第一篇：明十三陵簡介

明十三陵

明十三陵位于北京市昌平區(qū)，因埋藏了明代１３位皇帝而得名，隨葬的還有２３位皇后和眾多的嬪妃、太子、公主以及從葬宮女等。１９９２年，明十三陵被專家評定為“世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群”。２００３年，明十三陵作為南京明孝陵的補充被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入“世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”。

我們都知道明代有16位皇帝，為什么只有13位葬在這里，那么其他三位是誰，葬于何處呢？

明朝開國皇帝朱元璋，都城定在今日的南京，死后葬在南京鐘山南，稱明孝陵。（我們知道南京別稱是“金陵”，在戰(zhàn)國時期，楚威王時建此城。魏蜀吳三國鼎立時，諸葛亮建議聯(lián)東吳抗曹，來到金陵，見此處“虎距龍蟠”，建議孫權(quán)建都于此，歷史上“草船借箭”、“舌戰(zhàn)群儒”、“巧借東風(fēng)”等故事就發(fā)生在此時期。朱元璋就是因為喜歡南京的風(fēng)水所以建都的，死后自然葬在都城附近的鐘山旁）

明朝第二位皇帝朱允炆是朱元璋的孫子，在其叔朱棣發(fā)動政變奪取皇位后下落不明，有人說葬身火海，有人說他出家做了和尚，沒有定論。

明朝第七代皇帝朱祁鈺，被其兄朱祁鎮(zhèn)以親王的身份禮葬在北京西郊金山口。明正統(tǒng)十四年（１４４９年）蒙古族瓦剌部分兵四路進(jìn)犯，明英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn)受太監(jiān)王振的慫恿，率５０萬大軍親征，結(jié)果部隊在河北懷來城西２０里的土木堡遭瓦剌大軍圍殲，英宗也成了俘虜，史稱“土木之變”。這時明朝立英宗之弟朱祁鈺為新的天子，年號景泰，尊英宗為太上皇。景泰元年（１４５０年）七月，瓦剌首領(lǐng)也先將英宗送回，景泰帝就將他軟禁在南宮（今南池子一帶）。景泰八年（１４５７年）正月景泰帝病重。十七日深夜，朝臣徐有貞、石享等人帶一千名軍士從南宮救出英宗，直奔大內(nèi)，英宗一行來到東華門，以太上皇身份大聲喝退門衛(wèi)。最后闖進(jìn)奉天殿（今太和殿），宣布重新登基，史稱“奪門之變”。英宗復(fù)辟后，將朱祁鈺降為郕王，不久朱祁鈺死于西宮，以親王禮制葬于金山。成化年間，憲宗朱見深為朱祁鈺平反，復(fù)稱景泰帝，并以皇陵規(guī)格改、擴建了金山陵。

（說起這個明英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn)，不得不提一下中國的宦官制度；起源、宦官來源、宦官弄權(quán)和王振其人）

明十三陵建造還要從明永樂皇帝登基說起，燕王朱棣奪取了王位后，在南京稱帝，為政權(quán)的鞏固一心想遷都北京。永樂五年（１４０７年），朱棣的皇后徐氏去世，朱棣為了表示其遷都北京的決心，下令在北京郊區(qū)選址建陵（帝陵通常選在京城附近）。最終選定昌平的天壽山作為“壽宮吉壤”，永樂七年（１４０９年）正式在此建長陵，到永樂十四年（１４１６年）三月才全部建成，此后，明代有十二位皇帝在此建陵。自１４０９年至１６４４年明王朝滅亡，明十三陵的建造歷時二百多年。

其實明十三陵的選址頗費周折，皇后徐氏死后，朱棣派禮部尚書趙羾和風(fēng)水師廖均卿等人去選“吉壤”。據(jù)說，他們首先選在口外的屠家營，但因皇帝都姓朱，與“豬”同音，豬進(jìn)屠家犯地諱不能用。另一個選在羊山腳下，但因后面有“狼口峪”，豬旁有狼更危險，也不能用。后來又選定京西“燕家臺”，可“燕家”與“宴駕”諧音，也不吉利。最后才選定現(xiàn)在這片天壽山陵區(qū)。

天壽山陵區(qū)是依風(fēng)水原理選址的，我國選陽宅、陰宅都遵循這幾句話“覓龍，龍要真；察砂，砂要秀；觀水，水要抱；點穴，穴要的；取向，向要吉”。這里的龍指的是山，天壽山是太行山的支脈，蜿蜒曲折，脈相分明，且山上樹木蔥郁，砂要秀指的就是這個。水指的是從西北過來的溫榆河，俗話說“山主富貴，水主財”、“有山無水休尋地”。山好，自然氣場好，但氣遇風(fēng)則散，遇水則止，所有要有水，且水抱，不然就犯了弓背散，有多少財也會散盡。這里天壽山為鎮(zhèn)山，東有蟒山，西有虎峪，正合風(fēng)水的左青龍、右白虎之說，南面有龍、虎二山做為案山，溫榆河二水從正北流向東南，斜貫“明堂”（群山中的盆地），合乎抱水之說，所以這里確實是風(fēng)水寶地。

十三陵陵區(qū)占地40平方公里，陵區(qū)內(nèi)蒼松翠柏，建筑紅墻黃瓦，既莊嚴(yán)肅穆，又金碧輝煌。但后來地面上的建筑曾幾次遭到破壞，最嚴(yán)重的一次是清軍入關(guān)。明末清太祖崛起于東北，有人說清兵的強盛和他們的祖墳風(fēng)水有關(guān)，他們祖墳在房山，如果搗毀，清兵則滅。所以明天啟年間就派人毀了房山金陵，并建關(guān)帝廟鎮(zhèn)之。所以清兵入關(guān)后就采取同樣的報復(fù)手段。到了乾隆年間，為了籠絡(luò)漢人，于乾隆五十年（１７８５年）下令修繕了明陵。民國時期，當(dāng)?shù)睾兰潬帄Z產(chǎn)權(quán)，明陵又遭到破壞。

