第一篇：新編跨文化交際英語教程單元知識點梳理Unit1-3

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures 1.The need for intercultural communication: New technology;

Innovative

communication

system;Globalization of the economy;Changes in immigration patterns 2.Three major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural

values;

worldview(religion);

social organization(family and state).3.Nonverbal behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch(Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.)4.Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication

(1)Assumption of similarities

(2)Language differences

(3)Nonverbal misinterpretations

(4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之見 刻板印象

(5)Tendency to evaluate

(6)High anxiety Unit 2 Culture and Communication 1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned;Culture is a set of shared interpretations;Culture involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms(規(guī)范，準則);Culture Affects Behaviors;Culture involves Large Groups of people 2.Cultural identity文化身份 refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.3.Characteristics of Cultural Identity：Cultural identity is central to a person’s sense of self.Cultural identity is dynamic（動態(tài)的）.Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面的）components of one’s self-concept.4.Intercultural communication defined: Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.Elements of communication: Context;Participants;Message;Channels;Noise;Feedback

Unit 3 Cultural Diversity 1.Define worldview and religion

Worldview: deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about the place in the cosmos（宇宙）, beliefs about God, and beliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.Religion: refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe.Three major religions :

a.Christian Religions Groups（基督教的）

b.Islam（伊斯蘭教）c.Buddhism（佛教）

2.Human nature:(1)is evil but perfectible

(2)is a mixture of good and evil

(3)good but corruptible(易腐化的)

3.Relationship of Man to Nature:(1)subjugation to nature

(2)harmony with nature

(3)

mastery with nature

4.Social Relationship：Hierarchy;Group;Individual 5.Cultual Dimensions: Hofstede identity 5 dimensions individualism vs collectivism;uncertainty avoidance;power distance;masculinity vs femininity;long-term vs short-term orientation 6.High-Context and Low-context Cultures A high-context(HC)—high-context cultures(Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean and Chinese): information is often provided through gesture, the use of the space, and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status(age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations)and through an individual’s informal friends and associates.A low-context(LC)—low-context cultures(German, Swiss as well as American)For example, the Asian mode of communication is often indirect and implicit, whereas Western communication tends to be direct and explicit—that is, everything needs to be stated.For example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite.The high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they don’t need.

第二篇：新編英語教程 5 Unit 11 教案

Unit 11 TEXT 1 CULTIVATING A HOBBY Winston Churchill

Objectives: to take notes as completely as possible in class.to present their interpretations of each paragraph.Section one Pre-reading questions:

(15 mins.)

1.What does ‘hobby’ mean?(refer to Lib.work)2.Do you have any hobbies? What are they? 3.Do your hobbies do you any good? In what ways? 4.Who is W.Churchill? What’s his hobby you know from what you have learned or from this text?(refer to Lib.work)

In-reading interpretation:

The teacher explains every sentence to the students while the latter try to take notes as quickly and completely as possible.After the text interpretation, the students are required to explain some sentences by their own.Para.1(15 mins.)

1.Worry is a spasm of emotion;the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.spasm: an involuntary muscular contraction;here, a sudden violent spell(of);a sudden convulsive movement

Worry is a kind of feeling which catches you suddenly so that you can’t have any peace of mind.This feeling arises when you think about something without being able to discontinue thinking about it.Thus worry results.2.It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition.in this condition = when the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go

It is of no use trying to stop the troubled mind / the worry when it catches hold of something and will not let it go.i.e., when worry comes.3.The stronger the will, the more futile the task.(LW6-1)

The stronger your will(to argue with the mind, or to stop the worry)is, the more ineffective/unsuccessful/useless it will be for you to achieve this task of stopping the worry.The more you attempt to shake off your worry, the harder it will be for you to get rid of it / have it off your mind.Then what can we do to stop the worry? 4.One can gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp.insinuate = introduce indirectly and subtly

convulsive grasp = the worry

The only way is to have something else in mind so that it will not be grasped by worry / so as to replace the worry.What does ‘something else’ imply?

Something else implies the hobby.5.And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.attend = accompanied(comp.3-2)

illumination = enlightenment, edification

another field of interest = hobby

the old undue grip = worry

recuperation and repair = not becoming worried any longer

If you choose the right thing to conquer your mind, if you have another field of interest to enlighten you, your worry, gradually or swiftly, will be relieved./ you will be released from the worry.6.This para.is about worry, which is repeatedly talked about.Instead of mentioning ‘worry’ again and again whenever it is talked about, Churchill uses some other phrases to refer to this annoying state of mind so as to avoid the monotony of expressions.Identify these phrases in the 1st paragraph.(comp.3-1)

a spasm of emotion, its convulsive grasp, the old undue grip

Para.2

(10 mins.)

1.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.It is the most important for a public man to cultivate a hobby, because he is likely to have more worries in his work concerned with interrelationships with various kinds of people.2.But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process.improvise = make or do without preparation, practice, sufficient material, etc.But a hobby cannot be cultivated and developed so quickly as you expect in your business.No matter how strong your will is, hobby cultivation has to undergo a long process.3.The seeds must be carefully chosen;they must fall on good ground;they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.(comp.3-3)This is a metaphor to describe the cultivation of a hobby.Explain it.The author compares ‘hobby’ to ‘seed’, ‘fitness(of a hobby)to an individual’ to ‘good ground’, and ‘the effect(in lessening one’s worry)’ to ‘fruit’ so that the reader can have something concrete to look at.This is certainly a more effective way to explain an idea, esp.an abstract or complex idea.(Analysis)

sedulously = diligently, carefully, assiduously

vivifying fruits = results that give one relaxation / refreshment

The cultivation of a hobby is compared to that of a plant.First of all, the right hobby(the seed of a plant)must be carefully chosen for a person(good ground);then the process of cultivating a hobby, like that of growing a plant, requires care and effort.Only in this way can one reap in due time the fruit of one’s laborfor them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.(LW6-4)

command = have within reach, be master of, possess

gratify = give pleasure or satisfaction to, indulge

caprice = sudden wish to have, or do sth., whim

satiation = complete satisfaction, wearying oneself with too much

Since those very wealthy people can afford to get access to almost anything they may think of(those people can get whatever they want)and to turn the most fanciful ideas into reality(to turn whatever they dream or desire into reality), there is nothing in this world that can interest or excite them any more.To them, a new pleasure, a new excitement may very often make them even more bored about life.They are the unfortunate people.(comp.3-5)Why does Churchill classify as unfortunate those people who can command everything they want, gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire? Do you think Churchill’s attitude towards those people is really one of sympathy?

These people are simply hopeless;nothing works to relieve them of their boredom.Churchill does not really feel sympathetic towards them.Note the phrase ‘avenging boredom’.He seems to think that this is what they deserve.2.In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion.frantically = widely excited(with joy, anxiety, pain, etc.)狂亂地

avenging boredom =(note 3)boredom that gives(them)no peace or that inflicts suffering(upon them)

clatter and motion =(note 4)This refers to the frantic rush from place to place of those who can command all they want.These kind of people rush frantically here and there(which implies, do this and that as their hobbies), talk this and that, intending to escape from the boredom they are deeply involved in, but their effort is in vain.3.For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.How do you understand ‘discipline’ here?(comp.3-6)

Regularity, a more regularized way of life

This sentence is a suggestion for this kind of people: to lead a regularized way of life.Only in this way can they escape from the boredom.Para.5

(15 mins.)1.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure;and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one.Here another classification of human beings is made: 1)those who take work and pleasure as two distinguished things, 2)those who combine work and pleasure together, getting pleasure from the work.2.Of these the former are the majority.They have their compensations.The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.compensation = sth to make up for, here referring to the following sentence.sustenance =(flourishing quality of)food and drink 營養(yǎng), 食物

Their long-hour work brings them bread, or they have to earn their living by working hard.After work, they relax themselves and enjoy themselves in a simple way.(comp.3-7)Can you suggest one or two of the simplest and most modest forms of pleasure?

Jogging, taking a walk, listening to music on the radio, watching TV, gardening 3.But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class.In what sense are the second class of people, i.e., those whose work and pleasure are one, ‘Fortune’s favored children’?(comp.3-8)or, why does the author call the 2nd class ‘fortune’s favored children’?

There is never a clash between work and pleasure.They are always happy to work.They are just like children who take everything as pleasure.4.Their life is a natural harmony.For them the working hours are never long enough.Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.grudged = accepted with great reluctance(comp.3-9)

This class of people enjoy their work, and take it as a kind of pleasure.They enjoy every working day so much that they regard the weekends and the public holidays as the interruptions of their delightful work.They are quite reluctant to take any holidays.5.Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.An alternative outlook, a change of atmosphere, a diversion of effort all refer to ‘hobby’.So it is of the first importance / of the great necessity for both of the classes to cultivate a hobby.Everyone should have a hobby.6.Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.(comp.3-10)What does the word ‘it’ refer to?

their work

(comp.3-11)the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds refers to the notion of ‘hobby’.(LW6-5)In fact,(it is probably those whose work provides them with their enjoyment who are most in need of periodic distractions from it.i.e.,)the second class of people are most in need of cultivating a hobby.Homework assignment:

Read your own notes and consult others’ to make it complete in order to understand the text fully/thoroughly.Mark where you find difficult and raise your questions in the next class.Read O & D and try to answer the question.Section two 1.Pose your problems for discussion(20 mins.)2.Comp.1: the purpose of the writing(B)-to bring home to the reader the importance of cultivating a rightly chosen hobby.(5 mins.)3.Comp.2: True or false

(5 mins.)4.O & D: What Churchill argues for in this passage is obviously the significance of a good hobby for rational, industrious human beings.But the 1st para.is devoted to a definition of ‘worry’, and a large portion of the rest of the text to the classifications of human beings.How are they relevant to his argument?

(10 mins.)

