第一篇：教育類常用詞匯 中英對照

教育類常用詞匯

（大學(xué)）代理校長 Acting President（大學(xué)）副校長 Vice President（大學(xué)）校長 President/Chancellor

（大學(xué)）?？?Major Types of Education in China short 2-to 3-year higher education programs（大學(xué)的）研究小組；討論會(huì) seminar（國家）助學(xué)金(state)stipend/subsidy（戲劇學(xué)院）表演系A(chǔ)cting Department（系）主任 chairman;chairperson（小學(xué)）校長 Head /Master

（職工）子弟學(xué)校 school for children of workers & staff members（中學(xué)）校長 Principal

愛國主義教育 education in patriotism 百分制 100-mark system

班主任 Class Discipline Adviser/Head Teacher 辦學(xué)效益 efficiency in school management 半工半讀學(xué)校 part-work and part-study school 半文盲 semiliterate;functional illiterate 包分配 guarantee job assignments 被授權(quán) be authorized to do

必修課 required/compulsory course

畢業(yè)典禮 graduation ceremony;commencement 畢業(yè)鑒定 graduation appraisal 畢業(yè)論文 thesis;dissertation 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) graduation ceremony 畢業(yè)生 graduate

畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)graduation field work

畢業(yè)證書 diploma;graduation certificate 博士 doctor(Ph.D)博士后 post doctorate

博士后科研流動(dòng)站 center for post-doctoral studies 補(bǔ)考 make-up examination 補(bǔ)習(xí)學(xué)校 continuation school 不及格 fail

材料工程系 Department of Materials Engineering 材料科學(xué)系 Department of Materials Science 財(cái)貿(mào)學(xué)校 finance and trade school 財(cái)政撥款 financial allocation 測量系 Department of Survey

成績單 school report;report card;transcript 成人教育 adult education 成人學(xué)校 adult school

成人夜校 night school for adults

成為有理想，有道德，有文化，守紀(jì)律的勞動(dòng)者 to become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline

初等教育 elementary education 初中 junior middle school

輟/失學(xué)青少年 school dropout/leaver 大學(xué)肆業(yè)生 undergraduate

德才兼?zhèn)?to combine ability with character;equal stress on integrity and ability 低年級學(xué)生 lower grade pupil/student;pupil/student in junior grades 地理系 Department of Geography

地球物理系 Department of Geophysics 地質(zhì)系 Department of Geology

電機(jī)工程系 Department of Electrical Engineering 電機(jī)制造學(xué)校 electrical machinery school 電力學(xué)校 electric power school 電視大學(xué) T.V.university

電子系 Department of Electronics 雕塑系 Department of Sculpture

定向招生 students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 東方語言學(xué)系 Department of Oriental Languages & Literature 動(dòng)物學(xué)系 Department of Zoology 動(dòng)員 mobilize

短訓(xùn)班 short-term training course 多學(xué)科的 multi-disciplinary 俄語系 Department of Russian

發(fā)揮學(xué)生主動(dòng)性、創(chuàng)造性 to give scope to the students' initiative and creativeness 法律系 Department of Law

法語系 French Language Department 反復(fù)灌輸 inculcate

紡織工程系 Department of Textile Engineering 紡織航海學(xué)校 textile machinery school 分?jǐn)?shù) mark;grade 分校 branch school

服務(wù)性行業(yè) service trade

輔導(dǎo)員 assistant for political and ideological work 附中 attached middle school 附屬中學(xué) attached middle school 副教授 associate professor 副修minor

副主任 vice-chairman

崗位培訓(xùn) undergo job-specific training 高等教育 higher/tertiary education

高等學(xué)校 institution of higher education

高年級學(xué)生 upper/higher grade pupil/student;pupil/student in senior grades 高中 senior middle school

工程物理系 Department of Engineering Physics 工業(yè)大學(xué) polytechnic university

工業(yè)工程系 Department of Industrial Engineering 工業(yè)管理系 Department of Industrial Management 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)系 Department of Industrial Design 工業(yè)學(xué)院 engineering institute

公費(fèi)生 government-supported student 公開課 open class

共產(chǎn)主義道德品質(zhì) communist ethics 共產(chǎn)主義教育 education in communism

管理科學(xué)系 Department of Management Science

廣播電視大學(xué) television and radio broadcasting university 國畫系 Department of Tradition Chinese Painting 國際關(guān)系系 Department of International Relations 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)系 Department of International Economics 國際勞工組織 International Labor Organization 國際貿(mào)易系 Department of International Trade 國際文化交流 intercultural communication

國際政治系 Department of International Politics 國際主義教育 education in internationalism 國家發(fā)明獎(jiǎng) National Invention Prize

國家教育經(jīng)費(fèi) national expenditure on education

國家科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng) National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology 國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局 the State Statistical Bureau

國家自然科學(xué)獎(jiǎng) National Prize for Natural Sciences 海洋學(xué)系 Department of Oceanography 函授大學(xué) correspondence college 航海系 Department of Navigation

河流港灣工程系 Department of River & Harbor Engineering 護(hù)理系 Department of Nursing 護(hù)士學(xué)校 nurses' school

化工學(xué)校 chemical engineering school 化學(xué)系 Department of Chemistry

環(huán)境工程學(xué)系 Department of Environmental Engineering 會(huì)計(jì)系 Department of Accounting 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)校 accountant school 伙食補(bǔ)助 food allowance 伙食費(fèi) board expenses

機(jī)械工程系 Department of Mechanical Engineering 基本框架 basic framework 基礎(chǔ)科學(xué) the fundamentals 基礎(chǔ)課 basic course 基金會(huì) foundation 及格 pass

集體主義教育 education in collectivism 計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)系 Department of Computer Science 記者招待會(huì) press conference 技工學(xué)校 school of technology 寄宿生 boarder

家業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)系 Department of Agricultural Economics 假期工作vacation jobs

堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義方向 to keep to the socialist orientation 兼職教授 Part-time Professor

建筑工程系 Department of Architectural Engineering 建筑工程學(xué)校 building engineering school 建筑學(xué) Department of Architecture 講師 Lecturer/Instructor 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì) rewards

獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金scholarship 獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金生 prize fellow

教材編寫組 Teaching Materials Writing Group 教導(dǎo)主任 Director of Teaching and

教師進(jìn)修學(xué)校 teachers' college for vocational studies 教授 professor

教書育人 to educate the person as well as impart book knowledge 教務(wù)長 Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs, dean of studies

教學(xué)、科研、生產(chǎn)的“三結(jié)合” “3-in-1 combination” involving teaching, research, and production 教學(xué)大綱 teaching program;syllabus 教學(xué)內(nèi)容 content of courses

教學(xué)人員 the faculty;teaching staff 教學(xué)組 teaching group

教研室/組 teaching and research section/group

教研室主任 Head of the Teaching and Research Section 教育必須為社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化服務(wù)，必須同生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合，培養(yǎng)德智體全面發(fā)展的建設(shè)者和接班人。Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with productive labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually and physically.教育部 Ministry of Education 教育程度educational background

教育方針 guideline(s)/guiding principle(s)for education 教育投入 input in education 教育系 Department of Education

教育要面向現(xiàn)代化，面向世界，面向未來 Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future

教員休息室 staff room;common room 教職員 teaching and administrative staff 結(jié)合、使加入 incorporate

解剖學(xué) Department of Anatomy 進(jìn)修班 class for advanced studies 進(jìn)修課程refresher course

經(jīng)濟(jì)（學(xué)）系 Department of Economics

經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系 Department of Economic Management 考古學(xué)系 Department of Archaeology 考試examination

客座教授 visiting professor;guest professor 課程 course;curriculum

課程包括curriculum included 課程表 school timetable

課程重點(diǎn)部分educational highlights 課堂討論 class discussion

課外輔導(dǎo) instruction after class 課外活動(dòng) extracurricular activities 課外閱讀 outside reading

礦冶系 Department of Mining and Metallurgy 昆蟲學(xué)系 Department of Entomology

理工科大學(xué) college/university of science and engineering 理科大學(xué) university of science 歷史系 Department of History 燎原計(jì)劃 the Prairie Fire Program 林學(xué)系 Department of Forestry

領(lǐng)取助學(xué)金的學(xué)生 a grant-aided student 留級 to repeat the year's work;to stay down 留學(xué)生 international student 聾啞學(xué)校 school of deaf-mutes

旅游管理系 Department of Tourist Management 論文導(dǎo)師 supervisor

盲人學(xué)校 school for the blind/ blind men’s school 美術(shù)學(xué)院 academy of fine arts 民辦學(xué)校 private school

名譽(yù)教授 Honorary Professor 母校 Alma Mater

年齡段（層）age bracket

農(nóng)學(xué)系 Department of Agriculture 農(nóng)學(xué)院 agricultural college

農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) agricultural university 農(nóng)業(yè)中學(xué) agricultural middle school 旁聽生（美）auditor

旁聽生（英）guest student

培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立分析問題和解決問題的能力 to cultivate the ability to analyze and solve concrete problems independently

培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自學(xué)能力 to foster the students' ability to study on their own 普遍教育 general education 普及教育 universal education 普通教育 ordinary education 企業(yè)管理系 Department of Business Administration

啟發(fā)式 elicitation method(of teaching);heuristic method

啟發(fā)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考的能力 to help develop the ability of the students to think things out for themselves

氣象學(xué)系 Department of Meteorology

汽車工程系 Department of Automobile Engineering 人才枯竭 exhaustion of human resources 三結(jié)合聯(lián)合體 tripartite complex 三學(xué)期制 the trimester system 掃盲班 literacy class

商業(yè)學(xué)校 commercial school

社會(huì)參與 communal participation 社會(huì)活動(dòng)social activities 社會(huì)實(shí)踐social practice

社會(huì)學(xué)系 Department of Sociology

身體好，學(xué)習(xí)好，工作好。Keep fit, study hard and work well.升級 to be promoted to a higher grade

升學(xué)t o go to a school of a higher grade;to enter a higher school 升學(xué)率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade 生理學(xué)系 Department of Physiology 生物（學(xué)）系 Department of Biology

師范大學(xué) normal university;teachers' university 師范學(xué)校 school for kindergarten teachers 師范學(xué)院 teachers' college

石油地質(zhì)學(xué)校 petroleum geological school 石油學(xué)系 Department of Petroleum 實(shí)習(xí)生intern

實(shí)行分區(qū)規(guī)劃 practice regional planning 實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任 Laboratory Chief 實(shí)驗(yàn)員 Laboratory Technician

實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué) experimental middle school

食品工程系 Department of Food Engineering 示范試點(diǎn) demonstration pilot project

適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)需要，面向二十一世紀(jì)，具有中國特色的社會(huì)主義教育體系。a socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century 授予（學(xué)士）confer

授予某人學(xué)位 to confer a degree on sb.暑期工作summer jobs

數(shù)學(xué)系 Department of Mathematics 雙學(xué)士制 a double BA degree system 水產(chǎn)技術(shù)學(xué)校 marine products technical school 水利系 Department of Water Conservancy 水利學(xué)校 water conservancy school 稅收 tax revenue 碩士 master

所學(xué)課程 courses taken 特別訓(xùn)練 special training

提高......的思想品德 enhance the moral awareness of...體育活動(dòng) physical activities

體育系 Department of Physical Education 體育學(xué)院 physical culture institute 天文學(xué) Department of Astronomy

填鴨式教學(xué)法 cramming/forced-feeding method of teaching 鐵路機(jī)械學(xué)校 railway machinery school 鐵路技術(shù)學(xué)校 railway engineering school

聽課 to visit a class;to sit in on a class;to attend a lecture 通訊工程系 Department of Communication Engineering 圖書館學(xué)系 Department of Library Science 圖書館員 Librarian

土木工程系 Department of Civil Engineering 土壤系 Department of Soil 托兒所 nursery/ creche 脫產(chǎn)培訓(xùn) off-job training 外籍教授 Foreign Professor

外交系 Department of Diplomacy

外語系 Foreign Languages Department 外語學(xué)校 foreign languages school 衛(wèi)生學(xué)校 health school

文科大學(xué) university of liberal arts 文學(xué)系 Department of Literature

無線電工程系 Department of Radio Engineering

五愛（愛祖國、愛人民、愛勞動(dòng)、愛科學(xué)、愛護(hù)公物）“Five Love”: love the motherland, the people, labor, and science and take good care of public property.五分制 the 5-grade marking system 舞蹈系 Department of Dance 舞蹈學(xué)校 dancing school

物理系 Department of Physics

西班牙語系 Department of Spanish

西方語言系 Department of Western Languages 希望工程 Project Hope

戲劇系 Department of Theatricals

系主任 Department Chairman /Department Head 系主任辦公室 Office of the Department Head 小學(xué) primary(elementary)school 校友 alumnus;alumna

協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展 coordinated and balanced program of development 心理學(xué)系 Department of Psychology 新聞系 Department of Journalism 新增勞動(dòng)力 incoming labor force

畜牧系 Department of Animal Husbandry 選修課 elective/optional course 學(xué)費(fèi) tuition(fee)學(xué)分 credit

學(xué)分制 the credit system 學(xué)力 educational level

學(xué)歷 education, educational history, record of formal schooling 學(xué)齡兒童 school-ager

學(xué)年 school/academic year 學(xué)期(school)term;semester 學(xué)前教育 preschool education 學(xué)生會(huì) students' union/association 學(xué)士 bachelor

學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告會(huì)，專題討論會(huì) symposium 學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng) academic activities 學(xué)位 degree

學(xué)習(xí)成績 academic record;school record 學(xué)習(xí)年限 period of schooling

學(xué)院院長 Dean of College/Head of College 學(xué)制 educational system

研究生 graduate student;post-graduate(student)

研究生指導(dǎo)教師 Graduate Teacher/Research Supervisor;faculty adviser 藥學(xué)系 Department of Pharmacy 藥科大學(xué) pharmaceutical university

冶金機(jī)械學(xué)校 metallurgical machinery school 冶金系 Department of Metallurgy 業(yè)余工作 part-time jobs 業(yè)余學(xué)校 spare-time school