新中國成立后，黨和政府又對明十三陵進(jìn)行了開發(fā)和保護(hù)。

十三陵的陵號按所葬皇帝在位的歷史順序分別為：長、獻(xiàn)、景、裕、茂、泰、康、永、昭、定、慶、德、思十三陵。這１３座陵墓，現(xiàn)僅有長陵、定陵向游客開放，其中定陵地宮已發(fā)掘。

長陵是十三陵的第一陵，所以長陵的中軸線也成為整個陵區(qū)的中軸線。

石牌坊是陵區(qū)最南端的建筑，在大宮門南二里許，建于嘉靖十九年（１５４０年），是陵區(qū)開始的標(biāo)志。該石牌坊５間６柱１１樓，高１４米，寬２８.２６米，是現(xiàn)今國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石坊。

大宮門是陵區(qū)的正門，俗稱“大紅門”。門有３洞，門口兩側(cè)有下馬碑，上刻“官員人等至此下馬”，當(dāng)時奉旨官員到此都要步行進(jìn)入陵區(qū)，否則以大不敬論罪。

碑樓是重檐歇山式建筑，內(nèi)立長陵神功圣德碑，高約３丈，建于宣德十年（１４３５年）。碑的正面是神功圣德碑文，是明仁宗朱高熾為明成祖朱棣撰寫，碑文有３０００多字，碑背面是乾隆題寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，記載長、永、定、思幾座陵墓的殘破情況。

大宮門后的大道叫神道，它縱貫陵區(qū)南北，全長７公里，直達(dá)長陵陵門。神路兩側(cè)有眾多石雕群，統(tǒng)稱為石像生。有２４獸１２人，獸有獅子、駱駝、獬豸、麒麟、馬、象，兩臥兩立；人有文臣、武臣、勛臣各４人。這些體現(xiàn)了帝王生前的威儀和死后的尊嚴(yán)。

石像生北端有一座門叫欞星門，俗稱龍鳳門，三門六扉，門額是端各飾有火焰寶珠，俗稱“火焰牌坊”。

長陵是十三陵中的第一陵，占地１０公頃，是明朝第三位皇帝朱棣和皇后徐氏的合葬陵。

明成祖朱棣，是明太祖朱元璋的第四子，生于元至正二十年（１３６０年），明洪武三年（１３７０）年被封為燕王。朱元璋死后，他以“靖難”之名，大軍南下進(jìn)入南京，于建文四年（１４０２年）奪得皇位，當(dāng)年六月在南京奉天殿登基，年號為“永樂”。永樂二十二年（１４２４年）七月，朱棣親征漠北，病逝在榆木川。同年十二月葬入長陵，謚號“文”，廟號“成祖”。

朱棣在明代歷史上是一位頗有作為的皇帝。在作燕王時，多次親帥出征，為平定北方立下戰(zhàn)功。稱帝后，仍征戰(zhàn)南北，鞏固了明朝的統(tǒng)治，并作出了遷都北京的重大決策。他在經(jīng)濟、文化、外交等方面均有所建樹。

在經(jīng)濟方面，他繼續(xù)獎勵農(nóng)桑，多次移民北上，開墾荒地，迅速恢復(fù)和發(fā)展了農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟，出現(xiàn)了國庫充實的局面。

在文化方面，他先后委派大學(xué)士解縉和姚廣孝等修編《永樂大典》，該書成為我國歷史上最大的一部類書。

在發(fā)展外交和貿(mào)易方面，他派鄭和七次下西洋，開展貿(mào)易活動，發(fā)展了同西洋各國的友好關(guān)系，成為當(dāng)時航海史上的壯舉。

皇后徐氏，是開國元勛徐達(dá)的長女，她自幼聰穎、好讀書，曾編有《內(nèi)訓(xùn)》２０篇和《勸善》書，以教化人心。永樂五年（１４０７年）七月四日病逝，永樂十一年（１４１３年），首先葬入長陵，成為葬入十三陵陵區(qū)的第一人。

進(jìn)入長陵陵門，內(nèi)有神廚、神庫和碑亭。進(jìn)入陵恩門，就是祾恩殿，祾恩殿建成于永樂十四年（１４１６年），是供奉帝后神牌和舉行祭祀活動的地方。長陵祾恩殿是明代帝陵中惟一完好保存至今的享殿，是我國木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑中的珍貴遺物。

大殿仿明代皇宮金鑾殿而建，寬９間，深５間，是國內(nèi)罕見的大型殿宇之一。殿頂是最高等級的重檐廡殿頂，上面是黃色琉璃瓦。此殿的大小構(gòu)件，用材均為名貴金絲楠木。殿內(nèi)有６０根楠木支撐，中間最粗的４根直徑在１米以上。祾恩門和祾恩殿是我國最好的楠木殿。

殿后是明樓，明樓是每座陵墓的標(biāo)志，也是每座陵墓中軸線上最高的建筑，樓頂為重檐歇山頂，明樓兩側(cè)是寶城，寶城圓丘為寶頂，下面即是地宮，長陵地宮沒有挖掘。

現(xiàn)在我們前往定陵進(jìn)行參觀。

定陵是明代第１３位皇帝神宗萬歷帝朱翊鈞及孝端和孝靖兩位皇后的合葬陵。朱翊鈞是明代在位時間最長的皇帝，在位４８年，但其貪婪怠惰、視酒如命。他生于嘉靖四十二年（１５６３年），隆慶六年（１５７２年）即位，當(dāng)年９歲。即位初，在首輔大臣張居正的輔佐下，各方面都得到較好的發(fā)展。

１５８２年，張居正病故，親政不久的萬歷帝便利用祭陵的機會為自己選定陵位。他花費白銀８００萬兩，歷時６年，修建了工程質(zhì)量極佳的定陵?？⒐ず螅€親往查驗，覺得十分滿意，居然在地宮中大宴群臣，這在歷史上當(dāng)然聞所未聞。

