第一篇：總結(jié)：考研英語寫作模版及表達(dá)方式精華

考研英語寫作模版及表達(dá)方式精華

考研英語寫作模版及表達(dá)方式精華

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)用詞表達(dá)

1.分點一：分層論證

Basic to any understanding of the benefits we can get from_______ is that__________/ First and foremost;

On one hand_________, On the other hand_________;

Besides/ What’s more/ In addition;

First of all/to begin with/above all;

In the second place/in the second instance;

Last but not least/in summary;

這一段主要說理，在分論點里可以加一些小的例子細(xì)節(jié)，重點是要用一些精華句子!

2.分點二：舉例論證

Further lending credence to my position is that____________(簡單闡述/例子字不夠就多講點廢話)

/I can think of no better illustration than the example of(典型例子)

/ A case in point is that(不是很典型)________,…..some expert pionts out that.../take...in instance...考研英語寫作模版及表達(dá)方式精華

/according to the investigation conducted this year indicates that.../(推薦，為神馬，因為句子長，廢話多… …)

some statistics expose that...一句話總結(jié)例子：As a result,強(qiáng)調(diào)句/倒裝句/表利弊的句型/反面論證如果沒有會怎樣。

3.讓步段：

Agree or disagree: Admittedly,_____,to some extent, may directly or indirectly ____ /has its undeniable detriments.For instance, _______

However, the valuable merits of_______ considerably overshadow the drawbacks/ on no account________./

(經(jīng)典正反對比結(jié)構(gòu))

二選一：Admittedly, BB also has certain merits which deserve some words here.For example, ____(字?jǐn)?shù)不夠就多講點)

However，BB 的缺點或AA也可以做到.Compared with AA,(which 可以總結(jié)所有優(yōu)點或針對BB的一方面,)it pales.4.結(jié)尾段：

Therefore, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any single one of them(字不夠了用), I reinforce my stand point that.考研英語寫作模版及表達(dá)方式精華

5.改寫題目

Only via(by/through /with/when/after)___can we__________;

only via(by/through /with/when/after)___can we________;

and only via(by/through /with/when/after)___can we_______

Or

It is A that...;it is A that...;and it is A that...(不好寫或顯得累贅就不要了)

第二篇：寫作表現(xiàn)手法、表達(dá)方式、

表現(xiàn)手法和寫作手法，還有表達(dá)方法各有什么不同？

表現(xiàn)手法是寫景抒情 敘事抒情 借物喻人 直抒胸臆 欲揚先抑 順敘 倒敘 插敘 對比 襯托 卒章顯志 象征 用典 想象 聯(lián)想 照應(yīng) 寓情于景 反襯 烘托 托物起興 渲染 虛筆 虛實結(jié)合 側(cè)面描寫 正面描寫 直接抒情 間接抒情

表達(dá)方式：記敘、描寫、抒情、議論、說明.夾敘、夾議

寫作手法屬于藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法。懸念，照應(yīng)，聯(lián)想，想象，抑揚結(jié)合、點面結(jié)合、動靜結(jié)合、敘議結(jié)合、情景交融、襯托對比、伏筆照應(yīng)、托物言志、白描細(xì)描、鋪墊懸念、正側(cè)面結(jié)合、比喻象征、借古諷今、卒章顯志、承上啟下、開門見山，烘托、渲染、動靜相襯、虛實相生

常用的修辭手法有：比喻、擬人、夸張、排比、對偶、反復(fù)、設(shè)問、反問。除此之外，課文里還涉及到的有對比、借代、引用、雙關(guān)、反語、頂針和呼告等。

表現(xiàn)手法主要有：

象征、諷刺、襯托、渲染、烘托、白描等等；

現(xiàn)實主義、浪漫主義、批判現(xiàn)實主義、意識流、現(xiàn)代派、魔幻現(xiàn)實主義等等。區(qū)別

象征是通過特定的容易引起聯(lián)想的形象表現(xiàn)與之相似或相近特點的概念、思想或感情的藝術(shù)手法。只用于表示有關(guān)人類品質(zhì)或人類組織的性質(zhì)，一般適用于抒情作品。比喻可以用于表示任何事物的性質(zhì)，一般的比喻，其喻體分散在全篇文章中。比喻一般有比喻詞，且是用于比喻對象在形、貌，或特性方面存在相似之處。象征一般無比喻詞，通常在句中會出現(xiàn)“象征”這個詞，往往是在作者觀點中，可以用象征物的某個具體特質(zhì)去代表作者所要表現(xiàn)的某個事物在某一方面的特質(zhì)（通常是抽象的，形而上的，精神內(nèi)核上的）。比喻要求本體與喻體有相似性，比如月亮像圓盤 而象征是借某事物表達(dá)特殊的含義，比如燈塔象征著目標(biāo)、希望 象征”的修辭意義與比喻相近,從特點上看,象征是以物示意,以具體的表示抽象的,具有含蓄性,而比喻是以

