第一篇：任務(wù)型教學(xué)法 論文

浙江外國語學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)正文

目錄

Abstract...................................................................................................................................i 摘要.......................................................................................................................................ii 1.Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 2.Literature review................................................................................................................2 2.1 Definition of a task......................................................................................................2 2.2 Task-based language teaching in reading ……………………………………………3

3.Application of task-based language teaching in reading.................................................5 3.1 Pre-reading stage..........................................................................................................7 3.2 While-reading stage.....................................................................................................7 3.3 Post-reading stage........................................................................................................9 4.Evaluation..........................................................................................................................9 5.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................12 Works Cited.........................................................................................................................13

On application of Task-based Language Teaching in English Reading in Junior High Schools

Wu Xiangzhen

Abstract: The teaching of reading in junior high schools is a crucial part of teaching English.The New English Curriculum, which advocates the method of task-based language teaching, has been carried out throughout China for many years.It emphasizes learning by doing and aims at providing opportunities for the learners to experiment with both spoken and written language through learning activities.The paper first analyzes some difficulties in teaching reading.Then it proposes the model of task-based language in teaching reading in order to overcome these difficulties.The third part explores its application at three stages: pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading.Finally it evaluates the effectiveness of the task-based language teaching.Key words: task-based language teaching;junior high schools;English reading

i

任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在中學(xué)英語閱讀課中的應(yīng)用

摘要: 初中英語閱讀教學(xué)是英語教學(xué)中一個非常重要的部分。《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》已經(jīng)在中國普遍實施，并且它提倡任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法提倡在做中學(xué),并且通過活動旨在給學(xué)習(xí)者提供口語和書面語練習(xí)的機(jī)會。本文首先介紹了造成英語閱讀教學(xué)的一些困難。然后提出了任務(wù)型教學(xué)英語閱讀的教學(xué)模式為了克服這些困難。第三部分探討了它在三個階段的實施：閱讀前、閱讀中和閱讀后。最后評價了任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的有效性。

關(guān)鍵詞：任務(wù)型教學(xué)法；中學(xué)；英語閱讀

ii

On application of Task-based Language Teaching in English Reading in Junior High Schools

1.Introduction

When I worked as an intern in a junior high school, many students have low reading levels and limited skills.There are some difficulties in reading.The main difficulty is their limited English vocabulary.Some students lack English vocabulary, so they cannot understand the connotation of reading materials.However, if we want to understand the reading materials, we must have sufficient vocabulary.In other words, sufficient vocabulary can help us have a good comprehension of reading materials.But the junior high schools’ students have limited English vocabulary, which affect the comprehension of reading materials.What’s more, students don’t know how to build up their vocabulary.Another problem is students’ bad English reading habit.The junior high schools’ students don’t have a good habit of reading English.First, students have a small amount of English reading.Students only read the text-books and do exercises, then they don’t read other English materials.Second, most students have no interest in reading English materials.Third, most students read the passage word by word, and they don’t understand the meaning of the passage as a whole.They rely on teacher’s translation and explanation.In addition, many students have poor English reading skills.Most students have not mastered basic English reading comprehension skill.First, when students do some reading comprehension, they frequently read the article first, and then read the title and the last part of the passage to find out the answer.This is not only a waste of time, but also there is no effect to read in this way.Second, a large number of students don’t pay enough attention to the topic sentence.They read the article word by word and cannot logically understand the passage.So teachers should develop students’ reading skill gradually because it is remarkably crucial for students to improve reading ability.According to the reading problems in junior high schools’ students, we can see the present situation of reading teaching in English clearly.In such a situation, is task-based language teaching effective in improving students’ reading ability? This is the issue the

１

paper is intended to explore.2.Literature review 2.1 Definition of a task

Before we want to know task-based language teaching, we should first know what the meaning of a task is.Many people have given a definition to a task.A variety of definitions of a task can be found as follows: According to Long, a task refers to the all kinds of things people do in their daily life, at work and at entertainment.A task is that when you ask some other people what things they do and they will tell those things to you.But they are not the applied linguists.(Chen Yajie 3)

In Crookes’s opinion a task is that the work is along with a purpose, and it is accomplished as a part of a course or work, or it is used to obtain the research data.Breen gave a definition to a task, any kind of language behavior that has been organized carefully, it has specific goals, appropriate content, specific teaching process and a variety of different results.So a task is considered as a series of work plan, whose overall goal is to promote the language learning, whether the practice is simple or the activity is complicated, such as solving the problem, make a decision through the group work.(Chen Yajie 6)

According to Bygate et.al., a task is a kind of activity that is influenced by the teaching in short or long term, it needs the learners to pay attention to the meaning of the language and use the language to achieve the goal.(Chen Yajie 6)

Willis thinks the task of language activities the learners use, they are not only to communicate objections, but also to achieve a goal.(Chen Yajie 6)

Prabhu thinks “[A task is] an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought, and which allowed teachers to control and regulate that process.”(Prahbu 24).Nunnan thinks “a task is a piece of classroom work that involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is focused on mobilizing their grammatical knowledge in order to express meaning, and in which the intention is to convey meaning rather than to manipulate form.The task should also have a sense of completeness, being able to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right with a beginning, a middle and an end.”

(Nunnan

２

8).Skehan thinks “a task is an activity in which 1)meaning is primary 2)learners are not given other people’s meaning to regurgitate 3)there is some sort of relationship to comparable real-world activities 4)task completion has some priority 5)the assessment of the task is terms of outcome.”(Skehan 9).Ellis thinks a kind of work plan requires learners to deal with the language when they are using the language in real life in order to achieve an outcome, and the evaluation of the results can see whether it conveys the correct or appropriate propositional content.So, it needs learners to focus on the meaning of the language firstly and take advantage of their knowledge of the language, although the design of the task may lead them to choose a specific language form in advance.A task aims at using the language and this using may direct or indirect relate to the language use in real world.Like other language activities, a task can involve output and receptive skills, oral and written communication skills, as well as a variety of cognitive process.(Edwards & Wllis 18)

All the experts mentioned above had given their own definitions to a task on different aspects.For example, Breen sees a task as a work-plan, which have the overall purposes of facilitating language learning from the simple and brief exercise type.However, Skehan described the five key characteristics of a task.In my opinion, I think a task is that the teacher puts forward some requirements that you need to do some activities to accomplish by using some devices.A task is that people do some things in order to achieve some goals and the activities carried out by people become a necessity in the language using.2.2 Task-based language teaching in reading

Task-based language teaching is a kind of effective approach which was first started and radically established since 1980s.It is a development of Communicative Language Teaching.It is first put forward by Prabhus.Some experts had given other definitions of task-based language teaching.Nunan thought task-based language teaching is an approach to the design of language course in which the point of departure is not an ordered list of linguistic items, but a collection of tasks.(Nunan19-38)Jane Willis thinks task-based language teaching is an approach to language teaching which makes use of authentic materials in communicative tasks.These pedagogical tasks

３

reflect real-world tasks that the learners in a given situation would complete as a part of their daily life.Pedagogical tasks act as building blocks to an ultimate objective.Thus, TBLT relies both on the learner’s ability to learn analytically and on the teacher’s flexibility and creativity are demanded as he/she diagnoses the outcomes of each task and creates new materials in response to newly revealed learner needs.TBLT is a complex approach to language teaching, but in its complexity it responds to both current SLA theory as well as the practical needs of the classroom.(Willis72-75)

The task-based approach aims at providing opportunities for the learners to experiment with and explore both spoken and written language through learning activities which are designed to engage learners in the authentic, practical and functional use of language for meaningful purposes.(Hong Kong’s English Syllabus)

According to those definitions of task-based language teaching, a lot of scholars tend to put it into teaching reading in Junior English.In order to use it effectively, people do some many researches from abroad and at home.In other countries, Prabhu gave a definition to a task in his book Second Language Pedagogy.He carried out the famous Bangalore Communicational Teaching Project in India for around five years.He put forward a lot of task types, and designed the content into a variety of communicative tasks learning to let students learn by completing tasks.Prabhu’s Bangalore Communicational Teaching Project is a milestone in Second Language teaching and he has laid a solid basis for the further development of task-based language teaching.(Prabhu53-56)

Jane Willis and Peter Skehan put forward a model for achieving the concerned about the balance the communication on one hand, and form a general on the other hand.The framework of the model is pre-task, during-task and post-task.Willis emphasized a methodology for using tasks to combine naturalness of communication with opportunities to focus on form.Skehan made a similar attempt to show how balance between form and meaning can be achieved.In addition, he tried to link the methodology to the information-processing framework more explicitly.They put tasks at the center of Second Language teaching and learning, which gives opportunities to learn well.What’s more, they gave a clear, practical and ready-made framework for task-based teachers and researchers.This framework results from extensive trials of TBLT all over the world.Regarding the methodological procedures for implementing the task-based language teaching work-plan in class, Rod Ellis takes into two kinds of procedures: the lesson plan and participatory structure.The purpose of the task-based methodology is to give

４

opportunities for language learning and skills development by means of building the cooperation knowledge.According to these researchers and other researchers’ study, it contributes to the development of task-based approach.They give the direction of task-based approach in English teaching and learning as a foreign language.And also, they give a clue for our country’s study in task-based approach.In China, the research of the task-based language teaching started in 1990s.Xia Jimei and Wu Xudong firstly introduced task-based language teaching to China.And many researchers tend to put it into English teaching, especially in teaching the reading of English.With the carry out of The English Curriculum Standard, the study has developed furthermore.Nonetheless, their study is still at the beginning of the stage.In recent years, many scholars and English teachers strive to put the task-based language teaching into reading teaching such as Lu Li, Lin Lixian, and Ma Yinghua.Lu Li made an experiment of one-year task-based language teaching in the middle school and found that experimental class made more progress in listening and writing than the control class.Ma Yinghua analyzed the characteristics of the task-based reading instruction and made an attempt on the combination of task-based language teaching model with the traditional material.In her point of view, the effective integration of the task-based language teaching model with the traditional language-focused reading model brings about the improvement of students’ language comprehension ability.Their research enlightens, inspires and supports the task-based language teaching in English reading instruction.But it is a pity that their studies are only restricted to theory research or a separate lesson design.The research both at home and abroad shows that we should make more efforts on studying task-based reading instruction and put task-based language teaching into English reading class so that we can improve students’ comprehension ability, the talent of using language and some other capabilities.So we should use task-based language teaching in English reading class.3.Application of task-based language teaching in reading

This part will demonstrate the procedures to carry out a task-based language teaching in English reading.５