業(yè)余藝術(shù)/體育學(xué)校 amateur arts/athletic school

業(yè)余職工大學(xué) spare-time college for staff and workers 夜校 evening(night)school 醫(yī)科大學(xué) medical university

醫(yī)學(xué)工程系 Department of Medical Engineering 醫(yī)學(xué)系 Department of Medicine 醫(yī)學(xué)院 medical college/school

遺傳工程系 Department of Genetics Engineering 義務(wù)教育 compulsory education;free education 藝術(shù)系 Arts Department 藝術(shù)學(xué)校 art school 音樂系 Department of Music 音樂學(xué)院 conservatory of music 銀行系 Department of Banking 印刷系 Department of Printing

應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生 graduating student/pupil;this year's graduates 英語系 English Language Department 優(yōu)化教師隊(duì)伍 optimize the teaching staff 優(yōu)秀干部 excellent leader

優(yōu)秀團(tuán)員 excellent League member

郵電學(xué)校 posts &.telecommunications school 幼兒園 kindergarten

娛樂活動(dòng)recreational activities

漁業(yè)航海學(xué)校 fishery and navigation school 園藝系 Department of Horticulture 原子能系 Department of Atomic Energy

運(yùn)輸管理系 Department of Transportation Management 在職進(jìn)修班 in-service training course 在職培訓(xùn) on-the-job/in-service training 造船學(xué)系 Department of Naval Architecture 占百分比 account for...%

哲學(xué)系 Department of Philosophy

政治思想教育 political and ideological education 政治系 Department of Political Science

職工大學(xué) college for workers &.Staff members 職前教育 pre-service education 職業(yè)道德 professional ethics

職業(yè)技術(shù)教育 vocational and technical education 職業(yè)教育 vocational education 職業(yè)學(xué)校 vocational school

職業(yè)中學(xué) vocational middle school 植物（學(xué)）系 Department of Botany

中、小學(xué)校長 headmaster/headmistress;principal

中等技術(shù)學(xué)校 secondary technical school;technical secondary school 中等教育 secondary education

中等專業(yè)學(xué)校 secondary specialized school;polytechnic school 中文系 Department of Chinese Language and Literature 中學(xué) middle(secondary)school 中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) university of TCM

中醫(yī)院 institute of traditional Chinese medicine 終身教授 Lifetime Professor 重點(diǎn)大學(xué) key university

重點(diǎn)學(xué)科 key disciplinary areas or priority fields of study 重點(diǎn)學(xué)校 key school

主副修制 a system of a major field of specialization plus a minor field 主修 major 住宿生 boarder

助教 Teaching Assistant(T.A.)注冊人數(shù) enrollment

專門課程 specialized courses 專任教師 full-time teacher 專修科 special(training)course 專業(yè) speciality;major 專業(yè)課 specialized course 專職教師 full-time teacher 資料中心 data center

自動(dòng)化系 Department of Automation 自費(fèi)生 commoner

自學(xué)成才 to become educated through independent study 自學(xué)考試 self-taught examination 綜合性大學(xué) comprehensive university

總務(wù)長 Director in Charge of General Affairs

走讀生 day student;non-resident student, extern

第二篇：教育類論文 中英對照

從中美家庭教育的差異來分析中國家庭教育的現(xiàn)狀

The analysis of the actuality of Chinese family education from the difference between Chinese and American family education

[摘要]家庭是人生的第一所學(xué)校，是學(xué)校教育的基礎(chǔ)和重要補(bǔ)充。一般地說，人都出生和生活在一個(gè)家庭中，都是首先通過家庭這個(gè)最小的社會(huì)基層組織，再進(jìn)入更廣泛的社會(huì)生活領(lǐng)域的。因此，對每一個(gè)人的成長來說，家庭是第一所學(xué)校，父母是第一任教師。家庭對兒童身體的發(fā)育，知識的獲得，能力的培養(yǎng)，品德的陶冶，個(gè)性的形成，都是至關(guān)重要的。中美兩國在家庭教育上存在著顯著的差異，如在家庭成員的相互關(guān)系上，我國家長大多處于統(tǒng)治地位，而美國家長更注重與孩子平等相處，他們是尊重自己子女的看法的；在育兒觀上，中國家長大都希望孩子能出人頭地，而美國家長更看重提高孩子的生存適應(yīng)能力和創(chuàng)造能力；在教育方式上，中國家長喜歡包辦替代，而美國家長更愿意讓孩子自己動(dòng)手實(shí)踐，這些差異導(dǎo)致了兩國兒童成人后在生存適應(yīng)能力上的明顯差距。從中美家庭教育的差異上可以看到我國在家庭教育上存在的不足。因此，正確認(rèn)識并借鑒國外先進(jìn)的教育方法，對促進(jìn)孩子健康成長、提高未來人才的素質(zhì)具有很重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

Abstract

Family is the first school of one’s life,which is also the basis and essential supplement of formal education.Generally speaking,family,as the smallest cell of society,is the first life step for everyone as we all were born and live in it,from which we enter a larger and wider field of social life.So as for everyone, family is the first school and parents are first teachers in it.Besides, family is closely linked to children’s body maturity, knowledge acquirement, ability cultivation, morality edification and character formation.And distinct differences can be found easily in family education between China and America, on the family member relationship, parents are dominant over children in China while equal in the USA, parents are more likely to show respect to children’s opinions.On the belief of raising children, Chinese parents are unexceptional to hope their children to be outstanding without regard to their own quality while American parents pay more attention to improving children’s ability to survive and creat based on their own interest.On the way of education, Chinese parents will monopolise almost children’s everything that should be done by children while American parents are more willing to let children do everything all by themselves.Because of those above cause a great disparity in adapting changing environment after they grow up.Thus making it with significant reality for children’s healthy growing up and improvement of future tatents’ quality by recognising and learning foreign advanced teaching methods correctly, especially from America.[關(guān)鍵詞] 家庭教育；育兒觀；教育方式；教育結(jié)果；傳統(tǒng)教育；民主教育 ；現(xiàn)狀

Key words: Family education,Belief of raising children,Ways of education,Result of education,Traditional education,Democratic education,Actuality 家庭教育指的是在家庭互動(dòng)過程中父母對子女的成長發(fā)展所產(chǎn)生的教育影響，也是全社會(huì)各個(gè)教育環(huán)節(jié)中最重要的一環(huán)。中美兩國由于在文化傳統(tǒng)、觀念意識、生活方式以及社會(huì)習(xí)俗等方面存在諸多不同之處，導(dǎo)致了兩國在家庭教育方面也存在著很多差異，正確認(rèn)識和了解兩國之間的這種差異，對于促進(jìn)我國當(dāng)代家庭教育的良性發(fā)展有著十分重要的指導(dǎo)作用和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

Introduction

Education, to some extent, is not only a social activity to cultivate human beings, but also a main way to pass social culture and experience from generation to generation.Among all ways to educate, family education is the earliest and the most important one, which plays an essential role in the mode of thinking and

the formation of world outlook，which are closely related to children’s characters.Besides,there are many differences between China and the USA in family education, because of the root differences in culture tradition, idea and sense, lifestyle and social customs.Only by recognising and understanding the differences between the countries correctly, can we promote the positive development of family education with vital significance in direction and actuality.Recently a Chinese-American young man, Jimmy Lin, has prevailed in NBA.Maybe in your mind, the NBA belongs to the black and white, few yellow guys can be seen on that highest level of basket stage except Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian.But Yao Ming has retired last summer, which leaves us endless memory and pity.While Yi Jianlian doesn’t have much chance to show in Dallas Mavericks.Both of them have a superior height, which enables them a great advantage over others.But with a height of 1.91m, you may think it is hard to show in CBA, let alone NBA.But Jimmy Lin not only did it but also succeed.How can a obscure lad without so many body advantages just succeed? Besides, he is a Harvard graduate.Why can’t we bring up some people like that with the largest population in China? There must be something wrong with our education.In this essay, we will have a hot discussion on the issue and try to find out some possible reasons.中美家庭教育的差異

I Differences in family education between China and the USA

傳統(tǒng)的中國式教育強(qiáng)調(diào)仁愛與服從，而美國家庭則注重公正和自由。中國家長通常喜歡“塑造”孩子，希望孩子按自己的意愿去發(fā)展。他們往往用自己的理性來干涉孩子們的自然發(fā)展，因此很大程度上剝奪了孩子自由選擇的權(quán)利。美國家庭則更重視孩子們的自主權(quán)，讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)在社會(huì)允許的條件下自己做決定，獨(dú)立解決自己所遇到的各種問題。其差異大致可歸納為以下幾點(diǎn)：

Traditional Chinese education emphasizes benevolence and obedience,while American family pays more attention to fairness and freedom.Chinese parents like to mold their children to meet parents’ unrealistic wishes.They usuallly interfere almost everything of their children based on their rational consideration,which

largely deprives the rights of their children to choose freely.On the contrary,American children are free to choose what they like,supposed to make a decision by themselves within permission of social laws and solve any difficulties they encoutered in life independently thanks to their unique family education which emphasises more on children’s independence.As far as I know,the distinct differences can be summed up as below.一、兩種不同的家庭成員關(guān)系

1.1 Two opposite family relationships 我國當(dāng)代家庭教育受傳統(tǒng)的家庭觀念影響，家長總是意味著權(quán)威，作為統(tǒng)治者在家庭中處于核心地位。Chinese parents are authorities of the family all the time and paly a dominant role in the family which put parents in the core of the family because of deep influences of traditional believes of family education.孩子在父母眼里永遠(yuǎn)是長不大的，父母對孩子的教導(dǎo)可以持續(xù)到孩子長大以后許多年。Children will always be children in the eye of parents no matter how old he is,and the influences inherited from their parents will cast a shadow on their mind for decades of years.另外，在中國人的邏輯中有這么一條，即“長者恒為師”，在家庭中，年長者一定可以教育年幼者，這就在家庭內(nèi)部形成一種人際關(guān)系的不平等，兒童也由此學(xué)會(huì)了對不同的人說不同的話，懂得了父母比朋友重要，長者是權(quán)威的象征。Besides,the older is always the teacher remains the unchanging rule and widespread logic in China which deeply rooted in the mind of Chinese people,thus caused an unequal relationship in the family,the older can educate the younger,but the younger can’t even though the older may be wrong,what’s more, they have to learn how to communicate with different family members and gradually recognise parents are more important than friends and the older is the symbol of authority.長期處于這種環(huán)境下，孩子慢慢習(xí)慣了在多重規(guī)則下生活。然而隨著物質(zhì)生活水平的提高和計(jì)劃生育政策的執(zhí)行，許多家庭走向另一個(gè)極端，讓孩子在家庭中處于特殊地位并加以重點(diǎn)保護(hù)，孩子成了中心人。After living in this circumstance for a couple of years,children gradually get used to living in multi-rules.While with the improvement of conditions of social material life and implementation of one baby policy,many families go to another extreme with the children as the center of the family by putting them in a special position with intensely special protections.對孩子采取百依百順的態(tài)度，好吃的讓孩子獨(dú)享，該讓孩子做的卻由父母包辦代替了。他們過分滿足孩子的任何需要，生活上過分優(yōu)待孩子，經(jīng)濟(jì)上過多偏重孩子，這就造成家庭關(guān)系的另一種不平等。在我國，孩子在家庭生活中較少有發(fā)言權(quán)，參與權(quán)，中國父母對孩子的要求就是受規(guī)矩，服勸導(dǎo)。正如美國前總統(tǒng)尼克松說：“中國的教育制度從小把他們訓(xùn)練的十分馴服，從小灌輸要聽大人話的思想，不允許有獨(dú)立見解，更不允許像愛因斯坦自稱的“離經(jīng)叛道”，這種教育方式只能培養(yǎng)出“守業(yè)型人才”，但卻失去了中國的達(dá)爾文和愛因斯坦”。

Under this condition,parents are supposed to do anything instead of children themselves and indulge them whatever they want.What’s wrose,parents are submissive in attitude,pampering in life and generous in proket money so as to meet any possible desires of children.Thus cauesed an unequal relationship in family.What children need to do is obey all kinds of rules and submit to orders,they have little voice or participation in family activities.As the former American president Nixon says”Chinese children are educated to be submissive and uncreative,it’s almost impossible to find Darwin and Einstein in this country with the largest population in the world,let alone Nobel Prize owner”

而在美國家庭，家長更注重自由與平等的相處。從小就尊重孩子，重視給孩子的個(gè)人自主權(quán)，讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)在社會(huì)允許的條件下自己做決定，獨(dú)立解決自己所遇到的各種問題。他們把孩子當(dāng)做一個(gè)獨(dú)立的個(gè)體平等對待，給孩子應(yīng)有的尊重和理解。While on the contrary,American parents emphasis freedom and equality with children,they allow children to make a desion under certain circumstance,encourage them to face tough difficulties bravely and respect what child choose.They treat children as an independent and equal individual more than a child

with deserved respect and understanding.孩子在家里有發(fā)言權(quán)、參與權(quán)，美國父母鼓勵(lì)孩子“保留意見”、“固執(zhí)”、“不聽話”，允許孩子“不聽話”主要是指思維上的“不聽話”；美國孩子有選擇權(quán)，美國父母在孩子的認(rèn)知能力有了初步發(fā)展時(shí)，就很重視讓孩子自己去進(jìn)行選擇，作出決定，他們可以選擇音樂，圖書，游戲，長大了自己選擇朋友，自己選擇職業(yè)、自己選擇婚姻對象、結(jié)婚時(shí)間。美國父母不會(huì)代替孩子選擇，他們主要是引導(dǎo)孩子怎樣進(jìn)行選擇，或者站在孩子的身后，給孩子信心，鼓勵(lì)孩子“用你的眼睛去觀察”。美國父母如朋友，他們可以平等的交流，父母與子女的關(guān)系比較密切。所以，孩子有獨(dú)立的時(shí)間和空間去自由的想像或進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)

Children are encouraged to speak out their own opinions and free to jion family activities.When disgreements arise,parents won’t force them to obey to reach a consensus,instead parents will guide them to reserve their opinions and accept their stubbornness and disobedience.American parents emphasis on developing the sense of independence of children at a very early age.That is why you can notice a small kid is like an adult, calling the names of friends and relatives, even parents directly, speaking out his own opinions loudly and take an active part in family discussion.They know that it is their business to handle troubles rather than parents’.Parents also can not scold their children at their will.They leave those things to steel their children, which make kids more brave to venture, to present themselves and to do whatever they can.So children have more independent time and space to fly their own imaginations to creat something unique.二、兩種不同的育兒觀