第三篇：考研英語寫作

高分范文展示：

The global economy, who is sleeping over that stretcher, like a helpless-sick wreck, is being practiced emergency treatment by worldwidebanking systems, which are trying their best to save the market intensively by cooperation.Conspicuously, that’s a horrible depiction related to/concerning the the world.the top of the list which should never be overlooked.First of all, , as the case of would make its comeback every 10-30 years on the average, so would this time.Furthermore, the overestimation of economic prosperityhas resulted in a great multitude of foams/bubbles in the securities and the realties.gues, who made use of installment policy to speculate in real estate industry, thus, only spending 30% of totally-needed funds in possessing 3 apartments, with the aggregate price over RMB 2 million.Actually, it is not the Day of Judgment.What we are glad to see is the keyword – “cooperation”and we will surely get through this tough period before long.好句寫法：把句子拉長→加修飾：

(1)n.+ who/which/that… 加從句

e.g.Many peopletakeseriously the lifestyle of chasing for luxuries.那些把一個人擁有財產(chǎn)的數(shù)量當(dāng)作評判其社會地位的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人們，會很重視追逐奢侈品的生活方式。

(2)n./句子結(jié)尾 + v.-ed(en)(被動)/ v.-ing(主動)加分詞（定語后置）

e.g.youngsters, ranging from/who range from 20 to 30 years old ranging fromwith研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，和十年前的5%相比，現(xiàn)在有近24%的年輕白領(lǐng)表示不清楚自己想要什么。

(3)n.+ with + n.(修飾語)加限定詞

e.g.A pretty girl → a girl with an angel-like face and a fairy-like figure

e.g.Nowadays, a lot of riches like buying luxurious autos to show/display their success and existence.當(dāng)今，很多有錢人喜歡通過買豪車來顯示自己的成功和存在。

→These days, withdefined as the typical marks of 句型模仿：

07 閱讀text3最后一段：

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholescale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.* Looks far less like… a good deal more like… 看起來不像是……而更像是……

模仿→05大作文：養(yǎng)老足球賽

From our conscientious and clear-minded perspective, much of this behavior, undoubtedly, looks far less like like a 依據(jù)我們的良知，毫無疑問，大多數(shù)這種行為并不能提供合理分配贍養(yǎng)老人義務(wù)的機(jī)會，相反，它更像是一種加劇中華傳統(tǒng)美德“尊老愛幼”走向大規(guī)模衰敗的危險行為

大作文——開頭what、中間why/effect、結(jié)尾how

What——虛開頭（首段首句）

(1)坊間流傳多年的所謂經(jīng)典套話

As can be seen in the picture given above…

→ Asgiven above…

e.g.悲觀樂觀 man, passion-sufficient and energy-continuous, is climbing upon a ladder to reach to his shining blue print.(2)直接描述

e.g.12002年作文：美國女孩穿著中國傳統(tǒng)服飾

There is a beautiful American girl, who is standing over there in a Chinese traditional costume, smiling just like a flower.a Chinese traditional costume.e.g.2 2010年作文：文化“火鍋”，既美味又營養(yǎng)

those dishes and cooking ingredients in a Chinese traditional hot-pot, including e.g.2012年作文：悲觀樂觀 What——[描述+寬泛、宏觀的點評]（首段第二句）

It is aa significant information that 主題has been in the spotlight in current society主題 has aroused wide concern at any corner of our social consensus.e.g.家庭成員關(guān)系 * 首段第二句和第二段首句應(yīng)該有一定層次感，首段第二句提出一個觀點/現(xiàn)象，第二段首句再將其具體化/細(xì)節(jié)化，直擊中心。

Why/Effect——實開頭：（主題句）+ 原因/影響（內(nèi)部：自身 / 外部：社會、媒體）+ 例子

(1)主題句：

Among the topic concerning主題（抽象）, as the depiction/picture shows, the most cardinal tip is related to the issue of主旨中心思想（具體）.e.g.家庭關(guān)系

Among the topic concerning the depiction shows, the most e.g.出國留學(xué)人數(shù)/考研人數(shù)/公務(wù)員人數(shù)(2)引出原因

Several factors could weigh heavily for the happening of ____, yet, suspended at the top of the list are the following two aspects.To begin with, _____.Additionally, _____.e.g.中國傳統(tǒng)文化/美德的缺失(3)引出影響

It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the revolutionary influences(that)the 現(xiàn)象 gives rise

to.To begin with, … Apart from… ,* 表示導(dǎo)致的短語：Contribute to Result in/trigger/induce/spell/invite

* 表示原因：inducement/incentive

e.g.人人考公務(wù)員 result in.To begin with, … Apart from … , * Apart from用法：Apart from(mentioned above), …(new information)= Besides, … , Google could owe its success to the brilliance of its founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page.* 表示歸因于：owe/ascribe/attribute… to …

(4)舉例子

A good case blowing my mind now is 人/物, who/which …

e.g.慈善/真正的成功

A good case blowing my mind now is a world well-known man, whose name is Bill Gates, industry after his retirement.* 例子不能單獨提出，例子前面要有一個論點，或者在例子后面要有一個點評和結(jié)論，這樣才是一個完整的舉例（名人名言也同理）。

How——提出建議（Suggestion）：規(guī)則、思想、行為

(1)制定規(guī)則：

Lay down/Establish the effective/reliable/available/practical regulations to …呼應(yīng)主題.（敬老）（保護(hù)環(huán)境）（留學(xué)）

(2)改變思想：

Deliver the moderate 主題詞 outlook to guide us both physically and mentally.e.g.Deliver the moderate outlook to guide us both physically and mentally.成功觀/生活觀/物質(zhì)觀/世界觀/知識觀/能源觀