All the traditional models of teaching reading cannot improve students’ language ability, so many experts attempt to find another effective way.They find the task-based language teaching is useful in teaching reading.So many teachers try to apply the model to teaching reading in English class.In this part, I would use the example that I used when I was a practice teacher in junior middle school.I would use the example to present the procedure of task-based language teaching in reading.The example is from the English textbook published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.The lesson is Module 3, unit 2.The title is The Library is on the Left of the Playground.Before using the example, I will introduce some models of teaching reading in English.Firstly, the traditional model.Based on bottom-up model of reading, this model uses traditional Grammar-Translation Method to teach reading.It is teacher-centered model.During the learning process, the teacher acts as a dominator and the students are only like receptacles.The teacher talks from the beginning to the end through the whole class.The teacher explains the grammar rules, analyzes sentence structures, translates the passage sentence by sentence and explains the keywords and sentences to students.In this kind of class, students almost have no time to read, to think, to speak and to practice.They have no opportunities to express their own ideas to the whole class and the teacher.Students are totally ignored by the teacher and they have no chance to communicate with each other.As a result, the students lack the ability to communicate with each other and lack the comprehension competence, then they cannot use the English language well.But it also has some advantages.It improves the students’ writing ability as well as it enables the students to form a more solid knowledge of grammar.In this model, I will introduce some grammar to the students and when the students cannot understand my instructions or some explanations, I will use the mother tongue to explain the instructions, Secondly, Question-and-answer model.In order to change the traditional model in English teaching and improve the students’ ability to use language, then teachers adopt the ask-and-answer model to replace of the traditional model.I will ask some questions to let the students answer.Through the process of question-and-answer, the students improve the ability of expressing themselves.What’s more, the Presentation, Practice and Production model.Almost all the teachers are familiar with the Presentation, Practice and Production(PPP)model of teaching.A PPP lesson would be started by the teacher introducing a new language item

６

in context followed by some controlled practices, such as repetition, read the passage or dialogue and so on.Students then move on to produce the language in a more meaningful way, such as a role play, a drama, an interview and so on.After the students accomplishing the tasks, I will let the students present their achievements.Meanwhile, I will ask them to practice the language points they have learned in the class.I combine these traditional models with the task-based language teaching model.Then it improves the efficiency of teaching.3.1 Pre-reading stage

In this stage, I introduce some knowledge that is necessary to achieve the tasks, and some other skills.And I put forward some tasks for the students to complete.(1)At the beginning of the class, I present some pictures to let students guess the words according to the pictures.Show the pictures to the students, and let them know the words and phrases: dinning hall, playground, school office, classroom building, sports hall, science building, the library and school gate.Let the students master the basic names of the building in school.(2)Practice to use those phrases and words that have been learned last class: behind, front, in front of, on the right, on the right of, on one’s right, on the left, on the left of, on one’s left and between…and….And the students can use the phrases and words to describe the pictures.(3)Show the picture that the textbook used, let the students open the book and read the title together, then ask the students to get some information from the title and the picture.(4)According to the title, The Library is on the Left of the Playground, instruct the students to predict: what will the passage talk about? 3.2 While-reading stage(1)Skimming.Require the students to read the passage quickly and to find out the new words and phrases that they think important.List some questions about the passage on the blackboard to let the students answer after they reading the passage.① How many buildings are there in our school according to the passage? ② What are the names of the building? ③ Is the playground in the middle of the school?

７

(2)Scanning.Let the students read the passage again and understand the meaning of the passage.(3)Careful reading.Ask the students to read the passage carefully, and catch the key words.Firstly, the teacher should explain what the key words are to the students.Then let them read the passage carefully and concentrate on the key words.Secondly, ask some questions to let the students answer.④ What is on the left of the playground? ⑤ What things are there in the library? ⑥ Where are the school offices? ⑦ How many classrooms are there in the classroom buildings? ⑧ Where is the dinning hall? ⑨ Where is the sports hall? ⑩ Where is the science building? 11 Where are the science labs and computer rooms?(4)After the students answering the questions, I let them fill the blank on the blackboard.(4)Then read the passage again and check whether they have questions or not.８ Classroom building

playground

School gate In this stage, I also use the Question-and-Answer model.By using the methods of questioning, answering, facilitating and directing, the information is presented in a variety of ways rather than in one way, in other words, the teachers’ instruction is merely changed into the communication between the teacher and the students.Thus, the students have the chance to take part in classroom activities, and the teacher can understand part of the students’ ideas.What’s more, the teacher dominates the class all the time, which results in the fact that the students cannot take turns to express their ideas.According to this model, it strengthens the interaction between the teacher and the students.What’s more, when the students cannot understand the questions or some instructions, I would use the mother tongue to explain it.By using the traditional model, it can use the task-based language teaching better and can help the students accomplish the tasks more effectively.In this stage, students understand and master the passage according to the questions and tasks the teacher puts forward.Through the pair work or group work, students develop the spirit of cooperation and they can express their ideas bravely.According to the processes of accomplishing the tasks, students can understand the passage better.3.3 Post-reading stage(1)Require the students to present their answers to the classmates.(2)Then according to the form on the blackboard, let the students retell the passage.Before retelling the passage, the teacher should give some minutes to the students to prepare and encourage them not to be afraid of making mistakes.(3)After retelling the passage, let the students use the words and phrases they have learned to describe our school.In this stage, students present their achievements.In addition, they apply the knowledge they have learned to the real life.Then they will master the knowledge better and they will apply the knowledge into the real life.4.Evaluation

According to the example, we find the task-based language teaching have some features.Firstly, it must have a clear goal.Secondly, we should use the examples which are close to the students’ life and the students are interested in them.Thirdly, this is the process of the students to obtain, dispose and communicate information.Fourthly, in this

９

model, the students must use the target language to do activities.What’s more, when the students use the language, they should pay attention to expressing meaning.At last, we must obtain a product from the activities.According to this example, there are a lot of advantages of the model of task-based language teaching.Firstly, task-based language teaching focuses on the real situation let students accomplish the goals to master the useful, meaningful language.It is a student-entered model, students have many opportunities to do things in class activities, which would help students improve their ability to use language and open up their thinking.In the example, the students have a number of activities to do.During the process of achieving the activities, they master the language points and know how to express their ideas and how to use the language.Secondly, in TBLT, there are many interactions between teachers and students, between students and students, it will provide an opportunity to develop students’ communicative skills and it can acquire various ideas of the topic from each other.In the example, according to the teacher asks the questions and the students answer the questions, the teacher understands the students’ ideas and the students can express their ideas bravely.Through the process, the students develop their communicative skills.Thirdly, in TBLT, students use group-work or pair-work, students will learn many things from others and feel at home in such an environment.Then they would like to study in this situation and build up their confidence.In the example, the students are fond of the model very much.They would like to express their ideas and they like to take part in the class activities.The atmosphere of the class is very good.And the teacher likes teaching in such an atmosphere.Fourthly, task-based language teaching presents the tasks at the beginning of the class, so the students would do the activities according to the tasks.So students would be interested in the class and arouse the students’ enthusiasm to study.It changes the students’ passive learning model.Fifthly, task-based language teaching has purpose, process and the comprehensive characteristics.According to deal with the problems in the process, the students develop their thinking and they learn to use different kinds of learning strategies to solve a variety of different kinds of problems.As for teachers, they may feel much happier in TBLT class than in traditional class because students like participating in the class and their performance are intensely active.１０

They show much interest in reading.In TBLT, students may present a lot of strange questions, so teachers should broaden the scope of their knowledge to help students solve these strange problems.It can improve teachers’ skills.We can see the model of the task-based language teaching has so many advantages, but there are also some limitations.Firstly, it takes much time and many tasks cannot be accomplished well.There are many tasks to achieve, but the class time is limited, so teachers can not finish all the tasks, which suggests that teachers should find a better way to finish all the tasks efficiently.When I have a class with this model, because there are many interactions between the teacher and the students, and there are many activities, I cannot finish the class in time.As a consequence, I cannot accomplish the tasks very well.Secondly, the teacher cannot make sure that every student can efficiently take part in the tasks.Some students are poor in English, so they do not participate in the activities in class or they are only to be audiences and listeners.Because the class is very big and there are fifty-two students, when I have a class, I cannot pay attention to each student.When they do the activities, some students are only to have a chat.Thirdly, because of group-work or pair-work, students should discuss different ideas with each other, sometimes the discipline in the class will be very poor.The teacher can not manage the class effectively.Due to the big class, sometimes the class is very noisy and I cannot keep them quiet.So it may influence the effectiveness of the teaching.What’s more, because of the examination-oriented education, almost all teachers give up this teaching model.In spite of these limitations, the model of task-based language teaching is an effective way to teach reading in junior middle school.When I use the task-based language teaching to teach a passage, I find the students are more likely to study and they want to take part in the activities.They are brave enough to express their ideas.The atmosphere of the class is active Not only the students can learn things from the teacher and other classmates, but also the teacher can learn things from the students.What’s more, through the model of task-based language teaching, I also develop my communicative skills.And I am better at managing the class.Also, I can deal with the relationships between the teacher and the students better.So we should advocate this model and apply this model to teaching English reading.１１

4.Conclusion The New English Curriculum requires teachers should use task-based language teaching in their classes.Reading plays an important role in teaching English.What’s more, to speak English clearly and make the pronunciation more standard is very important.At the same time, the ability of reading comprehension, creative thinking, solving problem and cooperative spirit has become the essential needs in today’s society, so teachers should use it to teach reading.The TBLT has many advantages, but it also has some limitations.So the teacher should continue to strengthen advantages and overcome limitations.In order to implement the task-based language teaching effectively in junior school English reading class, teachers need to further explore its implementation.But on the whole, the model of task-based language teaching is an effective and feasible approach to teaching reading in junior high school.１２

Works Cited

Edwards,Corony & Jane Wllis.《任務(wù)型英語教學(xué)法：課堂研究與實踐》，高等教育出版社，2009.[Edwards,Corony & Jane Wllis.Teachers Exploring Tasks in English Language Teaching, Higher Educational Press, 2009.] Harmer, Jeremy.How to Teach English, Cambridge University Press, 2004.Nunan, David.Task-based Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, 2004.Prabhu N.S., Second Language Pedagogy, Oxford University Press, 2001.Skehan, Peter.Cognitive Approach to Language Learning, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Educational Press, 2001.Willis, Jane.Framework for Task-based Learning, London: Longman, 1996.社，2011。

龔亞夫、羅少茜，《任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)》，人民教育出版社，2003。教育部，《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，北京師范大學(xué)出版社，2011。林新事，《英語課程與教學(xué)研究》，浙江大學(xué)出版社，2008。王薔，《英語教學(xué)法教程》，高等教育出版社，2006。

[Wang Qiang, A Course in English Language Teaching.Higher Educational Press, 2006.]

