第一篇：奧巴馬關(guān)于伊拉克撤軍電視講話(英文)end on military operation over IRAQ.

" Good evening.Tonight, I’d like to talk to you about the end of our combat mission in Iraq, the ongoing security challenges we face, and the need to rebuild our nation here at home.I know this historic moment comes at a time of great uncertainty for many Americans.We’ve now been through nearly a decade of war.We’ve endured a long and painful recession.And sometimes in the midst of these storms, the future that we’re trying to build for our nation — a future of lasting peace and long-term prosperity — may seem beyond our reach.But this milestone should serve as a reminder to all Americans that the future is ours to shape if we move forward with confidence and commitment.It should also serve as a message to the world that the United States of America intends to sustain and strengthen our leadership in this young century.From this desk, seven and a half years ago, President Bush announced the beginning of military operations in Iraq.Much has changed since that night.A war to disarm a state became a fight against an insurgency.Terrorism and sectarian warfare threatened to tear Iraq apart.Thousands of Americans gave their lives;tens of thousands have been wounded.Our relations abroad were strained.Our unity at home was tested.These are the rough waters encountered during the course of one of America’s longest wars.Yet there has been one constant amidst these shifting tides.At every turn, America’s men and women in uniform have served with courage and resolve.As Commander-in-Chief, I am incredibly proud of their service.And like all Americans, I’m awed by their sacrifice, and by the sacrifices of their families.The Americans who have served in Iraq completed every mission they were given.They defeated a regime that had terrorized its people.Together with Iraqis and coalition partners who made huge sacrifices of their own, our troops fought block by block to help Iraq seize the chance for a better future.They shifted tactics to protect the Iraqi people, trained Iraqi Security Forces, and took out terrorist leaders.Because of our troops and civilians — and because of the resilience of the Iraqi people — Iraq has the opportunity to embrace a new destiny, even though many challenges remain.So tonight, I am announcing that the American combat mission in Iraq has ended.Operation Iraqi Freedom is over, and the Iraqi people now have lead responsibility for the security of their country.This was my pledge to the American people as a candidate for this office.Last February, I announced a plan that would bring our combat brigades out of Iraq, while redoubling our efforts to strengthen Iraq’s Security Forces and support its government and people.That’s what we’ve done.We’ve removed nearly 100,000 U.S.troops from Iraq.We’ve closed or transferred to the Iraqis hundreds of bases.And we have moved millions of pieces of equipment out of Iraq.This completes a transition to Iraqi responsibility for their own security.U.S.troops pulled out of Iraq’s cities last summer, and Iraqi forces have moved into the lead with considerable skill and commitment to their fellow citizens.Even as Iraq continues to suffer terrorist attacks, security incidents have been near the lowest on record since the war began.And Iraqi forces have taken the fight to al Qaeda, removing much of its leadership in Iraqi-led operations.This year also saw Iraq hold credible elections that drew a strong turnout.A caretaker administration is in place as Iraqis form a government based on the results of that election.Tonight, I encourage Iraq’s leaders to move forward with a sense of urgency to form an inclusive government that is just, representative, and accountable to the Iraqi people.And when that government is in place, there should be no doubt: The Iraqi people will have a strong partner in the United States.Our combat mission is ending, but our commitment to Iraq’s future is not.Going forward, a transitional force of U.S.troops will remain in Iraq with a different mission: advising and assisting Iraq’s Security Forces, supporting Iraqi troops in targeted counterterrorism missions, and protecting our civilians.Consistent with our agreement with the Iraqi government, all U.S.troops will leave by the end of next year.As our military draws down, our dedicated civilians — diplomats, aid workers, and advisors — are moving into the lead to support Iraq as it strengthens its government, resolves political disputes, resettles those displaced by war, and builds ties with the region and the world.That’s a message that Vice President Biden is delivering to the Iraqi people through his visit there today.This new approach reflects our long-term partnership with Iraq — one based upon mutual interest and mutual respect.Of course, violence will not end with our combat mission.Extremists will continue to set off bombs, attack Iraqi civilians and try to spark sectarian strife.But ultimately, these terrorists will fail to achieve their goals.Iraqis are a proud people.They have rejected sectarian war, and they have no interest in endless destruction.They understand that, in the end, only Iraqis can resolve their differences and police their streets.Only Iraqis can build a democracy within their borders.What America can do, and will do, is provide support for the Iraqi people as both a friend and a partner.Ending this war is not only in Iraq’s interest — it’s in our own.The United States has paid a huge price to put the future of Iraq in the hands of its people.We have sent our young men and women to make enormous sacrifices in Iraq, and spent vast resources abroad at a time of tight budgets at home.We’ve persevered because of a belief we share with the Iraqi people — a belief that out of the ashes of war, a new beginning could be born in this cradle of civilization.Through this remarkable chapter in the history of the United States and Iraq, we have met our responsibility.Now, it’s time to turn the page.As we do, I’m mindful that the Iraq war has been a contentious issue at home.Here, too, it’s time to turn the page.This afternoon, I spoke to former President George W.Bush.It’s well known that he and I disagreed about the war from its outset.Yet no one can doubt President Bush’s support for our troops, or his love of country and commitment to our security.As I’ve said, there were patriots who supported this war, and patriots who opposed it.And all of us are united in appreciation for our servicemen and women, and our hopes for Iraqis’ future.The greatness of our democracy is grounded in our ability to move beyond our differences, and to learn from our experience as we confront the many challenges ahead.And no challenge is more essential to our security than our fight against al Qaeda.Americans across the political spectrum supported the use of force against those who attacked us on 9/11.Now, as we approach our 10th year of combat in Afghanistan, there are those who are understandably asking tough questions about our mission there.But we must never lose sight of what’s at stake.As we speak, al Qaeda continues to plot against us, and its leadership remains anchored in the border regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan.We will disrupt, dismantle and defeat al Qaeda, while preventing Afghanistan from again serving as a base for terrorists.And because of our drawdown in