第一篇:新概念一冊語法點總結(jié)
新概念一共144課,其中單課為課文,雙課為語法和練習。整本書是以單數(shù)課為正課,并附帶有插圖而雙數(shù)課則是針對單數(shù)課所講的內(nèi)容有針對性地進行練習,從此出展現(xiàn)出整個新概念一教材區(qū)別于其他教材的獨特之處。
以下是對新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析,以供各位對整個課本的理解和把握上參考和借鑒。首先根據(jù)課本中出現(xiàn)的時態(tài)來分析:
本冊書的語法出現(xiàn)層次性和規(guī)律性是很強的,首先我們先來整本書中都出了哪些時態(tài),這些時態(tài)的具體分布和講解時我們大家需要注意的遞進性。
Lesson 31—34 現(xiàn)在進行時
Lesson 37—40 第一次出現(xiàn)be going to 的將來時
Lesson 51—56 一般現(xiàn)在時
Lesson 67—76 為一般過去式
Lesson 83—90 為現(xiàn)在完成時
Lesson 91—96 為一般將來時(will)
Lesson 117—118 過去進行時
Lesson 119—120 過去完成時
除去前面所有時態(tài)和句型所占據(jù)的76課我們一起來看一下以下的68課,每一課小的語言點,語法點都是在什么地方,應該用什么樣的方式來講解。
在這里告訴學員新概念一的每一個單課的重點都是出現(xiàn)雙課的標題和課后的練習題里面。
Lesson1—2
語言點:與陌生人說話或引起別人的注意。Excuse me.Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much.語法點:主系表結(jié)構(gòu)this為主語,名詞做表語1的一般疑問句以及它的肯定回答。Is this your handbag? Yes, it is.Lesson 5—6
語言點:如何介紹別人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont.Nice to meet you.語法點:主語為第三人稱單數(shù)的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。She is French.He is German.It’s a Volvo.(L6)
a/an 的使用。
Lesson 7—8
語言點:如何自我介紹和相互認識。
語法點:主語為第二人稱的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。Are you French?
What nationality are you? What’s your job? 特殊疑問句。
Lesson 9—10
語言點:朋友或熟識的人之間如何相互問候。How are you?
語法點:主系表結(jié)構(gòu)形容詞做表語。
介詞短語表示位置 near the window, on the televion, on the wall Lesson 29—30
語言點:如何發(fā)號命令。
語法點:祈使句(肯定)。
動詞與賓語的固定搭配。
Lesson 37—38 語言點:如何表達將要做的事情。
語法點:現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)be going to do結(jié)構(gòu)表達將要發(fā)生的事情。
There be 句型的一般疑問句形式。
Lesson 41-42
語法點:如何表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。
Lesson 63-64
語言點:建議忠告。
語法點:don’t do….You mustn’t do…
Lesson 65-66
語法點:具體時間表示法(半點和刻鐘)。
反身代詞。
具體日期表達方式。
Lesson 73-74
語言點:問路。
語法點:不規(guī)則動詞的過去式。
形容詞轉(zhuǎn)變成副詞。
Lesson 77-78
語言點:看病。
語法點:綜合時間表達方式。
Lesson 105-106
語言點:辦公室用語。
語法點:want sb to do…./ tell sb to do…以及其否定形式。
Lesson 103-104
語言點:考試。
語法點:賓語從句。(從句部分為非現(xiàn)在時態(tài))
程度副詞 too, very ,enough
Lesson 125-126
語言點:/
語法點:have to do…/ don’t need to do…
Lesson 127-128
語言點:娛樂界。
語法點:must/can’t 對現(xiàn)在事情的肯定/否定猜測。
Lesson 129-130
語言點:交通狀況。
語法點:must/can’t have been….對過去事情的肯定/否定猜測。
Lesson 131-132
語言點:度假。
語法點:may 對現(xiàn)在/過去事情的肯定或否定猜測。
以下學的知識慢慢與新二接軌:
現(xiàn)在完成時:Lesson 83—90
直接引語變成間接引語:Lesson 99—102
形容詞的比較級和最高級:Lesson107—112
neither ,so 的用法:Lesson 113—114
不定代詞的用法:Lesson 115—116
過去進行和過去完成時:Lesson 117—120
定語從句:Lesson 121—124
情態(tài)動詞的綜合用法:Lesson 125—132 直接引語變間接引語:Lesson 133—136(著重講時態(tài)的倒推)
if 的用法:Lesson 137—140 被動語態(tài):Lesson 141—144
第二篇:新概念語法
Hello, everyone.Welcome to the English grammar lecture series.歡迎大家參加英語語法系列講座。
First, I’d like to ask you a question: “What is the most difficult thing for you in learning English?”