陳亞杰、薛枝、栗霞，《任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)：從理論到實踐》，外語教學(xué)與研究出版

１３

Acknowledgment

First of all, I would like to express my sincere acknowledgments to my supervisor Xu, for her detailed guidance, critical insights and great patience in the accomplishment of the thesis.Without her invaluable advice and help, the present thesis could not have come into being.Mrs.Xu always gives me precious, valuable and constructive suggestions.I am also grateful to my teachers for their enlightening courses during the undergraduate program and their great help at the thesis proposal stage.Finally my deep gratitude goes to my family and friends for supporting me with both understanding and encouragement throughout my thesis.１４

第二篇：任務(wù)型教學(xué)法論文

任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的實踐與應(yīng)用研究

王艷艷

引言：

任務(wù)型教學(xué)（Task-Based Approach）是20世紀(jì)80年代外語教學(xué)研究者經(jīng)過大量研究和實踐提出的一個具有重要影響的語言教學(xué)模式。該模式以任務(wù)為中心，是20年來交際教學(xué)思想的一種發(fā)展形態(tài)，它把語言運用的基本理念轉(zhuǎn)化為具有實踐意義的課堂教學(xué)方式。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法產(chǎn)生于國外，始于1979年，N.S.Prabhu在印度高科技區(qū)進(jìn)行了一項強(qiáng)交際法的實驗（Bangalore Project）提出了許多任務(wù)類型，并把學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容設(shè)計成各種交際任務(wù)，讓學(xué)生通過完成任務(wù)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。Prabhu的這項實驗可以看作是把任務(wù)作為課堂設(shè)計的單元的第一次嘗試，并引起了語言教學(xué)界的關(guān)注。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法以具體的任務(wù)為學(xué)習(xí)動力或動機(jī)，以完成任務(wù)的過程為學(xué)習(xí)的過程，以展示任務(wù)成果的方式（而不僅僅是以測試的分?jǐn)?shù)）來體現(xiàn)教學(xué)的成就。在教學(xué)過程中，教師圍繞特定的交際目的和語言項目，設(shè)計出可操作性強(qiáng)的、任務(wù)化的教學(xué)活動，運用學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)組織教學(xué)，強(qiáng)化了語言實際應(yīng)用的過程，充分體現(xiàn)了語言的交際本質(zhì)；學(xué)生通過多種語言活動完成任務(wù)，達(dá)到學(xué)習(xí)語言和掌握語言的目的。近年來，國際上廣泛采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)途徑。我國的《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》以學(xué)生 “能做某事”的描述方式設(shè)定各級目標(biāo)要求。要求學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下，通過“任務(wù)型”學(xué)習(xí)活動發(fā)展他們的“綜合語言運用能力”。它要求教師應(yīng)該避免單純傳授語言知識的教學(xué)方法，盡量采用“任務(wù)型”的教學(xué)途徑。教師應(yīng)依據(jù)課程的總體目標(biāo)并結(jié)合教學(xué)內(nèi)容，創(chuàng)造性地設(shè)計貼近學(xué)生實際的教學(xué)活動，吸引和組織他們積極參與。學(xué)生通過思考、調(diào)查、討論、交流和合作等方式，學(xué)習(xí)和使用英語，完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。這說明任務(wù)型教學(xué)途徑是我國外語教育教學(xué)改革的一個走向。同時，現(xiàn)采用的人教版PEP小學(xué)英語教材，從內(nèi)容的選擇，層次的遞進(jìn),課程的設(shè)置等各方面都很適合任務(wù)型教學(xué)的實施。為此,我們在課堂進(jìn)行了任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式的研究,旨在構(gòu)建小學(xué)英語任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式的課堂結(jié)構(gòu)和提供一套相應(yīng)的操作措施。

一、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的操作措施

任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式結(jié)合小學(xué)生的特征，有效整合人教版PEP小學(xué)英語教材，并且“以學(xué)生為主體，以任務(wù)為載體，以話題為主線，以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語言能力為目的”的教學(xué)理念，初步構(gòu)建了小學(xué)英語任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式，并將其操作步驟規(guī)范如下：

1、Leading-in（熱身運動，引起學(xué)生的興趣）

2、Pre-task（呈現(xiàn)完成任務(wù)需要的知識，介紹任務(wù)的要求和實施任務(wù)的步驟）

3、While-task（設(shè)計數(shù)個微型任務(wù)，構(gòu)成任務(wù)鏈，學(xué)生一個人或小組形式完成各項任務(wù)）

4、Post-task（以展示、表演等形式出示結(jié)果）

5、Check（自我評價、小組互評、教師總評價）

6、Homework（做與任務(wù)有關(guān)的作業(yè)或為下節(jié)課做準(zhǔn)備的作業(yè)）

英語教學(xué)法的過程實際上是把教材內(nèi)容活化為學(xué)生交際行為的過程。這就需要教師結(jié)教材進(jìn)行活化處理，把文字形式化為聲情并茂的語言活動。因此，教師精心設(shè)計教學(xué)任務(wù)非常重要。教師必須深入分析教材，把握各個單元的語言功能話題在真實生活中的運用情景，根據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)條件以及師生狀況，設(shè)計出符合真實生活的任務(wù)型教學(xué)活動。

其次，認(rèn)真設(shè)計教學(xué)過程。在課堂教學(xué)的開始階段教師就應(yīng)把設(shè)計好的任務(wù)以不同的方式呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生。如，教師可以運用實物、圖片或形體語言，配合錄音、錄像、幻燈以及多媒體課件等視聽手段進(jìn)行該任務(wù)的整體輸入，讓學(xué)生在感知語言信息的同時自然地受到任務(wù)的驅(qū)動，這有利于提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和強(qiáng)化學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)。由于學(xué)生的語言知識和語言技能與完成任務(wù)之間存在著差距，他們需要通過學(xué)習(xí)來獲得完成教學(xué)任務(wù)的知識教學(xué)的技能。這個學(xué)習(xí)的過程就是完成教學(xué)任務(wù)的知識教學(xué)和技能訓(xùn)練的過程。教師在這一教學(xué)過程的備課階段，要抓住小學(xué)生好活動、善模仿和記憶力強(qiáng)的特點，組織好與完成任務(wù)密切相關(guān)的、生動活潑的課堂教學(xué)活動（例如，聽、說、唱、寫、畫、賽、游戲、表演等），使學(xué)生主動、愉快地參與學(xué)習(xí)，自然、輕松地學(xué)習(xí)和掌握完成任務(wù)所需的語言知識和技能。這些圍繞完成任務(wù)所需的語言知識而進(jìn)行的聽、說、讀、寫的基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練為隨后的學(xué)生分小組完成數(shù)個微型任務(wù)打下基礎(chǔ)。在完成上述教學(xué)活動之后，教師可把教學(xué)進(jìn)程自然過渡到完成任務(wù)上來。在此階段，教師要根據(jù)學(xué)生的實際情況設(shè)計各種任務(wù)，并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造地完成。

同時，教師可以在學(xué)生完成任務(wù)的過程中和任務(wù)完成后，通過考察和交流，對學(xué)生的書面作業(yè)、口頭問答、課堂展示、學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度、參與程度和合作精神等作出過程性評價。這種評價可使學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中不斷得到激勵，產(chǎn)生自信心和成就感，并轉(zhuǎn)化為繼續(xù)進(jìn)步的動力。而在布置家庭作業(yè)時，教師應(yīng)擬出一至兩個與教學(xué)內(nèi)容和話題任務(wù)相關(guān)的話題，讓學(xué)生在下一節(jié)課以小組為單位進(jìn)行匯報或表演。小學(xué)階段我們所設(shè)計的課外作業(yè)有：制作姓名卡片和地址簿，用英語給朋友或老師打電話，學(xué)唱英語歌曲，講英語幽默故事，自制寫有英文祝辭的圣誕卡或新年賀卡，模仿課文或?qū)υ挷浺簦糜⒄Z寫配圖短文，給筆友發(fā)E-mail,設(shè)計英語晚會，用英語收集自己、朋友和家人喜歡的食物、飲料、水果、蔬菜、服裝等，查尋各國主要城市及首都名稱用英語做簡單介紹等。

二、采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)法設(shè)計課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)注意的幾點

筆者認(rèn)為，“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)活動中所設(shè)置的活動要有明確的目的性和可操作活動應(yīng)以學(xué)生的生活經(jīng)驗和興趣為出發(fā)點，設(shè)計出讓小學(xué)生樂于參加的游戲、猜謎、小制作的小品表演等活動，使學(xué)生在學(xué)中玩，玩中學(xué)，緊緊地抓住他們的好奇心理，吸引他們的注意力，參與到活動中來，比如：學(xué)習(xí)第五冊Unit 3時讓學(xué)生為自己喜歡的食品制一份廣告的活動，能大大調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性，激發(fā)他們的興趣，當(dāng)他們能順利完成任務(wù)感受成功的時候，就會樹立起自信心，把興趣化成動機(jī)，豪情滿懷地參加到學(xué)習(xí)中來，在學(xué)習(xí)過程中遇到的困難也能克服。

其次，任務(wù)的設(shè)計要難度適當(dāng)，給予學(xué)生成功的機(jī)會。教師設(shè)計活動時，必須根據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容設(shè)計適合學(xué)生水平的任務(wù)，要讓學(xué)生有事可做、有話可說，并讓學(xué)生感受到“我能做我會做”。即使是預(yù)先設(shè)計好的任務(wù)，也應(yīng)根據(jù)形式掌握的情況隨時進(jìn)行調(diào)整。對于低、中、高不同年級的學(xué)生，教師更要把握好任務(wù)的形式、內(nèi)容和難度。比如：同樣的話題“food”要求低年級的學(xué)生能進(jìn)行簡單的交流，相互了解對方所喜歡的食物；要求中高年級的學(xué)生能說出喜歡某種食物的原因,并能設(shè)計出一日三餐的營養(yǎng)食譜。

任務(wù)型教學(xué)采取合作學(xué)習(xí)，注意組內(nèi)的合理分工 任務(wù)型教學(xué)中所設(shè)計的任務(wù)大部分依靠小組活動來完成，小組的作用不僅體現(xiàn)在課堂上，它還可以延伸到課外，取得良好的效果。小組是一個密不可分的整體，是親密的合作伙伴。采用合作學(xué)習(xí)的方式有利于學(xué)生共同提高。同時要確保每個學(xué)生都有事可做，這點非常重要。因此，學(xué)生在組內(nèi)要有明確的分工。每組的組長要協(xié)助教師組織和監(jiān)督任務(wù)的執(zhí)行情況。教師的任務(wù)是：規(guī)定任務(wù)準(zhǔn)備與完成的日期、任務(wù)內(nèi)容、展示要求和注意事項。