Iraq, we are now able to apply the resources necessary to go on offense.In fact, over the last 19 months, nearly a dozen al Qaeda leaders — and hundreds of al Qaeda’s extremist allies — have been killed or captured around the world.Within Afghanistan, I’ve ordered the deployment of additional troops who — under the command of General David Petraeus — are fighting to break the Taliban’s momentum.As with the surge in Iraq, these forces will be in place for a limited time to provide space for the Afghans to build their capacity and secure their own future.But, as was the case in Iraq, we can’t do for Afghans what they must ultimately do for themselves.That’s why we’re training Afghan Security Forces and supporting a political resolution to Afghanistan’s problems.And next August, we will begin a transition to Afghan responsibility.The pace of our troop reductions will be determined by conditions on the ground, and our support for Afghanistan will endure.But make no mistake: This transition will begin — because open-ended war serves neither our interests nor the Afghan people’s.Indeed, one of the lessons of our effort in Iraq is that American influence around the world is not a function of military force alone.We must use all elements of our power — including our diplomacy, our economic strength, and the power of America’s example — to secure our interests and stand by our allies.And we must project a vision of the future that’s based not just on our fears, but also on our hopes — a vision that recognizes the real dangers that exist around the world, but also the limitless possibilities of our time.Today, old adversaries are at peace, and emerging democracies are potential partners.New markets for our goods stretch from Asia to the Americas.A new push for peace in the Middle East will begin here tomorrow.Billions of young people want to move beyond the shackles of poverty and conflict.As the leader of the free world, America will do more than just defeat on the battlefield those who offer hatred and destruction — we will also lead among those who are willing to work together to expand freedom and opportunity for all people.Now, that effort must begin within our own borders.Throughout our history, America has been willing to bear the burden of promoting liberty and human dignity overseas, understanding its links to our own liberty and security.But we have also understood that our nation’s strength and influence abroad must be firmly anchored in our prosperity at home.And the bedrock of that prosperity must be a growing middle class.Unfortunately, over the last decade, we’ve not done what’s necessary to shore up the foundations of our own prosperity.We spent a trillion dollars at war, often financed by borrowing from overseas.This, in turn, has short-changed investments in our own people, and contributed to record deficits.For too long, we have put off tough decisions on everything from our manufacturing base to our energy policy to education reform.As a result, too many middle-class families find themselves working harder for less, while our nation’s long-term competitiveness is put at risk.And so at this moment, as we wind down the war in Iraq, we must tackle those challenges at home with as much energy, and grit, and sense of common purpose as our men and women in uniform who have served abroad.They have met every test that they faced.Now, it’s our turn.Now, it’s our responsibility to honor them by coming together, all of us, and working to secure the dream that so many generations have fought for — the dream that a better life awaits anyone who is willing to work for it and reach for it.Our most urgent task is to restore our economy, and put the millions of Americans who have lost their jobs back to work.To strengthen our middle class, we must give all our children the education they deserve, and all our workers the skills that they need to compete in a global economy.We must jumpstart industries that create jobs, and end our dependence on foreign oil.We must unleash the innovation that allows new products to roll off our assembly lines, and nurture the ideas that spring from our entrepreneurs.This will be difficult.But in the days to come, it must be our central mission as a people, and my central responsibility as President.Part of that responsibility is making sure that we honor our commitments to those who have served our country with such valor.As long as I am President, we will maintain the finest fighting force that the world has ever known, and we will do whatever it takes to serve our veterans as well as they have served us.This is a sacred trust.That’s why we’ve already made one of the largest increases in funding for veterans in decades.We’re treating the signature wounds of today’s wars — post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury — while providing the health care and benefits that all of our veterans have earned.And we’re funding a Post-9/11 GI Bill that helps our veterans and their families pursue the dream of a college education.Just as the GI Bill helped those who fought World War II — including my grandfather — become the backbone of our middle class, so today’s servicemen and women must have the chance to apply their gifts to expand the American economy.Because part of ending a war responsibly is standing by those who have fought it.Two weeks ago, America’s final combat brigade in Iraq — the Army’s Fourth Stryker Brigade — journeyed home in the pre-dawn darkness.Thousands of soldiers and hundreds of vehicles made the trip from Baghdad, the last of them passing into Kuwait in the early morning hours.Over seven years before, American troops and coalition partners had fought their way across similar highways, but this time no shots were fired.It was just a convoy of brave Americans, making their way home.Of course, the soldiers left much behind.Some were teenagers when the war began.Many have served multiple tours of duty, far from families who bore a heroic burden of their own, enduring the absence of a husband’s embrace or a mother’s kiss.Most painfully, since the war began, 55 members of the Fourth Stryker Brigade made the ultimate sacrifice — part of over 4,400 Americans who have given their lives in Iraq.As one staff sergeant said, “I know that to my brothers in arms who fought and died, this day would probably mean a lot.” Those Americans gave their lives for the values that have lived in the hearts of our people for over two centuries.Along with nearly 1.5 million Americans who have served in Iraq, they fought in a faraway place for people they never knew.They stared into the darkest of human creations — war — and helped the Iraqi people seek the light of peace.In an age without surrender ceremonies, we must earn victory through the success of our partners and the strength of our own nation.Every American who serves joins an unbroken line of heroes that stretches from Lexington to Gettysburg;from Iwo Jima to Inchon;from Khe Sanh to Kandahar — Americans who have fought to see that the lives of our children are better than our own.Our troops are the steel in our ship of state.And though our nation may be travelling through rough waters, they give us confidence that our course is true, and that beyond the pre-dawn darkness, better days lie ahead.Thank you.May God bless you.And may God bless the United States of America, and all who serve her.