1.2 Two different child-raising concepts 中國式家庭教育往往著眼于孩子將來是否有出息，能否找個(gè)好職業(yè)，能否在順境中度過一生?；谶@種期盼，很多家長認(rèn)為，父母對孩子的責(zé)任就是讓他們生活得更好，父母能給他們多少幸福就給他們多少幸福。若能給孩子創(chuàng)造最優(yōu)越的生活條件，再苦再累也愿意。為此，父母在孩子成長過程中，除了生活上進(jìn)行無微不至的照顧，還特別關(guān)心孩子的智商，為了能讓孩子成龍成鳳，除了學(xué)習(xí)，什么都不讓孩子干。至于孩子的獨(dú)立生活能力、對未來生活的適應(yīng)能力，以及公民意識等卻很少考慮，認(rèn)為孩子只要成績好，什么問題都能解決。

Chinese parents expect too much on their children’s study, they think the only way to success is grades and the only standard to be successful is entering into universities.In order to let their children perform well in study and be successful, parents allow them to do nothing but study.After having finished homework, children have to do large numbers of exercise to consolidate what they have learned at school,which makes children very tired.The question asked most by parents is “How is your study at school?”, but they don’t notice children have beard huge pressure, lost curiosity, receded confidence and developed no creatation.與此相比，美國家庭的育兒觀有很大不同，他們的著眼點(diǎn)在于培養(yǎng)孩子具有適應(yīng)各種環(huán)境和獨(dú)立生存的能力?；谶@種觀念，他們十分重視孩子的自身鍛煉。他們普遍認(rèn)為孩子的成長必須依靠自身的力量。因此從小就注重培養(yǎng)鍛煉他們的自立意識和獨(dú)立生活能力。所謂鍛煉是多方面的，諸如勞動(dòng)鍛煉、意志的鍛煉等。但最根本的是適應(yīng)各種艱苦環(huán)境和勞動(dòng)能力的鍛煉。通過勞動(dòng)，讓孩子從小養(yǎng)成獨(dú)立自主的意識和熱愛勞動(dòng)的習(xí)慣。在勞動(dòng)和艱苦的環(huán)境中去克服困難、磨煉意志、發(fā)展自身的能力特長，增長才智，并養(yǎng)成刻苦、節(jié)儉的好品質(zhì)。在這種潛移默化的過程中，隨著年齡的增長逐漸促其成為具有獨(dú)立生存能力和社會(huì)責(zé)任感的公民。

On the contrary, American parents pay more attention to developing children’s potential ability such as labouring, willing, bearing and the spirit of hardworking

aimed at children’s adaption to various enviroments and independent ability to survive in competitive society rather than give them too much pressure.In education, parents almost encourage what they have failed and praise whatever achievement they have, thus making children be full of confidence and independence during their growing up.Thus giving children a strong physique, quality of hardworking, excellent psychological qualities and ability to survive.Equipped with those qualities, they are more confident to face future and depend on their own ability and struggle in society instead of relying on others

三、兩種不同的教育方式

1.3 Two distinct ways of education 由于育兒觀上存在著根本差別，使兩國在教育孩子的方式上也有很大的不同。中國方面大致體現(xiàn)在以下幾點(diǎn)： Because of the fundamentally different concepts of child-raising,the ways of education vary too much between two countries.On the Chinese side,the main differences go as below.1.生活上的包辦代替。中國家長尤其是獨(dú)生子女的家長，在生活上對孩子的衣食住行包辦代替，不讓孩子沾家務(wù)活的邊。這種包辦橫向涉及孩子的方方面面，縱向延伸到孩子長大成人。于是出現(xiàn)了小學(xué)生還要家長接送，中學(xué)生還要家長洗衣服，大學(xué)新生入學(xué)還要家長護(hù)送。!.31 Monopolization of children’s affairs in life.Chinese parents,especially those from one baby family,are more likely to monopolize children’s affairs in life range from clothes,food,shelter,transportation to chores,which involves in everything related to children from childhood to adult,thus caused an amazing phenomenon that parents have to pick-up children in their primary school years,wash children’s clothes during middle school years and escort them to universities even though they are old enough to do those things all by themselves.What’s worse, improper extending parents’responsibility make parents substitute their children to make basic daily plans, specify learning ranges and decide the future directions that all are children’s own choice, which make our kids can do nothing but study knowledges, more likely to depend on others and lack sense of independence.2.社交上的過度保護(hù)。不少家長怕孩子吃虧或?qū)W壞，于是限制孩子與外界的接觸，一旦孩子與小朋友或同學(xué)之間發(fā)生爭執(zhí)或不愉快的事情，多數(shù)家長采取袒護(hù)自己孩子而指責(zé)其他孩子的辦法。1.32 Over protection in social activities Because of parents’ fears of their children’s possiblities to suffer lose or be evil,they intend to restrict children from getting in touch with out world.When a dispute or something unpleasant arises between two children or classmates,parents are sure to protect their own children and blame others rather than blame themselves even though their children have done something wrong.3.經(jīng)濟(jì)上的放任。不少家長對孩子的要求百依百順，有求必應(yīng)，連經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù)的家庭，家長也要勒緊褲帶省下錢來滿足孩子的需求。不少小學(xué)生都擁有手機(jī)、數(shù)碼相機(jī)、MP3等高檔消費(fèi)品，這無形中助長了他們奢華浪費(fèi)的習(xí)慣。1.33 Indulgence in money Traditonal Chinese gentleman cares little about money and fame, which has deeply impacted Chinese parents’ ideas of managing money matters.In China, it is parents’ business to earn money to support family and manage money, it has nothing to do with children.They just ask parents for money whenever they need.They only can do those things when they are married.Chinese parents always volunteer to provide money to meet children’s desire, indulge them to spend money immoderately without any

limits even though they have to live an uptight life.Subconsciously children formed a bad habit of wasting luxurily.4.學(xué)習(xí)上的過于嚴(yán)厲。與生活、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社交上的縱容相比，家長對孩子的學(xué)習(xí)卻要求很高，甚至達(dá)到一種苛刻的程度。古往今來，應(yīng)試教育一直深深桎梏著中國家長們的思想，導(dǎo)致家長們把孩子的學(xué)習(xí)成績與能否考取高等學(xué)府視為孩子成材的惟一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)孩子出生后就以天才的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來要求、教育孩子。平時(shí)，孩子在做完老師布置的作業(yè)后又讓孩子再做一套同步練習(xí)題，以求鞏固。弄得孩子精疲力盡，一旦孩子辜負(fù)了他們的期望，那只能通過打罵這一招來解“恨鐵不成鋼”之怒。1.34 Severe striction with studying

Compared with indulgence in life,money and social activities,studying has been expected much too high by parents for their children almost to a extreme level,which sometimes is beyond their abilities.From ancient to modern times,examination-oriented education system has deeply rooted in and restricted the mind of Chinese parents.The only standard of children’s success is whether he could get good grades and enter a key university.When he was born,he would be treated as a genius to be educated and raised regardless of his own tatent and quality.After classes,he has to spend much of his playtime to do the exercise which the teacher has assigned to consolidate again and again,which exhausts every student.Once they can’t live up to parents’s high expections,what they will get is scolding rather than encouragement,by which parents can vent their disappointment and anger.而美國家長從鍛煉孩子獨(dú)立生活能力的角度出發(fā)，對孩子的教養(yǎng)采取放手而不放任的方法進(jìn)行。

While in order to help children obtain the ability to survive in this competitive society,American parents give lots of chance for their kods to learn independence but never indulge them.所謂放手，就是從孩子生下來，父母就設(shè)法給他們自我鍛煉的機(jī)會(huì)和條件，讓他們在各種環(huán)境中得到充分鍛煉。普通做法是根據(jù)不同的年齡讓孩子做自我服務(wù)性的勞動(dòng)。如一個(gè)美國家庭中有三個(gè)孩子，他們在家中都有各自的角色，10歲的男孩周末負(fù)責(zé)幫父親割草，澆花，打掃庭院，12歲的女孩能根據(jù)不同的食品配方烘烤出各種各樣美味的點(diǎn)心，8歲的小女孩會(huì)編織五顏六色的茶杯墊等等。至于美國的中小學(xué)生兼報(bào)童的例子，更是不勝枚舉。據(jù)美國報(bào)紙推銷站聯(lián)合會(huì)統(tǒng)計(jì)，全美國約有50萬送報(bào)童。稍大一些的中學(xué)生打工也是尋?，F(xiàn)象，而且都得到家長的支持。Once a child is born,parents will try their best to provide various opportunities for their children to train up in various conditions rather than arrange everything ready for them.Let’s take a 3 children family for example.every child will have his role in the family.10-year-old boy is in charge of mowing,watering flowers and house cleaning in weekends.12-year-old girl can cook various dishes based on different materials.8-year-old girl is able to knit colorful cup cushions for family use.Besides,there are more than 0.5 million paperboys across America estimated by America Newspaper Sale Union.What a amazing number.It’s common for elder middle

school students to have a part-time job which is strongly supported by parents.所謂不放任，一般反映在三個(gè)方面：第一，寧苦而不嬌。家長特別注重培養(yǎng)孩子的吃苦精神。歐美的兒童少年，從小就從事送報(bào)，打工等勞動(dòng)，這本身就是一種吃苦精神的磨練。寒冷的冬天，當(dāng)中國的同齡孩子可能還在熱被窩里熟睡時(shí)，他們早已起來挨家挨戶去送報(bào)紙了。這對嬌慣子女的中國家長是難以接受的，甚至可能認(rèn)為這是“殘忍”的。

But they seldom indulge their children.In order to develop children’s spirit of facing toughness,parents will help children to face toughness bravely rather than pamper them and letting them do nothing.You may find an Aerican paperboy is sending newspapers home by home in the early morning of the chilly and snowy winter,while at this time in China,most children are dreaming in their warm beds.Chinese parents will think it unacceptable and cruel for their children to do what American peers do.第二，家富而不奢。美國的家庭平均收入比中國多幾十倍，但他們對孩子的零用錢都有嚴(yán)格的限制和要求。而且零用錢絕不作為鼓勵(lì)孩子的手段，目的是教育孩子懂得，他們努力學(xué)習(xí)完全是為了自己將來成為有用之才。據(jù)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國54%的青少年學(xué)生沒有零用錢，而且年齡越大越不可能拿到零用錢。The second great difference lies in pocket money.As we all know, average American families are more than 10 times better off than average Chinese families.Almost every American family owns a car, which is many Chinese’s dream.Though they are much richer but they don’t give much pocket money to their children as we do.Instead, with too much rules and striction, pocket money will never be a means of encouragement.It is said that 54% of American teenagers have no pocket money.Besides, the older they are, the harder to get pocket money.What they do above is to teach children the importance of studying and hard working.第三，嚴(yán)教而不袒。西方人對孩子的缺點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤絕不聽之任之，更不袒護(hù)，而是設(shè)法教孩子自己知錯(cuò)改錯(cuò)。此外，美國家長大都對孩子的學(xué)習(xí)不施加太多壓力。他們的觀點(diǎn)是：孩子對感興趣的知識自然會(huì)努力去學(xué)，為什么要強(qiáng)制他們?nèi)プ霰静辉缸龅氖虑槟? 強(qiáng)拗著去做，反而會(huì)傷害孩子的感情與個(gè)性。人的興趣、愛好和才能本來就各不相同，孩子適合做什么就做什么，人生道路要讓孩子自己去走。成功的家庭教育，應(yīng)該是家長拿出時(shí)間跟孩子以平等的態(tài)度進(jìn)行溝通、交流，對孩子正確的想法和行為給予充分肯定，讓孩子在尊重和鼓勵(lì)中成長。The third feature is strict education with no shield of fault or mistake.If any fault or mistake arises, western parents will point them out immediately with no shield and try to teach their children find the way out all by themselves.Besides, most American parents don’t put too much pressure on children’s study.In their opinion, children will learn what interests them.Since interest is the best teacher, why shall we force them to learn something with no interest for them? If parents insist on doing so, it will not only hurt children’s feeling but also character.Everyone was born with different interests, hobbies and intelligence, what’s suitable for them, only god knows, and they will find out all by themselves.What all successful families share are communicating with children equally, confirming children’s right deeds and unique ideas and providing a respecting and encouraging environment for them.由此可見，民主的教育方式表現(xiàn)為一種寬松教育，優(yōu)點(diǎn)很多：首先，有利于創(chuàng)新精神的培養(yǎng)。寬松是激發(fā)孩子創(chuàng)造力的重要條件，在高壓下孩子的創(chuàng)造精神將受到壓抑，只有在平和、愉悅的家庭氛圍中才能激發(fā)孩子對知識的興趣。而創(chuàng)造寬松的環(huán)境，必須與孩子建立民主平等的關(guān)系。其次，有利于健康人格的培養(yǎng)。孩子在家有發(fā)言權(quán)、參與權(quán)、選擇權(quán)以后，主動(dòng)性強(qiáng)、自主意識強(qiáng)、膽子大、有自信心和責(zé)任心。另外，親情關(guān)系和睦使孩子愿意把秘密告訴父母，父母也理解孩子的情感世界，這能使孩子形成良好的性格。而專制的教育方式表現(xiàn)為一種管束教育，壓抑創(chuàng)造性，束縛了個(gè)性的發(fā)展。So as you can see above, democratic education brings freedom and creativity with so many advantages.First of all, it’s good for creativity.Freedom is the source of creativity.New things can’t be invented under great pressure.New ideas can’t be thought with forbiddance.Salves can never be a creator but a labor.Only in peaceful and relaxing family atmosphere can interest and creativity be inspired.While peaceful and relaxing family atmosphere must be established on basis of equality between children and parents.Secondly, it’s good to cultivate healthy dignity.If a child gets his voice heard in the family decision，gets more involvement in family affairs and gets more chance to choose, he is sure to be brave, independent, self-conscious, confident and responsible.Besides, closer relationship between parents and children makes children more willing to tell their secrets to parents, and parents can know more about children’s inner world, which can help children form a good character.Arbitrary education constraints creativity and independence, which makes children obedient and more likely like a frog in the well.種不同的教育結(jié)果