朱翊鈞是個昏君的典型。他“每餐必飲，每飲必醉，每醉必怒，左右稍有不甚，即遭其毒打”。縱觀其一生，在位４８年，有２８年不理朝政，國家機構(gòu)處于癱瘓狀態(tài)。萬歷中葉，國運日衰，所以后人有“明之亡實亡于神宗”的說法。萬歷四十八年（１６２０年）朱翊鈞辭世，天啟年間葬入定陵，謚號“顯”，廟號“神宗”。

孝端皇后王氏，浙江人，是萬歷皇帝的正統(tǒng)皇后，但與神宗未生兒育女。萬歷四十八年（１６２０年）四月病逝。

孝靖皇后王氏，原地位卑微，因與萬歷皇帝生有一子，就是后來的“一月天子”光宗朱常洛，故被封為皇貴妃。死于萬歷三十九年（１６１１年），比神宗早死九年，被按貴妃禮制葬于天壽山一平崗地。熹宗朱由校即位后，追封她為太皇太后，后遷入定陵與萬歷皇帝、孝端皇后一起下葬。

定陵前的神功圣德碑是無字碑。碑頂?shù)裼性讫?，碑下端雕有海水圖紋，碑座為赑屃，傳說是龍生九子之一，因其好負(fù)重，故用其馱石碑。

定陵出土文物陳列室內(nèi)詳細(xì)提供了墓主及其陵墓發(fā)掘過程的介紹，南北兩個展室內(nèi)陳列了出土的隨葬品。

明樓是陵墓的標(biāo)志。此明樓為石結(jié)構(gòu)建筑，彩漆雕飾。明樓是定陵地面上保存最完好的建筑。在明樓的黃色琉璃瓦頂上，有一塊高大的石榜，刻有陵號“定陵”二字。明樓內(nèi)碑額上有“大明”二字，碑身刻有“神宗顯皇帝之陵”，“神宗”是廟號，“顯”是皇帝的謚號。

定陵是十三陵中惟一挖掘了地宮的陵墓。１９５６年５月正式開始動工，１９５８年結(jié)束。工作人員最先發(fā)現(xiàn)定陵寶城西南側(cè)墻上露出了一條券門，于是在正對券門的位置開了第一條探溝，大家看這里就是第一條探溝所在處，在探溝底部發(fā)現(xiàn)用城磚砌成的隧道。３個月后，沿隧道的方向在明樓西面開第二條探溝，大家看就是這個方向。在此挖掘中，碰到了刻有“此石至金剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”文字的石碑，從而為打開地宮指明了方向。

沿著石碑指明的方向，又開了第三條探溝，就在明樓后正對著墓門的方向，找到了石隧道，最終找到了地宮的金剛墻。打開金剛墻，內(nèi)有一個方形石券室，石券室中央有兩扇漢白玉石門。工作人員用鐵絲和木板將頂門的“自來石”移開，地宮的門就這樣打開了。

大家看這就是定陵的寶城，寶城是一道用磚砌的圓形大墻，墻高７．５米，下厚上薄，周長８００多米，中間有一人工堆成的大土丘，就是寶頂了，寶頂下就是定陵的地宮，明樓與寶城相連。

現(xiàn)在我們就前往定陵地宮進(jìn)行參觀。

定陵整個地宮采用石料發(fā)券，稱作地下“無梁殿”，由前、中、后、左、右５座殿室組成，各殿之間都有石門相隔。地宮深２７米，總面積１１９５平方米。前、中、后３殿之間各有一道結(jié)構(gòu)相同的石券門，全部用漢白玉雕成。券門規(guī)制各不相同，最大的漢白玉石門每扇可高達(dá)３．３米，寬１．７米，重約４噸，看上去很笨重，但因設(shè)計合理，重心都偏向門軸方向，所以開啟自如。門扇上有防止門倒塌的青銅管扇，重約１０噸。漢白玉門正面雕有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)輔首，背面與銜環(huán)輔首正對著突起的部分就是承托頂門“自來石”的地方。

后殿是最大的殿堂，地面鋪的是磨光的花斑石，前、中、左、右殿地面鋪的是“金磚”，“金磚”又稱澄漿磚，此磚鋪在地上，光潤耐磨，越擦越亮。

在定陵地宮中，前殿沒有任務(wù)陳設(shè)。中殿陳設(shè)有萬歷皇帝和孝端、孝靖皇后的漢白玉神座，神座前有黃色琉琉五供和青花云龍大瓷缸。后殿白石鑲邊的棺床上有萬歷皇帝和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的棺槨，還有裝有隨葬品的紅漆大木箱２６個。左右配殿沒有任何設(shè)施，有人推測原是放兩位皇后棺槨的，但萬歷皇帝和孝端皇后死后一個月，光宗朱常洛也辭世，兩位皇帝及一位皇后下葬，另還有一位皇太后要遷葬，這些工作都落在明熹宗朱由校身上，準(zhǔn)備工作十分倉促，下葬當(dāng)天三個棺槨一同下葬，當(dāng)時正值雨季，皇后配殿的墓道可能不便打開，所以三個棺槨都從正門進(jìn)入地宮，由于配殿甬道太窄，皇后的棺槨進(jìn)不去，只好和皇帝棺槨一并放入后殿。

漢白玉神座形狀象皇帝、皇后生前的御座。萬歷皇帝的上面雕有龍頭，象征皇帝；兩位皇后的上面雕有鳳頭，象征皇后。三個神座原來是“品”字形擺放，后為便于參觀，擺成“三”字形。

琉璃五供包括一個香爐、兩個燭臺和兩個香瓶。此五供為黃琉璃燒制，是古代祭禮用具。

青花云龍大瓷缸，口徑約為０．７米，缸內(nèi)原放有香油，油面上銅瓢內(nèi)放有燈芯，名為“長明燈”。因地宮內(nèi)氧氣稀少，所以油未盡燈已滅。青花瓷的燒制工藝在明代已達(dá)到很高的水準(zhǔn)，該缸為嘉靖年間燒制。

