1)d + r1[M](1)

where(1/T1)obs and(1/T1)d are the observed values in the presence and absence of the paramagnetic species, respectively, and [M] is the concentration of paramagnetic [Gd].Luminescence measurements.Luminescence emission spectra were collected on a Hitachi uorescence spectrophotometer-F-4600.The luminescence lifetime was measured on a Lecroy Wave Runner 6100 Digital Oscilloscope(1 GHz)using a tunable laser(pulse width ? 4 ns, gate ? 50 ns)as the excitation(Continuum Sunlite OPO).Samples were excited at 290 nm, and the emission maximum(545 nm)was used to determine luminescence lifetimes.The Tb(III)-based emission spectra were measured using 0.1 mM solutions of Tb complex analog in 100 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.4 in H2O and D2O in the absence and presence of Cu2+.The number of coordinated water molecules(q)was calculated according to eqn(2):62,63 q= ? 5(sH2O1 sD2O1 0.06)(2)T1-weighted MRI phantom images.Phantom images were collected on a 1.5 T HT-MRSI60-25 spectrometer(Shanghai Shinning Globe Science and Education Equipment Co., Ltd).Instrument parameter settings were as follows: 1.5 T magnet;matrix =256 256;slice thickness =1 mm;TE= 13 ms;TR= 100 ms;and number of acquisitions =1.Results and discussion Longitudinal relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in response to copper(II)ion To investigate the inuence of Cu2+ on the relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], the longitudinal relaxivity r1 for the [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] contrast agent was determined using T1 measurements in the absence or presence of Cu2+ at 60 MHz and 25 C using a 0.2mMGd3+ solution of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in 100 mM HEPES buffer(pH 7.4)under simulated physiological conditions.The concentrations of Gd3+ were determined by ICP-OES.The relaxivity r1 was calculated from eqn(1).In the absence of Cu2+, the relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was 6.40 mM1 s1, which was higher than that of [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)](4.2 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 25 C)and Gd(DO3A)(H2O)2(4.8 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 40 C).64 Upon addition of up to 1 equiv.of Cu2+, the relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] increased to 11.28 mM1 s1(76% relaxivity enhancement).As shown in Fig.1, the relaxivity gradually increased with the copper ion concentration, reaching a maximum value of approximately 1.2 equivalents of Cu2+.Due to the use of triuoroacetic acid in the synthesis of Compound 4, triuoroacetic acid residues produced CF3COO in the [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] solution, allowing CF3COO to partially coordinate with Cu2+ to form “Chinese lantern” type structure complexes.65 When the amount of added copper ions was further increased to above 1.2 equiv., the relaxivity was maintained at the same level.The observed difference in Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement demonstrated the ability of this contrast agent to sense Cu2+ in vivo by means of MRI.Our designed contrast agent not only exhibited a higher relaxivity, but also displayed a Cu2+-responsive relaxivity enhancement.Selectivity studies The relaxivity response of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] exhibited excellent selectivity for Cu2+ over a variety of other competing, biologically-relevant metal ions at physiological levels.As depicted in Fig.2(white bars), the addition of alkali metal cations(10 mM Na+, 2 mM K+)and alkaline earth metal cations(2 mM Mg2+, 2 mM Ca2+)did not generate an increase in relaxivity compared to the copper ion turn-on response;even the introduction of d-block metal cations(0.2 mM Fe2+, 0.2 mM Fe3+, 0.2 mM or 2 mM Zn2+)did not trigger relaxivity enhancements.We noted that Zn2+ is also known to replace Gd3+ in transmetalation experiments;however, studies with analogous Gd3+-DO3A complexes demonstrated that this ligand is more kinetically inert to metal-ion exchange.66 To ensure the kinetic stability of the complex, we used MS to monitor [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the presence of 1 equiv.of Zn2+.No metal-ion exchange was observed at room temperature after 7 days(Fig.S13?).Relaxivity interference experiments for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the presence of both Cu2+(0.2 mM)and other biologically-relevant metal ions were also conducted;the results are shown as black bars in Fig.2, indicating that these biologically-relevant metal ions(Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+)had no interference on the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement.In addition, we also tested the Cu2+ response for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the presence of physiologically-relevant concentrations of common biological anions to determine whether the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement was affected by biological anions at physiological levels.As previously mentioned, Cu2+ binding induced an enhancement in relaxivity from 6.40 mM1 s1 to 11.28 mM1 s1(a 76% increase).As shown in Fig.3, in the presence of citrate(0.13 mM), lactate(0.9 mM), H2PO4(0.9 mM), or HCO3(10 mM), the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement was approximately 61%(from 6.01 mM1 s1 to 9.66mM1 s1), 66%(from 6.13mM1 s1 to 10.16 mM1 s1), 20%(from 5.88 mM1 s1 to 7.02 mM1 s1), or 55%(from 6.15 mM1 s1 to 9.55 mM1 s1), respectively.Additionally, 100 mM NaCl had almost no effect(an approximately 75% increase), and a simulated extracellular anion solution(EAS, contain 30 mM NaHCO3, 100 mM NaCl, 0.9 mM KH2PO4, 2.3 mM sodium lactate, and 0.13 mM sodium citrate, pH =7),67 resulted in a Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement of approximately 26%(from 6.02 mM1 s1 to 7.56 mM1 s1).Generally, the results revealed that lactate, citrate, and HCO3 had slight impacts on the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement, while H2PO4 and EAS influenced the enhancement to a greater degree.As shown in Scheme 2, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] possessed two water molecules