2.4 Two different results of family education

由于育兒觀和教育方法的不同，其教育結(jié)果也表現(xiàn)出明顯不同。美國孩子從小就表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的獨(dú)立生活能力，這體現(xiàn)在： Different child-raising concepts and ways bring obvious difference.American children have shown impressive independence at a very early age listed as below.（1）性格傾向積極，遇事鎮(zhèn)定沉著，能與人和諧相處，開朗、膽大，有克服困難的毅力，敢想、敢做，具有創(chuàng)新精神。a Outgoing in character, calm in emergency and harmony in social relationship, those are American character easy to find.(2)具有很強(qiáng)的自立能力。絕大多數(shù)18歲以上的孩子，都靠自己掙錢來讀書。有的人把錢賺夠了才進(jìn)學(xué)校讀書，也有人一邊打工、一邊讀書，或讀讀停停，花十幾年時(shí)間拿個(gè)博士學(xué)位。孩子們認(rèn)為，長這么大還伸手向父母要錢很不光彩，會(huì)被人家瞧不起,讓人覺得無能。所以必須工作，才能做到經(jīng)濟(jì)上獨(dú)立。b Strong independence If you are 18-year-old and still supported by your parents, you will feel common in China but shame in America.Most Americans are self-supported.They make money to cover all their expense, from food to tuition, from clothes to rent, almost everything.In the daytime, he maybe your deskmate, but at night he maybe a waiter you meet by accident in a restaurant.Study while working is common for them.Sometimes they have to suspend their study to earn money, which makes get a PhD degree takes several decades.If you are still supported by your parents in your twenties, you are surely to be looked down upon by others.The real independence is finance independence.(3)具有適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的頭腦。美國不少家庭的孩子，從小就參與當(dāng)家理財(cái)，通過親身體驗(yàn)使他們深知金錢來之不易，從而養(yǎng)成精打細(xì)算、勤儉度日的好習(xí)慣。c In western countries, especially the USA, managing money is an essential aspect of family education, which has been paid too much attention.Western parents seldom give money to children irregularly and planlessly, they regularly provide a fixed fund instead.Besides, they help children build a correct sense of managing money matters, form a healthy habit of money and develop basic qualities of money.What’s more, they teach direct children to make a budget and learn to spend money properly.They also encourage children to do part-time jobs and earn money by his own working, teach them to save instead of squandering and help them learn to donate to help others.When facing money, children are supposed to be honest and dignified.To practice thrift is a virtue.Grasping the opportunities to manage money and invest correctly and ready to severe other people.(4)具有適應(yīng)社會(huì)環(huán)境的本領(lǐng)。由于從小的艱苦磨煉，美國的孩子不怕苦，有克服困難的毅力，遇事鎮(zhèn)定沉著，能與周圍人們和諧相處，有作為社會(huì)成員而獨(dú)立存在的信心和勇氣。

d Strong adaptation to society

Though average American families are much richer than average Chinese family, but they don’t pamper their children as we do.Because of one-baby policy, many Chinese parents will cover all the chores, let alone adapting society.Chinese children almost live like a king or queen even though his family maybe relatively poor.But things are quite different in the USA.American children have to practice in society at a very young age, They have to deliver milk in the early morning or send newspapers home by home to earn their pocket money.By doing all kinds of things within their ability, they become well-trained in society.No matter how tough the situation is, they will face directly and independently, which in return gives them confidence and courage to be a social member.與此相反，中國的兒童、青少年乃至大學(xué)生，雖然學(xué)業(yè)成績上不亞于西方，但普遍表現(xiàn)出獨(dú)立生活能力差，缺乏自主意識，依賴性強(qiáng)，做事被動(dòng)膽怯，缺乏對環(huán)境的適應(yīng)和應(yīng)變能力；不懂得人際交往的技巧，人際關(guān)系差；怕苦怕累，只要求別人照顧，卻缺乏同情心和幫助別人的能力；在家不懂得尊敬自己的長輩，在外缺乏社會(huì)責(zé)任感。中國孩子的這些個(gè)性和特點(diǎn)，恐怕是與我國傾向于“學(xué)歷教育”有很大關(guān)聯(lián)，父母希望孩子躲在學(xué)校這座象牙塔里寒窗苦讀，不讓孩子在風(fēng)云變幻的社會(huì)里摸爬滾打。

We are proud of our performance in study with the highest grades among the international students, but poor performance in practical ability.Lack of independence can be widely found among Chinese students, from pupils to teenagers, even undergraduates.對中國家庭教育現(xiàn)狀的分析 Analysis of the actuality of Chinese family education

從中美兩國家庭教育的比較，可以看出兩國家庭教育中存在著個(gè)別的特殊性。那么，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)更能接納哪一種教育呢？社會(huì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)因是人的能動(dòng)性、創(chuàng)造性，要求人性的充分解放。伴隨人類文明的進(jìn)步，人類將越來越關(guān)懷人性的發(fā)展，人的各方面能力的發(fā)展，所以現(xiàn)代社會(huì)需要的是有活力的、全面的人。顯然，美國家庭教育更能培養(yǎng)個(gè)性張揚(yáng)、有創(chuàng)造力、生存力的“人”，而中國家庭教育培養(yǎng)的是“守規(guī)矩”、“會(huì)讀書”的所謂的“才”。這是中國家庭與學(xué)?！昂献鳌边M(jìn)行“應(yīng)試教育”的結(jié)果，這教育的結(jié)果將嚴(yán)重影響我國青少年的身心素質(zhì)。那么，美國的家庭教育有哪些優(yōu)點(diǎn)呢？與美國的家庭教育相比，中國的家庭教育存在著哪些不足？當(dāng)今中國家庭教育的現(xiàn)狀有哪些呢？ From the family education comparision between China and America, you will find both means of education is quite different with individualities, but which one is more suitable for modern competitive society? As we all know, the motivation for the development of society is creativity and freedom, which need humanity to be relatively unbinding.With the development of human civilization, we pay more attention to humanity and ability.What the society needs are humans with energy and creativity.Obviously, you can see those who with characteristic, creativity and survivability are more likely to appear in American family, that why America shares

the largest number of Nobel prize holders, while disciplined, bookish and obedient children are more likely to appear in Chinese family, which is mainly caused by exam-oriented education, which not only damages the mental and physical health of our children, but also the entire quality.So what are the advantages of American education? What are our weakness compare with American education? What are the realities of Chinese present education? Let us find out below.美國家庭教育的特點(diǎn)：

3.1 Characteristics of American family education 一 注重培養(yǎng)平等意識

3.11 Cultivation of equal consciousness 這一點(diǎn)可以說是美國家庭教育的一個(gè)突出的特點(diǎn)，因而美國的孩子獨(dú)立生活能力相當(dāng)強(qiáng)。讓孩子自由選擇也不是說父母就無所作為，父母可以引導(dǎo)，可以幫助分析，但最終的選擇權(quán)在孩子手里。Cultivation of equal consciousness is the most outstanding and impressive point of American family education, which makes American children show great adaptation in independent life.Parents play a role as a guide or adviser in children’s decision.It’s up children to choose and responsible for what they choose.This education method is admired by many Chinese parents.We might as well try another new way from blank rather than walk on the road which others have walked.In fact, the most successful parents are still not so sure about the unique right way for their children to success.They choose the relatively right way for children just from what they have experienced.But they forget that children are the real inventor of his fate, he need to walk all by himself.在美國的家庭，就是大人跟孩子談話時(shí)也永遠(yuǎn)是蹲下來同孩子在同一個(gè)高度，同孩子臉對臉、目光對視著，體現(xiàn)了家長對孩子的尊重，讓孩子意識到自己同成年人一樣是平等的，有利于培養(yǎng)孩子自尊、自信的人格。

It is quite common to find a child just call his mother’s or father’s name directly instead of mom or dad in American family, which is unacceptable for our Chinese because of the tradition “the young must show respect to the old”.While in America, the belief “all men are created equal” has deeply rooted in everyone’s mind.When parents have a conversation with children, they are always in the same height, face to face and eye to eye, which not only show parents respect children, but also positively good for the formation of children’s esteem and confidence.Parents are not a authority any more but a friend.Western parents emphasis on developing the sense of independence of children at a very early age.That is why you can notice a small kid is like an adult, calling the names of friends and relatives, even parents directly, speaking out his own opinions loudly and take an active part in family discussion.They know that it is their business to handle troubles rather than parents’.Parents also can not scold their children at their will.They leave those things to steel their children, which make kids braver to venture, to present themselves and to do whatever they can.Thus giving children a strong physique, quality of hardworking, excellent psychological qualities and ability to survive.Equipped with those qualities, they are more confident to face future and depend on their own ability and

struggle in society instead of relying on others.美國人在日常生活中充分提供孩子參加和表現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)，無論結(jié)果怎么樣，總是給予認(rèn)可和贊許。在這樣寬松的環(huán)境里成長起來的孩子開朗活潑、勇于創(chuàng)新、充滿自信

Besides, parents provide a large stage for children to show off, they can take part in whatever interests them.When children’s show time coming, parents will try their best to attend no matter how they are and no matter what the result is, parents will always be the first one to praise encourage and confirm.Only in this free and encouraging environment can outgoing brave creative and confident children be brought up.二 注重培養(yǎng)動(dòng)手能力

3.12 Developing the habit of hardworking 在美國，父母從孩提起就為孩子創(chuàng)造一種環(huán)境和條件，對孩子進(jìn)行早期勞動(dòng)訓(xùn)練，讓孩子做力所能及的事情，使孩子擁有一雙勤勞的手。

In America, parents provide a environment for children from a very early age.They teach children to do all things within their ability, which enables children equip with hardworking hands.For example, 小孩子具有好動(dòng)的天性，比如在墻壁上亂畫，用嘴咬玩具，拿剪刀或刀子在書本、衣服等物品上亂剪亂劃，在我國大人定會(huì)堅(jiān)決制止。而在美國父母們看了會(huì)笑嘻嘻的，高興于孩子學(xué)會(huì)了某種技能，而不是痛惜某件東西被孩子損壞了，然后耐心地告訴孩子一些操作的技巧和知識。

hyperactivity is the nature of all kids, which is an essential way to explore the world.Because they know little about the world and they may do something wrong, like painting on the wall, snapping toys, cutting clothes books and so on.When catching a sight of this, Chinese parents will be annoyed and stop it at once, while American parents will be happy for what ability children have learned and guide them patiently with correct skills and knowledge.Chinese children will be timid after scolding, while American children will be brave after guiding.美國父母認(rèn)為勞動(dòng)能給孩子帶來很多好處，比如：勞動(dòng)可以培養(yǎng)孩子的獨(dú)立性；勞動(dòng)能促進(jìn)手腦并用，促進(jìn)智力發(fā)育；勞動(dòng)能促進(jìn)身體健康、增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)；勞動(dòng)能促進(jìn)良好的個(gè)性品質(zhì)的形成。

What’s more, the idea of child-raising in American families entirely different from ours.They are far-sighted to impart their children the abilities of independence and adaption to various environments.Based on the idea, they pay much attention to developing children’s own ability.Children’s growing up must rely on their own ability, so parents emphasize on training children’s consciousness of independence and ability to live on his own at a very young age.Also the training is various such as labor and will training which fundamentally aim to let their kids adapt all kinds of tough environments and develop the ability to work.By laboring works, can children form a good habit of thinking independently and loving work at a very early age.Only through this, can they learn how to overcome difficulties, steel will and be industrious and thrifty in laboring and tough environment.As they grow older, they are more likely to be independent and responsible citizens by their unique education.While Chinese family education always aims at children’s prospect, future career and life.Based on those expectations, a large number of parents believe that it is their responsibility to give as much as they can to let their children live a happy and decent life no matter how difficult it may be, they are willing to try their best without any complains.Thus making a strange phenomenon for westerners to understand.Almost all Chinese parents want their children to be successful without regards to their talents and ability.They spend almost

everything they can afford including time money and energy to provide the best environment for their children to be outstanding in grades.Children are kings and queens, what they are only supposed to do is study, chores are not their business.What’s worse, parents care little about children’s independence, adaption to future life and the consciousness of citizen.They falsely believe that excellent grade performance can solve everything.三 注重培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立能力 3.13 Independence training

在美國，絕大多數(shù)１８歲以上的青少年，都是靠自己掙錢來讀書，因此，美國社會(huì)上的一個(gè)清潔工，一個(gè)跑堂的，也可能是正在接受高等教育的一分子。

In America, thanks to unique child-raising way, most teenagers, who are more than 18 years old, are supported by themselves to finish their higher education.From that time, they are not more than kids but citizens.He has the right to vote.A cleaner or a milk guy maybe a undergraduate from Yale or Harvard.四 注重培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造能力 3.14 Fostering creation 美國人沒有讓孩子們?nèi)ニ烙浻脖炒罅康墓胶投ɡ?，而是煞費(fèi)苦心地告訴孩子們應(yīng)怎樣去思考問題，教給孩子們面對陌生領(lǐng)域?qū)ふ掖鸢傅姆椒āＫ麄円矎牟挥每荚嚢押⒆臃譃槿诺?，而是竭盡全力去肯定孩子們的一切努力，去贊揚(yáng)孩子們自己思考的一切結(jié)論，去保護(hù)和激勵(lì)孩子們所有的創(chuàng)造欲望和嘗試。他們認(rèn)為對人的創(chuàng)造能力來說，有兩個(gè)東西比死記硬背更重要：一個(gè)是他要知道到哪里去尋找所需要的；再一個(gè)是他綜合使用這些知識進(jìn)行新的創(chuàng)造的能力。