Churchill’s concern here is the role hobbies play in relaxing the mind of rational, industrious, useful human beings.To explain how a hobby works, he must first of all explain what worry really is.But Churchill is not of the opinion that any given hobby can produce this soothing effect under all circumstances.To make this clear, he has to make the first classification.He then turns to classifying the majority of human beings into two further categories.The purpose of doing this is to emphasize the point that hobby is necessary for all including those who think they do not need one as a diversion from work;as a matter of fact, they are the ones for whom the cultivation of a hobby is even more necessary.4.Interaction activity:(LW7)Talk about how a hobby can sometimes help to release your worry.a.Brainstorming in the groups(10 mins.)

b.Air the opinions in class(15 mins.)

Section three TEXT 2 A DEBT TO DICKENS Pearl S.Buck

Read the text by the students themselves and retell it by using ‘I’ or ‘Pearl S.Buck’.Cues: a seven-year child, in a remote Chinese countryside, the valley, the Youngtze River;

the boat folk and the farm folk, lingered and saw the customs, the way of living, fishing and thrashing, the babies alive and dead;

foreign devil, yellow curls and blue eyes, alien and isolated, parents too busy to care for her;

an impossibly voracious reader, read everything she could get;

novels by Charles Dickens, deep in them, read them again and again, over and over for about ten years, feel herself at home, not alien, entered into her own heritage;

all the teaching she got from Dicken’s novels, love all sorts of people, hate hypocrisy, kindness and goodness, money grubbing, the good a little less undiluted and the evil a little more mixed, a zest for life, merry Christmas, those funny characters in the novels.

第三篇：新編英語教程 3 Unit 15 A Fable for Tomorrow

Unit 15 A Fable for Tomorrow I.Teaching Aims: In this unit students are required to: 1.Practice reading strategies such as predicting, skimming, guessing, etc.2.Grasp some new words and expressions to enrich student’s vocabulary;

3.Do some oral work such as pre-reading questions, role play and interaction activities to help to develop the students’ oral communicative abilities;

4.Appreciate the two texts in this unit and learn some writing skills and practice it along with letter writing;5.Do some other after-class exercise including listening and translation to improve students’ comprehensive skills.II.Teaching Emphasis:

1.The comprehension and appreciation of Text I;2.New words and expressions:

fable in the heart of(center)harmony(harmonious, harmonize)in the midst of checkerboard prosperous/ prosper/ prosperity clouds of bloom drift/ float/ flow a blaze of color flame/ fire/flicker

backdrop/ background delight/ delighted/ delightful feed /feed on an abundance of(in abundance/ abundant(supplies)blight evil spell malady a flock of chicken

a shadow of death at play/ at work moribund throb brood/ hatch litter(v./n)come into bloom pollination angler/fishermen eave and shingle granular witchcraft silence(v./n)grim spectre stark reality migrate, immigrate, emigrate & migrant, immigrant, emigrant hatch

III.Teaching Procedures 1.lead-in: When you see the title ―A fable for Tomorrow‖, what comes into your mind first? Why is this passage called a fable? What can this fable be about? What are some of the problems relating to the future most people are very concerned about?

A fable is an imaginary story told to teach a moral.―A Fable for Tomorrow‖ is a story invented by the writer which is meant to tell us a moral: if the sizable use of chemical insecticides can not be brought under control, the seemingly impossible tragedy will become a stark reality.World economy has been striding forward in the past century.However, this has been achieved at the cost of contaminating the environment we are living in, and human beings are now paying high prices for what they have done to nature.Meanwhile, many environmentalists are devoted to making more people realize the ecological consequences incurred in the process of modernization.Now environmental protection and sustainable development have become the two greatest concerns for the whole world.Types of Pollution The chief types of environmental pollution include air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, pollution caused by solid waste and hazardous waste, and noise pollution.Besides, pesticides have been regarded by many environmentalists as a type of pollution, too.It is believed that pesticides are poisons which should be used as a last resort and if used, then they should be used with extreme caution.1)Make a short speech, telling a story or describing a scene about the future world in one of the aspects such as medicine, environment, food, energy, housing, population, transportation, etc.Reference1:

Back from the Dead One morning in the year 2070, a man called Duane awakens.He looks up and sees a doctor in a white coat smiling at him.―Why am I in hospital?‖ he asks.―You’ve been sick.‖ The doctor replies.Then Duane notices a badge on the doctor’s coat.It reads ― Alcor Resuscitation.‖ Suddenly Duane remembers everything.He has come back to life, 70 years after he ―died‖.The reason this was possible is because, instead of being buried or cremated when he died, Duane’s body was preserved in a ―flask‖ of liquid nitrogen(at –196 degrees Celsius).And there it ― waited‖ until science had developed the technology to revive a frozen human being.Suddenly, a woman appears beside the doctor.It is Duane’s wife Jeannie, looking more beautiful than ever.For the past 70 years, she has been taking drugs that prevent her body from aging.Duane looks lovingly at her, and then at his own body.That , too, is in perfect condition.The couple look at each other apprehensively—after all, they haven’t seen each other for 70 years.―I guess we’ve got some stuff to talk about, huh?‖ Duane says to her.Reference 2:

The Magic of the Button

It is 7:30 in the morning, There goes the bell of the alarm clock.The curtain of the bedroom draw apart , and the shutter roll up automatically.In the kitchen, the coffeepot starts to grumble.The backdoor opens to let the dog out.On TV, emerge a series of flash , the presentation of news items today, including the latest developments in economy , politics, etc.After that there appears the morning mail.At this moment, the modern Alatin, lying comfortably in bed, presses a button on his bedside, and on the screen of the television appear the memos about business as well as private life.Then he gets up, and gets into the bathroom where the shower is on automatically.After that, he is reminded by a special sound and at the same time a blue flash on the screen that his boss is on the way to work.So he is dressed, and at leisure he walks towards his car, which is ready to go.After kissing good bye to her husband, Alice Alatin sits down in front of the screen, reading with concentration the price catalogs of department stores and markets in the locality.After face to face negotiation with the butcher, baker and grocery owner on the screen, she presses a button, ordering food items for the dinner.Then she presses a button on the terminal of the kitchen computer, retrieving her favorite recipe from the computer memory, and giving directions to the computer to calculate the different amounts of ingredients and the time to cook and the appropriate temperature.After that Alice takes part in a seminar on arts through the internet.Then she goes into the language lab, and picks up the earphone and learns that her son Alatin Junior gets an ―A‖ in Latin.2)Brainstorm the words or expressions describing natural environment, for example, flower, tree, water, soil, sky.Reference: Pleasant :(1)flower: fragrant, sweet, blooming，colourful，clouds of bloom(2)tree: green, evergreen, flourishing, thriving, a blaze of color(3)water: crystal clear, sweet(4)soil: fertile, rich, productive, land of milk and honey(5)sky: fresh air, blue, clear,(6)whole: beauty of nature, rich in natural resources, a variety of birds and animals, throbbing with chorus of birds, abundant, fairyland, harmonious, peaceful, idyllic and pastoral land, legendary land, spiritual purification Unpleasant:

(1)flower: stains on the petals, only blossoms but

no pollination

(2)tree: cut down, clearances in the forest, shrubs and bushes struggling to survive the dust and fumes(3)water: dry up, brown and black, dirtied, fouled

(4)other plants: browned and withered vegetation，shrink, wither, shrivel up

(5)soil: barren, sterile, washed away by floods, land pollution, erosion, pesticides and fertilizers(6)whole: a waste land, a prevailing silence and stillness, desert expansion, deforestation, the frequent occurrence of natural disaster, the epidemic of disease, the exhaustion of natural resources 2.the main idea(pair work)

This was a beautiful town in the heart of America, surrounded by prosperous farms and hillsides of orchards.Flowers bloomed everywhere and trees grew by the roadside.You could hear the singing of the birds and see the leisure walking of animals.Tourists were attracted to this place where everything lived in peace and harmony.However, one day all this changed: a blight had stricken this area.Animals and fowls got sickened and died.Mysterious illness spread in the village;there was no more chorus of the birds;no bees hovered among the trees … Silence was everywhere.The patches of white granular powder on the roof bespoke that mankind itself had caused this tragedy.Even though it is just an imagined town, it might be what happens to human beings tomorrow.Similar disasters are happening unnoticed and will become even more serious if nothing is done.It is urgent to preserve and protect the world.Otherwise the world would be ruined.Part 1(lines1-14): All life in harmony with its surroundings Part 2(lines15-34)The coming of a strange blight Part 3(lines35-39)The stricken world silence by people themselves Part 4(lines 40-44)Warning against a grim spectre/ stark reality 3.text analysis Para.1 1.harmony: agreement in feeling or opinion;accord

in harmony with:

由于國際社會和地區(qū)政府的共同努力，這一地區(qū)各族的人民和睦相處已達10年之久。Thanks to the concerted efforts of the international community and regional governments, the peoples of this area have been living in harmony with each other for a decade.keep … in harmony;out of harmony

The tune is out of harmony.Humor keep us in harmony with others.harmonize v.: to bring or come into agreement or harmony 你外套、帽子和圍巾的色彩應該協(xié)調。

The colors of your coat, hat and muffler should harmonize.harmonious adj.: exhibiting accord in feeling or action The central government proposed making the country a harmonious society by 2020-the aim is a society in which people can enjoy a high quality of life, a good society and a balance between man and the natural environment.2.The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where in spring white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields.In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines.The town was situated among prosperous farms that looked like the squares in a checkerboard.In the fields grain was growing and along the hillsides there were orchards.In spring countless white flowers were floating above the green fields.In autumn, oak, maple and birch trees produced a very bright color that glowed and flared against a background of pines.in the mist of:1)in the middle position or part;the center;

在沙漠中間 in the midst of the desert 2)under the condition of being surrounded or beset by something;

我們被我們所遇到的問題所困擾 We are in the midst of all of our problems 3)in the middle of a period of time.在戰(zhàn)爭進行之中 in the midst of the war a poem: In The Midst Of All