(3)規(guī)范行為：

Exert/Implement/Practice the rational 主題詞 manners to live in a much more harmonious/compatible atmosphere/circumstance.circumstance.(4)補充說明方法：名人名言（適用于最后一段提完建議之后）

萬能套話：

As a classic saying goes,千里之行，始于足下

應(yīng)用：提完建議之后

Yet, it is very probable to say without any exaggerationthat depending on the lack of 主題詞, many citizens/youths would have immersed in such an extreme condition for a long time.Does it have opportunities for us to make achange ? / Is it possible to make a change? Actually, as a classic saying goes, “a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”.We will surely handle/optimize/refrain from … as long as the above mentioned proposals would be implemented immediately.e.g.養(yǎng)老 Actually, as a classic saying goes, “a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”.We will surely refrain from as long as the above mentioned proposals would be implemented immediately.e.g.奢侈浪費

Yet, it is very probable to say without any exaggeration that depending on the lack time.Does it have opportunities for us to make a change? Actually, as a classic saying goes, “a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”.We will surely mentioned proposals would be implemented immediately.特別講解：主體段落的展開（第二段）

(1)單向話題：要么褒，要么貶

原因展開：

The factors contributing to… are vastly complex.Some attribute it to ….Others place the blame on / Others place the high value on ….Still the rest complain of/ attach importance to …

e.g.為什么很多年輕人最終會抽煙

The factors contributing to a big rise in are vastly complex.Some attribute it to(2)雙向話題

e.g.中國傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的改變是好還是壞

According to my humble perspective, every sword is double-edged.is both positive and negative.To begin with, it goes without denying that the new-changed customs and habits have distinct advantages.On one hand, they On the other hand, they eliminate “culture gap” to Although / Whilebidding farewell to the bygones enjoys considerable merits, it still have their own drawbacks when the following point is taken into account.A good case coming to my mind now isof the Chinese virtues – raising seniors.After all, * 舉例子的時候，要實現(xiàn)從手段到效果的跨越（我們要怎么做來達(dá)到什么效果）

小作文——Simplified（簡明扼要）字?jǐn)?shù)：100-120

* 大作文的套話和模板不能用在小作文中！

* 小作文寫作時必須覆蓋每個題目要求的要點

(1)Letter——郵件、信件：生活化/接地氣

a)邀請信

學(xué)術(shù)邀請（充滿敬意）：

開頭：正式邀請（含參會時間和主題）

主體：介紹會議安排

結(jié)尾：希望得到正式回復(fù)，并確認(rèn)

Dear Professor ___,It is my great honor to extend you our sincere invitation of an academic forum held on 具體時間 in/at 地點,which focuses on the topic of主題

The forum mentioned above will be arranged as followings.Firstly at 8 a.m.will start the 主題involves.Afterwards, there will be another arrangement, including ___.Then at around 時間, 另一個安排.I really hope you can make it.If it is possible, I would like to ask you for sending me your bank

account, and I’ll pay you 40 percent of the total lecture fees as the deposit.最后期限.落款

范文：

Dear Professor Liu,It is my great honor to extend you my sincere invitation of an academic forum held on Jan.1 in The Nation’s Theatre, which focuses on the topic of Chinese traditional culture.The forum mentioned above will be arranged as followings.Firstly at 8 a.m.will start the opening of the forum, which involves a brief presentation with regard to the prospects as well as plights thatthe promotion of Chinese culture may encounter.Afterwards, there will be another arrangement concerning a micro-movie of the cultural relic exhibition, which will last 15 minutes.Then at 9 to 11 o’clock, you would be highly expected to present us a lecture named “World Needs China”.I really hope you can make it.If it is possible, I would like to ask you for sending me your bank account, and I’ll pay you 40 percent of the total lecture fees as the deposit.Reply, if you please before next weekend.Li Ming,The Supervisor of XXX

b)申請信

學(xué)校組織社團(tuán)評優(yōu)，要寫申請。你是學(xué)校創(chuàng)新社（Innovation Agency）的負(fù)責(zé)人，請你代表你們社參與評優(yōu)，寫一封申請信。

范文：

Dear Sir or Madame,Innovation Agency – “Most Improved Organization Award”.private tools’ rebuilding the living.building to make it accessible/easy to wheelchairs..Yours faithfully,Li Ming

c)回復(fù)投訴信（對別人投訴的回復(fù)和安撫）：承擔(dān)責(zé)任，嘗試挽回

有人投訴你負(fù)責(zé)的勤工助學(xué)中心某學(xué)生表現(xiàn)糟糕，部分原文：

I will not use your temporary staff any more for their disastrous performance.范文：

Dear Sir,temporary administration assistant you received from my organization,.We really care about our clients and that is why we will try to give some explanation about what happened.candidate training.work for you.Yours faithfully,Li Mingd)銷售信（空格處填入產(chǎn)品名）

Last year, we achieved a 215% increase in the sales of our ______.We believe that this happy state of affairs be attributed to two causes.First, we managed to avoid passing on any part of our increased manufacturing costs to our majestic clients.Second, we believe our designs and colors are the most attractive that we have ever produced.And so we are happy to be able to tell you that our new season’s ____ are, if anything, more persuasive than last year’s and our prices will compare very favorably with those of any of our competitors.We believe that your will agree that our samples prove the truth of our claims.We look forward for you to favor us an order.e)現(xiàn)場筆錄證明