第二篇：奧巴馬10月22日關(guān)于伊拉克撤軍的講話

奧巴馬10月22日關(guān)于伊拉克撤軍的講話 導(dǎo)讀：遠在伊拉克快9年的美國軍人終于可以回國了！奧巴馬在10月22日的電視講話中親自作出了承諾，承諾美國部隊將在年底前全部從伊拉克撤回，并且可以與家人共度圣誕節(jié)！

This week, we had two powerful reminders of how we've renewed American leadership in the world.I was proud to announce that—as promised—the rest of our troops in Iraq will come home by the end of this year.And in Libya, the death of Moammar Qadhafi showed that our role in protecting the Libyan people, and helping them break free from a tyrant, was the right thing to do.In Iraq, we've succeeded in our strategy to end the war.Last year, I announced the end of our combat mission in Iraq.We've already removed more than 100,000 troops, and Iraqi forces have taken full responsibility for the security of their own country.Thanks to the extraordinary sacrifices of our men and women in uniform, the Iraqi people have the chance to forge their own future.And now the rest of our troops will be home for the holidays.In Libya, our brave pilots and crews helped prevent a massacre, save countless lives, and give the Libyan people the chance to prevail.Without putting a single U.S.service member on the ground, we achieved our objectives.Soon, our NATO mission will come to a successful end even as we continue to support the Libyan people, and people across the Arab world, who seek a democratic future.These successes are part of a larger story.After a decade of war, we're turning the page and moving forward, with strength and confidence.The drawdown in Iraq allowed us to refocus on Afghanistan and achieve major victories against al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden.As we remove the last of our troops from Iraq, we're beginning to bring our troops home from Afghanistan.To put this in perspective, when I took office, roughly 180,000 troops were deployed in these wars.By the end of this year that number will be cut in half, and an increasing number of our troops will continue to come home.As we end these wars, we're focusing on our greatest challenge as a nation—rebuilding our economy and renewing our strength at home.Over the past decade, we spent a trillion dollars on war, borrowed heavily from overseas and invested too little in the greatest source of our national strength—our own people.Now, the nation we need to build is our own.We have to tackle this challenge with the same urgency and unity that our troops brought to their fight.That's why we have to do everything in our power to get our economy moving again.That's why I'm calling on Congress to pass the American Jobs Act, so we can rebuild our country – our schools, our roads, our bridges – and put our veterans, construction workers, teachers, cops and firefighters back to work.And that's why I hope all of us can draw strength from the example of our men and women in uniform.They’ve met their responsibilities to America.Now it's time to meet ours.It's time to come together and show the world why the United States of America remains the greatest source for freedom and opportunity that the world has ever known.