棺床在明代又稱“寶座”，上面砌著打磨光滑的花斑石，正中為一個長方形的孔穴，內(nèi)填黃土，叫“金井”。金井之上就是棺槨，中間是萬歷皇帝，左邊一個是孝端皇后的，右邊一個是孝靖皇后的。周圍放有木制儀仗等隨葬品，周圍散放著玉石器。古人認(rèn)為“金井”可以溝通陰陽，玉器可以防止尸體腐朽，這在歷史上稱作“金井玉葬”，是我國封建時期最高的喪葬禮儀。

關(guān)于明十三陵的一些傳說，通過發(fā)掘定陵就有了結(jié)論：定陵中沒有傳說中的傷人機關(guān)；也沒有傳說的把皇陵修建者埋在陵墓中的事實；明陵中只有長、獻(xiàn)、景三陵有人殉葬，到明英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn)時下令廢除了人殉制；

第二篇：明十三陵英文導(dǎo)游詞

十三陵的英文導(dǎo)游詞---不是一般的費勁

THE MING TOMBS

The Ming Tombs are 40 kilometers north of Beijing City on the southern slopes of TianshouMountain.They are the burial grounds of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors.In July 2003 the site was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO.Empress Xu died in the 5th year of Yongle(1407).Zhu Di sent