《新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》所倡導(dǎo)的任務(wù)型教學(xué)將成為發(fā)展學(xué)生語言能力和綜合素質(zhì)的重要途徑。當(dāng)然，這一教學(xué)模式還有好些問題有待于解決，比如任務(wù)的選擇并有進(jìn)行需求分析，任務(wù)的等級評定也是任意的，并且任何形式中心的活動在語言教學(xué)中都受到排斥，學(xué)生以對子或小組的形式來完成任務(wù)，教師在其間不直接指導(dǎo)都有待進(jìn)一步探討和研究。

任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是語言教學(xué)的有效途徑，同時它是一種新型的教學(xué)方式，因此需要在教學(xué)中大膽實踐，積極探索，使任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式能夠在提高學(xué)生的英語實際運用能力上發(fā)揮出最大的效應(yīng)。

第三篇：任務(wù)型教學(xué)法

任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)模式在初中英語教學(xué)中的運用

【摘要】: 課堂活動是課堂教學(xué)的主要內(nèi)容，傳統(tǒng)的課堂活動以教師、教材為中心，學(xué)生處于被動地位，而任務(wù)型教學(xué)則是以學(xué)生為主體，以任務(wù)為中心，以話題為主線，發(fā)展學(xué)各方面的素質(zhì)。在《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》指導(dǎo)下，將任務(wù)型教學(xué)運用到人教英語教材中，學(xué)生的英語能力能夠得到很大的提高。

關(guān)鍵詞：任務(wù)型教學(xué)

人教版

初中英語教學(xué)

學(xué)生語言能力

一、任務(wù)型教學(xué)的定義

什么是任務(wù)型教學(xué)？

任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式（Task-based Learning）是20世紀(jì)80年代外語教學(xué)研究者經(jīng)過大量實踐和研究總結(jié)出的具有重大影響意義的語言教學(xué)模式。它將語言運用的基本理念轉(zhuǎn)化為具有實踐意義的課堂教學(xué)方式，其實質(zhì)是交際教學(xué)思想的一種新的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。

根據(jù)社會認(rèn)知主義理論，學(xué)習(xí)語言的最終目的是在實際中使用語言，交流的過程與語言成品（Linguistic product）同樣重要（張建偉、陳琦，1996）。語言學(xué)習(xí)是一個積極的動態(tài)過程。而以任務(wù)型教學(xué)活動為模式的英語課堂教學(xué)，其理論基礎(chǔ)是“輸入與互動”。強(qiáng)調(diào)掌握語言大多是在交際活動中使用語言的結(jié)果，而不是單純訓(xùn)練語言技能和學(xué)習(xí)語言知識的結(jié)果。外語課堂教學(xué)中具有的“變化性互動”而形成的各項活動，即任務(wù)。學(xué)生通過可以理解的輸入與輸出的對話性互動，來完成老師設(shè)計的各項任務(wù)，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生語言運用的能力。簡單的說就是“為學(xué)而用，在用中學(xué)，學(xué)了就用”。

二、《英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》倡導(dǎo)任務(wù)型教學(xué)

任務(wù)型教學(xué)活動能使教學(xué)過程任務(wù)化，確立學(xué)生的主體地位，突出以人為本的思想，突出實踐性和體驗性原則，著眼于學(xué)生綜合運用語言能力的培養(yǎng)，變知識性的課堂教學(xué)為發(fā)展性的課堂教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生積極地“動”起來，讓英語教學(xué)“活”起來，充分體現(xiàn)課程改革的特征。

學(xué)生帶著真實的目的和任務(wù)去學(xué)習(xí)，日常學(xué)習(xí)中許多不能獨立解決的問題，在集體活動中，通過互動、互助，都能得到很快的解決。在這樣的課堂上，學(xué)生不僅主動高效地獲取知識，充分感受到成功的樂趣，還能更好地發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動性和創(chuàng)造性，最大限度展現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)潛能。

任務(wù)型課堂教學(xué)模式也改變了以往教學(xué)中的以教學(xué)為中心的形式，轉(zhuǎn)而以學(xué)生為中心。教師不再是權(quán)威、導(dǎo)師和學(xué)者，而是交際中的一方，是課堂中的引導(dǎo)者，是交際活動中的促進(jìn)者。在完成老師設(shè)計的各種各樣的任務(wù)的過程中，學(xué)生能夠發(fā)揮較好的主動型和創(chuàng)造型，從而得到交際的機(jī)會和動力，有了較大的交際空間，因此學(xué)生可以領(lǐng)會、運用語言知識與交際知識，發(fā)展聽、說、讀、寫的語言技能以及交流、協(xié)調(diào)、合作等交際技能。

三、任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式在初中英語教學(xué)中的運用

英國語言學(xué)家 Jane Willis 于 1996 年提出任務(wù)型教學(xué)的基本步驟是任務(wù)前(Pre-task)、任務(wù)中(While-task)和任務(wù)后(Post-task)。我們認(rèn)為它合理、簡便、易操作，充分體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí)、創(chuàng)新學(xué)習(xí)的精神，體現(xiàn)了以學(xué)生為本的理念。我們在此基礎(chǔ)上增加檢查評價和家庭練習(xí)兩步，形成了五個基本步驟：任務(wù)前、任務(wù)中、任務(wù)后、檢查評價和家庭作業(yè)，使課上與課下渾然一體。具體步驟如下：

1.任務(wù)前(Pre-task)

(1)介紹目標(biāo)和任務(wù)。呈現(xiàn)和學(xué)生完成任務(wù)所需的語言知識。如果可能的話讓學(xué)生上網(wǎng)或到圖書館去搜集相關(guān)資料，教師在前一節(jié)課向?qū)W生說明任務(wù)，使學(xué)生有時間去完成任務(wù)，有關(guān)資料也可由教師課前準(zhǔn)備。

(2)讓學(xué)生回憶列出所學(xué)的相關(guān)知識。2.任務(wù)中(While-task)

(1)完成任務(wù)。設(shè)計數(shù)個微型任務(wù)，構(gòu)成任務(wù)鏈。學(xué)生以個人或小組形式完成各項任務(wù)。首先，根據(jù)任務(wù)讓全班學(xué)生結(jié)成對子或分成小組，學(xué)生也可以自由選擇。其次，讓學(xué)生完成任務(wù)。如果學(xué)生遇到問題，如生詞，可以根據(jù)上下文猜測，或互相問，或查字典，最后再問教師。然后，各組選出一個學(xué)生代表，在小組學(xué)生積極幫助下準(zhǔn)備好材料向全班展示，此時，教師可以在教室里走動以幫助學(xué)生。

(2)展示成果。教師讓各組學(xué)生代表依次展示他們的學(xué)習(xí)成果。各組所選代表每次應(yīng)該是不同的學(xué)生，使每個學(xué)生都有鍛煉的機(jī)會。在小組展示完時，其他學(xué)生或教師如有疑問，可以向小組代表咨詢有關(guān)問題。回答問題時，既可以是學(xué)生代表，也可以是小組同伴幫助回答。完成此步驟任務(wù)時，教師作必要的小結(jié)。

(3)聽錄音，使學(xué)生對課文有全面了解。

3.任務(wù)后(Post-task)在這一步驟里，學(xué)生主要處理語言、詞匯和短語、重點句型和語言知識等。采取的方式可以由學(xué)生先討論，教師指導(dǎo)他們進(jìn)行歸納、小結(jié)，然后小組向全班展示任務(wù)結(jié)果。

4.檢查評價(Assessment)檢查任務(wù)完成情況和語言知識掌握情況，形式可以是學(xué)生自評、小組互評、教師總評。

5.家庭作業(yè)(Homework)根據(jù)課堂任務(wù)內(nèi)容，以個人或小組形式做相關(guān)練習(xí)。練習(xí)內(nèi)容可以是寫出完成任務(wù)的過程、內(nèi)容和體會或其他與任務(wù)有關(guān)的內(nèi)容，也可以是完成與任務(wù)有關(guān)的作業(yè)，如寫對話、把各組討論的問題寫下來、把自己小組討論的內(nèi)容寫下來等。

四、教學(xué)模式示例

(GO for it!-(Book Two)-Unit Nine How was your weekend?)1.教學(xué)目標(biāo)

(1)學(xué)會談?wù)撋现苣┳龅氖虑椋?/p>

(2)學(xué)會談?wù)撨^去式；

(3)了解怎樣才能提高自己的英語水平；

(4)了解同學(xué)間周末都如何度過并學(xué)會表達(dá)。

2.語言目標(biāo)

(1)— What did you do last weekend？

— I played the soccer./We went to the beach.(2)—What did she do last weekend？

— She did her homework.(3)What did he do last weekend？ —He went to the movies.(4)What did they do last weekend？ ——They played tennis.3.單元任務(wù)

Task 1：哪些同學(xué)的周末過得有意義?并說出其理由。

Task 2：問每位同學(xué)的周末過的怎么樣。

Task 3：怎樣才能提高自己的英語水平?

Task 4：看哪位學(xué)生做得最棒!

Task 5：要求學(xué)生在網(wǎng)上搜尋國內(nèi)外名人的周末活動和喜好。4.教學(xué)過程

Step 1.Pre-task：哪些同學(xué)的周末過得有意義？并說出其理由。Names Activities you guess Activities he / she did

Li Ming Went to the cinema Watched TV at home

①Lead-in Do you know your classmates / or your close friends well?

Do you know what did they do last weekend? ②在表中填寫你的三個同學(xué)或朋友的姓名，先猜一猜他們在上周末做了什么事，然后分別去核實一下你的猜測是否正確(除了問他們上周末干了什么以外，還詢問他們?yōu)槭裁匆瞿切┦?。

③小組活動：每個學(xué)生都向本組匯報采訪的結(jié)果，評出誰的周末過得最好。④各組派代表向全班匯報，由全班評出周末過得最好的同學(xué)。⑤完成任務(wù)所需的語言：

● —What did you do last weekend？ —I watched TV at home.● —Why did you like watching TV? —Because it's relaxing.● —How was your weekend? —It’s great!I went to the beach.It was OK.I did my homework and watched TV.It was not good.I cleaned my room and studied for the math test.Step 2.While-task： 多少量的課外活動是合理的?