第三篇：奧巴馬電視講話

美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬于昨日在白宮發(fā)表了面向全國的電視講話，宣布基地組織1號人物奧薩馬?本?拉登在上周被美軍擊斃。他還透露，此次行動中美軍無人受傷，而且他們成功獲取了本?拉登的尸體。奧巴馬在講話中譴責了十年前基地組織對美國發(fā)起“9?11”恐怖襲擊事件，并稱拉登之死是美國反恐事業(yè)的“重大成就”。

The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

For Immediate Release May 02, 2011

THE PRESIDENT: Good evening.Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda, and a terrorist who’s responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children.It was nearly 10 years ago that a bright September day was darkened by the worst attack on the American people in our history.The images of 9/11 are seared into our national memory--hijacked planes cutting through a cloudless September sky;the Twin Towers collapsing to the ground;black smoke billowing up from the Pentagon;the wreckage of Flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, where the actions of heroic citizens saved even more

heartbreak and destruction.And yet we know that the worst images are those that were unseen to the world.The empty seat at the dinner table.Children who were forced to grow up without their mother or their father.Parents who would never know the feeling of their child’s embrace.Nearly 3,000 citizens taken from us, leaving a gaping hole in our hearts.On September 11, 2001, in our time of grief, the American people came together.We offered our neighbors a hand, and we offered the wounded our blood.We reaffirmed our ties to each other, and our love of community and country.On that day, no matter where we came from, what God we prayed to, or what race or

ethnicity we were, we were united as one American family.We were also united in our resolve to protect our nation and to bring those who committed this vicious attack to justice.We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by al Qaeda--an organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe.And so we went to war against al Qaeda to protect our citizens, our friends, and our allies.Over the last 10 years, thanks to the tireless and heroic work of our military and our counterterrorism professionals, we’ve made great strides in that effort.We’ve

disrupted terrorist attacks and strengthened our homeland defense.In Afghanistan, we removed the Taliban 塔利班government, which had given bin Laden and al Qaeda safe haven 港口and support.And around the globe, we worked with our friends and allies to capture or kill scores of al Qaeda terrorists, including several who were a part of the 9/11 plot.Yet Osama bin Laden avoided capture and escaped across the Afghan border into Pakistan.Meanwhile, al Qaeda continued to operate from along that border and operate through its affiliates附屬企業(yè)；分支機構(gòu)； across the world.And so shortly after taking office, I directed Leon Panetta, the director of the CIA, to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of our war against al Qaeda, even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt, dismantle廢除, and defeat his network.Then, last August, after years of painstaking work by our intelligence community, I was briefed on a possible lead to bin Laden.It was far from certain, and it took many months to run this thread to ground.I met repeatedly with my national security team as we developed more information about the possibility that we had located bin Laden hiding within a compound deep inside of Pakistan.And finally, last week, I

determined that we had enough intelligence to take action, and authorized an operation to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice.Today, at my direction, the United States launched a targeted operation against that compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.A small team of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability.No Americans were harmed.They took care to avoid civilian casualties.After a firefight, they killed Osama bin Laden and took custody of his body.For over two decades, bin Laden has been al Qaeda’s leader and symbol, and has continued to plot attacks against our country and our friends

and allies.The death of bin Laden marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation’s effort to defeat al Qaeda.Yet his death does not mark the end of our effort.There’s no doubt that al Qaeda will continue to pursue attacks against us.We must –-and we will--remain vigilant at home and abroad.As we do, we must also reaffirm that the United States is not –-and never will be-– at war with Islam.I’ve made clear, just as President Bush did shortly after 9/11, that our war is not against Islam.Bin Laden was not a Muslim leader;he was a mass murderer of Muslims.Indeed, al Qaeda has slaughtered scores of Muslims in many countries，including our own.So his demise 死亡should be welcomed by all who believe in peace and human dignity.Over the years, I’ve repeatedly made clear that we would take action within Pakistan if we knew where bin Laden was.That is what we’ve done.But it’s important to note that our counterterrorism cooperation with Pakistan helped lead us to bin Laden and the compound where he was hiding.Indeed, bin Laden had declared war against Pakistan as well, and ordered attacks against the Pakistani people.Tonight, I called President Zardari, and my team has also spoken with their Pakistani counterparts.They agree that this is a good and historic

day for both of our nations.And going forward, it is essential that Pakistan continue to join us in the fight against al Qaeda and its affiliates.The American people did not choose this fight.It came to our shores, and started with the senseless slaughter of our citizens.After nearly 10 years of service, struggle, and sacrifice, we know well the costs of war.These efforts weigh on me重壓于 every time I, as Commander-in-Chief, have to sign a letter to a family that has lost a loved one, or look into the eyes of a service member who’s been gravely wounded.So Americans understand the costs of war.Yet as a country, we will never