Zhao Hong, secretary of the Ministry of Rites and a geomancer----Liao Junqing along with many others to Beijing in search of an auspicious place for the tombs.It is said that this group of people first selected the area of Tu Jia Ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldn't be used as the burial ground.Next they selected the foot of Yangshan Mountain, Changping.However, since the surname of the emperor(Zhu)is a homophone for pig and because a village named 'wolf mouth ravine' was located there, they decided against using that area.Later, they found Yan-jiatai west of Beijing.Again, since 'Yanjia' was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemed unsuitable.It was not until the 7th year of Yongle(1409), that they finally chose the present Heavenly Longevity Mountain as their cemetery grounds.The whole area covers 40 square kilometers.It has mountains to its east, west and north, and Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain are on either side of its southern entrance.The 13 tombs go from north to south.They are arranged in the manner of the Imperial Palace, with the administration area in the front and living quarters in the rear.In front of the tombs are divine passes, stone archways and steel towers.The Precious City and Ming Tower stand over theUnderground Palace.There were 16 emperors during the Ming Dynasty.Buried in the Ming tombs, are 13 Ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes, princesses and maids.The other 3 emperors, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwen and Zhu Qiyu are buried in other locations.The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, established his capital in present dayNanjing where he was buried after his death.His tomb is called Xiaoling(Tomb of Filial Piety).The body of the second emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yunwen, is missing.Some said that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple and became a monk.There is no final conclusion yet.The seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elder brother Zhu Qizhen at Jinshankou, a western suburb of Beijing, because in the Tumubao Upheaval, Emperor Zhu Qizhen became a captive and the younger brother of Zhu Qizhen.Zhu Qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later Zhu Qizhen was back and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the Seizing Gate Upheaval.The Memorial Arch was built in the 19th year of Jiajing(1540)as a symbol of the Ming Tombs.It is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide, and has 5 arches supported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons and lotus flowers.The Memorial Arch is the biggest and the most exquisite stone arch preserved in the country today.The major designs of dragon and cloud decorations reflect the character of imperial architecture.In addition, it also demonstrates the skillful artistry of the Ming craftsmen.The Big Palace Gate is the front gate of the Ming Tombs, and is more commonly known as Big Red Gate.Facing south, there are three arch en-trances to the gate, the main inlet to the Ming Tombs.Flanking the gate are two stone tablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people to dismount, before entering into the tomb area.If they did not obey, they would be punished for their disrespect.The rules governing the Ming Tombs in the Ming Dynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood and break twigs would be flogged.Those who came to fetch dirt and stone would be beheaded.Those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged a hundred times.The Tablet House was built in the 10th year of Xuande(1435), and stands about 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves.A huge tablet stands in the middle of the Tablet House.The front side bears an inscription by Emperor Renzong for Chengzu.The reverse side is a poem by Qing Emperor Qianlong recording in detail the conditions of the broken Changling, Yongling, Dingling and Xiling.On the east side is the record of expenditures for repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qing government.On the west side is an epitaph by Qing Emperor Jiaqing.It was written in the 9th year of Jiaqing(1804)describing the cause of the fall of the Ming Dynasty.On the north side of the Tablet House, stands a group of stone carvings(36 in all).Behind the house, there are two stone pillars.Beyond the pillars are stone animals and other statues.Lions, Xie Zhi, camels, elephants, and Qi Lin horses.All of the animals are in two pairs.Two stand, while the other two kneel.It is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials and officials of merit, four in each group.These stone animals and statues were made in the 10th year of Xuande(1435).They reflect the imperial power when he was alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased.The animals and statues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons and each was delicately and masterfully carved.Here stands Ling Xing Gate, also known as the unique Dragon and Phoenix Gate, with the meaning of the Gate of Heaven.The gate is pierced with six door leaves, attached to three archways.The top of the central section of the three archways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as the Flame Archway.To the north of the Dragon and Phoenix Gate there lays a seven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of Changling.To the east of the seven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site of the seven-arch bridge.Actually we are standing on the axle line of the Ming Tombs, otherwise known as theSacred Way or the Tomb path.We passed the Memorial Arch, the Big Palace Gate, the Tablet House, Sacred Way, stone animals and statues, and Ling Xing Gate.This seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north, all the way to the Gate of Changling.Now, we are moving to Chang Ling.Changling is the first tomb built in the Ming Tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing Emperor Zhu Di and his empress Xu.Zhu Di(Chengzu)of the Ming Dynasty was the fourth son of the first Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, born in 1360.Zhu Di was conferred the title of the prince of Yan in the 3rd year of Hongwu(1370).He was appointed at Beiping.After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang(the first Ming Emperor), Zhu Di used the pretext of eliminating evil officials at the side of Emperor Jianwen to lead an army expedition down south to Nanjing.He seized the throne in the 4th year of Jianwen(1402)and ascended the throne in June inside the Hall of Ancestral Worship in Nanjing.Zhu Di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in the Ming Dynasty.As soon as he became the prince of Yan, he led the generals out to battle.He had great achievements in calming down the north.After he took over his nephew's power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughout the country and consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty.He made the important decision to move the capital to Beijing.During the rule of Zhu Di, magnificent developments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy.In terms of culture, Zhu Di successively sent Grand Academician Xie Jin, Yan Guangxiao and others to compile the Yongle encyclopedia.The book has become the largest book ever complied in Chinese history.For expanding external exchanges and trade, Zhu Di selected eunuch Zheng He to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold, silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast Asia andAfrica seven times in the early years of Yongle.Empress Xu was buried together with Emperor Zhu Di in Changling.Empress Xushi was the eldest daughter of Xu Da who was one of the founding fathers of the Ming Dynasty.Throughout her lifespan, Xu Shi complied 20 articles of internal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate people's minds.She was the very first one to be buried in Changling and in the Ming Tomb area.The Hall of Eminent Favor in Changling is the best preserved among the thirteen tombs.It is a valuable relic of ancient China's wooden structures.It is nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in China.The roof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered with yellow glazed tiles.The hall is supported by 60 thick Nanmu pillars, the middle four in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over one meter.It is known as the best Nanmu(phoebe)hall in the country.Now we are going to Dinging.Dingling is located at the east foot of Dayu Mountain.Buried here are the 13th Ming Emperor Wanli(Zhu Yijun)and his two empresses Xiaoduan and Xiaojing.Zhu Yijun was the longest on the throne of the Ming Emperors.(He was emperor for 48 years).He was the greediest and laziest emperor in the Ming Dynasty.Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9.After he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister Zhang Juzheng.At this time, various aspects of society gained development.Later ,Zhang Juzheng died of illness.Not long after Wanli managed state affairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb site when he went to pay homage to the ancestors' tombs.He spent eight million taels of silver(250,000 kilos of silver)and six years to build a high quality tomb Dingling.After the Dingling was completed, Zhu Yijun personally went to inspect it, and felt very satisfied with the result.He went so far as to hold a grand banquet in the Underground Palace, which was unheard of in history.Zhu Yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor.Reflecting on his reign, he did not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule.The state organ was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign.Later generations commented that the fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.Zhu Yijun had two empresses.Empress Xiaojing was originally a maid of Wanli's mother Cisheng.Later she gave birth to a son of the emperor.That son was the one-month emperor Guangzong(Zhu Changluo).She died of illness 9 years earlier than Shenzong died.She was buried as a concubine at Pinggangdi, around the east pit, at the Heavenly Longevity Mount.After Xiaojing was conferred the title of “grandmother of the emperor”, her body was moved to the Underground Palace of Dingling, and buried together with Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaoduan on the same day.Xiaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could not give birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor.Xiaoduan died of illness.A hundred days later, Emperor Wanli(Zhu Yijun)died too.Empress Xiaoduan, Emperor Wanli, and Empress Xiaojing were buried together in the Underground Palace.The tablet in front of Dingling has no words on it.It is called the wordless tablet.There is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a pattern of sea waves carved on the bottom.Its base is composed of a tortoise(Bixi).It is said that the dragon has nine sons.In twelve of the Ming Tombs, excluding Changling, all the tablets are wordless.Originally there were no tablet houses in front of the Tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first six tombs were completed.But the emperor Jiajing at the time indulged in drinking, lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention on the inscriptions.Consequently the six tablets are wordless.And in keeping with this tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.Now we are arriving at The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of Eminent Favor of Dingling, The Hall of Eminent Favor is also called Hall of Enjoyment.It was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificial rites.They were mostly destroyed when the Qing soldiers came.And they were destroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.Moving on, this is the exhibition rooms that were built after the excavation of the Underground Palace.The exhibition explains in detail the history of the tomb master and introduces the tomb excavation process.The exhibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north.In the south room, on display are the sacrificial objects of Emperor Wanli unearthed from the Underground Palace.In the north room, on display are the sacrificial items of the two empresses.All of then are fancy and invaluable.Now we arrive at The Soul Tower, this is the symbol of the tomb.It is a stone structure with colorful painted decorations.The Soul Tower and the Pre-cious citadel of Dingling have never been damaged seriously.The Soul Tower is the best preserved architecture above the ground of Dingling.On top of the yellow, glazed tiled roof of the Soul Tower sits a big stone tablet.Two Chinese characters----Dingling, are carved on the tablet.Inside the Soul Tower, on top of another stone tablet, there are two big characters----'the Great Ming' written in seal characters.On the body of the tablet, seven Chinese characters-----'Tomb of Emperor Shenzong Xian' are carved.The Soul Tower is connected with the Precious Citadel.The Precious Citadel is a large round wall built with bricks.The Precious Citadel wall is 7.5 m high, and lower part is thick while the upper part is thin.The round wall's perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wall is a large artificial mound, the emperor's tomb mound, known as Precious Top.Dingling is the only Ming Tomb to be excavated.Formal excavation work started in May 1956 and ended in 1958.First, the working personnel discovered an exposed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the Precious Citadel of Dingling.So they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway.At the bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks.Three months later, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the Soul Tower, they dug the second tunnel.During the digging, they encountered with a stone tablet which inscribed the words ' from here 48.8m forward and 10.7m downward lies the precious wall'.Therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up the Underground Palace.According to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the third tunnel, they found a stone tunnel.At last they got to the precious wall.Thus they opened the precious wall with a square stone room.To the west end of the room, lay two marble doors.The working personnel used a wire and wood plank to remove the ' self-acting' stone bar, which was against the back of the door.With this method, they opened the entrance of the Underground Palace.The palace has no beam which was built according to the principles of geomancy Altogether there are five chambers.The chambers are separated by seven marble doors.TheUnderground Palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of 1,195 square meters.There is a same structure stone door in be-tween the front, middle and rear chambers.The door is made of marble.The biggest marble door is 3.3 meters high, 1.7 meters wide, 4 tons in weight.It looks heavy, but it is reasonably designed.The pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door axle, so the door is easy to open and close.On top of the door is a lintel(made of bronze)tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling.Carved on the front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals with rings in their mouths.Located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is a protruding section that holds the door's 'self-acting' stone bar.The front and middle chambers are 7.2 meters high and 6 meters wide.The floor is covered with gold bricks.According to records, the gold bricks are smooth and durable.The more you polish them, the brighter they become.There are no decorations in the front and two annex chambers.In the middle chamber, there are three marble thrones for Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses, known as the precious thrones.In the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazed offerings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of Jiajing Year's style with a cloud-and-dragon design.It is about 0.7 meters in diameter.Originally there was sesame oil in the jar.On the surface of the oil was a copper tube with a wick inside.It is called the 'everlasting lamp'.Due to the lack of oxygen, the light went out so the oil had not been used all.The rear chamber is the biggest of the three.It is 9.5 meters high, 31 meters long, 9.lmeters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones.In the rear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble.Placed on the platform are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses as well as 26 vermilion boxes filled with funeral objects.In the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filled with soil called Gold Well.Putting jade stone around the coffin or inside the coffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being ' buried with jade.' Ancient people believed Gold Well was the pit of geomancy.It could prevent the body from decay for a long time.Being 'buried with jade' on a Gold Well was the highest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.Originally the empress's coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber.Then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as the emperor's? In 1620, first empress Xiaoduan died in April, then in July Emperor Wanli also died.After that, the son of Zhu Changluo died 29 days after his succession.In only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died in succession.In addition they had removed Empress Xiaojing's coffin to Dingling.All the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned Emperor Zhu Youjian.The preparation work was done in a hurried fashion(this was clearly recorded in historical documents).The rainy season had already arrived before the funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress' annex chamber may not have been convenient to open.So the coffins of the emperor, empresses all entered the Underground Palace through the front entrance.After the coffins entered the Underground Palace, since the passage to the annex chambers were narrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it.So they had to put all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.Now please follow me out of the underground palace.And our tour for today is completed.I hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable.We now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at 4:00pm.Thank you.