① Lead-in 讓學(xué)生說出上周末除了學(xué)習(xí)以外還進(jìn)行的其它活動。例如：played computer games, did exercise, read books.②讓每個學(xué)生填寫以下表格： How was your last weekend?(Activity)It was great!Because…..It was OK.Because …..It was not OK.Because….Read English books

Listened to English songs Talked in English Wrote a diary in English

③小組活動：學(xué)生4人一組就表中的內(nèi)容互相問答，并作記錄。

④根據(jù)記錄整理并統(tǒng)計出各項活動相應(yīng)的百分比。

⑤把調(diào)查結(jié)果寫成小短文,讓學(xué)生分析有些活動是否進(jìn)行得太多或太少。

⑥完成任務(wù)所需的語言：What did you do last weekend？

How was your weekend?

Step 3.Post-task： 怎樣才能提高自己的英語水平?

此項活動的目的是讓學(xué)生進(jìn)一步運用所學(xué)的語言知識。

①If we want to improve our English, what can we do?(讓學(xué)生就以上問題自由發(fā)言，教師幫助。)②把英語學(xué)得較好的同學(xué)分到各個小組，由組員分別對他們進(jìn)行采訪(采訪內(nèi)容見下表)，了解他/她是怎樣學(xué)習(xí)英語的。

注意：可根據(jù)實際情況替換動詞或表示頻度的短語。③讓學(xué)生根據(jù)表格中填寫的內(nèi)容總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)英語的有效方法。④完成任務(wù)所需的語言： ● What did you do last weekend？

● Did you listen to English on the radio every day? ● What else did you do? Did your parents help you with your English?

Step 4.Assessment 看哪位學(xué)生做得最棒！

(1)小組代表匯報各小組總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)英語的方法后，可以在小組自評的基礎(chǔ)上，全班互評、教師總評，并評選出英語學(xué)習(xí)的有效方法；

(2)把評選出的方法形成文字貼在班級版報上進(jìn)行展覽交流。Step 5.Homework 要求學(xué)生在網(wǎng)上搜尋國內(nèi)外名人的周末活動和喜好。根據(jù)課堂任務(wù)內(nèi)容，讓學(xué)生個人或小組在網(wǎng)上收集自己感興趣的國內(nèi)外名人，掌握如何用英語獲取信息的能力。這些可以從介紹名人的文章或個人資料中查找，把各自的成果向班上報告，并完成一篇相關(guān)短文。

五、關(guān)于任務(wù)教學(xué)模式的初步認(rèn)識和反思

1.一直以來，教師使用傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法來展開教學(xué)，學(xué)生所做的事情是在教師的控制下進(jìn)行。然而，任務(wù)型教學(xué)“再現(xiàn)社會情境的真實性”的特點使得活動的結(jié)果具有不可預(yù)知性和多樣性，因此，教師必須轉(zhuǎn)變傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)觀念，不斷提高自身的應(yīng)變能力和擴(kuò)大自己的知識面。同時，任務(wù)活動與語言練習(xí)有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。任務(wù)活動不是機(jī)械死板的，它側(cè)重學(xué)生自我完成任務(wù)的能力的培養(yǎng)。因此，教師要十分重視學(xué)生在完成任務(wù)過程中的參與和在交流活動中所獲得的經(jīng)驗。

2.任務(wù)型教學(xué)一般在教學(xué)的開始就呈現(xiàn)任務(wù)，讓學(xué)生在任務(wù)的驅(qū)動下用語言做事。這就提高了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，增加了學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)的明確性，激發(fā)了學(xué)生主動參與的積極性，有效地改變了學(xué)生被動的學(xué)習(xí)方式。

3.為了完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)活動將以意義為中心，盡力調(diào)動各種資源進(jìn)行有意義構(gòu)建，以達(dá)到解決某個交際問題的目的。完成任務(wù)的過程中使學(xué)生自然地掌握了有意義的語言運用，營造了有利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和內(nèi)化語言的環(huán)境。

4.任務(wù)型教學(xué)具有目的性、過程性、綜合性和對思維的挑戰(zhàn)性等特點，它較好地體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代語言教育中關(guān)于交際能力、認(rèn)知過程、感受與經(jīng)歷、信息分析與整合、學(xué)習(xí)策略以及合作學(xué)習(xí)等理念，從而能夠培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言綜合運用能力。

5.倡導(dǎo)教學(xué)民主，建立新型的師生、生生關(guān)系。任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式打破了傳統(tǒng)的師生觀念，改變了課堂里教師講、學(xué)生聽的單一的線形關(guān)系，發(fā)展了師生間、學(xué)生間的雙向、多向的互動合作關(guān)系。教師不再是知識的“權(quán)威”，而應(yīng)該是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)活動的指導(dǎo)者、伙伴、促進(jìn)者等多重角色；學(xué)生也不再是被動的接受者，而是積極的參與者。學(xué)生之間建立了良性的競爭與相互合作的人際關(guān)系。倡導(dǎo)教學(xué)民主，就要營造民主、寬松、和諧的心理氛圍，教師要充分理解、信任每一個學(xué)生，尊重他們的思想情感和獨立的個性，為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造自主學(xué)習(xí)的條件，提供成功創(chuàng)造的機(jī)會，引導(dǎo)他們對自己和他人做出合理的評價。

6.在任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式中，教師是從學(xué)生“學(xué)”的角度來設(shè)計教學(xué)活動的，學(xué)生的活動具有明確的目標(biāo)和具體的操作要求。在教學(xué)活動中，學(xué)生大腦始終處于一種活躍狀態(tài)，他們獲得的不僅是語言知識，還獲得了運用語言的能力。隨著學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的不斷深化，學(xué)生語言能力不斷提高，在整個語言學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，學(xué)生的自主性和自覺性不斷增強(qiáng)。

7.無論使用什么教學(xué)方式，教師都應(yīng)該清楚地認(rèn)識到，學(xué)生能否積極參與學(xué)習(xí)活動與其語言熟練程度的提高緊密相關(guān)；以交際為導(dǎo)向的課堂教學(xué)中也應(yīng)有足夠的語言準(zhǔn)備和清楚的語言知識指導(dǎo)，這樣的教學(xué)效果要比只注重語法教學(xué)或完全回避語法講解的教學(xué)效果好得多。

六、結(jié)束語

任務(wù)型教學(xué)任務(wù)要求學(xué)生運用所學(xué)語言完成某項具體任務(wù)，并強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的主動參與，它強(qiáng)調(diào)交際的過程和語言的功能，注重發(fā)展學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)策略，為學(xué)生提供較大的實踐空間，能較好地發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動性和創(chuàng)造性，因而有利于提高學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神和語言運用能力。它充分體現(xiàn)了以教師為指導(dǎo)，以學(xué)生為主體，以學(xué)生發(fā)展為主旨，以培養(yǎng)能力為核心的英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理念。當(dāng)然，任務(wù)型教學(xué)也有其自身的局限性。在實施任務(wù)型教學(xué)中，教師應(yīng)不斷反思自己的教學(xué)，并及時進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，力爭在今后的教學(xué)中不斷探索，使自己的教學(xué)更具生命力。

主要參考文獻(xiàn)：

1.教育部.《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(實驗稿).北師大出版社，2001 年.2.鐘啟泉,等.《基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革綱要(試行)》解讀.華東師大出版社.2001 年.3.章兼中.《國外外語教學(xué)法主要流派》.華東師大出版社.1982 年.4.教育部.《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀》(實驗稿).北師大出版社.2002 年.5.Go for it.《新目標(biāo)英語》.人民教育出版社.2006.6.魯子問.《中小學(xué)英語真實任務(wù)教學(xué)實踐論》.外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.2003 年.7.曹文山．簡論任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式在基礎(chǔ)英語教學(xué)中的實施．中小學(xué)英語教改與探索．2003，(1)．

第四篇：任務(wù)型教學(xué)法

廣東河源市龍川縣培英學(xué)校 張曉燕

一、前言

長期以來，英語教學(xué)，特別是英語語法教學(xué)是一件苦差事，費時、低效，教師教得苦，學(xué)生學(xué)得累。傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)把語法課搞成“滿堂灌”的知識課，給學(xué)生造成語法“難、繁、雜”的印象。進(jìn)入課改以后，任務(wù)型教學(xué)法受到廣大教師的青睞，有的教師走入另一極端：不教或少教語法。任務(wù)型教學(xué)是否意味著不教語法呢？這是個倍受爭議的問題。筆者認(rèn)為，符合中國國情的循序漸進(jìn)的英語語法教學(xué)能夠迅速有效的幫助學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確地理解和掌握英語。英語專家葛傳槼先生曾說：“語法是語言的法則?！庇⒄Z語法是英國語言的實際用法，是通過語法家的調(diào)查研究、分析、綜合而總結(jié)出來的，不是憑空臆造出來的。華中師范大學(xué)北京研究院的魯子問教授認(rèn)為，雖然現(xiàn)在英語教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)聽、說、讀、寫等技能的訓(xùn)練，然而語法是技能的基礎(chǔ)，學(xué)生只有掌握了語法，才有條件進(jìn)行更進(jìn)一步的學(xué)習(xí)。

二、新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對初中英語語法教學(xué)的要求

新的《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確指出“此次課程改革的重點是要改變英語課程過分強(qiáng)調(diào)語法和詞匯知識的講解與傳授、忽視對學(xué)生實際語言運用能力的傾向……” 顯而易見，“改變過分強(qiáng)調(diào)語法的講解與傳授的傾向”只是要求改變以前語法教學(xué)的教法，并不是要求放棄語法教學(xué)。

三、英語語法在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中的地位

交際教學(xué)法的主要奠基人威爾金斯在《第二語言學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)》一書中明確提出：語法是學(xué)習(xí)的中心，是保證表情達(dá)意的必要手段。任務(wù)型所追求的不僅僅是語言的活動量與學(xué)生的參與。實際上，許多任務(wù)型教學(xué)的倡導(dǎo)者都把語法、語言的準(zhǔn)確性放在第一位。對于初學(xué)英語的中國學(xué)生來說，在非英語環(huán)境中進(jìn)行英語教學(xué)，學(xué)生不可能有象以英語為母語的學(xué)習(xí)者那樣的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，不可能在平時、在課外獲得充分足夠的英語語言刺激并內(nèi)化其語言規(guī)則，進(jìn)而自然習(xí)得英語。在進(jìn)行聽、說、讀、寫技能訓(xùn)練的同時，學(xué)生必須學(xué)一些語法，這對語言學(xué)習(xí)會有很大的促進(jìn)作用，會使學(xué)生認(rèn)清、判別和理解語言現(xiàn)象，并正確使用語言，從而為學(xué)習(xí)語言打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。所以說，學(xué)習(xí)語法有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確理解英語和準(zhǔn)確運用英語的能力，可以使中國學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中少走彎路，對將英語作為外語來學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)者來說，稱得上是一條學(xué)習(xí)的捷徑。