There is a great difference between China and tne USA in Education Idea, once an American married a Chinese lady, he sighed with feeling “Once I thought Chinese children are smarter than American children, until now do I understand that it is their duty to force their children to study and it is their responsibility to bring up the best children in studying, they are unwilling to let their children play through the whore summer holiday.While American parents think it is their duty to let children enjoy his childhood like playing sports, making friends, go sightseeing and do what they really like.American parents never help their children tutor their homework and lessons.They think it is the duty of teachers’ to tutor them rather than parents.They won’t give children the right answer if children make a mistake, instead they will guide children to reconsider it.It is human nature to make mistakes.Without mistakes, how can they make progress? Besides, parents care so much about children’s confidence that they never discourage them.Continual praising instead of laughing at them how foolish they are.If children spend weekend on study instead of playing, that will not be encouraged.Among Chinese parents, children’s good performance in grades will be the honor of parents.While in the USA, they don’t talk too much about children”s performance in grades, which is regarded as family business that has nothing to with others.They never separate the clever guys and the foolish guys only on the basis of grades.One’s performance in grades will not be a standard of one’s intelligence.在美國，孩子從小睡小床，稍大后單獨(dú)一間，從沒聽說過孩子與父母睡在一起。在孩子日常事務(wù)的處理上，父母只幫助孩子做一些在當(dāng)時(shí)年齡上還無法做到的事情，凡是孩子自己力所能及的事都盡量由孩子自己去完成，自小培養(yǎng)孩子對自己負(fù)責(zé)任的潛意識。美國人認(rèn)為孩子應(yīng)該自立，很早就培養(yǎng)孩子生活自理能力。

In the USA, it is almost impossible to hear that child sleep with parents, even though the child is just born, he still has a small bed, when he grows up, he will own his own room.On dealing with children’s daily affairs, parents only help to do those things beyond their ability, leaving the rest things which are within their ability to

be done by themselves.Subconsciously, children form the habit of independence and take responsibility for what they have done.當(dāng)今中國家庭教育的現(xiàn)狀 Current situation of Chinese family education

一、悲觀的思維方式造成急功近利的心態(tài)

4.1 Mental attitude of quick success and instant benefits caused by negative thinking pattern

從如今的等級觀念根深蒂固。個(gè)體的精神狀態(tài)取決于權(quán)威的決定，使個(gè)體的心理總是處于脆弱狀態(tài)，心態(tài)容易失衡，重新總看到孩子的缺點(diǎn)，對孩子不滿意；只要孩子學(xué)習(xí)好，其它無所謂；盲目攀比造成心理失落，失落導(dǎo)致恨鐵不成鋼，家長的心態(tài)變了，孩子的自信也失去了。

Nowadays in China, the class belief has prevailed in everyone’s mind.Individual mental status is largely impacted by authorities, which makes the individual mind fragile.Because everyone wants to succeed as fast as they can, parents always find fault and put some unrealistic expectations on children, which always let parents down.Parents lose confidence in children and children lose confidence in themselves.二、重養(yǎng)輕教，重物質(zhì)輕精神

4.2 Too much importance attached to raising and material, little to education and mental

說中國的家長不愛孩子，沒人會(huì)服氣。因?yàn)橹袊改冈陴B(yǎng)孩子上花的心血，力氣，腦筋，可以稱得上是天下第一流。特別是當(dāng)代獨(dú)生子女的父母們，更是拼命地在養(yǎng)孩子上搞攀比。你讓孩子喝娃哈哈，我給孩子喝太陽神，有的甚至給十來歲的孩子吃什么鱉精！穿著方面，有的家長也傻乎乎地比著讓孩子穿名牌，穿上千元的名牌襯衣，幾千元的名牌皮外套。有的孩子到了十五六歲，還把襯衣甚至臟襪子都扔給父母洗，不少家長還樂此不疲，覺得那是愛孩子。但僅有愛是不夠的，還要懂孩子，懂孩子的前提是了解孩子，重視孩子的內(nèi)心世界。

現(xiàn)在不少父母關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)僅限于孩子的衣食住行，父母很少關(guān)注孩子內(nèi)心，忽視孩子的精神需求，導(dǎo)致孩子容易出現(xiàn)問題和品德問題。

溺愛造成孩子個(gè)性缺陷。剝奪了孩子對人生的正常體驗(yàn)，孩子失去了生存能力；過重的精神壓力，過重的精神負(fù)擔(dān)，全部理想和希望都寄托在他一個(gè)人身上，希望孩子能有所作為，孩子的壓力比以往任何時(shí)候都沉重；不許失敗，限制情緒的宣泄，造成孩子的情感失調(diào)節(jié)，只許進(jìn)不許出，成績稍有波動(dòng)家長就緊張萬分，仿佛天要塌下來似的，這種要求本身就是不合理，缺乏科學(xué)性。

From the compare between China and the US can we find apparent distinctions in family education.Those distinctions of family education whether in the way or ideas can result in great disparity in surviving to adapt various situations between Chinese and American children when they grow up, from which we can see our weakness in family education clearly.Besides, there are some latent rules deeply rooted in the mind of Chinese parents and us, even though we can’t speak them out in detail, but when children’s words and deeds don’t match the latent rules, parents are surely to interfere to different extents.Thus making children be tied to numberous rules.What’s worse, they have to live in the way their parents have directed under the numberous latent rules.But as parents, they never

consider whether their ideas are right, is it suitable to ask children to do that, leave alone what aftermath it may cause.As a result, because of the false ideas, improper contents and totally wrong ways of family education in millions of families and in the mind of millions of thousands of Chinese parents, they often feel disappointed and distressed about their children.In modern China, family education is not only a hot issue but also a tough problem.In many families, how to educate children properly has become the main point of family contradiction and conflicts between family members.Because of those ideas deeply rooted in parent’s mind, large numbers of families have fell into the wrong region of education, which has twisted the characters and minds of younger generation, caused many problems and tortured the heart of both parents and children.It has become such a difficult issue that severely influence normal family life, the health growing up of younger generation and a main unstable factor of family and society, which can be concluded into 2 points as below.4.21 Over pampering and excessive protection have restrained children from developing independent characters.In China, large numbers of parents pamper and protect their children so deep that is hard for foreigners to imagine.I have witnessed too much examples.A child who lives in my neighborhood and has graduated from university requires his parents to pick him up only by car everytime when he goes to work or returns home.Another example, a child of my relatives originates in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province has his higher education in Hangzhou.He has never taken a bus during his 4 collage years and forgotten which he has taken to go home.Everytime when he wants to go home, just a phone call to his parents no matter how busy they are, they will come to pick him up.Still more people at the age of supporting a family can’t cook a meal.Raising a child is their duty to conceive and give birth, the rest is their parents’ duty to raise.I have been thinking that if one day parents are too old to do that or gone, what should we do? When can we learn how to rely on ourselves? 4.22 Too much restrain, interference and punishment on children tire both parents and children.Once a baby is born, his future has been arranged by his parents which leaves few options for him to choose.Parents will interfere almost everything from what kind of kindergartens, primary schools, middle schools, hobby classes, craming schools to colleges to attend and jobs to do, leaving children few choice to choose from, letting alone creation.While that is the reality of Chinese family education.We might as well try another new way from blank rather than walk on the road which others have walked.In fact, the most successful parents are still not so sure about the unique right way for their children to success.They choose the relatively right way for children just from what they have experienced.But they foreget that children are the real inventor of his fate, he need to walk all by himself.三、把孩子當(dāng)作私有財(cái)產(chǎn)

4.3 Regard children as private possessions

把孩子作為發(fā)泄對象，是教育無能的表現(xiàn)，使孩子膽怯、懦弱、不敢進(jìn)取。原因有家長自身的童年輕歷，社會(huì)壓力、缺乏教育方法、自卑性；中國家長愛孩子，更愛面子，成功家長拿孩子作為自己炫耀的資本，滿足虛榮心，給自己掙面子，失敗家長則不寬容孩子，強(qiáng)烈的補(bǔ)償心理會(huì)使他們把孩子當(dāng)成生命的最后賭注。

Chinese parents are just over kind to interfere almost every affair of children, very detailed interference from what kind of friends they should make to when should they go to bed, from where to play to how to use chopsticks, really inclusive but sometimes children will never buy.Parents just treat children as their private possession with all considerations on their basis rather than children’s, which directly lead the nature of children has been killed without being noticed.If children fail parents’ expectations, the discouraged parents will put their anger on children, which is almost worst part of Chinese education and makes brave children timid.The original reason is the parents’ childhood still casts a shadow on their inner mind and short of right ways to educate.They love their children but they love to save face more.Successful parents always like to show off how well their children’s study is before public to fit their vanity, while unsuccessful parents will be discouraged by children’s bad study performance.If parents are not so successful, they deeply hope their children to be successful.But if parents are successful, they deeply hope their children to be more successful.四、缺乏學(xué)習(xí)，缺乏家庭教育的氛圍

4.4 Devoid of educational and studying atmosphere in family

觀念方法過于陳舊簡單，家長不注意學(xué)習(xí)教育知識和教育方法，不注意借簽他人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，教育后果一定不佳，用打罵的方式對待孩子，孩子要么自我，要么充滿暴力傾向，家庭教育氣氛緊張，少有溫情，缺乏正確的教育方式，也是家長缺乏學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果，欲速而不達(dá)，事與愿違，家長望子成龍心態(tài)下的貪婪，導(dǎo)致急功近利，采取違反生命成長規(guī)律的教育，對孩子進(jìn)行拔苗助長，“不行”；缺乏表達(dá)，家長與孩子交流，更多的是非語言的，家長的言談舉止，思想觀念，行為習(xí)慣無不在言教之中，無形影響，構(gòu)成對孩子最直接最深刻的教育。

In China, a child beaten to cry can be seen or heard quite common on the street.The passer-by may think it’s their child not ours and it is none of my business to interfere.While the parents hold the theory that it is my child and what I do to him has nothing to do with you.But in America, it is against the law to use family violence on children or parents treat children badly, they may be deprived of the right custody.In America, a child not only belongs to a family but also to the all nation.The outdated teaching method in China can’t match the development of society.We shall update and learn some advanced methods to fit China society.The terminal reason of all the tragedies in Chinese education is we expect too much on children, which are usually beyond children’s ability.If Chinese parents just keep a usual mind, live their own life with more consideration on themselves rather than child.Besides, more communication not only in words but also in deed are in need.Remember that education, to some extent, is not only a social activity to cultivate human beings, but also a main way to pass social culture and experience from generation to generation.Among all ways to educate, family education is the earliest and the most important

one, which plays an essential role in the mode of thinking and the formation of world outlook，which are closely related to children’s characters.As the saying goes “Parents are best teachers of their children”.結(jié)語 5 Conclusion 綜上不難看出，不同的家庭成員關(guān)系、育兒觀和教育方法產(chǎn)生了兩種截然不同的教育結(jié)果，孰優(yōu)孰劣非常清楚。要提高未來我國在國際上的競爭力，關(guān)鍵在于提高人才的質(zhì)量和素質(zhì)，這就必須從家庭教育做起。因?yàn)榧彝ソ逃钦麄€(gè)學(xué)校教育(包括學(xué)前教育)和社會(huì)教育的基礎(chǔ)，它是學(xué)校教育和社會(huì)教育無法取代的。我國的家庭教育受幾千年封建傳統(tǒng)的影響，無論從家長的價(jià)值觀、育兒觀看，還是從家庭教育內(nèi)容、方式和方法看，儒家思想影響至深。然而隨著中國的改革開放，社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，家庭教育中某些傳統(tǒng)觀念、手段及方法已無法適應(yīng)當(dāng)代中國的家庭教育。因此我們應(yīng)該在弘揚(yáng)中華民族幾千年?duì)N爛文明的輝煌結(jié)晶的同時(shí)，也吸取西方國家的民主、開放的家庭教育觀。自覺轉(zhuǎn)變家庭教育中的落后觀念，擴(kuò)展家庭教育的領(lǐng)域，豐富家庭教育的內(nèi)容，改善教育的手段、途徑和方法，熔鑄古今，匯通中西，我們才能造就出非凡的下一代。

There is a great difference between China and western countries in family education, both have its advantages and disadvantages.When promoting and developing Chinese civilizations which are not only a history of thousands of years but also a colorfully splendid crystal of Chinese intelligence, we also should reject the dross and assimilate the essence of western civilization such as the democratic and open ideas of family education.Having compared the differences between China and western countries in family education, we seem to have found a way out for those Chinese parents who are eager for a successful future of their offspring.Learning each other's good points for common progress and marching forward together to succeed in the future increasingly competitive society.Family education is the most important part that should be paid as much attention as possible.主要參考文獻(xiàn)：Main reference:

1，王道俊，王漢瀾：《教育學(xué)》，人民教育出版社。2, 魏書生：《好父母，好家教》，漓江出版社。3，盧勤：《好父母，好孩子》，漓江出版社。

4，張懷承：《中國的家庭與倫理》，中國人民大學(xué)出版社。5，王華夏：《父親教育與諾貝爾天才》，中國婦女出版社。

6，盧勤：《告訴孩子，你真棒》，長江文藝出版社。7，桑逢杰：《影響一生的家庭教育規(guī)劃 Lu Qin “Good Parents, Better Children” People Education Press 2 Lu Qin “Tell Children, You are Great” Lijiang River Press 3 Sang Fengjie “The lifelong impact of family education plan” 4 Wang Daojun Wang Hanlan “Education” People Education Press 5 Wang Huaxia “ Father and Nobel” Chinese Women Press 6 Wei Shusheng “Good parents, Good education” Lijiang River Press 7 Zhang Huaicheng “ Chinese family and ethics” Renmin University Press

第三篇：珠寶首飾詞匯中英對照

飾品相關(guān)英語詞匯

Hair ornaments 發(fā)飾

Hairpin 發(fā)夾

Fascinator 用羽毛、花朵、珠子等組成的華麗頭飾 headband 頭巾 tiara 小皇冠

Head ornaments 頭飾及面部裝飾

clip-on earrings 夾式耳環(huán) magnetic earrings 磁石耳環(huán) nose ring 鼻環(huán) nose stud 鼻釘 coronet 花冠