tolerate our security being threatened, nor stand idly by when our people have been killed.We will be relentless in defense of our citizens and our friends and allies.We will be true to the values that make us who we are.And on nights like this one, we can say to those families who have lost loved ones to al Qaeda’s terror: Justice has been done.Tonight, we give thanks to the countless intelligence and counterterrorism professionals who’ve worked tirelessly to achieve this outcome.The American people do not see their work, nor know their names.But tonight, they feel the satisfaction of their work and the result of their pursuit of justice.We give thanks for the men who

carried out this operation, for they exemplify the professionalism, patriotism, and unparalleled courage of those who serve our country.And they are part of a generation that has borne the heaviest share of the burden since that September day.Finally, let me say to the families who lost loved ones on 9/11 that we have never forgotten your loss, nor wavered 動搖in our commitment to see that we do whatever it takes to prevent another attack on our shores.And tonight, let us think back to the sense of unity that prevailed on 9/11.I know that it has, at times, frayed.Yet today’s achievement is a testament to the greatness of our country and the determination of the

American people.The cause of securing our country is not complete.But tonight, we are once again reminded that America can do whatever we set our mind to.That is the story of our history, whether it’s the pursuit of prosperity for our people, or the struggle for equality for all our citizens;our commitment to stand up for our values abroad, and our sacrifices to make the world a safer place.Let us remember that we can do these things not just because of wealth or power, but because of who we are: one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.Thank you.May God bless you.And

may God bless the United States of America.Central Intelligence Agency（中央情報局，美國

第四篇：從語用學(xué)角度分析美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬伊拉克撤軍演講

從語用學(xué)角度分析美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬伊拉克撤軍演講

一、相關(guān)論文：

廣州大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 程歡 《奧巴馬就職演講的認知語篇分析及譯文評析》 湘潭大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 陳華娟 《奧巴馬就職演講的人際意義解讀》 湖北經(jīng)濟學(xué)院法商學(xué)院 匡露 《奧巴馬就職演講的批評話語分析》 內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)人文學(xué)院 楊青 《論言語交際中的合作原則》

姜志偉 《中、英政治演講中禮貌原則對比研究——胡錦濤、布什高校演講個案研究》

二、人們做了怎樣的研究：

人們從語言學(xué)各個角度分析政治演講稿，或從語言修辭角度，或從翻譯角度，或從語用學(xué)角度，以此提高演講愛好者公眾演講語言的運用技能，或揣測政治家的政治意圖，了解中西方文化差異等等。

三、他們的問題和不足、美國總統(tǒng)就職演說影響廣泛,意義重大,是一種獨特而重要的實用文體。由于總統(tǒng)就職演說所具有的這種獨特性和重要性,長期以來它吸引了不少歷史學(xué)家,政治學(xué)家和語言學(xué)家對其進行研究。但是這些研究大多是從政治或文體學(xué)的角度展開的,很少有人從語用學(xué)的角度進行研究。學(xué)術(shù)研究最終應(yīng)當應(yīng)用于生活。政治與人們的生活息息相關(guān)，通過語用學(xué)研究政治家的意圖、判斷獲得政治信息的真實性和可靠性，就顯得尤為重要。

四、我的觀點是：

（一）語境

含義是一種受制于語境的，說話人交際意圖的隱含信息。要分析奧巴馬伊拉克撤軍演講的語用含義就必須先了解語境。奧巴馬演講的主要聽眾是在伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死軍人的家屬和依舊駐守在伊拉克的美軍。伊戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)死軍人家屬是非常心痛的，他們有一個共同的問題，就是：這種犧牲是值得的嗎？而仍然駐守在伊拉克的美軍主要有兩個共同的問題，一是：伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)結(jié)束，為什么伊拉克人民仍然被殺，伊拉克反美武裝襲擊仍然不間斷？二是：為什么他們還要駐守在伊拉克？ 奧巴馬的演講主要分三段：結(jié)束伊拉克戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù)、我們正面臨的安全挑戰(zhàn)和如何重建我們的國家。

（二）合作原則

格賴斯于1967年在哈佛大學(xué)做了三次演講，他指出為了保證會話等言語交際的順利

進行，說話人和聽話人雙方必須遵守一些基本原則，特別市合作原則（cooperative principle）.美國學(xué)者格林將格賴斯提出的合作原則進行重述，將它們表述為四個準則：a量準則 b準則 c關(guān)系準則

d 方式準則

1、合作原則的遵循

A 量準則（Quantity maxim）：所提供的信息室交際所需的且不多也不少

例如：奧巴馬解釋了美國軍隊的國度力量仍然留在伊拉克的原因與它們承擔的不同的任務(wù)，“為伊拉克安全部門提供建議和幫助；支持伊拉克軍隊針對恐怖主義的行動；保護美國公民”。B 質(zhì)準則（Quality Maxim）：所提供的信息應(yīng)當是真實的