四、傳統(tǒng)語法教學(xué)與任務(wù)型語法教學(xué)的對比

長期以來，3P方法（介紹presentation,練習(xí)practice,產(chǎn)出production）被用來編寫教材和組織課堂教學(xué)。采用這種方法，首先要由教師來介紹個別的語言項目（比如說現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)），然后通過口頭和書面練習(xí)來進(jìn)行操練（通常是模仿練習(xí)），然后學(xué)習(xí)者用所學(xué)的詞匯和句型來進(jìn)行較少控制下的口語和書寫活動。Harmer(2001)認(rèn)為:任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)的方法與PPP方法正好相反，教師應(yīng)先讓學(xué)生完成任務(wù)，當(dāng)任務(wù)完成后，教師才與學(xué)生討論語言的運用過程，并對使用不當(dāng)或錯誤給予恰當(dāng)?shù)慕ㄗh或糾正。任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)最大的優(yōu)點是語言在真實的交際中得到運用，并且在學(xué)習(xí)者為向全班匯報做準(zhǔn)備時，他們不得不從整體上考慮語言形式，而不僅僅像PPP模式那樣，只是把重點放在某一種形式上。習(xí)慣于語法學(xué)習(xí)傳統(tǒng)方法的學(xué)習(xí)者可能會很難適應(yīng)，但是如果采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)的教師能夠把語法詞匯的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)與任務(wù)活動結(jié)合起來的話，它將是一種能夠適合所有學(xué)習(xí)者需求的教學(xué)方法。

五、任務(wù)型教學(xué)在初中語法教學(xué)上的一些嘗試

教師應(yīng)盡量為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)一個寬松的、愉快的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。如何使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生興趣，從而把語法學(xué)得更好呢？筆者做了以下嘗試：

1.情景法

情景法是借助體態(tài)語、表演等，利用圖片、多媒體和實物等具有形象直觀的教學(xué)手段，創(chuàng)造一個真實生動的情景。這樣有效地避免語法教學(xué)的枯燥性和單一性，對中學(xué)生來說，不僅可以很好的吸引他們的注意力，激發(fā)其學(xué)習(xí)興趣，還能夠提高課堂教學(xué)的效果，收到事半功倍的效果。

（1）利用話題創(chuàng)造情景

如新目標(biāo)英語八年級（上），Unit 1的語法項目是頻度副詞的用法，若生硬地將所有的頻度副詞都羅列出來，讓學(xué)生認(rèn)讀并記住它們的含義與用法，效果是可想而知的。教師可利用本單元的話題What do you usually do on weekends? 通過這種方式自然地引出頻度副詞：Do you watch TV every day? Oh, I see.You watch TV three times a week.How about you? How often do you watch TV? Oh, you hardly ever watch TV….一邊與學(xué)生交流，一邊板書含有頻度副詞的句子，并用彩色粉筆將頻度副詞three times a week, never, hardly ever, sometimes, often等標(biāo)出來，讓學(xué)生自己去觀察、去總結(jié)新語言內(nèi)在規(guī)律，這樣的效果肯定會好些。

（2）利用圖片創(chuàng)造情景

作為傳統(tǒng)教具的圖片形象、直觀、便于攜帶，因此深受廣大教師的喜愛。在語法教學(xué)中，如果使用圖片，也能使課堂教學(xué)達(dá)到較好的效果。

在總結(jié)“It’s + adj.+ for sb.+ to do”的句型時，借助圖片進(jìn)行教學(xué)，教學(xué)效果較好。首先呈現(xiàn)一幅小男孩在街上踢球的圖，然后師生對話：

T: What is the boy doing? S: He is playing football.T: Is it dangerous? S: Yes.T: It is dangerous for the boy to play football in the street.(板書)然后再出示幾幅圖片，引出以下幾個句子：

It’s bad for our eyes to read in bed.It’s good for our health to do sports.為了讓學(xué)生更好地鞏固所學(xué)的句型，還可以讓學(xué)生以小組合作的方式，用所學(xué)句型造句。在以這種以圖片創(chuàng)設(shè)情景的活動中，語法知識由抽象變?yōu)榫唧w，從而使語法學(xué)習(xí)降低了難度，也激發(fā)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，使他們學(xué)得快，記得牢，用得活。（3）利用表演創(chuàng)設(shè)情景

在學(xué)習(xí)句型結(jié)構(gòu)“be + adj.+ enough to do sth.”和“be too + adj.to do sth.”時，教師可讓班內(nèi)一高一矮兩位學(xué)生A和B站在講臺前，然后指著日光燈對他們說：“Try your best to reach the light, will you?”學(xué)生A很容易地觸到了燈。教師便指著他說：“A is tall enough to reach the light.”

而學(xué)生B跳了幾次都碰不到，教師可指著他說：“B is too short to reach the light.”在以上情景活動中，語法知識由抽象變得形象，從而降低了語法學(xué)習(xí)的難度，激發(fā)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性，使他們學(xué)得快，記得牢，用得活。（4）利用實物創(chuàng)設(shè)情景

如形容詞的比較等級時，可以拿三個大小不相同的東西（apple），一個比一個大。一邊問，一邊答： A: What's this? B:It's an apple.A: Which is bigger? B: The first one is bigger.B: Which is the biggest of all? B: The second one is the biggest of all.這種自問自答，可以讓學(xué)生跟著老師重復(fù)幾遍，直到他們自己能夠獨立進(jìn)行表演為止，然后把這些句子寫在黑板上，以加深學(xué)生的理解。最后可以再舉一些例子，通過反復(fù)練習(xí)，學(xué)生對比較等級會有一個比較深刻的認(rèn)識。

2.歸納法

歸納法即教師先向?qū)W生逐步滲透具體的語言現(xiàn)象，然后讓學(xué)生觀察分析并找出規(guī)律，歸納和總結(jié)出語法規(guī)則，這樣就能使語法知識更容易被學(xué)生接受、理解和掌握。

如：在教不定冠詞a /an的用法的時候，先列舉幾個例子讓學(xué)生觀察他們: It’s a new book.I read an interesting story.Lily wants to buy an eraser.Tom is a clever boy.然后分小組討論這些句子有什么共同點，學(xué)生馬上就發(fā)現(xiàn)這些句子都用了不定冠詞a /an；接著啟發(fā)學(xué)生繼續(xù)觀察a/an后面的詞有什么特點，通過討論分析，學(xué)生很快就明白了a/an后面要跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。接下來可問學(xué)生為什么有些名詞前用a，而有些卻用an呢？讓學(xué)生認(rèn)真觀察這些名詞的特點，從而得出結(jié)論：以元音音素開頭的名詞前用an；以輔音音素開頭的名詞前用a。

3.對比法

學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了一些語法規(guī)則后，在一段時間內(nèi)就會產(chǎn)生“越學(xué)越糊涂”的困惑。針對此類現(xiàn)象，教師應(yīng)組織學(xué)生將所學(xué)的某些語法知識進(jìn)行思維加工，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對類似的語法現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行觀察、對比和分析，啟發(fā)他們找出關(guān)鍵點，最終發(fā)現(xiàn)其差異點。

如：樹上有一個梨。There is a pear the tree.(on, in)學(xué)生通常會選擇介詞“on”來填空，這是對的；可是再來一題：樹上有一只小鳥。There is a bird the tree.(on,in)學(xué)生還是選擇介詞“on”這就錯了。學(xué)生說：“老師，不都是在樹上嗎？怎么會錯？”這時，教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生，讓他們認(rèn)真思考“a pear”和“a bird”跟“樹”有什么關(guān)系。分析、討論后，同學(xué)們就發(fā)現(xiàn)：原來“a pear”是“樹”上本身長出來的，而“a bird”是外來的事物，不是“樹”上長出來的。所以，雖然都是在“樹”上，但是所選擇的介詞卻完全不同。經(jīng)過觀察、對比、討論和分析，問題一下就解決了。

4.游戲法

教師可以利用教學(xué)游戲活化語法規(guī)則。設(shè)計精巧、難易適度的游戲活動會起到意想不到的教學(xué)效果。如：在教現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)時，可進(jìn)行“a guessing game”，請一些同學(xué)到講臺上表演一個動作，其他同學(xué)猜測?？梢杂肳hat are you doing? Are you reading/writing/playing basketball…?這些問句對表演者進(jìn)行提問，從而進(jìn)一步掌握現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)。

5.討論法

小組討論能充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的能動性，學(xué)生能積極參與，在交際中運用所學(xué)語言知識。如在教情態(tài)動詞should 的用法時，可以先提出一個問題：I argued with my best friend.What should I do? 讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行小組討論。學(xué)生經(jīng)過討論后，可能給出以下答案： You should say sorry to her.You should call her up.You should write her a letter.You should buy her a present.那么，通過討論，學(xué)生將會更快地掌握情態(tài)動詞should 的用法。

6.圖表法

有些語法知識難以區(qū)分，運用圖表就能一目了然，如在教a little;little;a few;few這幾個詞的用法時，就可采用圖表，如：

可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞

肯定意義 a few A little 否定意義 few little

六、結(jié)束語

筆者做了一個嘗試，在自己所教的兩個班中，一個班（9班）用傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)，另一個班（3班）則采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：3班的學(xué)生不僅交際能力強(qiáng)，而且筆試的成績也比9班的學(xué)生好。由此可以看出，基本上以“交際”為導(dǎo)向的課堂教學(xué)，但同時也有明確的語法講解，要比只注重語法教學(xué)或回避語法講解的沉浸式教學(xué)都更好。

第五篇：任務(wù)型教學(xué)法

廣東河源市龍川縣培英學(xué)校 張曉燕

一、前言

長期以來，英語教學(xué)，特別是英語語法教學(xué)是一件苦差事，費時、低效，教師教得苦，學(xué)生學(xué)得累。傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)把語法課搞成“滿堂灌”的知識課，給學(xué)生造成語法“難、繁、雜”的印象。進(jìn)入課改以后，任務(wù)型教學(xué)法受到廣大教師的青睞，有的教師走入另一極端：不教或少教語法。任務(wù)型教學(xué)是否意味著不教語法呢？這是個倍受爭議的問題。筆者認(rèn)為，符合中國國情的循序漸進(jìn)的英語語法教學(xué)能夠迅速有效的幫助學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確地理解和掌握英語。英語專家葛傳槼先生曾說：“語法是語言的法則。”英語語法是英國語言的實際用法，是通過語法家的調(diào)查研究、分析、綜合而總結(jié)出來的，不是憑空臆造出來的。華中師范大學(xué)北京研究院的魯子問教授認(rèn)為，雖然現(xiàn)在英語教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)聽、說、讀、寫等技能的訓(xùn)練，然而語法是技能的基礎(chǔ)，學(xué)生只有掌握了語法，才有條件進(jìn)行更進(jìn)一步的學(xué)習(xí)。