第三篇：六年級_寫景作文《明十三陵》

明十三陵

作者：付馬婉瑤

今天是笨瓜呆在北京的最后一天，笨瓜今天晚上就要坐火車回家了。

笨瓜在這些日子，感覺十分的愉快。就要回去了，不免心中有些失落，但是，笨瓜還是在心里默默地說，最后一天一定要快快樂樂的。

經(jīng)過再三思考，笨瓜決定今天去明十三陵。

早上10時出發(fā)前往明十三陵。大概是暈車，或許是吃的太多了，所以到長陵的時候，把早上吃的東西全部吐出來了。

長陵是明朝第三個皇帝朱棣——明成祖的墓。朱棣的墓至今都未曾被開采，但是長陵展廳有從定陵挖掘出來的寶貝。

笨瓜來長陵，一進(jìn)門，就看見了在右側(cè)有導(dǎo)游圖和一張圖片。那張圖片是1954年毛澤東主席來長陵游玩，圖片記載當(dāng)時毛主席感覺頭部昏昏沉沉的，于是就靠門休息。有人曾說是2龍不能相見。實際就是指朱棣是皇帝，古時候又稱龍。而毛主席曾為一國的主席，總管全國，亦稱為龍。所以當(dāng)時說2龍不能相見大概就是指這種意思。

再往里走，就能看見定陵出土的文物了，里面有金錠、金頂、銀錠、還有龍袍、鳳袍、皇冠、鳳冠、玉佩、首飾、劍、盔甲、金布、酒壺等等寶物。笨瓜看傻眼了，畢竟他也算是見過一些世面，可是他從未見過如此有價值的東西。

再往后走可以看見一座碑，碑上寫著“明成祖皇帝朱棣之陵”笨瓜靠近看，上面有很多人刻字，什么×××到此一游啊，真是太不文明了！

笨瓜從長陵出來，起身去定陵。

定陵是萬歷皇帝——明神宗朱翊鈞的墓，定陵曾被開挖過，所以定陵就有一個地下宮殿。

一進(jìn)定陵，笨瓜先看導(dǎo)游圖，碰巧聽見了一個導(dǎo)游在介紹定陵?！岸昵懊鎯蓚€殿都被闖王李自成給燒毀了。李自成當(dāng)時以為是皇宮的宮殿，就打了進(jìn)來，結(jié)果卻是皇帝的陵墓，李自成當(dāng)時特別生氣就放了一把火，火就燒掉了前面兩個殿，所以我們現(xiàn)在只能看到燒后的殘垣斷壁。最后面就是地下宮殿了，據(jù)測算，地下宮殿深27米左右，相當(dāng)于11層樓的高度。靈杵門就是陰陽相隔的鬼門關(guān)了，所以大家回來的時候，一定要說聲我回來了，去去身上的晦氣?！?/p>

笨瓜聽了覺得很好玩，就笑了笑，開始往里走去。過了?鬼門關(guān)?，笨瓜看到兩個展廳，也是展出那些出土的寶物，因為在長陵看了，所以看定陵的這些也就不足為奇了。

再往后走就是地下宮殿了，笨瓜找了個地方休息，休息一會后笨瓜打算進(jìn)地下宮殿。

到了地下宮殿的入口，笨瓜往下看，一層層的階梯，笨瓜走了10分鐘，到了地下宮殿的門口。

一進(jìn)去就冷的出奇，笨瓜不禁打了個寒顫。地宮門特別的高，往里走我們看到只是左殿，順著人群就可以到中殿，前面可以看到萬歷皇帝的寶座，還有萬歷皇帝的皇后的寶座，最后快出來時就可以看到金剛墻。