例如：奧巴馬描述戰(zhàn)爭帶來的弊端“我們派去的年輕男女軍人在伊拉克付出了巨大的犧牲，在國內(nèi)預(yù)算緊缺的情況下投入大量資源支持這場戰(zhàn)爭，是時候翻過新的一頁了”。奧巴馬在演講中說美國現(xiàn)在的主要任務(wù)是重振經(jīng)濟，這是誠實的說法，他并沒有否定戰(zhàn)爭給美國經(jīng)濟帶來的負面影響。C 關(guān)系準則（Relevant Maxim）:行為者的行為與他的意圖有共有關(guān)系

美國媒體普遍認為伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的負面影響大于積極成就?！都~約時報》認為這是“一場本不應(yīng)該打的戰(zhàn)爭”，美國國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟一團糟，奧巴馬在演講中并沒有回避這一問題，提出要恢復(fù)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟，幫助數(shù)百萬失業(yè)的美國人重新找到工作；結(jié)束對外國石油的依賴；培養(yǎng)企業(yè)家的創(chuàng)新意識。

D 方式準則（Manner Maxim）：行為者對具有共同目標的對方清楚地表達自己的行為

在安撫伊戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)死軍人家屬時，奧巴馬提到自己的部分責任是確保那些國家

應(yīng)用服役的軍人獲得應(yīng)有的榮譽，包括“為戰(zhàn)爭中受傷的士兵提供最好的治療；并為所有老兵提供醫(yī)療保障和其它幫助；為9.11恐怖襲擊后的老兵和他們的家人追求大學(xué)夢鄉(xiāng)提供資金支持?！?/p>

2、合作原則的違背

A 量準則的違背

奧巴馬在描述伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的積極意義時說：“伊拉克安全事故已經(jīng)下降到開戰(zhàn)以來的最低水平”，這無疑是一項極其模糊的表達，伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭到底有何積極意義，為何伊拉克仍然遭受恐怖分子襲擊，這些問題都被刻意跳過未作解釋。B 質(zhì)準則的違背

奧巴馬說美軍已經(jīng)完成任務(wù)，推翻了實行恐怖統(tǒng)治的政權(quán)，但是眾所周知，伊戰(zhàn)并沒有消除安全隱患，反而出現(xiàn)更多的恐怖主義，雖然翹倒了薩達姆，同時也打開了禁閉恐怖主義的大門，伊拉克如今烏煙瘴氣。這些事實說明奧巴馬明顯違背了質(zhì)準則，說了虛假的事。

（三）會話含義的推導(dǎo)

英國哲學(xué)家John Austin認為說話者的語言可分為言中(locutionary act)、言外(illocutionary act)和言后(perlocutionary act).言中即說話者的字面意義，言外是指說話者的真正意圖，言后則是說話后帶來的實際影響。下面簡單地列舉兩個例子來解釋會話含義的推導(dǎo)。

例一：“今晚，我宣布美國在伊拉克的戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù)結(jié)束，伊拉克自由行動結(jié)束。伊拉克人現(xiàn)在必須承擔起保護自己國家安全的重擔，這是我競選美國總統(tǒng)時向美國人民做出的承諾?！?/p>

言中：伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，就像我當年說的那樣。

言外：表明自己兌現(xiàn)了承諾，完成了美國人民的心愿，是個守信的值得

信任的人，帶有吹噓的意味。

言后：讓人民更加信任他?；蛘哂X得他善于吹噓。言后效果因人而異。

例二：“伊拉克人是一群驕傲的人，他們拒絕宗派戰(zhàn)爭，對無休止的破壞不感興趣。他們知道，最后只有伊拉克人自己能夠解決他們之間的分歧，只有伊拉克人能建立自己的民主”