二、新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對初中英語語法教學(xué)的要求

新的《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確指出“此次課程改革的重點是要改變英語課程過分強(qiáng)調(diào)語法和詞匯知識的講解與傳授、忽視對學(xué)生實際語言運用能力的傾向……” 顯而易見，“改變過分強(qiáng)調(diào)語法的講解與傳授的傾向”只是要求改變以前語法教學(xué)的教法，并不是要求放棄語法教學(xué)。

三、英語語法在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中的地位

交際教學(xué)法的主要奠基人威爾金斯在《第二語言學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)》一書中明確提出：語法是學(xué)習(xí)的中心，是保證表情達(dá)意的必要手段。任務(wù)型所追求的不僅僅是語言的活動量與學(xué)生的參與。實際上，許多任務(wù)型教學(xué)的倡導(dǎo)者都把語法、語言的準(zhǔn)確性放在第一位。對于初學(xué)英語的中國學(xué)生來說，在非英語環(huán)境中進(jìn)行英語教學(xué)，學(xué)生不可能有象以英語為母語的學(xué)習(xí)者那樣的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，不可能在平時、在課外獲得充分足夠的英語語言刺激并內(nèi)化其語言規(guī)則，進(jìn)而自然習(xí)得英語。在進(jìn)行聽、說、讀、寫技能訓(xùn)練的同時，學(xué)生必須學(xué)一些語法，這對語言學(xué)習(xí)會有很大的促進(jìn)作用，會使學(xué)生認(rèn)清、判別和理解語言現(xiàn)象，并正確使用語言，從而為學(xué)習(xí)語言打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。所以說，學(xué)習(xí)語法有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確理解英語和準(zhǔn)確運用英語的能力，可以使中國學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中少走彎路，對將英語作為外語來學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)者來說，稱得上是一條學(xué)習(xí)的捷徑。

四、傳統(tǒng)語法教學(xué)與任務(wù)型語法教學(xué)的對比

長期以來，3P方法（介紹presentation,練習(xí)practice,產(chǎn)出production）被用來編寫教材和組織課堂教學(xué)。采用這種方法，首先要由教師來介紹個別的語言項目（比如說現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)），然后通過口頭和書面練習(xí)來進(jìn)行操練（通常是模仿練習(xí)），然后學(xué)習(xí)者用所學(xué)的詞匯和句型來進(jìn)行較少控制下的口語和書寫活動。Harmer(2001)認(rèn)為:任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)的方法與PPP方法正好相反，教師應(yīng)先讓學(xué)生完成任務(wù)，當(dāng)任務(wù)完成后，教師才與學(xué)生討論語言的運用過程，并對使用不當(dāng)或錯誤給予恰當(dāng)?shù)慕ㄗh或糾正。任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)最大的優(yōu)點是語言在真實的交際中得到運用，并且在學(xué)習(xí)者為向全班匯報做準(zhǔn)備時，他們不得不從整體上考慮語言形式，而不僅僅像PPP模式那樣，只是把重點放在某一種形式上。習(xí)慣于語法學(xué)習(xí)傳統(tǒng)方法的學(xué)習(xí)者可能會很難適應(yīng)，但是如果采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)的教師能夠把語法詞匯的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)與任務(wù)活動結(jié)合起來的話，它將是一種能夠適合所有學(xué)習(xí)者需求的教學(xué)方法。

五、任務(wù)型教學(xué)在初中語法教學(xué)上的一些嘗試

教師應(yīng)盡量為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)一個寬松的、愉快的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。如何使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生興趣，從而把語法學(xué)得更好呢？筆者做了以下嘗試：

1.情景法

情景法是借助體態(tài)語、表演等，利用圖片、多媒體和實物等具有形象直觀的教學(xué)手段，創(chuàng)造一個真實生動的情景。這樣有效地避免語法教學(xué)的枯燥性和單一性，對中學(xué)生來說，不僅可以很好的吸引他們的注意力，激發(fā)其學(xué)習(xí)興趣，還能夠提高課堂教學(xué)的效果，收到事半功倍的效果。

（1）利用話題創(chuàng)造情景

如新目標(biāo)英語八年級（上），Unit 1的語法項目是頻度副詞的用法，若生硬地將所有的頻度副詞都羅列出來，讓學(xué)生認(rèn)讀并記住它們的含義與用法，效果是可想而知的。教師可利用本單元的話題What do you usually do on weekends? 通過這種方式自然地引出頻度副詞：Do you watch TV every day? Oh, I see.You watch TV three times a week.How about you? How often do you watch TV? Oh, you hardly ever watch TV….一邊與學(xué)生交流，一邊板書含有頻度副詞的句子，并用彩色粉筆將頻度副詞three times a week, never, hardly ever, sometimes, often等標(biāo)出來，讓學(xué)生自己去觀察、去總結(jié)新語言內(nèi)在規(guī)律，這樣的效果肯定會好些。

（2）利用圖片創(chuàng)造情景

作為傳統(tǒng)教具的圖片形象、直觀、便于攜帶，因此深受廣大教師的喜愛。在語法教學(xué)中，如果使用圖片，也能使課堂教學(xué)達(dá)到較好的效果。

在總結(jié)“It’s + adj.+ for sb.+ to do”的句型時，借助圖片進(jìn)行教學(xué)，教學(xué)效果較好。首先呈現(xiàn)一幅小男孩在街上踢球的圖，然后師生對話：

T: What is the boy doing? S: He is playing football.T: Is it dangerous? S: Yes.T: It is dangerous for the boy to play football in the street.(板書)然后再出示幾幅圖片，引出以下幾個句子：

It’s bad for our eyes to read in bed.It’s good for our health to do sports.為了讓學(xué)生更好地鞏固所學(xué)的句型，還可以讓學(xué)生以小組合作的方式，用所學(xué)句型造句。在以這種以圖片創(chuàng)設(shè)情景的活動中，語法知識由抽象變?yōu)榫唧w，從而使語法學(xué)習(xí)降低了難度，也激發(fā)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，使他們學(xué)得快，記得牢，用得活。（3）利用表演創(chuàng)設(shè)情景

在學(xué)習(xí)句型結(jié)構(gòu)“be + adj.+ enough to do sth.”和“be too + adj.to do sth.”時，教師可讓班內(nèi)一高一矮兩位學(xué)生A和B站在講臺前，然后指著日光燈對他們說：“Try your best to reach the light, will you?”學(xué)生A很容易地觸到了燈。教師便指著他說：“A is tall enough to reach the light.”

而學(xué)生B跳了幾次都碰不到，教師可指著他說：“B is too short to reach the light.”在以上情景活動中，語法知識由抽象變得形象，從而降低了語法學(xué)習(xí)的難度，激發(fā)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性，使他們學(xué)得快，記得牢，用得活。（4）利用實物創(chuàng)設(shè)情景

如形容詞的比較等級時，可以拿三個大小不相同的東西（apple），一個比一個大。一邊問，一邊答： A: What's this? B:It's an apple.A: Which is bigger? B: The first one is bigger.B: Which is the biggest of all? B: The second one is the biggest of all.這種自問自答，可以讓學(xué)生跟著老師重復(fù)幾遍，直到他們自己能夠獨立進(jìn)行表演為止，然后把這些句子寫在黑板上，以加深學(xué)生的理解。最后可以再舉一些例子，通過反復(fù)練習(xí)，學(xué)生對比較等級會有一個比較深刻的認(rèn)識。

2.歸納法

歸納法即教師先向?qū)W生逐步滲透具體的語言現(xiàn)象，然后讓學(xué)生觀察分析并找出規(guī)律，歸納和總結(jié)出語法規(guī)則，這樣就能使語法知識更容易被學(xué)生接受、理解和掌握。

如：在教不定冠詞a /an的用法的時候，先列舉幾個例子讓學(xué)生觀察他們: It’s a new book.I read an interesting story.Lily wants to buy an eraser.Tom is a clever boy.然后分小組討論這些句子有什么共同點，學(xué)生馬上就發(fā)現(xiàn)這些句子都用了不定冠詞a /an；接著啟發(fā)學(xué)生繼續(xù)觀察a/an后面的詞有什么特點，通過討論分析，學(xué)生很快就明白了a/an后面要跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。接下來可問學(xué)生為什么有些名詞前用a，而有些卻用an呢？讓學(xué)生認(rèn)真觀察這些名詞的特點，從而得出結(jié)論：以元音音素開頭的名詞前用an；以輔音音素開頭的名詞前用a。

3.對比法

學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了一些語法規(guī)則后，在一段時間內(nèi)就會產(chǎn)生“越學(xué)越糊涂”的困惑。針對此類現(xiàn)象，教師應(yīng)組織學(xué)生將所學(xué)的某些語法知識進(jìn)行思維加工，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對類似的語法現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行觀察、對比和分析，啟發(fā)他們找出關(guān)鍵點，最終發(fā)現(xiàn)其差異點。

如：樹上有一個梨。There is a pear the tree.(on, in)學(xué)生通常會選擇介詞“on”來填空，這是對的；可是再來一題：樹上有一只小鳥。There is a bird the tree.(on,in)學(xué)生還是選擇介詞“on”這就錯了。學(xué)生說：“老師，不都是在樹上嗎？怎么會錯？”這時，教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生，讓他們認(rèn)真思考“a pear”和“a bird”跟“樹”有什么關(guān)系。分析、討論后，同學(xué)們就發(fā)現(xiàn)：原來“a pear”是“樹”上本身長出來的，而“a bird”是外來的事物，不是“樹”上長出來的。所以，雖然都是在“樹”上，但是所選擇的介詞卻完全不同。經(jīng)過觀察、對比、討論和分析，問題一下就解決了。

4.游戲法

教師可以利用教學(xué)游戲活化語法規(guī)則。設(shè)計精巧、難易適度的游戲活動會起到意想不到的教學(xué)效果。如：在教現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)時，可進(jìn)行“a guessing game”，請一些同學(xué)到講臺上表演一個動作，其他同學(xué)猜測?？梢杂肳hat are you doing? Are you reading/writing/playing basketball…?這些問句對表演者進(jìn)行提問，從而進(jìn)一步掌握現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)。