從定陵出來，笨瓜去了明十三陵博物館，里面介紹了明朝各代皇帝的詳細(xì)情況，真是嘆為觀止??！

笨瓜仔細(xì)看了看，明朝當(dāng)?shù)淖疃虝r間的一個皇帝只當(dāng)了1個月，真是短命啊。笨瓜覺得，在北京的最后一天，快樂、充實，笨瓜對北京說，北京，我會再來看你的！

北京市161中學(xué)六年級：付馬婉瑤

來源：http:///zuowen/xiaoxuesheng/liunianji/xiejing/49242.htm

第四篇：北京明十三陵導(dǎo)游詞

現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū)，那即將進(jìn)入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。

明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1407年派了一些風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實就是吉祥的土地，準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。當(dāng)時這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險！后來選過京西的“燕家臺”，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地。從此可見當(dāng)時皇帝要為自己修建一個陵寢要耗費多少精力啊。隨后，就開始修建了長陵，經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子，太子等等?？墒沁@里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關(guān)以后，為了報復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時候，為了籠絡(luò)漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后，對這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了?，F(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群?，F(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個皇帝么？怎么在這里只有十三個皇帝的陵寢？其實原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因為建都南京，所以他的陵墓當(dāng)然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵；而明朝第二個皇帝建文帝，因為被朱棣奪取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓；在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時候，他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個事件稱為“土木之變”，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。

現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志，是嘉靖年間制造的。這個牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米，寬達(dá)到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點。

大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大紅門。門是南向的，分三洞，在這個門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側(cè)都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑，因為當(dāng)時規(guī)定這些人進(jìn)入陵區(qū)都是要步行，否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū)，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進(jìn)入的地方，嚴(yán)重的是要被斬首的。而進(jìn)了這個門兒，也就走進(jìn)了貫穿陵園南北，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道，明朝的神道，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其實他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方，全長有7公里。

我們一邊走著，就可以看到前邊有一個碑亭。這個碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ镞呌汹P屃馱著巨碑，這個就是長陵的神功頌德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文，有3000多字，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細(xì)記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費，西側(cè)則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。

過了碑亭，我們繼續(xù)沿著神道行走，會發(fā)現(xiàn)在神路兩側(cè)，都有很多石雕。其實這里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。緊挨著碑亭后邊的是兩根石望柱，接下來就是獅子、獬豸、駱駝、大象、麒麟、馬，各有四匹，按照先臥后立的順序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勛臣各有四人。修建這些，都是為了體現(xiàn)帝王生前的儀仗和死后的尊嚴(yán)。所以體積都非常大，雕刻的都非常精細(xì)。而且這些也都象征著皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同樣得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官還是要為我獨尊。

再往前走，就可以看到一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意。在這個三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

我們其實一直都是沿著神道來前進(jìn)的，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宮門，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了長陵了。碑亭，石象生，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達(dá)長陵的陵門了。而我們所說的整個陵墓群的中軸線其實也就是這條貫穿陵園南北，全長共7公里的神道。

說到長陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1409年，在1416年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個兒子，當(dāng)朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當(dāng)時的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號為永樂，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當(dāng)了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn)，并且在1420年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關(guān)系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元勛徐達(dá)的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性，她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓(xùn)》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進(jìn)院，第一進(jìn)院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側(cè)各有一個小碑亭，但當(dāng)時上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進(jìn)院落中，在1412，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動的地方。它面闊九間，進(jìn)深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，殿?nèi)有60根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達(dá)到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?。而四周則是出土文物的展覽。

咱們從殿后的門一出來，就到達(dá)了第三進(jìn)院落，每座陵墓的標(biāo)志——明樓就在這里。大家可以看到這里也有一個碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因為皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂紅色。

由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘，所以我們在長陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急，接下來我們將要去的定陵，就可以讓大家參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。

定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的為人和永樂皇帝朱棣可以說成為了鮮明的對比。他非常貪婪懶惰，在他九歲即位的時候，由于有大臣張居正的輔佐，國家發(fā)展的還算比較穩(wěn)定，可是后來張居正病逝，他便利用這個機會為自己選擇了陵地，花費了800萬兩白銀，用了六年時間，建了工程質(zhì)量最好的定陵，而他居然因為陵寢修建的非常滿意，而在地宮當(dāng)中舉行了盛大的宴會，真實一位讓人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不僅如此，在他在位的48年當(dāng)中，竟然有28年不理朝政，導(dǎo)致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài)。后人評論，其實明朝滅亡的命運，在萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞時就已經(jīng)成為定局了。他有兩位皇后，其實在開始的時候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是與他有了一個男孩，就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子貴，她就被封為貴妃。但是她比朱翊鈞早死了九年，并沒有葬在定陵里，直到后來追封她為太皇太后的時候，才與萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寢。朱翊鈞的另一個皇后孝端與他沒有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊鈞也去世了，所以他們是同日葬入定陵的。

一進(jìn)入定陵陵區(qū)，我們首先看到的是一個碑亭，里邊就是神功圣德碑，也稱為無字碑。碑頂有云龍交盤，下端雕有海水紋的圖案，碑座也是龍九子之一赑屃。在十三陵中，除了長陵以外，其他的陵碑都沒有字。這是因為原來在獻(xiàn)景裕茂泰康六個陵門前沒有碑亭，當(dāng)然也就沒有碑文一說，可是后來這六個碑亭相繼建成，碑文理應(yīng)有當(dāng)時的嘉靖皇帝撰寫，可是他忙于煉丹成仙，根本沒工夫理會，所以導(dǎo)致六個碑空空如也。在永陵之后的陵墓，因為祖宗的墓碑上都沒有寫字，所以怕冒犯祖先，也都沒有撰寫碑文，這樣就形成了今天我們所看到的景象。定陵的這個碑背面有一個滿月型的痕跡，所以俗稱月亮碑，傳說它還有靈性，能隨月亮陰晴圓缺而發(fā)光，可是后來陵園著火，就失去了靈性。