You’ve come across a serious crash last night when a taxi heavily knocked down a passerby.Now the police asked you to offer a certificate of witness involving following points:

1.The time and place

2.The process of this emergency

Witness on a Crash

It was 時間 in a 星期 night, 日期, when I was about to enjoy my late snack a first aid to the young and phoned ambulance at once.Signature:Li Ming

(2)Notice——通知、告示

a)失物招領(lǐng)（Lost and Found）：信息要有所保留，不能全部透露

Case: You’ve picked up an ED（電子辭典）

1.Time and place

2.The feature of this electronic dictionary（留一個最大特征來核實對方身份）

3.Your information for contact

Lost and Found

On the evening of 日期regular magazine.of this ED the phone number Sincerely yours,Li Ming

第四篇：考研英語寫作

1.圖畫作文

It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about _______(圖畫主題)，which is ______________(進(jìn)一步的說明)。He seems to be saying that_______________(給出細(xì)節(jié))。In my opinion，___________(個人闡述)。

This simple picture is a wake up call for ______(所涉群體，如the whole of the human race)。Therefore，it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to put an end to _____________(問題所在)。One the one hand，we must _________________(建議一)。It is clear that the drawer of the illustration is urging us to _________(進(jìn)一步說明)。On the other hand，________________(建議二)Only in this way can we___________(展望前景)。

2.圖表作文

The chart gives us an overall picture of the ____________(圖表主題)。The first thing we notice is that_______________(圖表最大特點)。This means that as __________，_________________(進(jìn)一步說明)。

We can see from the statistics given that _______________(圖表細(xì)節(jié)一)。After ving_________(細(xì)節(jié)一中的第一個變化)，the _____Ved+幅度+時間(緊跟著的變化)。The figures also tells us that_________________________(圖表細(xì)節(jié)二)。(數(shù)據(jù)位置，如In the second column)，we can see that ____________accounts for _______(進(jìn)一步描述)。

Judging from these figures，we can draw the conclusion that___________(結(jié)論)。The reason for this，as far as I am concerned is that_____________(給出原因)。/ It is high time that we Ved(發(fā)出倡議)

各位可愛的同學(xué)：

考題為應(yīng)用文寫作，所以要注意：

1.條理清楚，按照下列老師所列每種應(yīng)用文的格式把內(nèi)容寫完整。

2.可以先用中文把提綱要求包含的信息都寫下來，再翻譯成英語。這樣可以確保不會把應(yīng)該包括的信息漏掉。

3.不要寫錯誤的單詞，寧可用簡單易懂的單詞代替，注意卷面清潔和工整。預(yù)祝大家都考上心儀的學(xué)校，制定好復(fù)習(xí)計劃，按部就班，調(diào)整好心態(tài)好好復(fù)習(xí)，你的心愿一定能實現(xiàn)，人生該吃苦該拼搏時就要拼搏！各位加油！

一． 祝賀信(Letter of Congratulations)：

祝賀信的寫作與普通信件沒有什么大區(qū)別，但應(yīng)注意：

1．必須包括對收信人的稱謂。

2．必須包括對收信人的祝賀。

3．必須包括寫信人的姓名。

4．措詞真誠、輕松愉快，切忌言過其實。

Sample:

Dear Guojun，I heard that you graduated with high honors from Southeast University last month.I know that all your family must be very proud of you, and as your friend, I feel the same.I wish you greater and more brilliant success in your studies and work in the future.With best wishes.Yours sincerely，Qi Zi

常用祝賀信用語

1．Warm congratulations on your success in passing the entrance examination to … university.熱烈祝賀你考上了……大學(xué)。

2．Please accept our sincere wishes for your…

請接受我們對您……的衷心祝愿。

3．I extend my best wishes for your success.衷心祝愿你成功。

4．May each new year bring you new hope.愿每個新年都給您帶來新的希望。

二、道歉信(Letter of Apology)

Sample:

May 5

Dear Carole，I am very sorry that I missed your phone call yesterday.I shall be at home tomorrow morning.Would you please call me again?

Sincerely yours，Lisa

道歉信常用語句

1．Please accept my sincere apologies.請接受我們誠摯的道歉。

2．Please accept my sincere apologies for the lateness of my birthday greetings.3．

I am sorry I missed your …

對不起，我錯過了你的……

4．I’ve to offer you an apology for not coming to your party.未能參加你的慶祝會，我得向你道歉。

5．Please accept my sincere apologies for…

請接受我對……誠摯的歉意。

Ex.就下述內(nèi)容寫一封道歉信：

你的一位朋友昨天來看望你，你正巧外出未遇，對此你寫信表示歉意，并約他明天再過來。

May 5

Dear Tom，I am very sorry that I was out when you called on me yesterday.Could you come again tomorrow evening as I have something important to discuss with you?