言中： 描述伊拉克人的特征。

言外： 將美國在伊拉克完成任務(wù)遠少于未完成任務(wù)就撤軍的事實歸結(jié)為

遵循伊拉克人的意愿，激勵伊拉克人政治改革取得進展（當然也包括自己當年的撤軍承諾）。

言后： 人們會認為美國人民是遵循別國意愿的，并提供朋友和伙伴式的支持。

（四）總結(jié) 墨西哥灣漏油事件、弗吉尼亞煤礦爆炸、醫(yī)療改革??遇到種種突發(fā)情況和重要事這些演講稿的，是一個由許多才思敏捷的寫手組成的團隊，他們被稱為“奧巴馬的大腦”。這篇演講稿是不是美國總統(tǒng)寫的，這個問題并不重要。我們通過分析這篇演講稿發(fā)現(xiàn)駐伊美軍作戰(zhàn)部隊完成撤離并非意味著伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭取得了最后勝利，但是奧巴馬卻把這個事件視作兌現(xiàn)競選承諾的機遇，同時也借此向全世界宣布，他為國際和平做出巨大貢獻。伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭究竟是贏了還是輸了？美國《國際日報》日前刊文認為，奧巴馬實現(xiàn)了結(jié)束駐伊美軍作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)的就任承諾是一件好事；但對伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的評價卻并非是易事，也并非是體面地輸?shù)袅藨?zhàn)爭那樣簡單?，F(xiàn)在評價伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭，可能為時過早。

第五篇：從語用學(xué)角度分析美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬伊拉克撤軍演講

從語用學(xué)角度分析美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬伊拉克撤軍演講

一、相關(guān)論文：

廣州大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 程歡 《奧巴馬就職演講的認知語篇分析及譯文評析》 湘潭大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 陳華娟 《奧巴馬就職演講的人際意義解讀》

湖北經(jīng)濟學(xué)院法商學(xué)院 匡露 《奧巴馬就職演講的批評話語分析》

內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)人文學(xué)院 楊青 《論言語交際中的合作原則》

姜志偉 《中、英政治演講中禮貌原則對比研究——胡錦濤、布什高校演講個案研究》

二、人們做了怎樣的研究：

人們從語言學(xué)各個角度分析政治演講稿，或從語言修辭角度，或從翻譯角度，或從語用學(xué)角度，以此提高演講愛好者公眾演講語言的運用技能，或揣測政治家的政治意圖，了解中西方文化差異等等。

三、他們的問題和不足、美國總統(tǒng)就職演說影響廣泛,意義重大,是一種獨特而重要的實用文體。由于總統(tǒng)就職演說所具有的這種獨特性和重要性,長期以來它吸引了不少歷史學(xué)家,政治學(xué)家和語言學(xué)家對其進行研究。但是這些研究大多是從政治或文體學(xué)的角度展開的,很少有人從語用學(xué)的角度進行研究。學(xué)術(shù)研究最終應(yīng)當應(yīng)用于生活。政治與人們的生活息息相關(guān)，通過語用學(xué)研究政治家的意圖、判斷獲得政治信息的真實性和可靠性，就顯得尤為重要。

四、我的觀點是：

（一）語境

含義是一種受制于語境的，說話人交際意圖的隱含信息。要分析奧巴馬伊拉克撤軍演講的語用含義就必須先了解語境。奧巴馬演講的主要聽眾是在伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死軍人的家屬和依舊駐守在伊拉克的美軍。伊戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)死軍人家屬是非常心痛的，他們有一個共同的問題，就是：這種犧牲是值得的嗎？而仍然駐守在伊拉克的美軍主要有兩個共同的問題，一是：伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)結(jié)束，為什么伊拉克人民仍然被殺，伊拉克反美武裝襲擊仍然不間斷？二是：為什么他們還要駐守在伊拉克？

奧巴馬的演講主要分三段：結(jié)束伊拉克戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù)、我們正面臨的安全挑戰(zhàn)和如何重建我們的國家。

（二）合作原則

格賴斯于1967年在哈佛大學(xué)做了三次演講，他指出為了保證會話等言語交際的順利進行，說話人和聽話人雙方必須遵守一些基本原則，特別市合作原則（cooperative principle）.美國學(xué)者格林將格賴斯提出的合作原則進行重述，將它們表述為四個準則：a量準則 b準則 c關(guān)系準則d 方式準則

1、合作原則的遵循

A 量準則（Quantity maxim）：所提供的信息室交際所需的且不多也不少

例如：奧巴馬解釋了美國軍隊的國度力量仍然留在伊拉克的原因與它們承擔的不

同的任務(wù)，“為伊拉克安全部門提供建議和幫助；支持伊拉克軍隊針對恐怖主義的行動；保護美國公民”。

B 質(zhì)準則（Quality Maxim）：所提供的信息應(yīng)當是真實的例如：奧巴馬描述戰(zhàn)爭帶來的弊端“我們派去的年輕男女軍人在伊拉克付出了巨

大的犧牲，在國內(nèi)預(yù)算緊缺的情況下投入大量資源支持這場戰(zhàn)爭，是時候翻過新的一頁了”。奧巴馬在演講中說美國現(xiàn)在的主要任務(wù)是重振經(jīng)濟，這是誠實的說法，他并沒有否定戰(zhàn)爭給美國經(jīng)濟帶來的負面影響。