對你來說,學習英語最大的困難是什么? 對于這個問題,許多同學的回答是“語法”。中國學生為什么容易犯英語語法錯誤,從而覺得英語語法難學,甚至對之產(chǎn)生某種恐懼心理呢?這主要有兩個原因: 一是漢語的語法相對簡單,而中國學生在學習英語時習慣用漢語進行思維,在運用英語時套用漢語的語法;
二是對于英語語言的接觸和分析不夠:學習英語要多閱讀、多聽,對于一個英語句子,要分析其所以然,這樣就能找到英語語言的規(guī)律。每種語言都有它的難點。漢語的難點在于漢語不是拼讀語言,漢字很難寫,而且有四種聲調(diào)。其實,許多接觸過多種外語的人都認為,英語的語法比法語、德語、俄語、日語等都簡單,是最容易學的。著名語言學家喬姆斯基說過,語法是內(nèi)生的、也就是隨著語言的誕生而誕生的。因此,學習語法和學習語言是相輔相成的。希望大家對英語語法充滿信心,對學好英語充滿信心。
下面我們從英語語法的難點和核心?動詞?開始英語語法的學習。英語動詞的時態(tài)
(一)英漢兩種語言在時態(tài)表達方式上的差異:
英語的詞類與漢語的不同。漢語詞類形態(tài)穩(wěn)定,比如“書”這個字,“一本書”、“三本書”都一樣,沒有詞形變化。英語就不同了,book, books僅從詞形上就能知道是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。
動詞是英語中變化最多、最復雜的詞類。有人說,學好英語就是學好動詞,此言甚是。同一個動作或狀態(tài)分別在不同時間發(fā)生或存在,表達這個動作或狀態(tài)的動詞就要用不同的形式,這就是時態(tài)。
例如:在“中國是個偉大的國家。”和“中國曾經(jīng)是世界上最偉大的國家?!边@兩句話當中,漢語的“是”沒有變化,而是用“曾經(jīng)”這個詞來表達時間的不同。China is a great country.中國是個偉大的國家。
China was the greatest country in the world.中國曾經(jīng)是世界上最偉大的國家。在這幾句中,動詞be的形態(tài)變了,表示的時間變了,但意義沒有變化。再如,“他經(jīng)常幫助我。”“他昨天幫助我了?!焙汀八恢痹趲椭??!边@三句話當中,漢語的“幫助”沒有任何變化,而是用“經(jīng)?!?、“一直”和“昨天”分別表達出時間的區(qū)別。英語就不同,它必須用動詞本身的形態(tài)變化來完成任務。He often helps me.他經(jīng)常幫助我。
He helped me yesterday.他昨天幫助我了。He has been helping me.他一直在幫助我。
在這幾句中,動詞help的形態(tài)變了,表示的時間變了,但意義沒有變化。
(二)英語動詞的形式:
英語的時態(tài)是通過動詞的變化來體現(xiàn)的。因此,了解動詞的形式及其變化規(guī)律非常重要。英語的實義動詞有以下五種形式:(1)動詞原形:動詞原形在句子中形式不變。主要用于主語為非第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時,情態(tài)動詞之后,或根據(jù)語法規(guī)定必須用動詞原形的其他情況。(2)一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)形式(簡稱現(xiàn)單三):主要用于主語為第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時。
(3)過去式:主要用于一般過去時。(4)現(xiàn)在分詞:主要用于進行時態(tài),或語法規(guī)定的其他情況。(5)過去分詞:主要用于完成時態(tài),或語法規(guī)定的其他情況。
這里提到的“語法規(guī)定的其他情況”我們在以后的講座中會詳細介紹。下面把這些動詞形式的構(gòu)成說明一下。
動詞一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)(現(xiàn)單三)的構(gòu)成,見下表:
詞尾變化(規(guī)律與名詞變復數(shù)相同,讀音也與名詞復數(shù)相同)舉例 一般加-s Help---helps;read---reads 在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do, fix, pass, push, teach---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i再加-es Try, study---tries, stuides 與名詞變復數(shù)形式相同,讀音也相同。
動詞過去式和過去分詞,大多數(shù)是動詞原形+ ed 構(gòu)成,這是規(guī)則動詞。規(guī)則動詞的拼寫和讀音規(guī)則如下表:
詞尾變化 舉例 詞尾讀音
動詞后面加 Help---helped Work---worked Watch---watched 清輔音之后讀[t] Want---wanted need---needed [t] ,[d]之后讀[t] Turn---turned play--played 元音和濁輔音(除外)之后讀 以不發(fā)音的“e”結(jié)尾的詞,加-d Love---loved Serve---served 結(jié)尾是輔音字母+y時,y變i,再加-ed Study---studied Try---tried 結(jié)尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,雙寫輔音字母再加-ed Stop---stopped Drop---dropped 清輔音之后讀[t] 不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞有其特殊變化形式,需要個別記憶,同時也要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)不規(guī)則中的規(guī)則,即某些字母組合的不規(guī)則動詞有一定的規(guī)律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept
現(xiàn)在分詞一律由動詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成,規(guī)則如下表:
詞尾變化 舉例
一般加-ing Look---looking, try---trying 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的詞,去掉e,再加-ing Write---writing, dance---dancing 以一個輔音字母(x除外)詞尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫詞尾的輔音字母,再加-ing Begin---beginning, swim---swimming, Run---running, sit---sitting 以-ie結(jié)尾的詞,變ie為y,再加-ing Die---dying, lie---lying 為了學習的方便,人們把時間分為四個階段:“現(xiàn)在、過去、將來、過去將來”。英語動詞所表示的動作在以上每個時間段中分別有四種狀態(tài):一般、進行、完成和完成進行。因此我們便有了四四一十六個時態(tài)。
不同的時態(tài)有不同的變化形式。以do 為例,列表如下: 時態(tài) 一般 進行 完成 完成進行
現(xiàn)在時 Does;do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing 過去時 Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been doing 將來時 Shall/will+do Shall/will be +doing Shall/will have + done Shall/will+have been doing 過去將來時 Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would + have done Would/should + have been doing “時態(tài)”就是通過動詞的形態(tài)變化,來表達動作發(fā)生的時間(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來、過去將來)及所處的狀態(tài)(一般、進行、完成、完成進行)。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”這個句子中,動詞由原形do 變成are doing 的形態(tài),說明這個事情是發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在、并處于正在進行的狀態(tài)當中,所以叫現(xiàn)在進行時;
在“They have done their exercises.”這句中,動詞由原形do 變成have done的形態(tài),說明這個事情是發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在、并處于完成的狀態(tài),所以叫現(xiàn)在完成時;
在“They always do their exercises.”中,動詞用原形do 的形態(tài),說明這個事情是發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在、并且是一般情況下永遠如此,所以叫一般現(xiàn)在時。
在這三句話中,動詞do 雖然用了不同的形態(tài),其意義沒有變化,而是事情發(fā)生的時間和狀態(tài)變了。其余類推。
16個時態(tài)中,常用的有12個:一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時、現(xiàn)在完成進行時和過去完成進行時。其他時態(tài)很少單獨使用。下面我們把各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法做一個全面的介紹。
1、一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)構(gòu)成:通常以動詞原形表示。主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時,用現(xiàn)單三形式。動詞be和have(表示“擁有”)各人稱的單數(shù)形式為:
第一人稱單數(shù) 第二人稱單數(shù) 第三人稱單數(shù) Have Have Have Has Be Am Are is 一般現(xiàn)在時的否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下:
動詞be 與 have(表示“擁有”):否定式直接把not放在動詞之后,疑問式直接把動詞放在主語之前,見下表:
否定式 疑問式 Be Have Be Have I am not(I’m not)? I have not(haven’t)? Am i?? Have i?? You are not(aren’t)? You have not(haven’t)? Are you?? Have you??