Sincerely yours，Lisa 更多例子：

1.因未能踐約赴宴致歉 Unable to keep one’s promise

Dear [Miss Nancy]，Much to my regret I was unable to keep my promise to attend your [birthday] party [last Saturday], owing to the fact that my [little son] was suddenly taken ill early [that day].Hoping to see you soon.Truly yours，親愛的[南希小姐]：

[小兒][上周六]突然生病，因此未能應(yīng)約赴[生日]宴，殊覺抱歉，希原諒，再見。

祝好！

2.因遲復(fù)來信致歉 Because of answering one’s letter late

Dear [David]:

I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated [7, December] sooner, but when I have told you the reason, I trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable.When your letter arrived, I was just in [Hong Kong].As my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when I took it up.Now the first thing I have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret.I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip.I shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when I see you next.Yours，親愛的[戴維]：

請原諒我收到您[12月7日]的來信后遲遲未復(fù)，現(xiàn)將原因告訴您，相信您一定會諒解的。您的來信到來時，我正巧在[香港]，家人無法及時轉(zhuǎn)遞。你的信一直放在我寫字臺上，直到我回到才看見，拖至今天才回信，深表歉意。

這次出去旅行飽覽了許多美麗景色，下次見到您時，將告訴您一切。

祝好！

3.因未能及時還書致歉 Unable to return borrowed book on time

Dear [Kate]:

Excuse me for my long delaying in returning to you your “Robinson Crusoe” which I read through with great interest.I had finished reading the book and was about to return it when [my cousin] came to see me.Never having seen the book, [She] was so interested in it that I had to retain it longer.However, I hope that in view of the additional delight thus afforded by your book, you will overlook my negligence in not returning it sooner.Thanking you again for the loan.Sincerely yours，親愛的[凱特]：

我遲遲未能歸還您的那本《魯濱遜飄流記》，請原諒。該書我讀得津津有味。讀完后，正預(yù)備歸還您時，我的[表妹]來訪，見這本書也感興趣，定要借去一讀。為了讓別人也能分享您那本書所給予的樂趣，我不能及時歸還。我想再延遲些日子奉還，諒您不會介意的。

再次感謝您的慷慨。

祝好！

4.因遺失借書致歉 Because of losing a borrowed book

Dear [Frank]:

I am terribly sorry to tell you that I have lost the valuable book you were so kind to lend me [last week].I read it [everyday] and intended to finish it [next month].[Last night] when I came to my room, it was nowhere to be found.I will try to recover it as soon as possible.If I fail to find it, I will get a new book for you.But I am afraid it can never take the place of the old one.Old books are like old friends.Once lost, they can never be replaced.They are connected with cherished associations which the new ones can never have.And for this irrecoverable loss, I am to blame.I was so careless with my things.This is a warning to me to be more careful in the future.Yours truly，親愛的[弗蘭克]：

很抱歉，[上星期]您借給我的那本書竟遺失了。我[每天]都在看，準(zhǔn)備[下個月]看完。[昨晚]我回到我的臥室，到處也找不到那本書。我將盡力找到它。萬一找不到，我只好買一本新的還您。

但是，新書恐怕不能代替那本舊書吧！舊書跟舊友一樣，一旦失去就不能再得。舊書與往事相連，這種不可彌補的損失，皆由我起。我對待一切太大意了，這次給我一個警告，叫我以后要小心。

三、慰問信

慰問信應(yīng)寫得真切，注意措辭，對輕病或者小損失，慰問信應(yīng)寫得輕松一些。相反，對嚴(yán)重病情或重大損失，信就應(yīng)該寫得深沉一些。慰問信寫時應(yīng)注意：

1.寫給受傷人的信要簡短，中肯。信中不必問詢事故發(fā)生的過程、原因、見證人等。

2.慰問信中應(yīng)寫一些被慰問者喜歡或熟悉的事物，如病人的愛好、興趣等，以使病人得到寬慰。

1.向朋友問候 A letter of inquiring after someone’s health

Dear [John]:

I am extremely sorry to hear that your illness, which we had thought was clearing up, has become more serious, and that your have had to go into hospital.Let us hope that it will be for only a very short time, and that you will soon be out and about again.Everybody here sends his best wishes to you for a quick recovery.With kind regards，Yours sincerely，親愛的[約翰]：

聽說你病了，我深感不安。原來我們還以為您的病情有所好轉(zhuǎn)，事實上卻反而加重，而不得不住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。但愿這是短時間的，很快不會恢復(fù)健康。這里每個人都祝愿您早日痊愈。

特此問候

2.問候朋友的母親 Inquiring after the health of a friend’s mother

Dear [Mr.Wang]，I felt very sorry indeed when I heard of [your mother]’s illness, and am anxious to know how [she] is of late.Under a separate cover I am sending [her a box of assorted biscuits] with my best regards.Sincerely yours 親愛的[王先生]：

聽說您的母親身體欠安，深表憂慮。不知令堂近況如何，實為惦念。隨信另寄上[什錦餅干一盒]，并致以最良好的問候。

您忠誠的

[吳洋]

3.祝賀朋友病愈 Congratulations on someone’s recovery

Dear [Jane]:

I learn, with very great pleasure, that the illness which has so cruelly caused great anxiety among your relatives and all those who know you has changed for the better and that you are now recovering, for which I therefore desire to congratulate you warmly.I hope that you will soon be completely restored to health.Yours sincerely

親愛的[簡]：

在您患病的這一期間內(nèi)，親戚朋友無不為你掛慮，聽到你的病已有好轉(zhuǎn)，并已逐漸痊愈，十分快慰，特地向你祝賀。

望你早日完全痊愈。

4.慰問喪偶的朋友 A letter of inquiring to those who lost their husband or wife

Dear [Mrs.Harper]，I would like to express my sorrow at the recent death of your [husband].In the long time it was my privilege to enjoy [Professor of Harper]’s friendship.I found [him] a sincere and helpful associate, with whom it was a pleasure [to work].The knowledge that my thoughts are with you at his time will, I hope, be of some comfort to you.Truly yours