Arm ornaments 臂飾

armlet 臂環(huán) cuff link 袖扣 bangle 手鐲/腳鐲

Body ornaments 身體上的飾物 brooch 胸針 chatelaine 腰鏈 anklet 腳鏈

寶石（Stone）

鉆石Diamond 紅寶石Ruby 藍(lán)寶石Sapphire 祖母綠Emerald 綠柱石Beryl 鋯石Zircon 橄欖石Peridot 石榴石Garnet 石英Quartz 水晶Rock crystal 翡翠Jadeite 綠松石Turquoise 孔雀石Malachite 大理石Marble 壽山石Lardetite 珍珠Pearl 珊瑚Coral 琥珀Amber 象牙Ivory 貝殼Shell 閃山靈Opal 縞瑪瑙Onyx 形狀（Shape）

圓形Round 錐形Taper 馬眼形Marquise 梨形Pear 正方形Square 長方形Rectangle 橢圓形Oval 心形Heart 八角形Octagon 三角形Triangle 半圓形Semicircle 類型（Type）

戒指Ring 耳環(huán)Earring 吊墜Pendant 手鐲Bangle 手鏈Bracelet 項(xiàng)鏈Necklace 配件Parts 鏈Chain 呔針Tie Pin 呔夾Tie Clip 呔鏈Tie Chain 呔釘Tie Tack 夾子Clip 套裝Set 扣子Clasp 踝飾Anklet 袖口鈕Cufflinks 發(fā)夾Hair Clip 框Frame 筆夾Pen Clip 金幣Gold Coin 胸針Brooch 一串Strand 鎖匙扣Key Holder 雕刻品Carving 條形襟針Stick Pin 表Watch 相盒Locket 封底片Plate 瓜子耳Bails 珠子Bead 扣掣Snap 款式Style 鑲嵌（Setting）

針板鑲座Bar setting 包鑲Bezel setting 夾鑲Channel setting 群鑲Cluster setting 吉普賽鑲Gypsy setting 隱藏式鑲Invisible 密鑲式鑲Pave setting 爪鑲Prong setting 座單石鑲Solitaire setting 帝凡尼鑲Tiffany setting 金屬（Metal）

黃金Gold 銀Silver 銅Cuprum 鉑金Platinum 鈀金Palladium ———————————————————————————————— bangle(手,腳)鐲的 bracelet(手,腳)鏈鐲的

tennis bracelet 由塊狀物連接起來的手鏈brooch(胸,領(lǐng))針的 charm 鏈的添加飾品,用來個(gè)性化手鏈的 earring 耳環(huán)的 necklace 項(xiàng)鏈的

navel jewellery 肚臍飾品的 belly ring 環(huán)狀肚臍飾品的 barbell 杠鈴狀肚臍飾品的 dangle 有墜子的肚臍飾品的 pendant 項(xiàng)鏈的墜子的 ring 戒指的

toe ring 腳趾也戴戒指的 tongue ring 舌環(huán)...的

tongue bar 裝在舌頭上的的 fine silver 999 純銀的 sterling silver 925 銀的 coin silver 800 或900 銀的 gemstone 寶石的 gold plated 鍍金的的

genuine diamond 真鉆石的

CZ diamond 水鉆,就是種水晶的 ruby 紅寶石的 sapphire 藍(lán)寶石的 emerald 綠寶石的

topaz 黃寶石,它也是有很多顏色的的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳寶的

zircon 鋯石,風(fēng)信子石,據(jù)說跟水晶一樣硬而韌,比鉆石色散更高,較便宜的 oval 卵狀的 teardrop 淚狀的 leaf 葉狀的 wing 翅狀的 heart 心形的

bead 珠子,珠狀的 jewellery box 首飾盒

------------------１、寶石名稱

寶石類：

鉆石：diamond 剛玉：corundum 紅寶石： ruby 藍(lán)寶石： sapphire 綠寶石： beryl 石英： quartz 水晶：

無色水晶：rock crystal 黃水晶： citrine 煙晶： smoky quartz 紫晶： amethyst 薔薇輝石：rhodonite 綠柱石：

祖母綠： emerald 金綠寶石：chrysoberyl 石榴石： garnet 尖晶石： spinel 鋯石： zircon 電氣石： tourmaline 橄欖石： peridot 變石（亞歷山大石）：alexandrite 托帕石： topaz 瑪瑙： agate 方解石： calcite 磷灰石： apatite 琥珀： amber 珍珠： pearl 象牙： ivory 閃亮拉光石labradorite 貝殼sea-shell 玉石類：

硬玉： jadeite 翡翠：jade 軟玉： nephrite 歐泊： opal 孔雀石： malachite 長石： feldspar 玉髓： chalcedony 綠松石： turquoise 金屬（metal）鉑金： platinum 純金： gold 純銀： sterling 銅： copper 黃銅： brass 鐵： iron 鈣： calcium 錫： tin 鎂： magnesium 錳： manganese 鉻： chromium 琺瑯： enamel 白蠟： pewter 合金： alloy 非合金： unalloy 塊金： nugget 2．常見首飾

手鐲bracelet 戒指ring 胸針brooches 掛件pendant 耳環(huán)earring 鈕扣button 項(xiàng)鏈necklace 皮帶strap 領(lǐng)帶tie 紐扣button 珠子bead 3.物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì)

硬度hardness 摩氏硬度：Mohs scale 全稱the Mohs hardness 體積volume 韌性toughness 斷口fracture 貝殼狀斷口：conchoidal fracture 參差狀斷口：splintery fracture 無斷口： smooth or even fracture 鋸齒狀斷口：hackly or uneven fracture 解理cleavage 裂開parting 密度density 相對密度：relative density=specific gravity 比重specific gravity(S.G.)光澤luster 失去光澤tarnish 熔點(diǎn)melt point 煉制合金alloying 拋cast 錘hammer 焊solder 鍍plate（鍍金、銀等）電鍍 plated ad.鍍金的，裝甲的

plating n.（電）鍍，噴鍍；鍍金（術(shù)），包覆金屬 熔敖deposit 熔敖，涂，（噴）鍍 腐蝕corrosion 退火annealing 軟焊soldering

4、寶石的特征： 美麗的beauty 稀有的rarity 耐久的durability 穩(wěn)定的stable 可塑的malleable 可塑的，有延展性的 malleability 能力，可塑性平坦地plainly平坦地，明白地 客觀的external 外部的 避邪的talismanic 護(hù)身符的 醫(yī)療的curative 預(yù)防疾病的prophylactic 傳統(tǒng)的traditional 超自然的supranatural 象征性的symbolically

5、計(jì)量單位： 卡拉karat(K)克拉carat

仿首飾：imitation jewelry/semi-precious 真首飾：fine jewelry/precious...頭飾：hair accessories 皇冠：tiara 項(xiàng)鏈：necklace 吊墜：pendant 耳環(huán)：earring 胸針：brooch 手鏈：bracelet 手鐲：bangle 戒指：ring 腳鏈：anklet 絲巾扣scarf buckle 奧鉆：swarovski rhinestone 捷克鉆：czech stones 松石：turquoise 電泳：electrophoresis 電鍍：electroplate 磨砂石：matte plastic bead 貓眼：cat's eye 水晶：crystal 珍珠：pearl 合金鑄造：white metal casting 爪鏈：cup chain 壓克力：acrylic 鍍金：gold plating 古金：antique gold 古銀：antique silver 古銅：antique copper 古青銅：antique bronze 霧金：matte gold 鍍白金：rhodium plated 鍍代銠：imitation rhodium 烤漆：lacquer 鉆色

crystal 白色

black diamond 淺茶 jet 黑色

aquamarine 湖藍(lán) lt.sapphire 淺蘭 sapphire 深藍(lán) montana 墨蘭 capri blue peridot 淺綠 olivine 橄欖綠 blue zircon 綠鋯石 emerald 深綠 green turaline 淺黃jonquil 金黃topaz 淡黃lt.colorado topaz 煙黃smoked topaz 淺粉lt.rose 粉紅rose 梅紅fuchsia 紅鋯石hyacinth 大紅lt.siam 深紅siam 紅寶石ruby 石榴紅garnet 淺紫：lt.amethyst 深紫：amethyst Walton filter 沃爾頓濾色鏡 Wardite 水磷鋁納石 Wart agate 瘤狀瑪瑙

Wart pearl 瘤狀珍珠同blister pearl Warty Back pearl 沃蒂拜克珍珠 Washboard pearl 洗衣皮珍珠 Wassie(Wass)大裂片 Watch fob 表鎖環(huán) Water 水(鉆),水(色)Water agate 水瑪瑙

Water chrysolite 水橄欖石同moldavite Water drop 水滴

Water drop quartz 水滴石英,水膽水晶 Water-of-Ayr stone 恨水石 Water opal 水蛋白石 Water sapphire 水藍(lán)寶石 Water stone 水石

Watermelon tourmalin 西瓜碧璽 WaterWorn stone 水蝕石 Wax agata 蠟狀瑪瑙 Wax jade 蜜蠟黃玉 Wax opal 蠟狀蛋白石 Wax pearl 蠟珍珠

Webster Kopjie Diamond 韋伯斯特?考帕吉鉆石 Wedding anniversary 結(jié)婚紀(jì)念日 Wedding ring 結(jié)婚戒指 WedgeWood 瓷器 Well 井眼

Wernerite 柱石

Wesseltons 維謝爾頓鉆

Wet digging 濕礦山,沖積礦山 Whern 燧石 Whistle 魚鰾型 Whitamite 綠廉石

Whitby jet 懷特比煤礦 White carnelian 白光玉髓 White Cliffs opal 白崖歐泊 White emerald 白祖母綠 White garnet 白色石榴石 White gold 白色金

White iron pyrites 白鐵礦 White jade 白玉 White jadeite 白翡翠

White moss agate 白苔蘇瑪瑙 White metal 白色合金 White opal 白歐泊

White sapphire 白色藍(lán)寶石 White Saxon 白薩克森鉆石 White schorl 鈉長石 White silk stone 白絹石 White stone 玻璃假寶石 White topaz 白色黃寶石

WickloW diamond 威克洛鉆石 Wilconite 紫方柱石 Wild pearl 野生珍珠 Willemite 硅鋅礦 Williamsite 纖蛇紋石 Wilsonite 紫紅方柱石

Wiluite 硼符山石,鈣鋁榴石,威魯石 WindoW cut 窗型 Wing pearl 羽翼珍珠

Wisconsin pearl 威斯康星珍珠 Wisps 云雪瑕疵 Wolf's eye 狼眼石 Wolf's eye ston 狼眼石 Wollastonite 硅灰石 飾品名詞

常見的電鍍有如下幾種：

1.鍍20K 金（20K GOLD PLATING)2.鍍白K(Imitation Rhodium Plated)3.鍍銀（silver plated）4.鍍古金(antique gold)5.鍍古銀(antique silver)6.鍍古銅(antique copper)7.鍍古青銅(antique bronze)8.鍍白金(rodium plated)9.鍍槍黑(gun color plated)無鎳（(Nickle free)仿首飾：imitation jewelry/semi-precious 真首飾：fine jewelry/precious.......飾品常見的材質(zhì)分為以下幾種：

1.合金飾品：white metal casting Jewelry or alloy jewelry 2.爪鏈飾品：cup chain Jewelry or claw chain 3.銀飾品：salver 925 Jewelry 4.珍珠飾品：pearl Jewelry 水鉆有很多種類，從高到低依次為：

1.奧地利產(chǎn)，施華洛世奇swarovski rhinestone 2.奧登鉆

2.捷克鉆czech stones 3.中東鉆

4.印度鉆(也稱碎石）5.國貿(mào)鉆（國產(chǎn)鉆）

7.壓克力（塑料的）acrylic 與飾品搭配的還有：

1.鋯石（zircon)2.貓眼(cat's eye)3.馬眼（horses)3.水晶（crystal eye)4.珍珠(pearl)5.貝殼(cowry)6.松石（turquoise)7.膠珠：（PLASTIC BEADS）8.水晶膠（crystal pastern）9.樹脂(Resin)10.綠松石（turquoise）

Wollastonite cat's eye 硅灰石貓眼石 Wood agate 木瑪瑙 Wood opal 木蛋白石 Wood stone 木石 Wood tin 木錫石

World's eye 眾人之眼,世界之眼 Wurttenberg jet 維滕貝爾格煤精 Wyoming jade 懷俄明 Wyse ruby 威斯紅寶石

Ornaments，headgear，jewelry 首飾 Gold fashions 金飾 Silver fashions 銀飾 Hair decorations 發(fā)飾 Waist chain 腰鏈 Trousers chain 褲鏈 Pendant 項(xiàng)飾 Necklace 項(xiàng)鏈 Earrings 耳環(huán) Ring 戒指

Bracelet 手鏈, 手鐲 Bobby pin 發(fā)夾 Brooch 胸針 Bangle 手鐲 Pendant 鏈墜 Toe ring 腳戒 Gemstone 寶石 Gold plated 鍍金的

Genuine diamond 真鉆石 CZ diamond 水鉆,水晶 Zircon 鋯石,風(fēng)信子石, Heart 心形的 Bead 珠子 Set 套飾

Mobile chain 手機(jī)鏈 Key chain 鑰匙扣 Button 鈕扣 Pin 別針

Headgear 頭飾

Fine silver 999 純銀的 Sterling silver 925銀 Coin silver 800或900銀 Button 紐扣 Stock 庫存 Dog chain 爪鏈 Conch 貝殼 Woodiness 木質(zhì) Acryl 壓克力 Alloy 合金 Iron 鐵

Material 材質(zhì) Size 尺寸 Finery 服飾 Fittings 配件 Crown 皇冠 Resin 樹脂 Opal 貓眼石 Necklace----項(xiàng)鏈 Earring----耳環(huán) Pendant----吊塹 Key chain—鑰匙鏈 Key ring---鑰匙扣 Acryl---亞克力 Pantone---潘東色卡號

Rose gold colour----玫瑰金色 Plastic beed-----塑料珠子 Bubble bag----氣泡袋 Organza bag---紗袋 color printed polybag---四色印刷OPP 袋 Czech crystal----捷克鉆