C 關(guān)系準則（Relevant Maxim）:行為者的行為與他的意圖有共有關(guān)系

美國媒體普遍認為伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的負面影響大于積極成就?！都~約時報》認為

這是“一場本不應(yīng)該打的戰(zhàn)爭”，美國國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟一團糟，奧巴馬在演講中并

沒有回避這一問題，提出要恢復(fù)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟，幫助數(shù)百萬失業(yè)的美國人重新

找到工作；結(jié)束對外國石油的依賴；培養(yǎng)企業(yè)家的創(chuàng)新意識。

D 方式準則（Manner Maxim）：行為者對具有共同目標的對方清楚地表達自己的行為

在安撫伊戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)死軍人家屬時，奧巴馬提到自己的部分責任是確保那些國家

應(yīng)用服役的軍人獲得應(yīng)有的榮譽，包括“為戰(zhàn)爭

中受傷的士兵提供最好的治療；并為所有老兵提

供醫(yī)療保障和其它幫助；為9.11恐怖襲擊后的老

兵和他們的家人追求大學(xué)夢鄉(xiāng)提供資金支持。”

2、合作原則的違背

A 量準則的違背

奧巴馬在描述伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的積極意義時說：“伊拉克安全事故已經(jīng)下降到開戰(zhàn)以來的最低水平”，這無疑是一項極其模糊的表達，伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭到底有何積極意義，為何伊拉克仍然遭受恐怖分子襲擊，這些問題都被刻意跳過未作解釋。

B 質(zhì)準則的違背

奧巴馬說美軍已經(jīng)完成任務(wù)，推翻了實行恐怖統(tǒng)治的政權(quán)，但是眾所周知，伊戰(zhàn)并沒有消除安全隱患，反而出現(xiàn)更多的恐怖主義，雖然翹倒了薩達姆，同時也打開了禁閉恐怖主義的大門，伊拉克如今烏煙瘴氣。這些事實說明奧巴馬明顯違背了質(zhì)準則，說了虛假的事。

（三）會話含義的推導(dǎo)

英國哲學(xué)家John Austin認為說話者的語言可分為言中(locutionary act)、言外

(illocutionary act)和言后(perlocutionary act).言中即說話者的字面意義，言外是指說話者的真正意圖，言后則是說話后帶來的實際影響。下面簡單地列舉兩個例子來解釋會話含義的推導(dǎo)。

例一：“今晚，我宣布美國在伊拉克的戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù)結(jié)束，伊拉克自由行動結(jié)束。伊

拉克人現(xiàn)在必須承擔起保護自己國家安全的重擔，這是我競選美國總統(tǒng)

時向美國人民做出的承諾?！?/p>

言中：伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，就像我當年說的那樣。

言外：表明自己兌現(xiàn)了承諾，完成了美國人民的心愿，是個守信的值得

信任的人，帶有吹噓的意味。

言后：讓人民更加信任他?；蛘哂X得他善于吹噓。言后效果因人而異。例二：“伊拉克人是一群驕傲的人，他們拒絕宗派戰(zhàn)爭，對無休止的破壞不感興

趣。他們知道，最后只有伊拉克人自己能夠解決他們之間的分歧，只有

伊拉克人能建立自己的民主”

言中： 描述伊拉克人的特征。

言外： 將美國在伊拉克完成任務(wù)遠少于未完成任務(wù)就撤軍的事實歸結(jié)為

遵循伊拉克人的意愿，激勵伊拉克人政治改革取得進展（當然也

包括自己當年的撤軍承諾）。

言后： 人們會認為美國人民是遵循別國意愿的，并提供朋友和伙伴式的支持。

（四）總結(jié)

墨西哥灣漏油事件、弗吉尼亞煤礦爆炸、醫(yī)療改革??遇到種種突發(fā)情況和重要事這些演講稿的，是一個由許多才思敏捷的寫手組成的團隊，他們被稱為“奧巴馬的大腦”。這篇演講稿是不是美國總統(tǒng)寫的，這個問題并不重要。我們通過分析這篇演講稿發(fā)現(xiàn)駐伊美軍作戰(zhàn)部隊完成撤離并非意味著伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭取得了最后勝利，但是奧巴馬卻把這個事件視作兌現(xiàn)競選承諾的機遇，同時也借此向全世界宣布，他為國際和平做出巨大貢獻。伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭究竟是贏了還是輸了？美國《國際日報》日前刊文認為，奧巴馬實現(xiàn)了結(jié)束駐伊美軍作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)的就任承諾是一件好事；但對伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的評價卻并非是易事，也并非是體面地輸?shù)袅藨?zhàn)爭那樣簡單?，F(xiàn)在評價伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭，可能為時過早。