親愛的[哈珀女士]：

獲悉你的[丈夫]最近逝世的消息，深表遺憾。

長期以來，能與[哈珀教授]保持友誼是我的榮幸。[哈珀教授]是一位我最樂于與其一道[工作]的忠實而有幫助的朋友。

但愿我此時的問候，能給您帶來一些安慰。

四、傳真

傳真是通過傳真機(jī)傳遞的信函，大多為業(yè)務(wù)信函。企事業(yè)單位都有專用的傳真紙，紙上面印有現(xiàn)成的傳真格式，擬發(fā)傳真時按格式填寫即可。下面為一種常見的傳真格式：

發(fā)傳真人單位名稱、地址=電話和傳真號碼、電子郵件網(wǎng)址

TO:(收傳真人單位)

DATE(發(fā)送傳真日期)

ATTN:(Attention, 收傳真部門或個人姓名)

FAX NO:(傳真號)

FROM：(發(fā)傳真部門或個人姓名)

PAGE(S):(所發(fā)傳真頁數(shù))

RE:(Regarding, 傳真內(nèi)容標(biāo)題)

(傳真信函)：

稱呼語：

信體：

客套結(jié)語：

署名：

五、請求信

Example 1.1903 Huashan Road

Shanghai 200030 July 8, 1995

Dear Sirs，I wish to enroll your intensive English program before I attend a university in the fall of 1996.Your sending me application materials at your earliest convenience will be greatly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Wang Xiaoping

Example 2.Wang Xiaoping

1903 Huashan Road

Shanghai 200030

July 6,1998

Dear Sirs，I want to pursue a Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering at your university.My intended date of entrance is Spring, 1999.Would you please send me the application forms for admission?

Sincerely yours

Wang Xiaoping

六、布告(Announcement)：布告的寫作和便條一樣，也比較簡單。只要注意以下幾點即可：

1．在正文上方的中間位置應(yīng)該注明布告的性質(zhì)。2．

正文中簡單明了地說明布告的事宜。3．

正文右下方應(yīng)該注明發(fā)布告的單位。4．

發(fā)布告的日期可以省略。Sample:

Lost and Found A lady has picked a wrist watch in the shopping center and turned it over to our office.The owner of the wrist watch may come to claim it with his or her identification card.Lost and Found Office

七、(Notice)：英文通知的寫作也可采用不同形式。有的是采用句子的形式予以陳述，而有的則只做以簡單的羅列。一般應(yīng)注意以下幾點： 1．必須包括notice字樣，而且每個字母都應(yīng)采用大寫。

2．內(nèi)容必須包括時間、地點、事宜和通知對象等。表達(dá)須準(zhǔn)確，措詞也要較正式。

3．必須包括寫通知的個人或者單位的稱謂，而且一般都放在通知的右下腳。

4．必須包括寫通知的日期。

Sample:

NOTICE

May 4, 2003 Mr.Wang, the general manager of Shanghai Golden Palm Computer System Limited Company, will give a lecture on Modern Information Management Model at 6:30 p.m.on March 12.The one-and-a-half-hour lecture will be held in the Multi-media Lecture Room.Students of Information Management are invited to attend the lecture.Information Management Department

Example 擬一張請計算機(jī)系的學(xué)生于10月5號星期三下午1：30到系會議室聽關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)報告的通知。

NOTICE

Oct.2, 2004 All students of the Computer Department are requested to meet in the department conference room at 1:30 p.m.on Wednesday, October5, to hear a report on environmental protection.The Computer Department Office

八．便條 基本寫作格式

便條內(nèi)容和類型不盡相同，可以靈活變通。但各類便條必須包括以下幾個基本要素；1）Date：便條日期2）Salutation：稱呼3）Body：正文4）Signature：署名

樣例

收條：即收到錢物之后，給交錢或送物人寫張字據(jù)，說明已經(jīng)收到某物，可留作證據(jù)。條據(jù)上需寫明錢物名稱和數(shù)量、立據(jù)人及日期。不得涂改。

Jan.23rd,2003Received from Student, Wang Zihao one hundred yuan only for this months tuition fee.Li ManFor the Finance Office ofForeign Language Institute

欠條；留下字據(jù)，表示欠某人某物。條據(jù)上需寫明錢物名稱和數(shù)量、立據(jù)人及日期。不得涂改。

Sept.16th, 2002Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows:A copy of History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu WeirenA copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang YaoxinA copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen

Wu Zhuo

For the Office of

Social Science Department

留言：用書面留下要說的話。留言涉及的方面很多，包括約會，通知，請求等任何可用便條留下的口信。

TuesdayDear Li,As the Spring Festival is drawing near, Im very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours.Im sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly.Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m.today, to Room 6 of Lijing Hotel?