In the midst of darkness, there is light.In the midst of evil, there is virtue.In the midst of war, there is peace.In the midst of agony, there is ecstasy.In the midst of night, there is day.In the midst of illness, there is health.In the midst of winter, there is summer.In the midst of hate, there is love.… …

3.prosperous: 1)flourishing繁榮的

一家成功的新公司 a prosperous new business 2)well-to-do 富裕的一家

a prosperous family 脫貧致富

Cast off poverty and become prosperous

衷心祝愿新年快樂，諸事順遂!Best wishes for a happy and prosperous new year!建設一個富強、民主、文明的國家

“Build a prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced country” 保持香港的繁榮穩(wěn)定是符合中國的切身利益的。

It is in China's vital interest to keep Hong Kong prosperous and stable.prosper v.: to be fortunate or successful, especially in terms of one's finances;thrive繁盛中國的發(fā)展蒸蒸日上。

China is prospering with each passing day.prosperity n.4.clouds of bloom: a great number of flowers

bloom: n.1)the condition of being in flower開花期

玫瑰花盛開 a rose in full bloom

2)a condition or time of vigor, freshness, and beauty;prime最盛期

希臘文明光輝燦爛的全盛時期 the radiant bloom of Greek genius

3）a fresh, rosy complexion 紅潤，清新，紅潤的面色 她身材嬌小、豐滿，皮膚白皙，面頰紅潤。

She was short, plump, and fair, with a fine bloom.(Jane Austen)v.1)to bear a flower or flowers開花 這些花春天開放。

These flowers bloom in the spring.2)to cause to flourish 他們的友誼大有進展。Their friendship bloomed.心花怒放

One's heart bursts into bloom 5.drift/ float/ flow drift: v.1)to be carried along by currents of air or water流動 船骸漂向海岸。

The wreckage drifted toward shore.2)to move leisurely or sporadically from place to place, especially without purpose or regular employment 漂泊

他是一個臨時工，從一個城鎮(zhèn)漂泊到另一個城鎮(zhèn) He is a day laborer, drifting from town to town.n.大陸漂移學說

continental drift theory 花錢憑沖動,等于無底洞

Drift is as Bad as unthrift.flow: 1)to move or run smoothly with unbroken continuity, as in the manner characteristic of a fluid流，流動 江河流入海洋。Rivers flow into the sea.汽車在干道上不停地駛過。

The cars flowed in a steady stream along the main road.2)to stream copiously;flood泛濫；漲滿了河水；淹沒

Contributions flowed in from all parts of the country.從全國各地紛涌而至的捐助。

3)a continuous output不斷的產出或涌出 不斷涌現(xiàn)的想法

a flow of thought float: 1)to remain suspended within or on the surface of a fluid without sinking 浮，漂 木頭漂浮在水上。Wood floats on water.為什么潛水艇既能浮在水面，又能潛入水底？ Why can a submarine float and sink? 2)Economics to find a level in relationship to other currencies solely in response to the law of supply and demand【經濟學】（貨幣）浮動 匯率浮動的英鎊 the floating pound 6.美國新英格蘭地區(qū)的秋天格外美麗，風葉使整個大地披上金黃、火紅的盛裝。

The fall of New England in the United States is exceptionally beautiful, with the maple tree leaves setting the land in a blaze of yellow and red.7.flame/ fire/flicker

flame: 1)the zone of burning gases and fine suspended matter associated with rapid combustion;a hot, glowing mass of burning gas or vapor火焰

奧運圣火是什么？

What is the Olympic Flame?

星星之火，可以燎原。

From little spark may burst a mighty flame.2)to burn brightly;blaze燃燒：燒亮；發(fā)出火焰

3)to color or flash suddenly面紅：突然臉紅或閃光： 她因尷尬而變紅的雙頰。

Her cheeks flamed with embarrassment.fire: 1)A rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied by flame, especially the exothermic oxidation of a combustible substance.火 2)to cause to burn;ignite使燃燒 3)to become angry or annoyed生氣 4)to shoot a weapon開槍： 他向目標瞄準并射擊。He aimed and fired at the target.flicker: to burn unsteadily or fitfully（火焰）忽明忽暗 燭火搖曳著，隨即熄滅了。

The candle flame flickered and went out.Para.2

1.What made the first settlers raise their houses, sink their wells and build their barns in that locality?

The locality was a place of beauty and immense attraction to would-be dwellers where a large variety of plants and flowers were prosperous through much of the year.There were countless birds in the countryside.The streams flowed clear and cold and abounded in fish.2.… delighted the traveler’s eye through much of the year.… gave great pleasure to the travelers during the greater part of the year.delight/ delighted/ delightful

delight: 1)great pleasure;joy高興

take/ find delight in

2)to take great pleasure or joy感到高興

我喜歡古典音樂。I delight in classical music.我不喜歡大驚小怪。

I didn't delight to make a fuss.delighted: adj.filled with delight充滿歡樂的我的妻子高興了，因為情況再一次恢復了正常。

My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more.聽到你成功了的消息時我非常高興。I was delighted to hear the news of your success.delightful: adj.greatly pleasing 令人高興的 這消息使他喜出望外。

The news gave him a delightful surprise.3.feed /feed on

1)to give food to;supply with nourishment 給予食物；供給營養(yǎng)：

她給孩子們喂飯。She feeds the children.2)to provide as food or nourishment供以…為食：把…作為食物或營養(yǎng)供給： 他把魚喂給了貓。He fed fish to the cat.3)to serve as food for作為食物供給： 那只火雞大得足夠十二個人吃。The turkey is large enough to feed a dozen.4)to be nourished or supported支持：得到滋養(yǎng)或支持： 奉承助長自負。Ego feeds on flattery.蠶靠吃桑葉維持生命。

Silkworms feed on the leaves of mulberry trees.4.The countryside was, in fact famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and autumn people traveled from great distances to observe them.In fact, the countryside was well known for its richness and diversity of birds.In spring and autumn when migratory birds came in large numbers, people traveled from far away places to watch them.5.abundance: a great or plentiful amount大量

an abundance of: plenty of

in abundance 宴會上有豐盛的食品和飲料。

At the feast there was an abundance of food and drink.abundant: plentiful 她豐富的聰明才智 her abundant talent abound: to be great in number or amount豐富 充滿花朵的花園

The garden abounds with flowers.6.migrate, immigrate, emigrate & migrant, immigrant, emigrant

Migrate can be used to refer to both things and people, immigrate and emigrate are used to refer to people, but immigrate means move into a place while emigrate means move out of a place.城市居民也因為市區(qū)內犯罪率的增長而譴責民工。

City residents also blame migrant workers for the sharp rise in the urban crime rate.美國有很多歐洲移民。

America has many immigrants from Europe.納粹在德國執(zhí)政以后，很多科學家移民了。

After the Nazis came to power in Germany, many scientists emigrated.Para.3

1.What are the different words that the writer uses to repeat the concept of blight in the third paragraph?

The words used to repeat the concept of blight in the third paragraph are many.Just to name some:

1)evil spell;

2)mysterious maladies;3)sickened and died;4)a shadow of death;2.What was the town like before the strange blight? 3.What did the blight do to the town? 4.Who cast the evil spell over the town with what?

5.What does the colon on line 16 signal to us?

It serves to introduce a series of specific instances to support the general statement ——

―Some evil spell had settled on the community‖.6.Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change.Some evil spell had settled on the community.Then a mysterious disease struck the area almost unnoticed and everything was affected.It was as if an evil magical power had befallen on the community.7.把這輛車作為我的生日禮物說明我姑母的愛心和慷慨。

This car, given to me as a birthday present, speaks of my aunt’s love and generosity.Para.4

1.What is the topic sentence of the fourth paragraph? Indicate the key term in that sentence and the words which echo it later in the paragraph.The topic sentence of paragraph 4 is the first sentence —— ―There was a strange stillness.‖

The key terms is ―a strange stillness‖.The words that echo the key term are ―without voices‖, ―no sound‖ and ―silence‖.2.自當?shù)鼐用裰邪l(fā)生了幾起莫名其妙的死亡事件后，小鎮(zhèn)變成了一座空城。

The small town was virtually deserted after the occurrence of several mysterious deaths to the local residents.3.moribund: 1)approaching death;about to die臨近死亡的；快要死的 2)on the verge of becoming obsolete逐漸廢棄的：處于過時邊緣的 過時的風俗moribund customs;過時的生活方式a moribund way of life 3.On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound;…

On the mornings that used to be exciting with the singing in chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens and many other birds, no sound could be heard any more.Para.5 1.litter: 1)the offspring produced at one birth by a multiparous mammal 幼仔

一窩狗崽

a litter of puppies

2)to make untidy by discarding rubbish carelessly使雜亂：隨意棄置垃圾而導致零亂：

自私的野餐者亂扔包裝紙使漓江沿岸雜亂不堪

Selfish picnickers litter the bank of Li River with food wrappers.2.那個小女孩在轟炸中存活下來確實是個奇跡。

It was indeed a miracle that the little girl should have survived the bombing.Para.6 angler/ fisherman angler: one who fishes with a hook垂釣者

fisherman: one who fishes as an occupation or for sport漁民 Para.7 1.hatch: 1)(of a young bird or fish, etc)emerge from an egg

蛋未孵出莫數(shù)小雞。

Don’t count the chickens before they are hatched.2)think out or produce ~ sth out/ up

E.g.What mischief are those children hatching up?

2.What is the implied meaning of ―… white granular powder still showed a few patches, …‖?