過了碑亭，我們所看到的兩座高石臺基就是定陵陵恩門和陵恩殿的遺址。這里原來也叫享殿，它是舉行祭祀典禮的地方，當(dāng)時面闊七間，清兵入關(guān)的時候曾經(jīng)遭到破壞，到了乾隆年間，對這里進(jìn)行了修復(fù)，但是后來又遭到了破壞。

在往前走，我們可以看到一個陳列室，這里陳列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宮挖掘之后興建的。展室分為南北兩個部分，南側(cè)主要陳列地宮出土的萬歷皇帝的隨葬品，北側(cè)則是兩位太后的隨葬品，都非常精美，各位盡可以一飽眼福。

現(xiàn)在來到了明樓，它也是定陵陵墓的標(biāo)志。明樓為石結(jié)構(gòu)建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始終沒有遭到破壞。在明樓黃色琉璃瓦頂上，鑲有一塊高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明樓內(nèi)的碑額上篆有大名二字，而碑身上則刻有神宗顯皇帝之陵七個大字。它與寶城相連。寶城是一道用城磚壘起的圓形大墻，墻上有垛口，城墻高7.5米，上厚下薄，周長800米，在它圍繞的中間有一個人工堆成的大土丘，其實就是皇陵的墳頭，叫做寶頂。

咱們現(xiàn)在正從左側(cè)的通道走入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的，在1958年結(jié)束。最開始，工作人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側(cè)墻上露出了一處券門，于是就正對著券門開了第一條探溝，到了底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。在三個月以后，沿著隧道的方向在明樓西面開了第二條探溝，在這條探溝的挖掘過程中，碰到了刻有“此時至今剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，從而得到了關(guān)于打開地宮的正確方向。工作人員沿著這個方向，又開了第三條探溝，最終找到了石隧道，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻，打開金剛墻，里邊有一個方形的石券室，在西側(cè)正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門，從里邊頂著“自來石”，而工作人員只用了鐵絲和木板，不到五分鐘，就將沉睡了337年的定陵地宮打開了。第一┆范文網(wǎng)004km.cn整理該文章><...地宮深度是27米，總面積達(dá)到了1195平方米，整個建筑的用料都是磚石，可以說是地下的無梁殿，禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮制”，分為前中后左右五個殿堂由七扇漢白玉門連接，最大的一扇高3.3米，寬1.7米，重達(dá)4噸，看上去很笨重，其實設(shè)計非常的合理。石門的重心偏向門軸，所以開關(guān)自如；門扇上橫著設(shè)有防止倒塌的青銅扇管，重量大約是10噸；在門正面雕刻有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)鋪首，背面與之相對應(yīng)的地方有一個凸起的部分，關(guān)門以后，自來石就承托在這里。

在地宮前殿和左右兩個配殿中沒有任何的陳設(shè)。而現(xiàn)在到達(dá)的中殿高7.2米，寬6米，地面是金磚鋪地，據(jù)記載，這種磚會越擦越亮的。殿中陳設(shè)有漢白玉石寶座，它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的，在前邊也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的寶座雕有鳳頭，而萬歷皇帝的寶座靠背和扶手都雕有龍頭。原來寶座的陳列是呈品字形的，后來為了方便游人參觀，才改變了陳設(shè)。在三個寶座之前，設(shè)有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供，包括一個香爐，兩個燭臺，和兩個香瓶，和嘉靖年間的青花云龍大瓷缸，這個缸中原來是盛有香油，里邊放有燈芯的，叫做長明燈，但是由于關(guān)門后地宮缺氧，所以這盞燈并沒有長明。

第五篇：在行走中感受歷史明十三陵

在行走中感受歷史——明·十三陵

在行走中感受歷史——明·十三陵

3月28日，又是一個陽光明媚的日子。中國國家地理徒步隊再次出發(fā)，六十多人奔北而行，在山村之間尋訪十三陵的影蹤。

攝影/伊凡

這次徒步線路包含十三陵之中的十個陵墓以及十三陵水庫的一段路程。十三陵是明朝帝王的墓葬群，也是世界上保存完整埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。目前定陵、長陵、昭陵已開發(fā)為旅游景點。其他幾個陵墓散落在不同的村子中，不對外開放，所以很多人知曉十三陵，卻未曾見過全貌，這次徒步就是要更多了解十三陵。

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每到一處皇陵，《中華遺產(chǎn)》美女編輯會給大家介紹一段皇帝的背景和趣事。也有網(wǎng)友讀者參與講解明朝皇帝歷史，與其他人分享歷史典故和知識，讓大家體會到徒步的樂趣不僅僅在于行走，交流和學(xué)習(xí)也很重要。

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十三陵所在地周邊大多是以其命名的村莊，徒步的過程就是在各個小村莊的往返。這次活動的強度不大，沒有太多上升路面，有隊員反映要提升難度。我們的隊伍之中確實隱藏諸多高手，有每年都參加國際馬拉松長跑的“高材生”，曾經(jīng)參軍重裝上陣的“大個子”，頭發(fā)花白卻能一直走在最前的老隊員，做足了明史功課的一朋同學(xué)，手握十三陵詳版地圖的青銅鎖美女……（原文鏈接：windflower）明·十三陵 簡介：

明十三陵是中國明朝皇帝的墓葬群，坐落在北京西北郊昌平區(qū)境內(nèi)的燕山山麓的天壽山。這里自永樂七年（1409）五月始作長陵，到明朝最后一帝崇禎葬入思陵止，其間230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太監(jiān)墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嬪、一位太監(jiān)。

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2003年明十三陵被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)目錄》。世界遺產(chǎn)委員會評價：明清皇家陵寢依照風(fēng)水理論，精心選址，將數(shù)量眾多的建筑物巧妙地安置于地下。它是人類改變自然的產(chǎn)物，體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的建筑和裝飾思想，闡釋了封建中國持續(xù)五千余年的世界觀與權(quán)力觀。

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