Yours always, Jiayang

請假條：往往指由于生病或特殊情況不能親自當(dāng)面請假，用假條的形式告假。所以，請假條大多是病假條?？梢宰詫懀部烧埶舜鷮?。寫假條最重要的是說明原因和請假的期限。

Jan.10thDear Ms.Jiang,I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this mornings two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever.Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Yours respectfully,Tian Ye

常用句子I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.如您方便，請早日來電，我將不勝感激。

Delighted!Will call at 2 p.m.tomorrow.來條收悉，定于明天下午兩點拜訪。

Encl.: Doctors Certificate of Advice.附；醫(yī)生證明I shall be bery happy to call at your house at 6:30 this everying.Until then,...我定于今晚6：30去你家，望等候。

Upon receiving this note, please come to my office.見條后，請立即來我辦公室。

Mr.Li stands in urgent need of your service.李先生急需你的幫助。

I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan.我因有急事，需要200元。

Yours note with an admission ticket enclosed is much appreciated.留言和一張入場券均已收到，不勝感激。

Im very grateful to you for your kind invitation, and Im sure to come to see your concert.承蒙邀請觀看你們的音樂會，我一定按時到場。

Please accept this little figt as a small token of my esteen for you.奉上這小小的禮物，以表達(dá)我對您的崇高敬意。

結(jié)束語I trust my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience.望我的缺席不會給你帶來太大的不便。

Please favor me with an early reply.敬請早復(fù)。

Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.希望能及早處理此事。

Please give an extension of leave for three days.請準(zhǔn)予續(xù)假三天為盼。

九、簡歷(resume)簡 歷 1 結(jié)構(gòu)要點: 簡歷是個人經(jīng)歷的書面表達(dá)形式，應(yīng)包含個人信息、教育背景和工作經(jīng)歷。有時還可包含事業(yè)目標(biāo)（objective或career objective）、其他經(jīng)歷（activities）、獲獎情況（awards）和特長（special skills）等。舉例：Suppose you are going to graduate from the university.Write a resume in about 100 words to apply for a job.Do not use your own name, using “Li Mei” instead.Sample:

RESUME Personal Data: Name:Li Mei Sex:Female Address: Room 602, Dormitory Building 12,Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, 430021 Date of Birth:June 16, 1983 Place of Birth:Zunyi, Guizhou Telephone:(027)87273548, *** Email:angellimei@gmail.com Hobbies:painting, reading, Internet surfing, dancing Foreign Languages:English Objective: To work as a regional sales representative who is responsible for sales activity and coordination Education:

2002 ~ Present Studying at Wuhan University Bachelor of Arts in finance 1999 ~ 2002 Studying at Zunyi No.1 High School 1996 ~ 1999 Studying at Zunyi No.7 Junior High School Work Experience: None Special Skills and Technical Qualifications:

I am professionally trained in finance and economics.In addition to Mandarin, I can speak, write and read English fluently.I had two parttime jobs in Taiping Company and Zhida company, which helped me gain some sales operation knowledge and sales plan-ning experience

簡 歷

語言注意點: 簡歷忌過長或用詞空泛，提供的信息應(yīng)有用、如實，編排須整齊有系統(tǒng)。

舉例：Suppose you are Tan Wen, English teacher at Taiyuan Institute of Technology.Write a resume in about 100 words to apply for a new job in another city.Sample: Tan Wen Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan, Shanxi Province telephone:(0351)6523787 Experience 2000 ~ Present Working as a lecturer of English at Taiyuan Institute of Technology Teaching undergraduate(nonEnglish majors)intensive reading, extensive reading, listening, writing Teaching graduate(nonEnglish majors)writing Education 1997 ~ 2000 Studying at Shanghai Teacher's University Master of Arts in American Studies 1993 ~ 1997 Studying at Shanxi University Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature 1990 ~ 1993 Studying at Mianyang Senior High School 1987 ~ 1990 Studying at Mianyang No.5 Junior High School Personal Data Sex: Female Date of Birth: June 27, 1976 place of Birth: Mianyang, Sichuan, China Marital Status: Married, without Child Health: Excellent

十、申請信

結(jié)構(gòu)要點申請信是向收信人提出某個請求的信件，包含三個部分： 1． 提出請求； 2． 說明原因； 3． 請求回復(fù)并表示感謝。

舉例：Write a letter in about 100 words to apply for a scholarship from a foreign university.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Sir, I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student.I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship.I have just graduated from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics and got my bachelors degree last month.During my four years in the university, I have passed all the compulsory courses of study with high marks.Furthermore, I have chosen a wide range of optional courses such as literary, history and public speaking to widen my horizon and sharpen my mind.My father, a professor of English in Nanjing University, has been teaching me English since I was a child.So I believe I will not have any language difficulties while learning in your country.I would be most grateful if my request receives your favorable consideration.Thank you in advance and look forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely, Li Ming 語言注意點申請信開篇應(yīng)點明主題，語言簡練。接著說明做此申請的原因，即自己所具備的申請條件，這一部分需重點明確，論述充分。最后請求回復(fù)并表示感謝時，應(yīng)采用禮貌、誠懇的措辭。

舉例：Write a letter in about 100 words to apply for a membership in a community service team.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Sir, I have heard that a service team which aims to help the old and the handicapped will be organized in our community.I am very interested in it and want to join the team.I now study in Tongji University and my parents live here.It is known to all that it is a virtue to help others in need.As a college student, I am eager to do something for the society.Helping others is meaningful in that we not only bring others convenience and strength but also gain pleasure and satisfaction ourselves.Therefore, please allow me to join the team.I will certainly try my best.Yours sincerely, Li Ming

第五篇：修辭、表達(dá)方式、表現(xiàn)手法、寫作手法總結(jié)