The implied meaning is that chemical fertilizers and pesticides had been used in such quantity and on such an extensive scale that even several weeks afterwards, traces could still be seen here and there.Para.8 silence: 1)to make silent or bring to silence使安靜或使無言 總統(tǒng)做手勢使人群安靜下來。

The president silenced the crowd with a gesture.2)to curtail the expression of;suppress壓制：制止…的表白；壓制

壓制所有的批評silence all criticism;壓制他們的反對者silenced their opponents Para.9 1.英國的首相和美國的總統(tǒng)在職位方面并非完全相對應。

The Prime Minister of Britain is not exactly the counterpart of the President of the United States.2.人們喜歡到那家飯店吃午飯是因為那里的菜肴既豐盛又可口。

People like to go to that restaurant for lunch because the food served there is substantial and tasty.3.A grim spectre has crept upon us almost unnoticed, and this imagined tragedy may easily become a stark reality we all shall know.A frightful evil spirit has quietly come to us without being noticed, and this imaginary disaster may very likely become a harsh reality that will affect us all.4.我悄悄地走近他們，從樹枝中偷看，只見他們正在愉快地享用野餐。

Creeping upon on them, I peered through the branches and saw them happily enjoying the picnic.5.人類必須共同對人為的污染打一場持久戰(zhàn)，這是一個明擺著的不可再回避的事實。

That all human beings have to fight together a persistent war against man-made pollution is a stark reality that we can no longer afford to avoid.4.writing techniques 1)comparison and contrast 2)vivid, poetic language 5.post-reading activities 1)What can we learn from the text?

2)Do you think we have got similar places on the earth now? 3)Discuss in groups : As regards the unpleasant aspect of the environment, what should we do about it right now? Text II I.questions: 1.Which part of the globe, the north or the south, is more concerned about the problem of overpopulation? 2.What is the proper way, according to the author to stop overpopulation? 3.How do you understand the last sentence? 4.Do you think the prediction in the text have come true? II.Language points

1.reserve: put sth aside for a later or special use

All rights reserved;a nature reserve, a forest reserve;conserve: prevent sth from being changed, lost or damaged(謹慎合理的使用現(xiàn)有的東西，含一旦用完，很難再補充)

conserve one’s health, resources, water

preserve: keep or maintain in a perfect condition(強調保存珍貴的東西原樣不變，有時甚至根本不用)preserve food, old building 2.make one’s hair stand on end: fill sb with fright or horror

Interaction 1.Group Discussion: Exchange ideas with your partner to make predictions about different aspects of life in the year 2050.You may hold either of the two attitudes: pessimism or optimism--transport and travel--food and drink--housing--family life--medicine--environment 2.Write a composition on the topic of ― If I lived in the year 2050‖.

第四篇：新編英語教程 6 Unit 6 教案

Unit Six TEXT I

DULL WORK Eric Hoffer

Objectives: To catch the central idea of each paragraph.To discuss that eventful life kills rather than stimulates a man’s instinct for creation./all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Pre-class work:

Find out more about the figures mentioned in the text than those provided in the notes: Amos, Socrates, Omar, Jesus Christ, Albert Einstein, Niccolo Machiavelli, Immanuel Kant, John Keats, Sophocles, John Milton, Benvenuto Cellini.Pre-reading Questions: 1.Do you think you can achieve much if you live a plain, ordinary life? 2.Does monotonous, routine work dull one’s mind?

In-reading Comprehension Para.1 1.There seems to be general assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine;that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best.to do their best: to achieve their potential creativeness;to best exercise their talent(comp.3-1)

It is generally believed that a colorless life can freeze a creative mind, and only a colorful life can inspire a man to creative work.2.Tell about this para.in your own words.There is an assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine life, and they need a colorful life;while dull people are suited for dull work.The present-day young are more brilliant than the young of the past because they are better educated.Therefore they prefer a colorful life to a dull, routine one.3.What is the purpose of this para.?

This is an introductory para.to put forward an assumption(successful mendull, routine life)so as to raise a question: Is the assumption right or wrong? Para.2 1.What is the ‘opposite’ that H says is ‘nearer the truth’? What is the purpose of this para.?(comp.3-2)

As it goes in the 1st sentence, the successful men do not crave for(= long for)colorful life.The contrary is also true(反過來說): people who achieve much are often those content with the routine, uneventful life they live, or, the successful men are satisfied with the routine/uneventful/colorless life they are leading.This is the central idea of this para.and H supports it by citing examples of some well-reputed men who led a colorless routine life.2.Identify those great figures mentioned in this para.and say something about them.Amos the sheepherder: a minor prophet in the Old Testament 阿摩斯，舊約中１２個小先知中的第三名

Socrates the stonemason: Greek philosopher well known for his sophistry

Socrates of Athens, who flurished in the last half of the 5th century, was the 1st of the great trio of ancient Greekswho laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.He was born in or about 470 BC.His father Sophroniscus was a sculptor, mother a midwife, 3 sons, one an infant.There were 2 counts in the accusation: ‘corruption of the young’ and ‘neglect of the gods whom the city worships and the practice of religious novelties.’ An escape was planned by his freind Crito, but S refused to hear of it, on the grounds that the verdict, though contrary to the fact, was that of a legitimate court and must therefore be obeyed.The story of his last day, with his drinking of the hemlock, has been perfectly told in the Phaedo of Plato.Though a good fighting man, his outward appearance was grotesque.Stout and not tall with prominent eyes, snub nose, broad nostrils, and wide mouth, he seemed a very Silenus.But as his freinds knew, he was ‘all glorious within,’ ‘the most upright man of that day.’(Plato)

Omar the tentmaker: Persian astronomer and poet

Jesus Christ: 上帝的獨生子。大約羅馬建城748年，在猶太的伯利恒，童貞女瑪利亞由圣靈感孕生下耶酥，由約瑟撫養(yǎng)成人。出世不久，有幾個博士從東方來到耶路撒冷，說是來拜生下來作猶太之王的人，因為他們在東方看到了他的星。猶太王希律聽說后，心里十分不安，派人到處尋覓，找不著，便命把二周歲以內的男孩全部殺死。耶酥一家逃到埃及才得以幸免。耶酥回國來到拿撒勒作工匠，30多歲時施洗約翰在約旦河給他施洗，而后圣靈引他去接受魔鬼的試探，此后成為救世主。他召了12個門徒，和他們一起到猶太各地傳教，要人們嚴守誡條。后來他的門徒加略人猶大為30塊錢出賣了他，把他拘送到馬總督彼拉多那里，他被釘死在十字架上。死后第三日復活，多次向門徒顯現(xiàn)。復活后第一十日升天，第五十日差譴圣靈降臨。眾門徒領圣靈，開始傳教。

Albert Einstein(1879-1955): German-American scientist and one of the greatest of all time, is best known as the special and general theories of relativity.From 1896-1900, he was a student at the Polytechnic Institute of Zurich, Switzerland.From 1902-1909, he was hired by the Swiss Patent Office at Berne as ‘Probationary technical expert, third class’.It was in 1905 that he published 4 papers of major importance in the journal Annalen der Physik, including his first memoirs on special relativity.Later it was revealed that, although it took him only 5 weeks to write his first paper on relativity despite working all day at the patent office, he had been mediating since he was 16 on the fundamental problem concerning the velocity of light that gave rise to this theory.Niccolo Machiavelli: Florentine statesman and political philosopher.His removal from political activity forced him to a retired life and to enter the career of a political writer.Immanuel Kant(1724-1804): German philosopher.His attempt to define precisely the domain of rational understanding is a landmark in Western thought.On the one hand, he opposed Hume’s skepticism, the idea that pure reason is of no real use in understanding the world, and on the other hand, he challenged Enlightenment faith in the unlimited scope of reason.The basic formulation of what is called his critical philosophy is contained in the Critique of Pure Reason(1781), the Critique of Practical Reason(1788), and the Critique of Judgment(1790).The quiet regularity of Kant’s everyday life in Konisberg, where he was a university professor(1770-1804), became proverbial.According to an anecdote of Heinrich Heine(1797-1856), German poet, satirist and journalist, the residents of the town set their watches by Kant’s daily walks.So, the purpose of this para.is to show that the lives of many truly great men are extremely ordinary.Or, people who achieve do not necessarily live eventful lives.Para.3 1.Tell what you know about John Keats and Sophocles.John Keats(1795-1821): probably the most talented of English romantic poets.Long poems as Isabella, Lamia, The Eve of St.Agnes, shorter poems as Ode on a Grecian Urn 希臘古甕頌, Ode to Autumn, Ode to a Nightingale.Sophocles: 2nd of classical Athens’ 3 great writers of tragedycapacity for concentration, i.e.the curiosity of the immature to be interested;mature-inner resources to turn the dullness of work to good avail).This is why H put them into one category.2.Who are the really dull people, according to H? And why?(comp.3-8)

The adolescents.They lack the inner resources of the mature to turn the dullness of work to good avail, and the curiosity of the immature to be interested.3.What does this essay tell us?

Dull people cannot stand dull work so that they can hardly accomplish anything when at leisure or in solitary.They love eventful life life, but this kind of life exhausts them rather than stimulates.Only those who find dull life endurable can derive something from it(this is creativeness)and achieve something.So they may become successful.*** What is the purpose of H’s writing?(comp.1-D)

To convince that creativeness of a man’s mind is primary to what he can achieve.Post-reading discussion Step one: Organization and Development 1.The title of the essay ‘Dull Work’ only tells us what the author is going to focus on but not what he thinks of it.Can you find his thesis statement in the essay? If not, can you summarize in one sentence H’s view on dull work?(Org.& Devl.)

No.What a man achieves does not depend on the type of work he does, or the life experiences he has;rather, it depends on his ability to transmute what seems dull and routine into what is momentous.2.What is H’s main technique to demonstrate his thesis?

H cites numerous examples.3.How does he arrange the examples?

Well-reputed men are cited before his own experience.4.How does his argument go?