5.討論法

小組討論能充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的能動性，學(xué)生能積極參與，在交際中運用所學(xué)語言知識。如在教情態(tài)動詞should 的用法時，可以先提出一個問題：I argued with my best friend.What should I do? 讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行小組討論。學(xué)生經(jīng)過討論后，可能給出以下答案： You should say sorry to her.You should call her up.You should write her a letter.You should buy her a present.那么，通過討論，學(xué)生將會更快地掌握情態(tài)動詞should 的用法。

6.圖表法

有些語法知識難以區(qū)分，運用圖表就能一目了然，如在教a little;little;a few;few這幾個詞的用法時，就可采用圖表，如：

可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞

肯定意義 a few A little 否定意義 few little

六、結(jié)束語

筆者做了一個嘗試，在自己所教的兩個班中，一個班（9班）用傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)，另一個班（3班）則采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：3班的學(xué)生不僅交際能力強(qiáng)，而且筆試的成績也比9班的學(xué)生好。由此可以看出，基本上以“交際”為導(dǎo)向的課堂教學(xué)，但同時也有明確的語法講解，要比只注重語法教學(xué)或回避語法講解的沉浸式教學(xué)都更好。

提要 本文討論了如何運用任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式來學(xué)習(xí)語法，闡述了在語法課堂教學(xué)中實施任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的策略及語法教學(xué)的任務(wù)設(shè)計模式.從而使語法課更加生動有趣，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語法更加輕松愉快。

關(guān)鍵詞 任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式 語法教學(xué) 教學(xué)策略 任務(wù)設(shè)計

目前，英語語法教學(xué)還存在著一些問題，在課上教師講授語法時還是實施“填鴨式”教學(xué)，大部分時間都是教師自己在講解，學(xué)生并不能將學(xué)到的語法知識應(yīng)用到具體的問題中。這種單調(diào)的語法教學(xué)，不能充分地引起學(xué)生的注意力，學(xué)生不能更扎實的掌握語法。因此，教師必須改變以往的語法教學(xué)思路，而應(yīng)該在語法課堂上運用任務(wù)型教學(xué)法，使課堂更加生動有趣，以此激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣。

一．任務(wù)型教學(xué)法

任務(wù)型教學(xué)興起于20世紀(jì)80年代。它是指教師圍繞某個話題，某種語言形式選擇，設(shè)計學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，讓學(xué)生在完成任務(wù)的過程中感受理解使用語言。

它具備以下特點：

(1）任務(wù)教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)以真實生活任務(wù)為教學(xué)的中心活動，而不是以操練為基礎(chǔ)的語言教學(xué)活動。

(2）任務(wù)教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)教學(xué)過程，力圖讓學(xué)生通過完成真實生活任務(wù)而參與學(xué)習(xí)過程，讓學(xué)生形成運用英語的能力。

(3)任務(wù)教學(xué)要求教學(xué)活動要有利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語言知識，發(fā)展語言技能，從而提高語言運用能力，它更強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言運用能力。

任務(wù)型教學(xué)法將任務(wù)置于教學(xué)法的重點，它最顯著的特點 是“學(xué)而致用”。完成任務(wù)的過程中，學(xué)生通過互動進(jìn)行意義協(xié)商來解決問題。在課堂教學(xué)中教師圍繞特定的語言目標(biāo)設(shè)計出明確而有具體的任務(wù)，學(xué)生通過詢問，交流等多種語言活動形式來完成任務(wù)，從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用英語的能力。

二．語法教學(xué)的重要意義

語法在當(dāng)今英語學(xué)習(xí)中扮演著不可替代的角色，具備一定的語法能力可以更快速地提高英語運用的能力，進(jìn)而提高口頭表達(dá)能力。要提高用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力，就要擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)知識。語法知識是交際能力的組成部分，只有掌握英語語法知識，才能提高英語的交際能力。因此語法教學(xué)是十分重要的。

 以往的語法教學(xué)注重知識的傳授，反復(fù)的練習(xí)，而忽視了語法在實踐中的應(yīng)用。新課標(biāo)提倡：語法教學(xué)要注重能力，在日常的交際中運用語法，提高學(xué)生的交際能力。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法就是教師設(shè)計出豐富的情景，讓學(xué)生通過完成任務(wù)從而參與教學(xué)過程中來，從而提高學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力。

三、在語法課堂教學(xué)中實施任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的策略 1.利用情景教學(xué)法，設(shè)置教學(xué)任務(wù) 教師設(shè)計一些虛擬的語言環(huán)境，可以用教具圖片，玩具，或利用多電腦技術(shù)設(shè)計出動漫的畫面，使英語語法課更加生動，有趣，讓學(xué)生在更真實的語言環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)語法，使他們對英語學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生更多的興趣。

1．生動導(dǎo)入、有序鋪墊。

導(dǎo)入是上好一節(jié)課的重要環(huán)節(jié)，學(xué)生只有對英語學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生了興趣，才能連結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)的動力。教師的任務(wù)就是要不斷地激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)生興趣和連結(jié)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情，要充分地調(diào)動學(xué)生表達(dá)的欲望，激發(fā)學(xué)生的求知欲，融洽了課堂氣氛，同時也為以下的授課做了鋪墊。

2．深切探索追究，巧妙導(dǎo)出。

《新課標(biāo)》提倡語法教學(xué)要從用的角度出發(fā)，重在加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的實踐意識，不能局限在語法自身的范疇內(nèi)，而必須與邏輯思維，篇章語境等接洽起來，以幫助學(xué)生逐步達(dá)到教學(xué)目標(biāo)。

咱們常講教師不應(yīng)該做傳授器，而應(yīng)該做引航燈。教師并不是直接給學(xué)生做解釋，灌輸語法點，而應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自己去察看，探索追究，發(fā)現(xiàn)，歸納并能自己最終得出答案，讓學(xué)生有成就感，從而更愿意去學(xué)，去參與教師所設(shè)計的任務(wù)，因此也就使得課堂更加活躍了。讓學(xué)生在實踐的過程中，進(jìn)一步提高運用語言的能力，逐步發(fā)現(xiàn)和認(rèn)識語法規(guī)則，歸納語法規(guī)則，這樣會讓學(xué)生體驗探索追究的樂趣，連結(jié)了課堂的原動力——求知欲。

3．情景交融，深層透析。

語法教學(xué)要結(jié)合交際。各類語法形式都是為現(xiàn)實表達(dá)服務(wù)的，在教一個語法項目時，應(yīng)盡有可能地講到它的現(xiàn)實應(yīng)用，要盡有可能地將其放在語境中教學(xué)。學(xué)生們在身臨其境和直觀的教學(xué)環(huán)境中，學(xué)習(xí)樂趣便會得到激發(fā)，易于接管和理解所學(xué)的新的語法現(xiàn)象。

4．及時操練，當(dāng)場鞏固。

語法教學(xué)要精講多練，講練結(jié)合，讓學(xué)生在大量的語言實踐中逐步發(fā)現(xiàn)和認(rèn)識法則，歸納法則，從而能運用法則。有了前面的積累鋪墊，學(xué)生也會蠢蠢欲動，急切地想看看自己有沒有掌握本節(jié)課的語法內(nèi)容。此時應(yīng)及時滿足他們的這類需要，給他們適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí)是很必要的，趁熱打鐵，學(xué)生們不但得到了鞏固，而且又再次讓課堂“動”了起來。

5．合作游戲，活學(xué)活用。

語法教學(xué)不應(yīng)只停留在讓學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)和歸納出語言形式規(guī)則的層面。咱們要的是學(xué)生會適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂?。只有會用，才能幫助學(xué)生內(nèi)化語法規(guī)則，學(xué)生們才能夠真正地掌握所學(xué)的語法知識。那么，怎樣才能讓語法課“動”起來，讓學(xué)生真正獻(xiàn)身課堂中呢？

新課標(biāo)要求：“把英語教學(xué)與情感教育有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，促使學(xué)生互相學(xué)習(xí)，互相幫助，體驗集體聲譽(yù)和成績感，發(fā)展合作精力?！闭录嬷薪淌谝蔡岢觯骸皯?yīng)大力發(fā)展相互協(xié)作，合作的小組活動。”pairwork, teamwork 這類主動參與學(xué)習(xí)的模式能夠更好地發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主觀能動性。在語法教學(xué)中開展一些活動有利于引導(dǎo)學(xué)生形成“為用而學(xué)、在用中學(xué)、學(xué)以致用”的良性學(xué)習(xí)循環(huán)和思維習(xí)慣。在活動過程中，學(xué)生的思維始終處于積極的狀態(tài)，這樣，可以有效地激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)樂趣，寓教于樂。當(dāng)然，也充分地調(diào)動了課堂氣氛，使語法課“動”了起來，因此，課堂也有了一個圓滿的結(jié)局。

運用交際教學(xué)思想和任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式不是淡化或不重視英語語法教學(xué)。首先，交際教學(xué)和任務(wù)型教學(xué)都是一種英語教學(xué)方法，主要是通過這種方法來更有效地對教學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行有效的傳導(dǎo)，方法不能決定內(nèi)容，它只不過是為內(nèi)容服務(wù)。其次，語法在英語學(xué)習(xí)中的重要性決定了它不能被淡化。在沒有英語語言環(huán)境的條件下學(xué)習(xí)英語，語法的學(xué)習(xí)是必不可少的。因為學(xué)習(xí)者不可能在日常的條件下潛移默化習(xí)得語言規(guī)律，學(xué)習(xí)者只有通過系統(tǒng)的語法學(xué)習(xí)才能更有效的掌握英語。

本人的語法教學(xué)方法第一，在課前做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，合理設(shè)計。

第二，做好語法展示。歸納和演繹，這兩種展示方法應(yīng)在真實的語法活動中得到貫徹和實施。語法活動的真實性表現(xiàn)在五個方面：情景設(shè)置的真實，目的的真實，活動中的人物角色的真實，活動形式的真實以及活動語境的真實。第三，在任務(wù)真實的前提下，上好語法應(yīng)用課。語法應(yīng)用課的主要內(nèi)容為語法習(xí)得的評價，首先要結(jié)合課標(biāo)制定評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，然后采用靈活多樣的評價方式，以小組活動或者個體活動的組織形式，積極開展學(xué)生間的互評與自評。在這一活動中，要切忌采用競賽的方式開展評價，因為學(xué)生的發(fā)展是不均衡的；另外，應(yīng)給予學(xué)生盡可能充足的討論時間，盡量讓學(xué)生多發(fā)表自己的看法