Drop shaped pendant----水滴形吊塹 Beed---珠子 Plating---電鍍

Black fabric strap for hanging the mobile---?(掛手機(jī)的繩子)Charm bracelets-----手鐲掛件 Metal charms---金屬掛件 gemstone 寶石的 gold plated 鍍金的的

genuine diamond 真鉆石的

CZ diamond 水鉆,就是種水晶的 ruby 紅寶石的 sapphire 藍(lán)寶石的 emerald 綠寶石的

topaz 黃寶石,它也是有很多顏色的的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳寶的

Natural color;begin colour 自然色

Primary colour;fundamental colour 原色 Pure colour 純色

Complementary colour 補(bǔ)色

Fashion colour;trend colour 流行色 International colour 國際流行色 Essential colour 基本色 Similar colour 同類色 Multicolour 多種色彩 Full colour 彩色 Plain colour 素色

Secondary color 混合色 Contract colour 對比色 Cold colour 冷色 Warm colour 暖色

Neutral colour;intermedium colour 中間色 Soft colour 柔和色 Rich in colour 濃色

Advancing colour 前進(jìn)色 Receding colour 后退色 Expansive colour 膨脹色 Contracting colour 收縮色 Ground colour 底色 Surface colour 表面色 Transparent color 透明色 Metal colour 金屬色 Accent colour 強(qiáng)調(diào)色

Colour matching;colour combination 配色 Colour mixing 調(diào)色 bangle(手,腳)鐲的 bracelet(手,腳)鏈鐲的

tennis bracelet 由塊狀物連接起來的手鏈brooch(胸,領(lǐng))針的 charm 鏈的添加飾品,用來個(gè)性化手鏈的 earring 耳環(huán)的 necklace 項(xiàng)鏈的

navel jewellery 肚臍飾品的 belly ring 環(huán)狀肚臍飾品的 barbell 杠鈴狀肚臍飾品的 dangle 有墜子的肚臍飾品的 pendant 項(xiàng)鏈的墜子的 ring 戒指的

toe ring 腳趾也戴戒指的 tongue ring 舌環(huán)...的

tongue bar 裝在舌頭上的的 fine silver 999純銀的 sterling silver 925銀的 coin silver 800或900銀的 gemstone 寶石的 gold plated 鍍金的的

genuine diamond 真鉆石的

CZ diamond 水鉆,就是種水晶的 ruby 紅寶石的 sapphire 藍(lán)寶石的 emerald 綠寶石的

topaz 黃寶石,它也是有很多顏色的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳寶的

zircon 鋯石,風(fēng)信子石,據(jù)說跟水晶一樣硬而韌,比鉆石色散更高,較便宜的 oval 卵狀的 teardrop 淚狀的 leaf 葉狀的 wing 翅狀的 heart 心形的

bead 珠子,珠狀的 jewellery box 首飾盒

第四篇：數(shù)學(xué)詞匯中英對照

初等數(shù)學(xué) elementary mathematics 高等數(shù)學(xué) higher mathematics 現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué) modern mathematics 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)學(xué) basic mathematics 應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué) applied mathematics 計(jì)算數(shù)學(xué)computational mathematics 復(fù)變函數(shù)論 theory of functions of a complex variable 實(shí)變函數(shù)論 theory of functions of a real variable 泛函分析 functional analysis 數(shù)理邏輯 mathematical logic 數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì) mathematical statistics 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation 偏微分方程 partial differential equation 數(shù)理方程 equation of mathematical physics 代數(shù)拓?fù)鋵W(xué) algebraic topology 集合論 set theory 拓?fù)淇臻g topological 概率論 probability 隨機(jī)過程 stochastic process 李群 Lie group 數(shù)論 number theory 圖論 graph theory 編碼理論 coding theory 混沌理論 chaotic theory 一般詞匯

數(shù)學(xué) mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom 定理 theorem 計(jì)算 calculation 運(yùn)算 operation 證明 prove 假設(shè) hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命題 proposition

算術(shù) arithmetic 加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加數(shù) augend, summand 加數(shù) addend 和 sum 減 minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被減數(shù) minuend 減數(shù) subtrahend 差 remainder 乘 times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.)被乘數(shù) multiplicand, faciend 乘數(shù) multiplicator 積 product 除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除數(shù) dividend 除數(shù) divisor 商 quotient 等于 equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 大于 is greater than 小于 is lesser than 大于等于 is equal or greater than 小于等于 is equal or lesser than 運(yùn)算符 operator 數(shù)字 digit 數(shù) number 自然數(shù) natural number 整數(shù) integer 小數(shù) decimal 小數(shù)點(diǎn) decimal point 分?jǐn)?shù) fraction 分子 numerator 分母 denominator 比 ratio 正 positive 負(fù) negative 零 null, zero, nought, nil 十進(jìn)制 decimal system 二進(jìn)制 binary system 十六進(jìn)制 hexadecimal system 權(quán) weight, significance 進(jìn)位 carry 截尾 truncation 四舍五入 round 下舍入 round down 上舍入 round up 有效數(shù)字 significant digit 無效數(shù)字 insignificant digit

代數(shù) algebra 公式 formula, formulae(pl.)單項(xiàng)式 monomial 多項(xiàng)式 polynomial, multinomial 系數(shù) coefficient 未知數(shù) unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式 equation 一次方程 simple equation 二次方程 quadratic equation 三次方程 cubic equation 四次方程 quartic equation 不等式 inequation 階乘 factorial 對數(shù) logarithm 指數(shù)，冪 exponent 乘方 power 二次方，平方 square 三次方，立方 cube 四次方 the power of four, the fourth power n次方 the power of n, the nth power 開方 evolution, extraction 二次方根，平方根 square root 三次方根，立方根 cube root 四次方根 the root of four, the fourth root n次方根 the root of n, the nth root 集合 aggregate 元素 element 空集 void 子集 subset 交集 intersection 并集 union 補(bǔ)集 complement 映射 mapping 函數(shù) function 定義域 domain, field of definition 值域 range 常量 constant 變量 variable 單調(diào)性 monotonicity 奇偶性 parity 周期性 periodicity 圖象 image 數(shù)列，級數(shù) series 微積分 calculus 微分 differential 導(dǎo)數(shù) derivative 極限 limit 無窮大 infinite(a.)infinity(n.)無窮小 infinitesimal 積分 integral 定積分 definite integral 不定積分 indefinite integral 有理數(shù) rational number 無理數(shù) irrational number 實(shí)數(shù) real number 虛數(shù) imaginary number 復(fù)數(shù) complex number 矩陣 matrix 行列式 determinant

幾何 geometry 點(diǎn) point 線 line 面 plane 體 solid 線段 segment 射線 radial平行 parallel 相交 intersect 角 angle 角度 degree 弧度 radian 銳角 acute angle 直角 right angle 鈍角 obtuse angle平角 straight angle 周角 perigon 底 base 邊 side 高 height 三角形 triangle 銳角三角形 acute triangle 直角三角形 right triangle 直角邊 leg 斜邊 hypotenuse 勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem 鈍角三角形 obtuse triangle 不等邊三角形 scalene triangle 等腰三角形 isosceles triangle 等邊三角形 equilateral triangle 四邊形 quadrilateral平行四邊形 parallelogram 矩形 rectangle 長 length 寬 width 菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形 square 梯形 trapezoid 直角梯形 right trapezoid 等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid 五邊形 pentagon 六邊形 hexagon 七邊形 heptagon 八邊形 octagon 九邊形 enneagon 十邊形 decagon 十一邊形 hendecagon 十二邊形 dodecagon 多邊形 polygon 正多邊形 equilateral polygon 圓 circle 圓心 centre(BrE), center(AmE)半徑 radius 直徑 diameter 圓周率 pi 弧 arc 半圓 semicircle 扇形 sector 環(huán) ring 橢圓 ellipse 圓周 circumference 周長 perimeter 面積 area 軌跡 locus, loca(pl.)相似 similar 全等 congruent 四面體 tetrahedron 五面體 pentahedron 六面體 hexahedron平行六面體 parallelepiped 立方體 cube 七面體 heptahedron 八面體 octahedron 九面體 enneahedron 十面體 decahedron 十一面體 hendecahedron 十二面體 dodecahedron 二十面體 icosahedron 多面體 polyhedron 棱錐 pyramid 棱柱 prism 棱臺 frustum of a prism 旋轉(zhuǎn) rotation 軸 axis 圓錐 cone 圓柱 cylinder 圓臺 frustum of a cone 球 sphere 半球 hemisphere 底面 undersurface 表面積 surface area 體積 volume 空間 space 坐標(biāo)系 coordinates 坐標(biāo)軸 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 橫坐標(biāo) x-coordinate 縱坐標(biāo) y-coordinate 原點(diǎn) origin 雙曲線 hyperbola 拋物線 parabola

三角 trigonometry 正弦 sine 余弦 cosine 正切 tangent 余切 cotangent 正割 secant 余割 cosecant 反正弦 arc sine 反余弦 arc cosine 反正切 arc tangent 反余切 arc cotangent 反正割 arc secant 反余割 arc cosecant 相位 phase 周期 period 振幅 amplitude 內(nèi)心 incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心 excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE)旁心 escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心 orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心 barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)內(nèi)切圓 inscribed circle 外切圓 circumcircle

統(tǒng)計(jì) statistics平均數(shù) average 加權(quán)平均數(shù) weighted average 方差 variance 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 比例 propotion 百分比 percent 百分點(diǎn) percentage 百分位數(shù) percentile 排列 permutation 組合 combination 概率，或然率 probability 分布 distribution 正態(tài)分布 normal distribution 非正態(tài)分布 abnormal distribution 圖表 graph 條形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 bar graph 柱形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 histogram 折線統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 broken line graph 曲線統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 curve diagram 扇形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 pie diagram 方程

wave equation 波動(dòng)方程 tangental equation 切線方程 quartic equation 四次方程式 quadratic equation 二次方程式 magnitude equation 【天】星等差 linear equation 一次方程式

irreducible equation 不可約方程 integral equation 積分方程

indicial equation 【數(shù)】指數(shù)方程 indeterminate equation 不定方程

集合與簡易邏輯

集合（集）

set 非負(fù)整數(shù)集

the set of all non-negative integers 自然數(shù)集

the set of all natural numbers 正整數(shù)集

the set of all positive integers 整數(shù)集

the set of all integers 有理數(shù)集

the set of all rational numbers 實(shí)數(shù)集

the set of all real numbers 元素

element 屬于

belong to 不屬于

not belong to 有限集

finite set 無限集

infinite set 空集

empty set 包含

inclusion, include 包含于

lie in 子集

subset 真子集

補(bǔ)集（余集）

全集

交集

并集

偶數(shù)集

奇數(shù)集

含絕對值的不等式

一元二次不等式

邏輯

邏輯聯(lián)結(jié)詞

或

且

非

真

假

真值表

原命題

逆命題

否命題

逆否命題

充分條件

必要條件

充要條件

……的充要條件是……

函數(shù)

函數(shù)

自變量

定義域

值域

區(qū)間

閉區(qū)間

開區(qū)間

函數(shù)的圖象

proper subset

complementary set universe intersection

union

the set of all even numbers

the set of all odd numbers

inequality with absolute value

one-variable quadratic inequality

logic

logic connective

or

and

not

true

false

truth table

original proposition

converse proposition

negative proposition

converse-negative proposition

sufficient condition

necessary condition

sufficient and necessary condition … if and only if …

function argument domain range interval

closed interval open interval graph of function

映射

mapping 象

image 原象

inverse image 單調(diào)

monotone 增函數(shù)

increasing function 減函數(shù)

decreasing function 單調(diào)區(qū)間

monotone interval 反函數(shù)

inverse function 指數(shù)

exponent n次方根

根式

根指數(shù)

被開方數(shù)

指數(shù)函數(shù)

對數(shù)

常用對數(shù)

自然對數(shù)

對數(shù)函數(shù)

數(shù)列

數(shù)列

項(xiàng)

通項(xiàng)公式

有窮數(shù)列

無窮數(shù)列

遞推公式

等差數(shù)列

公差

等差中項(xiàng)

等比數(shù)列

公比

等比中項(xiàng)

三角函數(shù)

三角函數(shù)

始邊

終邊

正角

負(fù)角

零角

象限角

弧度

弧度制

n th root

radical

radical exponent

radicand

exponential function

logarithm

common logarithm

natural logarithm

logarithmic function

sequence of number

term

the formula of general term

finite sequence of number

infinite sequence of number

recurrence formula

arithmetic progression，arithmetic series

common difference

arithmetic mean

geometric progression，geometric series

common ratio

geometric mean trigonometric function initial side terminal side positive angle negative angle zero angle quadrant angle radian

radian measure

角度制

degree measure 正弦

sine 余弦

cosine 正切

tangent 余切

cotangent 正割

secant 余割

cosecant 誘導(dǎo)公式

induction formula 正弦曲線

sine curve 余弦曲線

最大值

最小值

周期

最小正周期

周期函數(shù)

振幅

頻率

相位

初相

反正弦

反余弦

反正切

平面向量

有向線段

數(shù)量

向量

零向量

相等向量

共線向量

平行向量

向量的數(shù)乘

單位向量

基底

基向量

平移

數(shù)量積

正弦定理

余弦定理

不等式

算術(shù)平均數(shù)

幾何平均數(shù)

比較法

cosine curve maximum minimum period

minimal positive period periodic function

amplitude of vibration frequency phase

initial phase arc sine arc cosine arc tangent directed line segment scalar quantity vector zero vector equal vector collinear vectors parallel vectors

multiplication of vector by scalar unit vector base

base vectors translation inner product sine theorem cosine theorem

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

method of compare

綜合法

method of synthesis 分析法

method of analysis 直線

傾斜角

angle of inclination 斜率

gradient 點(diǎn)斜式

point slope form 截距

intercept 斜截式

gradient intercept form 兩點(diǎn)式

一般式

夾角

線性規(guī)劃

約束條件

目標(biāo)函數(shù)

可行域

最優(yōu)解

圓錐曲線

曲線

坐標(biāo)法

解析幾何

笛卡兒

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程

一般方程

參數(shù)方程

參數(shù)

圓錐曲線

橢圓

焦點(diǎn)