The possible harmful effect of an eventful life is illustrated only after he has made it clear that an eventful life is not a must for creative achievement.Step two: Comp.2 Step three: Discussion

Discuss that eventful life kills rather than stimulates a man’s instinct for creation./all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.(LW 8)

TEXT II

DOING CHORES August Heckscher

1.Read the text before class and prepare for the answers to the questions in the textbook.2.Go through the text within 2 minutes in class and discuss the questions.8

第五篇：新編英語教程6(_1---11單元譯文)

第二單元

推遲的藝術

"今天能做的事情決不要推到明天?！鼻兴固胤茽柕虏粼?794年勸告兒子時說道，但是這位文雅的伯爵卻從沒有抽出時間來完成與孩子母親的婚禮，也沒有戒除讓約翰遜博士此類名人在接待室久候的壞習慣，這足以證明，即使是有心人，也絕非毫無拖延，羅馬的一位大將軍昆塔斯 費邊 馬克西姆斯為了贏得盡可能多的喘息機會，推遲戰(zhàn)斗時間，被冠以“拖延者”。摩西為了使自己向法老傳遞耶和華法令過程中的猶豫合理化，頹唐語言有缺陷，當然，哈姆雷特把延遲上升為一種藝術形式。

世界上的人基本上可以分成均勻的兩半：拖延者和馬上行動者。有些人二月份就準備好了個人所得稅，預先償還抵押借款，在常人難以忍受的6點半鐘準時吃飯，而另外一些人則樂于在9點或10點鐘時吃些剩菜剩飯，錯放帳單和文件以期延長繳稅的期限。他們非要等到警告聲變成恐嚇聲才肯去支付信用卡的帳單。就象浮士德所遭遇的那樣，他們推遲去理發(fā)店，看牙醫(yī)或醫(yī)生。

盡管延誤會帶來諸多不便，但延遲經?？梢约ぐl(fā)和喚醒具有創(chuàng)新意識的靈魂。寫下許多成功小說和劇本的作家瓊克爾說到，她要把廚房每個湯罐頭和醬瓶子上的標簽看上一遍后，才能安心坐在打字機旁。許多作家都關注著他們任務之外的大小瑣事，譬如關注在緬因州法國人海灣和巴爾海港進行的海岸和土地測量，其中的地名，如古今斯暗礁、不倫特池塘、海鷗小山、伯恩特豪豬、朗豪豬、希波豪豬以及鮑爾德豪豬島，都激起了他們的想象。

從“拖延者”年代到當今世紀，推遲的藝術實際上被軍事（“趕快和等一下”）、外交和法律壟斷了。在過去的年代里，英國殖民地總督可以手中拿著杯酒，安逸的思考民族叛亂的形勢，他應該慶幸沒有電傳和打印機在一旁喋喋不休地傳遞著命令，一會兒是增加機關槍啊一會兒又是增派軍隊啊。直到二戰(zhàn)時，美國將軍還可以和敵方將軍達成協(xié)議，休一天運動假，去掠奪村民的雞和酒，明日再戰(zhàn)。律師是世界上最上癮的延誤者。據(jù)一個來自貝弗利山的，號稱從不拖延的推銷員弗蘭克.內森敘說，“沒有留下遺囑就去世的律師數(shù)不勝數(shù)?！?/p>

無志者，事也成。當然，慢性拖延和刻意拖延是有差別的，特別是在高層商業(yè)中。美國銀行集團總裁理查德·曼德巴赫說，企業(yè)動態(tài)學鼓勵謹慎行事，由此滋生了延遲。他提到，快速行動往往會進入尷尬的局面和付出沉重的代價，數(shù)據(jù)爆炸刺激了一些懶惰的人以此為借口——另一個報告等著讀，另一個權威等著咨詢。曼德巴赫說：“數(shù)據(jù)的充足和泛濫之間總有條微妙的分界線。”

他的觀點廣為接受。官僚化在政府負擔日益加重和社會形勢的日益復雜的溫室中滋長。它旨在用條文主義、妥協(xié)和重新評估來包庇政策制定者——以此防止做出草率決定。水門事件時期的政府所表現(xiàn)出來的中央集權化已經蔓延至經濟機構等等廣闊的領域，使得拖延成為世界范圍的一種生活方式。有關推遲的短語星羅棋布在各種語言中——從西班牙的manana（在將來某個不確定時間）到阿拉伯的bukrafilmishimash(字面意思是“明天的杏樹”，其含義是“等到花兒也開了”。)

學術界也很尊崇拖延。南加利福尼亞大學社會學家伯納德*斯克拉每天辛辛苦苦才寫出三至五頁的東西來。他坦稱：“我很多朋友對著白紙是都感到很痛苦。我們有很多合理的理由;教學壓力，家庭責任，查看新書，搜索注腳?！?/p>

心理學叫堅決認為女人是最堅持不懈的遲延者，雖然很多心理學家（每小時加收50美金）本人就非常拖拉。拉爾夫*格林森博士是加利福尼亞大學洛杉磯分校的臨床精神病療法的教授（他曾是瑪麗蓮*夢露的精神病醫(yī)師），看待延遲時比較溫和。他說：“很多人都在回避，逃避，拖延揭露真相的那一刻，直到最遲的極限為此?！钡亲糁蝸喼菪睦韺W家喬恩*費根認為，遲延是潛意識用來區(qū)分事情重要性級別的一種方式?！爱斘彝涎訒r，一般總是存在著某種緣由。”費根說，“我能感覺到它，但是我也說不出個之所以然?！?/p>

事實上，遲延有著悠久而光榮的歷史，它意味著如果推遲些許時間，許多主意和決定就有可能得到改善，推遲做決定本身就是一個決定，這不無道理。議會過程的實質就是一個遲延和慎重的體系。就此而論，名畫，樂章，書籍或者布蘭西姆府邸的建筑物也是如此。布蘭西姆府邸耗用了馬爾伯勒公爵的建筑師及工人們15年的時間才建成。在這個過程中，設計可能不斷成熟及完善。確實，倉促會葬送了雅致?！稌r之劍》的作者T*H*懷特曾寫道，時間“并不是注定要一小時一小時，或者一天一天的耗費掉，而是應該細膩地、緩慢地、從容地品嘗一番?！睋Q句話說，我們應該這樣說：今天不必要做的事，無論如何要推到明天來完成。

第三單元

墻壁與障礙

我父親立即對位于紐約市第43大街和第5大道交匯處的銀行大樓作出了明確反應?！澳悴粫匆娢野彦X存在那的！”他斷言，“不會存在那個玻璃箱子里的！”

我的父親當然是一名守舊的紳士，對他們那代人來說，大量現(xiàn)代的建筑都會讓人身心交疲。但是我懷疑—我不只是懷疑，我確信—他之所以會做出消極反應，與其說是因為建筑物，倒不如說是人們侵犯了他對金錢本質的看法。

他們那一代人把金錢看成是像金條、鈔票和硬幣這樣有形的物品，可以拿起，可以攜帶，也可以被人偷走。因此，為了吸引明智的人經常存錢，銀行必須要建有厚重的墻壁、裝了柵欄的窗戶和青銅制成的大門，以便證明金錢存在銀行里面是安全的的這一情況，而不管這個情況是多么不真實。如果一座大樓的設計在表面上看起來固若金湯，那么這一機構必然安全，厚重的墻壁作為一種建筑象征，其意義就在于它表示了人們對金錢的普遍態(tài)度，而不在于它在美學理論上展現(xiàn)出來的美感。

但是那樣一種看待金錢的態(tài)度當然已經改變了，除了零用錢之外，人們現(xiàn)在幾乎不用任何形式的現(xiàn)金。金錢作為一種有形物品在很大程度上被信用這種簿記銀行業(yè)務的東西代替了。巨大的擴展伴隨著經濟赤字，讓我們認為金錢是創(chuàng)造性想象的產物。銀行家不再為我們提供一種服務，其中最為重要的東西就是干勁和發(fā)明巨大數(shù)目的創(chuàng)造力。考慮到他們態(tài)度上的這一改變。我們正在見證擁有厚重墻壁的銀行小時也就根本不足為奇了。我父親非常不信任制造商信托銀行，因為它是一個巨大的立方體玻璃籠子。雖然其內部燈火通明，甚至可與朗朗晴日相媲美，但是它根本就沒有把其通往金庫的門道隔離起來，也沒有派人把守，相反卻把它裝飾成了一個展示的櫥窗。

就像先前的銀行斷言自己牢不可破一樣，這家銀行也以其建筑具有想象力而感到自豪。從這一點來說，人們很難說清楚建筑在什么地方結束，人類的斷言在什么地方開始。事實上，兩者沒有這樣的分界線，它們合二為一，是相同的。

新的建筑批判主義把建筑理解成為表達人類態(tài)度、偏見、禁忌和想法的一種媒介。這正是它與古典美學的不同之處。后者依賴純粹的比例和布局等這些因素來作為其藝術判斷的基礎，在一個社會和心理學的時代，墻壁已不僅僅是墻壁，它們還是人類大腦當中障礙的一種物質象征。

例如，在原始社會，人們把世界想象成為一個巨大無邊、令人恐懼、懷有惡意、人類無法控制的東西。因此他們用巨大的石頭建起了厚重的墻壁。只有呆在墻壁的后面，他們才會感覺到自己置身于一個可以控制、安全可靠的限定空間之內。這些厚重的墻壁表明，人們害怕外部的世界，不管保護措施是多么的虛無飄渺，人們也需要找到它，有人可能會爭辯說，當時的技術尚未發(fā)展起來，人們無法建筑更為精巧的墻壁。這當然也很正確。但是，首先仍然是對世界的害怕這一態(tài)度而非技術使得人們想要建筑墻壁?？謶衷酱?，墻壁就越厚。我們甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)，古代的國王的陵墓實際上全部都是由墻壁構成的，其最大的恐懼就是害怕腐爛。