修 辭 方 法

常見的修辭方法，高考規(guī)定為8種：比喻、比擬、借代、夸張、對偶、排比、設(shè)問、反問。

1．比喻：比喻的結(jié)構(gòu)一般由本體、喻體和比喻詞構(gòu)成。比喻的本體和喻體必須是不同的事物，但相互之間有相似點。運用比喻可以化平淡為生動，化深奧為淺顯，化抽象為具體。

2．比擬：包括擬人和擬物兩類。擬人是把物當(dāng)人來描寫，賦予物以人的情感、意志、動作等；擬物是把人當(dāng)物來描寫，或把此物當(dāng)彼物來描寫。運用比擬，可使人或物色彩鮮明，描寫生動，蘊含豐富。

3．借代：用借體代本體。它不直接說出所要表述的人或物，而用上其相關(guān)的事物來代替，可用部分代整體，以特征代本體，以專名代泛稱等，如《藥》中以“花白胡子”代人物，便是以特征代本體。比喻要求本體與喻體有相似點，借代要求借體與本體有相同處。借代可使表達(dá)具體形象。

4．夸張：包括對事物作合情合理的夸大或縮小。魯迅《藥》中寫道：“??眼光正像兩把刀，刺得老栓縮小了一半?！焙笠痪涫褂昧恕翱s小”的夸張。夸張要合情合理，其作用是烘托氣氛，增強(qiáng)聯(lián)想，給人啟示，增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果。

5．對偶：俗稱“對對子”，詩歌中叫“對仗”。對偶有寬對、嚴(yán)對之別。一般來說，上下兩句應(yīng)字?jǐn)?shù)相等、詞性相對、結(jié)構(gòu)相同、意義相關(guān)；可以是短語，也可以是句子。有正對、反對、流水對等類型。用對偶，句子整齊，表意凝練，抒情酣暢。

6．排比：由三個或三個以上結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似、內(nèi)容相關(guān)、語氣一致的短語或句子構(gòu)成。其作用在加強(qiáng)語氣、強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容、加重感情。

7．設(shè)問：無疑而問，在自問自答中引人注意，啟人思考。

8．反問：也是無疑而問，但答案就在問句中，即用肯定的形式表示否定的意思，用否定的形式表示肯定的意思。有強(qiáng)化語氣、強(qiáng)化情感的作用。

表 達(dá) 方 式

①表達(dá)方式分為敘述、描寫、說明、抒情、議論的表達(dá)方式的分類解釋；

②一篇文章可以以一種表達(dá)方式為主，兼用其它表達(dá)方式；

③現(xiàn)在流行的話題作文的要求里也有相關(guān)表述——可任選一種表達(dá)方式為主并綜合運用其它各種表達(dá)方式。

綜合起來，“表達(dá)方式”應(yīng)當(dāng)為在用語言、藝術(shù)、音樂、行動把思想感情表示出來時所采取的方法和形式。

表 現(xiàn) 手 法

托物言志 寫景抒情 敘事抒情 直抒胸臆 順敘 倒敘 插敘 對比 襯托 卒章顯志 象征 襯托 想象 聯(lián)想 照應(yīng) 寓情于景 托物言志 反襯 烘托 托物起興 美景襯哀情 渲染 虛實結(jié)合 側(cè)面描寫 正面描寫 直接抒情 間接抒情等，數(shù)量不限

寫 作 手 法

寫作手法屬于藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法（即：藝術(shù)手法和表現(xiàn)手法，也含表達(dá)手法（技巧）），常見的有：夸張，對比，比喻，擬人，懸念，照應(yīng)，聯(lián)想，想象，抑揚結(jié)合、點面結(jié)合、動靜結(jié)合、敘議結(jié)合、情景交融、襯托對比、伏筆照應(yīng)、托物言志、白描細(xì)描、鋪墊懸念、正面?zhèn)让姹扔飨笳?、借古諷今、卒章顯志、承上啟下、開門見山，烘托、渲染、動靜相襯、虛實相生，實寫與虛寫，托物寓意、詠物抒情等。表達(dá)方式就是常見的敘述、描寫、抒情、議論和說明。（其實也屬于藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法）。

寫作手法及作用

（1）擬人手法

賦予事物以人的性格、思想、感情和動作，使物人格化，從而達(dá)到形象生動的效果。

（2）比喻手法

形象生動、簡潔凝練地描寫事物、講解道理。

（3）夸張手法

突出人或事物的特征，揭示本質(zhì)，給讀者以鮮明而強(qiáng)烈的印象。

（4）象征手法

把特定的意義寄托在所描寫的事物上，表達(dá)了??的情感，增強(qiáng)了文章的表現(xiàn)力。

（5）對比手法

通過比較，突出事物的特點，更好地表現(xiàn)文章的主題（具體）。

（6）襯托（側(cè)面烘托）手法

以次要的人或事物襯托主要的人或事物，突出主要的人或事物的特點、性格、思想、感情等。

（7）諷刺手法

運用比喻、夸張等手段和方法對人或事物進(jìn)行揭露、批判和嘲笑，加強(qiáng)深刻性和批判性，使語言辛辣幽默。

（8）欲揚先抑

先貶抑再大力頌揚所描寫的對象，上下文形成對比，突出所寫的對象，收到出人意料的感人效果。

（9）前后照應(yīng)（首尾呼應(yīng)）

使情節(jié)完整、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、中心突出。