焦距

長軸

短軸

離心率

雙曲線

實(shí)軸

虛軸

漸近線

拋物線

準(zhǔn)線

初等數(shù)學(xué) elementary mathematics 高等數(shù)學(xué) higher mathematics 現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué) modern mathematics 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)學(xué) basic mathematics 應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué) applied mathematics

two-point form general form included angle

linear programming constraint condition objective function feasible region optimal solution curve

method of coordinate analytic geometry Descartes

standard equation general equation parameter equation parameter point conic ellipse

focus, focal points focal length major axis minor axis eccentricity hyperbola real axis

imaginary axis asymptote parabola directrix

計(jì)算數(shù)學(xué)computational mathematics 復(fù)變函數(shù)論 theory of functions of a complex variable 實(shí)變函數(shù)論 theory of functions of a real variable 泛函分析 functional analysis 數(shù)理邏輯 mathematical logic 數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì) mathematical statistics 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation 偏微分方程 partial differential equation 數(shù)理方程 equation of mathematical physics 代數(shù)拓?fù)鋵W(xué) algebraic topology 集合論 set theory 拓?fù)淇臻g topological 概率論 probability 隨機(jī)過程 stochastic process 李群 Lie group 數(shù)論 number theory 圖論 graph theory 編碼理論 coding theory 混沌理論 chaotic theory 一般詞匯

數(shù)學(xué) mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom 定理 theorem 計(jì)算 calculation 運(yùn)算 operation 證明 prove 假設(shè) hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命題 proposition

算術(shù) arithmetic 加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加數(shù) augend, summand 加數(shù) addend 和 sum 減 minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被減數(shù) minuend 減數(shù) subtrahend 差 remainder 乘 times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.)被乘數(shù) multiplicand, faciend 乘數(shù) multiplicator 積 product 除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除數(shù) dividend 除數(shù) divisor 商 quotient 等于 equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 大于 is greater than 小于 is lesser than 大于等于 is equal or greater than 小于等于 is equal or lesser than 運(yùn)算符 operator 數(shù)字 digit 數(shù) number 自然數(shù) natural number 整數(shù) integer 小數(shù) decimal 小數(shù)點(diǎn) decimal point 分?jǐn)?shù) fraction 分子 numerator 分母 denominator 比 ratio 正 positive 負(fù) negative 零 null, zero, nought, nil 十進(jìn)制 decimal system 二進(jìn)制 binary system 十六進(jìn)制 hexadecimal system 權(quán) weight, significance 進(jìn)位 carry 截尾 truncation 四舍五入 round 下舍入 round down 上舍入 round up 有效數(shù)字 significant digit 無效數(shù)字 insignificant digit

代數(shù) algebra 公式 formula, formulae(pl.)單項(xiàng)式 monomial 多項(xiàng)式 polynomial, multinomial 系數(shù) coefficient 未知數(shù) unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式 equation 一次方程 simple equation 二次方程 quadratic equation 三次方程 cubic equation 四次方程 quartic equation 不等式 inequation 階乘 factorial 對數(shù) logarithm 指數(shù)，冪 exponent 乘方 power 二次方，平方 square 三次方，立方 cube 四次方 the power of four, the fourth power n次方 the power of n, the nth power 開方 evolution, extraction 二次方根，平方根 square root 三次方根，立方根 cube root 四次方根 the root of four, the fourth root n次方根 the root of n, the nth root 集合 aggregate 元素 element 空集 void 子集 subset 交集 intersection 并集 union 補(bǔ)集 complement 映射 mapping 函數(shù) function 定義域 domain, field of definition 值域 range 常量 constant 變量 variable 單調(diào)性 monotonicity 奇偶性 parity 周期性 periodicity 圖象 image 數(shù)列，級數(shù) series 微積分 calculus 微分 differential 導(dǎo)數(shù) derivative 極限 limit 無窮大 infinite(a.)infinity(n.)無窮小 infinitesimal 積分 integral 定積分 definite integral 不定積分 indefinite integral 有理數(shù) rational number 無理數(shù) irrational number 實(shí)數(shù) real number 虛數(shù) imaginary number 復(fù)數(shù) complex number 矩陣 matrix 行列式 determinant

幾何 geometry 點(diǎn) point 線 line 面 plane 體 solid 線段 segment 射線 radial平行 parallel 相交 intersect 角 angle 角度 degree 弧度 radian 銳角 acute angle 直角 right angle 鈍角 obtuse angle平角 straight angle 周角 perigon 底 base 邊 side 高 height 三角形 triangle 銳角三角形 acute triangle 直角三角形 right triangle 直角邊 leg 斜邊 hypotenuse 勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem 鈍角三角形 obtuse triangle 不等邊三角形 scalene triangle 等腰三角形 isosceles triangle 等邊三角形 equilateral triangle 四邊形 quadrilateral平行四邊形 parallelogram 矩形 rectangle 長 length 寬 width 菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形 square 梯形 trapezoid 直角梯形 right trapezoid 等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid 五邊形 pentagon 六邊形 hexagon 七邊形 heptagon 八邊形 octagon 九邊形 enneagon 十邊形 decagon 十一邊形 hendecagon 十二邊形 dodecagon 多邊形 polygon 正多邊形 equilateral polygon 圓 circle 圓心 centre(BrE), center(AmE)半徑 radius 直徑 diameter 圓周率 pi 弧 arc 半圓 semicircle 扇形 sector 環(huán) ring 橢圓 ellipse 圓周 circumference 周長 perimeter 面積 area 軌跡 locus, loca(pl.)相似 similar 全等 congruent 四面體 tetrahedron 五面體 pentahedron 六面體 hexahedron平行六面體 parallelepiped 立方體 cube 七面體 heptahedron 八面體 octahedron 九面體 enneahedron 十面體 decahedron 十一面體 hendecahedron 十二面體 dodecahedron 二十面體 icosahedron 多面體 polyhedron 棱錐 pyramid 棱柱 prism 棱臺 frustum of a prism 旋轉(zhuǎn) rotation 軸 axis 圓錐 cone 圓柱 cylinder 圓臺 frustum of a cone 球 sphere 半球 hemisphere 底面 undersurface 表面積 surface area 體積 volume 空間 space 坐標(biāo)系 coordinates 坐標(biāo)軸 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 橫坐標(biāo) x-coordinate 縱坐標(biāo) y-coordinate 原點(diǎn) origin 雙曲線 hyperbola 拋物線 parabola

三角 trigonometry 正弦 sine 余弦 cosine 正切 tangent 余切 cotangent 正割 secant 余割 cosecant 反正弦 arc sine 反余弦 arc cosine 反正切 arc tangent 反余切 arc cotangent 反正割 arc secant 反余割 arc cosecant 相位 phase 周期 period 振幅 amplitude 內(nèi)心 incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心 excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE)旁心 escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心 orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心 barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)內(nèi)切圓 inscribed circle 外切圓 circumcircle

統(tǒng)計(jì) statistics平均數(shù) average 加權(quán)平均數(shù) weighted average 方差 variance 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 比例 propotion 百分比 percent 百分點(diǎn) percentage 百分位數(shù) percentile 排列 permutation 組合 combination 概率，或然率 probability 分布 distribution 正態(tài)分布 normal distribution 非正態(tài)分布 abnormal distribution 圖表 graph 條形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 bar graph 柱形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 histogram 折線統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 broken line graph 曲線統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 curve diagram 扇形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 pie diagram 方程

wave equation 波動(dòng)方程 tangental equation 切線方程 quartic equation 四次方程式 quadratic equation 二次方程式 magnitude equation 【天】星等差 linear equation 一次方程式

irreducible equation 不可約方程 integral equation 積分方程

indicial equation 【數(shù)】指數(shù)方程 indeterminate equation 不定方程

集合與簡易邏輯

集合（集）

set 非負(fù)整數(shù)集

the set of all non-negative integers 自然數(shù)集

the set of all natural numbers 正整數(shù)集

the set of all positive integers 整數(shù)集

the set of all integers 有理數(shù)集

the set of all rational numbers 實(shí)數(shù)集

the set of all real numbers 元素

element 屬于

belong to 不屬于

not belong to 有限集

finite set 無限集

infinite set 空集

empty set 包含

inclusion, include 包含于

lie in 子集

subset 真子集

proper subset 補(bǔ)集（余集）

complementary set 全集

universe 交集

intersection 并集

union 偶數(shù)集

奇數(shù)集

含絕對值的不等式

一元二次不等式

邏輯

邏輯聯(lián)結(jié)詞

或

且

非

真

假

真值表

原命題

逆命題

否命題

逆否命題

充分條件

必要條件

充要條件

……的充要條件是……

函數(shù)

函數(shù)

自變量

定義域

值域

區(qū)間

閉區(qū)間

開區(qū)間

函數(shù)的圖象

映射

象

原象

單調(diào)

增函數(shù)

the set of all even numbers

the set of all odd numbers

inequality with absolute value

one-variable quadratic inequality

logic

logic connective

or

and

not

true

false

truth table

original proposition

converse proposition

negative proposition

converse-negative proposition

sufficient condition

necessary condition

sufficient and necessary condition … if and only if …

function argument domain range interval

closed interval open interval graph of function mapping image

inverse image monotone

increasing function

減函數(shù)

decreasing function 單調(diào)區(qū)間

monotone interval 反函數(shù)

inverse function 指數(shù)

exponent n次方根

n th root 根式

radical 根指數(shù)

radical exponent 被開方數(shù)

radicand 指數(shù)函數(shù)

exponential function 對數(shù)

常用對數(shù)

自然對數(shù)

對數(shù)函數(shù)

數(shù)列

數(shù)列

項(xiàng)

通項(xiàng)公式

有窮數(shù)列

無窮數(shù)列

遞推公式

等差數(shù)列

公差

等差中項(xiàng)

等比數(shù)列

公比

等比中項(xiàng)

三角函數(shù)

三角函數(shù)

始邊

終邊

正角

負(fù)角

零角

象限角

弧度

弧度制

角度制

正弦

余弦

正切

logarithm

common logarithm

natural logarithm

logarithmic function

sequence of number

term

the formula of general term

finite sequence of number

infinite sequence of number

recurrence formula

arithmetic progression，arithmetic series

common difference

arithmetic mean

geometric progression，geometric series

common ratio

geometric mean trigonometric function initial side terminal side positive angle negative angle zero angle quadrant angle radian

radian measure degree measure sine cosine tangent

余切

cotangent 正割

secant 余割

cosecant 誘導(dǎo)公式

induction formula 正弦曲線

sine curve 余弦曲線

cosine curve 最大值

maximum 最小值

minimum 周期

period 最小正周期

周期函數(shù)

振幅

頻率

相位

初相

反正弦

反余弦

反正切

平面向量

有向線段

數(shù)量

向量

零向量

相等向量

共線向量

平行向量

向量的數(shù)乘

單位向量

基底

基向量

平移

數(shù)量積

正弦定理

余弦定理

不等式

算術(shù)平均數(shù)

幾何平均數(shù)

比較法

綜合法

分析法

直線

minimal positive period periodic function

amplitude of vibration frequency phase

initial phase arc sine arc cosine arc tangent directed line segment scalar quantity vector zero vector equal vector collinear vectors parallel vectors

multiplication of vector by scalar unit vector base

base vectors translation inner product sine theorem cosine theorem

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

method of compare

method of synthesis

method of analysis

傾斜角

angle of inclination 斜率

gradient 點(diǎn)斜式

point slope form 截距

intercept 斜截式

gradient intercept form 兩點(diǎn)式

two-point form 一般式

general form 夾角

included angle 線性規(guī)劃

linear programming 約束條件

目標(biāo)函數(shù)

可行域

最優(yōu)解

圓錐曲線

曲線

坐標(biāo)法

解析幾何

笛卡兒

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程

一般方程

參數(shù)方程

參數(shù)

圓錐曲線

橢圓

焦點(diǎn)

焦距

長軸

短軸

離心率

雙曲線

實(shí)軸

虛軸

漸近線

拋物線

準(zhǔn)線

constraint condition objective function feasible region optimal solution curve

method of coordinate analytic geometry Descartes

standard equation general equation parameter equation parameter point conic ellipse

focus, focal points focal length major axis minor axis eccentricity hyperbola real axis

imaginary axis asymptote parabola directrix

第五篇：語法常用詞匯中英對照

語法常用詞匯中英對照

主語： subject謂語： predicate賓語：object定語：attributive 狀語： adverbial表語： predicative補(bǔ)語：complement

同位語：appositive construction形式主語：formal subject

詞性：part of speech

名詞：noun，singular/plural/collective/compound

動(dòng)詞：verb形容詞：adjective副詞：adverb代詞：pronoun

介詞：preposition 系動(dòng)詞：linking verb 連接詞：conjunction 動(dòng)詞詞組：phrasal verbs 及物動(dòng)詞：transitive verb不及物動(dòng)詞：intransitive verb 修飾語： modifier 非謂語：non-finite：不定式： infinitive，現(xiàn)在分詞：present participle phrase，過去分詞：past participle phrase動(dòng)名詞：gerund

詞組： phrase 固定搭配： set phrase頻率副詞： adverb of frequency 疑問副詞： interrogative adverb疑問代詞： interrogative pronoun

主動(dòng)語態(tài)：active voice被動(dòng)語態(tài)：passive voice 虛擬語氣：subjunctive mood 倒裝：inversion獨(dú)立主格： independent genitive 強(qiáng)調(diào)句：emphatic sentence 反義疑問句 tag question省略 abbreviation

時(shí)態(tài)： tense

現(xiàn)在時(shí)：present tense過去時(shí)：past tense 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：present perfect tense 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： present progressive tense過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：past progressive tense 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)： future progressive tense現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： present perfect tense 過去完成時(shí)： past perfect tense將來完成時(shí)： future perfect tense 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號：punctuation

句號：full stop/end mark 逗號：comma 分號：semicolon 冒號：colon

引號：quotation mark大寫字母：capital letter 縮寫： abbreviation

從句：clause

名詞性從句：nominal clause

1.主從：subject clause 2.賓從：object clause3.表從：predicative clause

4.同位語從句：appositive construction

定從： attributive clause/relative clause

狀語從句：adverbial clause

1.原因： cause/reason 2.條件： condition 3.讓步：concession 4.時(shí)間：time

5.目的： purpose6.結(jié)果：result7.方式：manner8.地點(diǎn)：place

9.比較： comparative