接著就有了隱私這個問題，因為它已經變得很易受到質疑。在地中海的某些文化當中，值得人們那么害怕的不是自然世界而是人類世界。人類骯臟齷齪、好打聽是非、卑鄙下流、且充滿危險、即使人們有錢四處走動也會穿戴著各種亂七八糟的東西用來護體，婦女很少四處走動，如果她們想要走動一下的話，也會戴著厚厚的面紗，人們的房子四周圍著墻壁，房子不是向外面是向里面朝著天井這表明人們普遍堅信，只有通過向里看，只有通過從事個人的私人生活而不是參加公眾生活才能發(fā)現(xiàn)生活當中的優(yōu)點和價值，當時的哲學強調沉思冥想，裝飾藝術也非常的復雜，這跟墻壁本身一樣也闡明了上述態(tài)度。

我們今天的感覺就不同了，首先，我們更為強烈地依賴對人類敵對行為的控制，更為依賴法律法規(guī)和社會習俗及隨叫隨到的機動警察，而不是有形的障礙，我們不像我們的祖先那樣珍視隱私。我們的女人被他們看見，并被贊美，我們會感到驕傲，說到我們的家庭，情況也是一樣。我們不會尋求孤獨。事實上，如果我們一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)自己孤獨一人的時候，我們就會輕輕地打開開關，通過電視屏幕把整個世界都請進家門。因此，我們廢棄圍在四周的厚重墻壁，用薄薄金屬片和玻璃建造起膜狀隔擋物也就不是那么讓人驚奇了。

今天，墻壁的主要功能就是把外面可能令人不快的空氣與我們在里面創(chuàng)造的受到控制的溫度和濕度條件隔離開來。雖然明顯還是有很多人會對高度透明的條件下吃飯、睡覺、穿衣心存不安，要求墻壁至少給予他們一種適當屏蔽的感覺，但是玻璃仍可實現(xiàn)上述的功能。像他們這樣害羞的人的數(shù)目正在減少，雖然康涅狄格州菲利普·約翰遜房屋受到多人的贊美，在很多地方都被模仿，但是它四周卻用的是玻璃墻壁，盥洗室才是唯一能夠找到真正隱私的地方，其裝飾方面的忌諱至少在康涅狄格州仍未被打破。

在強調一遍，我們關于自己與世界的關系看法真正發(fā)生改變，正是這些正在改變的看法而不是先進技術決定了我們會修建什么樣的墻壁。玻璃墻表明人們堅信它能夠而且的的確確掌握了自然和社會?！伴_放的計劃”和一覽無遺的景色與其通過不斷豐碩的科學成就來最終解決各種問題的信念是一致的。這可能就是為什么我們當中水平最高，最具遠見的人們會在玻璃屋子里面生活、工作的原因了吧。甚至我們害怕人造石塊的原因也被分析出來了。

第六單元

乏味的工作

似乎人們普遍認為杰出之人無法忍受循規(guī)蹈矩：為了做到最好，他們需要一種多姿多彩、興奮不已的生活。同時，人們認為無趣之人特別適合做乏味的工作。我們知道，當今年輕一代非常反對工廠工作的枯燥無味，原因是與過去的年輕人相比，他們不僅得到了更好的教育，也變得更加聰明。

事實上并沒有證據(jù)證明富有成就的人希望繁忙充實的生活，更不用說他們正在過這樣的生活，而事實卻幾乎適得其反。人們可以想象牧羊人阿摩司，石匠蘇格拉底，帳篷制作者歐瑪爾?；蛟S耶穌在做單調的木工時就有了他的第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)；愛因斯坦在瑞士一家專利局當職員時就得出了相對論；在一個小鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的枯燥生活中，馬基雅弗利所僅有的樂趣只是與客棧里的騾夫玩玩牌，而就在這樣的生活中他卻寫出了《王子》和《論述》兩本著作；伊曼紐爾·康德天天過著一成不變的生活------當加里寧格勒的家庭主婦們看到他去大學校園路過時，他們就調整時鐘，因為不論晴雨，他每天上午都會取其道而行，他從加里寧格勒到學校的最遠距離就是六十英里。

人類創(chuàng)造性的典型特征表現(xiàn)為可以把細微的刺激轉化為巨大的成果，人類的偉大在于能夠處理細小的苦楚于快樂，能夠處理好普通的生理壓力和欲望。“當有些煩惱時，”濟慈寫道：“在五分鐘內就轉化成索?？死账沟念}材?！睂τ诟挥袆?chuàng)造性的個體來說，所有經驗都有可創(chuàng)性———所有事件都有源于新見解和新洞察力的等同屬性——人的超凡特性可以使平凡和普通的事物轉化成非凡的事物。

繁忙充實的生活往往在消耗而不是在刺激.1640年,彌爾頓曾是一位前途無量的詩人,他在清教革命變故的環(huán)境中度過了20年毫無建樹的歲月.革命失敗后,他在屈辱中實現(xiàn)了自己的偉大前程.切利尼在振奮人心的生活當中失去了本該成為偉大藝術家的機會.毫無疑問,如果馬基雅弗利被允許繼續(xù)從事弗洛倫薩的外交工作,繼續(xù)執(zhí)行令人生趣的使命,那么他就不可能寫出那些偉大的著作.通常情況下,往往是平庸的詩人,作家等等才會專注于激發(fā)事件以釋放他們的創(chuàng)造源泉.可以這樣認為,生產線的工作拙其才能,乏其思想,唯一可取的良藥是更高的工資,更少的工作時間.然而,在作為一名普通工人的五十年時間里,我發(fā)現(xiàn)循規(guī)蹈矩的工作可以與活躍的思想并存.在碼頭做枯燥重復的工作期間,在與工友們談天的同時,我可以在腦海深處構思篇章語句.我過去從中得到快樂,至今仍回味無窮,過去的生活似乎很愉快。如果工作能讓我饒有興趣，就不可能在上班時間或甚至在下班后的自由時間有機會去做任何思考和創(chuàng)作。

如果發(fā)現(xiàn)難以忍受乏味的工作，這樣的人經常是那些在閑暇時不知所措的人。兒童和成年人能從循規(guī)蹈矩的事情中獲得新生，而青少年則因失去了兒時的專注精神，并且缺乏成年人的內在因素，所以需要用刺激和新奇來消除其厭倦心理。7美

美之于古希臘人是一種德性，一種美德。今天看來，他們就是我們如今所謂的“全面的人”，雖然這個稱呼有點不理直氣壯，并且?guī)в屑刀手狻Ｌ热糇尮畔ＥD人區(qū)分一個人的“內在”和“外在”，他們仍期望內在美是需要與其他種類之美相匹配的。那些聚集在蘇格拉底身邊的雅典青年人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的偶像是如此得聰慧、勇敢、正直、充滿誘惑力，而同時又那么得丑，這是多么自相矛盾啊。而蘇格拉底主要的教學手段之一即為“丑”，告訴這些天真卻擁有毋庸置疑般美貌的門生，真正的人生是充滿悖論的。

他們或許能夠抗拒蘇格拉底的學說。而我們做不到。幾千年以后，美的魅惑使我們更加疲憊。我們不僅僅用最容易的方式將“內在”（性格，心智）和“外在”（外貌）割離開來，同時我們也對那些既有美貌亦有智慧天賦之人，感到詫異。

美在古典時期是理想的人類美德，而將其從這中心位置趕走的首要原因來自基督教的影響。通過美德（拉丁語為virtus）的概念限定到僅僅指倫理道德的范疇，基督教放逐了“美”—— 它成為一種異化的，武斷的，膚淺的誘惑。同時美不斷丟失了它原本的名聲。到二世紀末的時候，美成為一種既定概念，僅用于修飾兩性之的一個性別：這個性別雖然是悅目的，但卻處于第二位。將美與女性聯(lián)系起來，使得美的概念在道德層面上更加脆弱。

在英語里，我們說一位女子是美麗的。但是我們卻說一位男子是英俊的?！坝⒖　笔瞧潢栃缘牡韧~，同時拒絕一種帶有某些貶義暗示的贊揚，而這種贊揚是僅用于女性的。在法語和意大利語里，人們可以稱男子是“美麗的”，這暗示著這些天主教國家依舊保留了前基督教時期欣賞“美”的痕跡，而這些痕跡在新教國家中已經蕩然無存。但即使存在，差別也只是程度不同而已。在任何一個基督教或者后基督教國家里，女性就是那個美麗的性別——既損害了美這個概念，也損害了女性這個概念。

被稱為“美”意味著要列舉出一些對女性來說必要的特征和她們所關心的事物。（和男性不同，他們的核心是強壯、有效率，或者有能力。）那些擁有超前女性意識的人將很容易就能感受到，讓女性和“美”聯(lián)系起來，會助長她們孤芳自賞的態(tài)度，也會讓她們更加有依賴性且不成熟。所有人（女性和男性）都認識到這點。因為“所有人”，整個社會，都很明確，作為女性就應該關心長相。（作為男性則不同：他們身份的確認是關注于某人是誰，做什么的，而長相即使并非一無是處，至少也是其次的。）有了這些老套的看法，我們就不難明白，即使從最好的方面來看，為什么“美”也有著褒貶不一的名聲。

當然，對美的崇拜并沒有什么錯，錯就錯在認為美是一種義務，并且試圖想要變美。作為她們性別的一種討好的理想化狀態(tài)，大多數(shù)女性都可以接受的方式是，讓她們覺得自己比實際情況來的差勁。因為美的理想境界就是受制于一種自我對立的狀態(tài)。人們教導女性要從各部分區(qū)看待她們的身體，并且要分別評價每一個部分。胸部、腿、臀部、腰、頸、眼睛、鼻子、膚色、頭發(fā)等等——每一部分都需要一番焦慮、苦惱，甚至絕望的審查。即使有些部分符合要求，但總有地方永遠是希望更好一些的。只有完美無瑕了，才能無可挑剔。