after the addition of 1 equiv.Of Cu2+.According to the work of Dickins and coworkers, in lanthanide complexes with two water molecules, the waters can be partially displaced by phosphate, carbonate, acetate, carboxylate, lactate and citrate at different levels.68–70 The influence of these anions on the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement may be attributed to the partial replacement of coordinated water molecules by these anions.The relatively high concentration of phosphate could likely replace coordinated water molecules to reduce the increased number of water molecules surrounding the paramagnetic Gd3+ centre induced by Cu2+.As shown in Table 1, we measured the number of water molecules in the rst coordination sphere of Tb3+ in the presence of phosphate;the number of coordinated water molecules(q)decreased from 1.5 to 0.8.Coordination features Luminescence lifetime experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement.Luminescence lifetime measurements of lanthanide complexes have been widely used to quantify the number of inner-sphere water molecules.71 In particular, Tb3+ and Eu3+ have commonly been applied for lifetime measurements because their emission spectra are in the visible region when their 4f electrons are relaxed from higher energy levels to the lowest energy multiplets.72,73 Therefore, the Tb3+ analogue of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA], was prepared according to a similar method, and the luminescence lifetimes of the Tb3+ analogue in HEPES-buffered H2O and D2O in the absence and presence of Cu2+ were measured.As shown in Fig.S9,? the luminescence decay curve of [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was tted to obtain the luminescence lifetimes74(Table 1), and the number of coordinated water molecules(q)was calculated by eqn(2).The analysis results(Table 1)for [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in HEPES-bufferedH2OandD2O in the absence and presence of Cu2+ indicated that q increased from 0.6 to 1.5 upon the addition of 1 equiv.of Cu2+;this result indicated that the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was most likely due to the increased number of coordinated water molecules around the Gd3+ ion upon Cu2+ binding to the pyrazole centre(Scheme 2).Aer the addition of Cu2+, Cu2+ removed the pyrazole centre N atom from the paramagnetic Gd3+ ion to generate an open coordination site available for a water molecule.Luminescence emission titrations of [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] towards Cu2+ were also performed to investigate the binding properties of the contrast agent towards Cu2+.Upon addition of 1 equiv.Cu2+, the luminescence of [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] at 545 nm decreased gradually and reached a minimum due to the quenching nature of the paramagnetic Cu2+(Fig.S10?).The titration data indicated a 1 : 1 binding stoichiometry(Scheme 2)Copper-responsive T1-weighted phantom MRI in vitro To demonstrate the potential feasibility of this Cu2+-responsive [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] for copper-imaging applications, T1-weighted phantom images of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] were acquired in the absence and presence of copper ions.The phantom images depicted in Fig.4 displayed distinct increases in image intensity in the presence of 1 equiv.Cu2+ compared with those without Cu2+(Fig.4D).Moreover, some of the other competing metal ions were also tested to further verify the selectivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] towards Cu2+.Discernible differences were not observed upon the addition of Mg2+(Fig.4C), Zn2+(Fig.4E), or Ca2+(Fig.4F).In addition, we also tested the clinical contrast agent Magnevist(Fig.4G);the image intensity was a bit darker than that of our contrast agent.Conclusions

In conclusion, we designed and synthesized a novel bismacrocyclic DO3A-type Cu2+-responsive MRI contrast agent, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA].The new Cu2+-responsive MRI contrast agent comprised two Gd-DO3A cores connected by a 2,6-bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinic acid scaffold(BMPNA)that functioned as a Cu2+ receptor switch to induce a distinct relaxivity enhancement in response to Cu2+;the relaxivity was increased up to 76%.Importantly, the complex exhibited high selectivity for Cu2+ over a range of other biologically-relevant metal ions at physiological levels.Luminescence lifetime experiment results showed that the number of inner-sphere water molecules(q)increased from 0.6 to 1.5 upon the addition of 1 equiv.Cu2+.When Cu2+ was coordinated in the central part of the complex, the donor N atom of the pyrazole centre was removed from the paramagnetic Gd3+ ion and replaced by a water molecule(Scheme 2).Consequently, the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement could be ascribed to the increase in the number of inner-sphere water molecules.The designed contrast agent had a longitudinal relaxivity of 6.40 mM1 s1, which was higher than that of [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)](4.2 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 25 C)and Gd(DO3A)(H2O)2(4.8 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 40 C).In addition, the visual change associated with the signicantly enhanced relaxivity from the addition of Cu2+ was observed in T1-weighted phantom images.Acknowledgements We are grateful to the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry for nancial support.Notes and references 1 S.Puig and D.J.Thiele, Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol., 2002, 6, 171.2 S.C.Leary, D.R.Winge and P.A.Cobine, Biochim.Biophys.Acta, Gen.Subj., 2009, 146, 1793.3 D.D.Agranoff and S.Krishna, Mol.Microbiol., 1998, 28, 403.4 H.Kozlowski, A.Janicka-Klos, J.Brasun, E.Gaggelli, D.Valensin and G.Valensin, Coord.Chem.Rev., 2009, 253, 2665.5 K.J.Barnham, C.L.Masters and A.I.Bush, Nat.Rev.Drug Discovery, 2004, 3, 205.6 D.J.Waggoner, T.B.Bartnikas and J.D.Gitlin, Neurobiol.Dis., 1999, 6, 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The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 34421–34427 | 34427