在男人之中，好的外表是一個整體，是那種一眼掃過的東西。并不需要通過測量身體每個部分來做出最后的確認。沒有人會鼓勵男性去一部分一部分地細查自己的外貌。至于完美，那是被認為無關緊要的，并且?guī)缀跏遣荒行曰?。的確，對于一些理想中的美男子，一點小瑕疵反而是讓人喜歡的。有一位電影評論家（女性），她是Robert Redford的影迷，她覺得正是因為其臉頰一側有一顆肉色的痣，才使得Redford不被僅僅認為有一張“漂亮的臉蛋”。想想這個評價里既暗示了對女性的貶低，也暗示了對“美”的貶低。

Cocteau曾說：“美的特權是無限的?！焙翢o疑問，美是一種力量形式，并且理因如此。但遺憾的是，如今人們只鼓勵大多數(shù)的女性去追求這種力量。這種力量的制造總是和男性聯(lián)系起來。這力量不是去做什么，而是去吸引什么的。這種力量否定了自身。因為這種力量并不是一個人所能自我選擇的，至少不是女性可以自我選擇的，或者說如果她們聲稱要放棄這種力量的話，是要受到社會譴責的。

對女性來說，梳妝打扮不僅僅是一份樂趣，更是一種責任，是她的工作。如果一位女士做著實際的工作，乃至她在政治、法律、醫(yī)學、商界或別的什么領域爬到了領導層位置，她也總是背負著壓力，時刻要確保她在工作的時候還保持著吸引人的魅力。但只要她仍然是“悅目的性別”中的一員，那她就一直要受到質疑——是否有能力保持客觀、專業(yè)、權威和縝密。如果真成為了那樣的人，那這樣的女人真糟透了！如果她們不是這樣，那也糟透了！

比起那種無止境的喜憂參半的故事，即女性的苦悶而言，我們幾乎不太能從將人區(qū)分成“內在”和“外在”的做法中找到更多證據(jù)來說明其危險性。一開始就將女性定義成只對外表關注的人，然后就說她們是“膚淺”的，這是多么容易的事情??！這個粗鄙的陷阱已經存在太久了。但是要從這個陷阱里逃脫出來，就要求女性與美的好處與特權保持嚴格的距離，并且要有足夠的距離去了解“美”這個概念本身有多少被刪節(jié)了，用以支撐起“女性”這個神話。我們應該有一種方式將“美”從女性那里解救出來，也將“美”為了女性本身而解救出來。第八單元

食欲

人生的一大主要快樂就是食欲，保存食欲也是我們主要責任之一。它意味著對生活的熱愛。它是感官之一，這感官告訴你，你仍想活下去，仍然受到強烈渴望的激勵，希望進入世界，品嘗人間百味和酸甜苦辣。

我所說食欲當然不僅僅是指對事物的強烈愿望，而是指各種各樣不能滿足的愿望，強烈的愿望。這證明，你希望獲取更多，生命尚有價值。王爾德說過，他為那些從來沒有實現(xiàn)心愿的人們難過，但是更為那些實現(xiàn)了心愿的人們惋惜。我雖然只曾實現(xiàn)過一次心愿，但它幾乎置我于死地，從那以后，我總是更衷情于渴望而非獲得。

對我來說，食欲就是這種渴望的狀態(tài)，這使得人們的期望之火永不熄滅。我記得自己很久以前還是孩提的時候就學到這一課。那時幾乎沒有什么款待和宴會，我發(fā)現(xiàn)，最幸福的事情并非在于真的吃太妃糖，而是事先盯著糖看。剛開始吃那幾口味道確實很美妙，但是一旦太妃糖吃完了，什么都沒有了，即沒有了太妃糖，也沒有了渴望。此外，吃完太妃糖這一不雅的舉動中，太妃糖的所有吸引力在不知不覺中消失了。不，最美好的感覺就是想要得到它，就是坐在那看著它，只有這樣，人們就能體會到無窮無盡的各種滋味。

所以，對我來說，食欲所帶來的最強烈的樂趣之一仍然在于渴望，而不是滿足。在于想要一個桃子，或者一杯威士忌酒，或者特殊的特征或是聲音，或者想要跟一位特別的朋友呆在一起。因為我當然知道，在這種情形之下，渴望得到的東西總是最為完美無缺的，這就是我為什么會，我將保存食欲的程度帶至有意的禁食，只不過是因為我認為食欲太美好了而不容丟失，太寶貴了而不能因飽食和過飽而被逼進無感覺的境況。

就此而言，我并非真的想要一天三頓的美食——我想要的是一頓巨大、美味、狂歡的豐富盛宴餐，比如說每四天來一次，之后就不能確定下一頓會在哪。禁食一天對我來說不僅僅是一種清教徒式的剝奪人們樂趣的方法，而更是一種期待少有的極度滿足時刻的方式。

禁食是對食欲權威表示敬意的行為。所以我認為，我們應該定期計劃放棄樂趣——食物、朋友、情人——為了保存它們基于的強烈感覺，以及重新得到樂趣的時刻。因為這一時刻使自己和所鐘愛之物煥然一新，精神奮發(fā)，我想，不但水手和游客曾經享受過這樣的時刻，而且獵人也是如此。對現(xiàn)代生活厭煩的部分原因是我們之間的距離太近，娛樂和飲食太有規(guī)律性。饑餓曾經把我們與食物和家人分隔開來，于是我們才學會珍惜它們。男人外出打獵，狗隨著他們一起去；女人和孩子向他們揮手告別。洞穴里面連續(xù)數(shù)天沒有男人。沒人有吃的東西或者知道該做什么。女人蜷縮在火堆旁邊，淚眼朦朧。小孩在嚎啕痛哭，每個人饑腸轆轆。然后在一天晚上，山上傳來了呼喊聲和狗吠聲。男人們滿載著獵物回來了。這是個大團圓的時刻，每個人都狼吞虎咽地吃著，食欲顯示了其真正的價值，盼望已久的這一頓飯成為了值得記憶的盛宴，它幾乎是一種人生的圣典?，F(xiàn)在我們前往辦公室上班，然后晚上回家吃便宜的雞肉和冷藏的豌豆，那么香，但是太多了，太容易了，太常見了，不需要費勁就可以得到，也沒有了渴望。我們吃著東西，很幸運，長得油光水滑，但我們再也無法知道饑餓時的愉快了。

任何東西太多了——太多音樂。太多娛樂。幸?？觳?，或者花太多時間與朋友呆在一起——都會造成某種生活上的無能，人們再也不能聽見，品嘗不出味道，看不到，愛不了，記不了。生命短暫而彌足珍貴，食欲是人生旅途的護衛(wèi)者之一，所以如果我們想要享受這一短暫的生命，我們就應該尊重食欲之神，保持渴望的狀態(tài)，而不要讓它過于遲鈍。

我曾經體驗過枯焦的嘴唇接觸一杯冷水時所引發(fā)的狂喜已有很長一段時間了，泉水仍然等著人們去享用——而人們所需要的只是一種原始的渴望。

第九單元 對藐視法律者的警告

遵紀守法是美國歷史上最為悠久的政治問題，也可能是人們最喜愛探討的政治問題。數(shù)百萬美國人從來不認為自己曾經違法，更不用說犯罪了，這一顯而易見的事實令人厭煩心痛。雖然人們制定了法規(guī)來保護社會并促進其發(fā)展，但是上述美國人卻享有了越來越多的自由。事實上，當今社會充斥著非法亂丟垃圾、騙稅、非法制造噪音和機動車秩序混亂的現(xiàn)象，以致于藐視法律的行為有時候讓人看起來代表了未來發(fā)展的潮流。哈佛大學的社會學家戴維·里斯曼察覺到，大部分美國人會草率地認為，觸犯一些據(jù)稱微小的錯誤是理所當然的事情。他早先說，美國社會的倫理道德正面臨著逐漸淪落為“傻子才會遵守規(guī)則”這種危險的情況。

支持里斯曼這一說法的證據(jù)是再明顯不過的了，藐視法律者以各種各樣的方式存在，其數(shù)目令人吃驚。喜歡涂鴉的人把公共場所變成了視覺垃圾，騎自行車的人經常把車騎得好像兩輪的交通工具不受所有的交通法規(guī)約束一樣。喜歡亂丟垃圾的人把自己的社區(qū)變成了垃圾堆。一陣一陣的法規(guī)雖然到處都是 來勢洶洶，但是卻無法把高分貝的便攜式無線電廣播電臺從公共場所清除出去，這就像早先的法律無法消滅因啤酒飲用過度而導致騷擾眾多公園的流氓行為一樣。令人絕望的是，吸食煙草上癮的人仍對“禁止吸煙”的標記熟視無睹。穿著體面的吸食大麻的人再也不會為了分發(fā)煙卷而勞煩自己，巧妙的避開公眾的視線，公然使用可卡因這一丑行正在中上階層人生活當中逐漸惡化。此外還有〔一邊說“各位好”一邊行走〕亂穿馬路的人。

藐視法律這種行為所帶來的危險在不同情況下相差很大。在人行道上吐痰的人雖然令人討厭，但是就對他人構成的危險來說明顯要小于在未經批準的地方非法掩埋危險的化學廢棄物的公司。在地鐵里面襲擊乘客的人所構成的生命危險要小于漠視防火安全法規(guī)的房東。在危險的藐視法律的行為中，最為直接且最容易計算的也碰巧是人們最容易看得見的。其罪魁禍首就是美國的司機，他們當今的違法行為累計起來構成了對公眾安全的巨大損害。其危險從日常的雙行停車堵塞城市街道到酒后駕車每年令25000人喪生、至少650000人受傷，不一而足。開闊公路上違反法律超速駕駛的情況又怎樣呢？新近的調查顯示，在一些州際公路上，83%的司機通常對聯(lián)邦政府制定的每小時55英里的時速限制視而不見。

在所以上述現(xiàn)象中，最為公然的藐視法律的人當屬擅闖紅燈者。波士頓藐視停止信號的情況相當嚴重，當?shù)鼐用窳鱾鞯囊粍t趣聞說有位出租車司機堅決認為紅燈“只是作裝飾用的?！奔t燈控制交通的力量似乎在各個地方都在削減。在洛杉磯，闖紅燈可能已經成為這座城市最為普通的違反交通的現(xiàn)象。在紐約，通過十字路口就像玩俄羅斯輪盤賭一樣。羅伯特.麥吉里警長承認：“關于人們是否會在紅燈前面停下來，當今的幾率是一邊對一半。”然而，他所在的警察機構在很大程度上對違法現(xiàn)象不理不睬。

闖紅燈一直被人們列為小錯，因此它可能屬于個別現(xiàn)象。當這一違反法規(guī)的行為習慣性地、廣泛地、連續(xù)不斷地出現(xiàn)的時候，那它就遠不止一個交通管理問題了。這蔑視基本道路規(guī)則的行為嚴重地傷害社會各界的情感，無辜的司機和行人反復的為此付出代價，他們承受著各種挫折、不便和傷害，更不用說通過合理方式感受到的致命的危險。如果說偽善是送給惡行的禮物，那么鬼鬼祟祟的行為就是違法者尊敬法治力量的真正表示。然而，闖紅燈的人根本不尊重社會規(guī)則，社會不可避免地會受到反復厚顏無恥地藐視基本秩序的行為的傷害。

藐視法律的態(tài)度到處存在。有些學校發(fā)展，小孩常常在入學的時候并不懂得一些與他人共處的基本規(guī)則。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)上述情況真的不足為奇。盡管當今各種藐視法律的現(xiàn)象有著這樣那樣的不同，但他們作為基本的社會道德敗壞現(xiàn)象，其癥狀卻是互相一致的，即個人失去了為照顧他人利益而控制自己行為的能力。

公共的禮儀規(guī)范有可能會倒塌崩潰，這已經不僅僅是一個禮節(jié)上的問題了，社會首先擔憂的事情雖然仍將是重大的犯罪，但是在休斯頓發(fā)生的一切顯示了野蠻行為的嚴重跡象。休斯頓高速公路上的司機越來越傾向于用突發(fā)的暴力行為替代道路規(guī)則來解決問題。以下是休斯頓警察部門最近關于高速公路交通暴力的統(tǒng)計分類事件：1）司機朝插到自己前面的小汽車閃爍著遠光燈，而小汽車里面的人卻向他的擋風玻璃用力投擲一個啤酒罐，踢掉了他的尾燈，把他打得縫了八針。2）自動卸貨司機出于耽擱而氣憤，砸壞前面停的車倆的后行李箱和用鋼鎖簧連連猛打那個司機。3）急速行駛的十八輪卡車的司機故意從后面撞上一輛小汽車，而這輛小汽車的司機正試圖保持在每小時55英里這以限制速度之內。幸運的是，休斯頓綜合癥尚未蔓延的到處都是。問題是它會蔓延得到處都是嗎？

美國人習慣于認為法治主要受到已成陳規(guī)的暴力犯罪的威脅。然而，美國法律的基礎遭到撼動，卻實際上總是因為普通的守法公民開始回避法律。一個主要的例子就是禁酒令。唐納德巴爾奇德塞在戒酒與否這個節(jié)目中回憶說：“事實證明，違法并不痛苦，甚至不能算作不舒服，相反它會給人帶來輕微的哦爽快感覺?！比藗冏罱K廢除了禁酒令，不僅因為酒本身這個問題，而是因為藐視法律的行為正在嚴重削弱政府的權威與合法性。具有諷刺意味的是，當今藐視法律者所具有的精神，無論其源頭怎樣受到削弱，但是政府卻無意間在很多層面上對此給予鼓勵。警察無力執(zhí)行某些法律，這只是問題的表面現(xiàn)象，畢竟他們是從自己服務的官員和選民那里接受命令。更糟的是，大部分的州立法機構幫助公眾違反聯(lián)邦政府制定的每小時55英里限速的法律，其中一些立法機構對違法現(xiàn)象等閑處之，只進行很少數(shù)目的罰款。從更高層面來說，華盛頓政府機關簡直就是在反對而不是支持某些根據(jù)法院指令作出的廢止種族歧視的判決，這突顯了其廢棄公民權利法律的愿望。用荒野雜志的話說，保護環(huán)境的團體理由充足地指責政府機關“無力執(zhí)行環(huán)境法，他們正在破壞環(huán)境法?！边@一變異就是最高層的藐視法律現(xiàn)象。

關于藐視法律的這種態(tài)度，最為令人憂慮的東西就是它具有極端的傳染性。只有愚蠢到了極點的社會才會對此坐視不理，任它無限期的蔓延下去。

第十一單元

磁盤代替原稿，檔案被人遺忘

手稿是作者創(chuàng)作過程的極其重要的記錄，它們現(xiàn)正瀕于滅絕。文字處理程序得以出現(xiàn)，其成本相對較低，且日漸變的簡單容易起來。所有這一切意味著，甚至那些窮困潦倒、未發(fā)表過東西﹑以作家自詡（以及那些名列最暢銷書排行榜前幾位的人士），也回向王氏﹑IBM和蘋果等各種品牌的電腦求助，安裝Wordstar﹑Scriptsit和Apple Writer程序，開始忙于寫作﹑編輯﹑審校其創(chuàng)作成果。結果是什么呢？只是一張軟盤而已！

我們應該對手稿的消失感到痛惜。任何人，不管他是學生還時學者，又如何能從軟盤了解創(chuàng)作過程呢？這種搖搖晃晃的塑膠又如何能夠展現(xiàn)出（如威廉?巴特勒?葉芝寫的）絕望當中產出的美麗，夜燈煎熬出智慧嗎？手稿是這些創(chuàng)作痛苦的記錄，它們經常被汗水玷污，被咖啡潑濺或者被香煙燒焦。手稿告訴我們作家的心靈活動，在創(chuàng)作痛苦的過程中的感受。埃德娜.圣文森特.米萊日以繼夜，懷疑能否見到成果。但是，她的初稿成成為了后世各代的珍寶。

試想一下，如果葉芝用文字處理程序來寫作那些抒情詩，歌頌他對莫德.岡娜的得不到回報的愛情！軟盤是不可能揭示他那深深的傷痛。幾乎在一個世紀之后，他在都柏林國家圖書館的手稿仍然洋溢著激情的力量。它告訴年輕人，他們的情感、希望、絕望、愛情和失敗實際上已成為永恒。假設雷.布雷德伯里用王氏電腦來寫作《華氏451》。如果他的各種草稿像他痛惜的書籍那樣付之一炬，小時在儲存器里，會是那么適宜，甚至具有諷刺意味呀。

幸運的是，任何從事寫作的學生都能夠在加利福尼亞洲立大學福勒敦分院特別收集圖書館里查閱上訴草稿。初學者和專業(yè)人員都可以研究簡短故事，《消防隊員》是如何發(fā)展成為未出版發(fā)行的中短篇小說《著火啦，著火啦！》，隨后又發(fā)展成為更長篇的小說《爐床與火蛇》，也沒出版。最后副本（因為是作者自己打印，偶爾有打印錯誤）待審。在這些手稿中，布雷德伯里自己用生動鮮明的動詞代替了軟弱無力的動詞，改變一兩個句子，加強或是有時取消一個形容詞，替換上一個更好的名詞。手稿極好地展現(xiàn)了寫作中的作家，我們絕不可能從軟盤上看到這種發(fā)展或是最終的潤色。

此外，把大量手稿放在一起，那么你就有了一個檔案。備忘錄，日記，期刊，便條，第一稿，第二稿和第三稿的草稿——這些檔案文件對我們所有人來說都相當重要。城市的檔案文件通常收集了潦潦草草寫成的紙片、關于邊界線的有針對性的涂鴉或者是關于結婚、離婚、契約、出生、死亡各種事件的大量手寫記錄，所有這些東西都散發(fā)著霉味，我國的各類檔案文件是無價之寶的遺產。國家檔案館堆滿了破舊的文件。保存著供歷史學家詳細研究的資料。

手稿告訴我們托馬斯·杰斐遜在起草《獨立宣言》的時候，他是如何思考的。一封寫給耶魯大學校長的著名信件告訴我們本杰明·富蘭克林對宗教的真實感情。我們從日記，文件，信件和講道詞當中了解到關于制定《憲法》的人們的大量情況。如果她們在軟盤上完成所有工作，我們能夠了解這么多情況嗎？這是絕對不可能的！

同樣，如果名人男女的信件是從點陣打印機里涌出，它們會像親筆信原件那樣具有同樣的魅力嗎？如果某個白宮底層生產的，機器簽署，大量生產的信件會有公民羅德納·里根于1965年郵寄的親筆信，信封上寫的地址，貼著已取消的五分值郵票,同樣的感情影響或是會有同等的價值嗎？幾乎是不可能的。

詹姆斯·喬伊斯曾經寫道，藝術家的錯誤是創(chuàng)造的泉源。不幸的是，如果干凈整潔，完美無瑕和毫無錯誤的軟盤代替了破爛，鋼筆亂涂，剪貼，夾帶裝訂，紙張發(fā)黃，重寫，重打印的手稿的話，那么我們永遠不會知道那些錯誤。圖書館保它們，學生們學習它們。拍賣人以驚人的價格拍賣它們，擁有者珍愛它們，然而文字處理器則完全排除它們，我們的損失真是不可估量。

手稿是我們賦予社會的巨大財富。我們沒有權利僅僅因為我們發(fā)現(xiàn)文字處理程序更加方便就剝奪了后世各代了解我們作品過程中的思想和情感。只有通過耐心修改過的手稿而非軟盤，能夠告訴初學寫作的人員或者將來的歷史學家，寫作是一項艱辛的工作，它需要思考和再思考——它應該在紙張上，而不是電子屏幕上完成。