He is not(isn’t)? He has not(hasn’t)? Is he ?? Has he ?? 動詞be 的否定疑問式和簡單回答:
否定疑問式 肯定回答 否定回答
Am I not(aren’t i)?? Yes, you are.No, you aren’t Are you not(aren’t you)?? Yes, I am.No, I’m not.Is he not(isn’t he)?? Yes, he is.No, he isn’t
動詞be 與 have(表示“擁有”):否定式直接把not放在動詞之后,疑問式直接把動詞放在主語之前,見下表:
否定式 疑問式 Be Have Be Have I am not(I’m not)? I have not(haven’t)? Am i?? Have I ?? You are not(aren’t)? You have not(haven’t)? Are you ?? Have you??
He is not(isn’t)? He has not(hasn’t)? Is he ?? Has he ?? 動詞have(表示“擁有”)的否定疑問式和簡單回答:
否定疑問式 肯定回答 否定回答
Have I not(haven’t i)?? Yes, you have.No, you haven’t.Have you not(haven’t you)?? Yes, I have.No, I haven’t.Has he not(hasn’t he)?? Yes, he has.No, he hasn’t.注意:have 作為行為動詞則只能按照行為動詞的規(guī)則變化。
行為動詞(以study為例)一般現(xiàn)在時的否定式、疑問式和簡單回答(注意要加助動詞do/does)
否定式 疑問式
I do not(don’t)study Do I study You do not(don’t)study Do you study He does not(doesn’t)study Does he study
否定疑問句式 簡單回答(肯定/否定)
Do I not(Don’t I)study?? Yes, I do.No, I don’t.Do you not(Don’t you)study?? Yes, you do.No, you don’t.Does he not(Doesn’t he)study?? Yes, he does.No, he doesn’t.(2)用法:
1)一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和經(jīng)常的或習慣性的動作。He has an uncle.他有個叔叔。
Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。It is fine today.今天天氣好。You look pale.你臉色蒼白。
He is good at music.他擅長音樂。
He knows a lot of English.他英語懂的很多。
這些動詞可與often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的時間狀語連用。例如: Do you often go to the cinema? 你經(jīng)常去看電影嗎? He always helps others.他總是幫助別人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane.湯姆在學習方面不如簡努力。
My father never takes a bus;he walks to his office.我父親從來不坐公共汽車,他走著去上班。
2)一般現(xiàn)在時表示客觀現(xiàn)實或普遍真理。Japan lies to the east of China.日本在中國的東邊。The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。
A horse is a useful animal.馬是一種有用的動物。Water boils at 100℃.水在攝氏一百度時沸騰。
October 1st is our National Day.十月一日是我們的國慶節(jié)。
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?(英國浪漫主義詩人雪萊的名句。)
Beauty is truth, truth beauty.美即真理,真理即美。(英國浪漫主義詩人濟慈的名句。)
3)少數(shù)動詞如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示按規(guī)定、計劃或安排預計要發(fā)生的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five.飛機將于六點零五分起飛。Tomorrow is Sunday.明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July.我們的暑假七月初開始。4)在時間和條件狀語從句中可用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.我一接到他的信就告訴你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow.如果明天天氣好,他就去。I shall be away when he arrives.等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives.等他來了,我們再開始討論。
5)在某些以here, there 開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作。Here comes the bus.汽車來了。There goes the bell.鈴響了。Here they come.他們來了。
6)在進行體育比賽過程中解說員敘述迅速、短暫動作時,可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示正在進行的或剛剛發(fā)生的動作。例如:
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming.Yao shoots?A fine shot!巴特爾把球傳給姚明,姚明投籃,好球!
7)在戲劇、電影等的劇本或圖片的說明文字中,可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示動作。例如:
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk.The phone rings.She picks it up and listens quietly.幕啟,朱麗葉坐在桌旁。電話鈴響,她拿起聽筒,靜靜地聽著。
Now please translate the following sentences into English: 1)見到你我很高興。
I am very glad to see/meet you.2)李華只懂一點英語。
Li Hua only knows a little English.3)他們每天晚上看電視。
They watch TV every evening.4)我坐飛機走,明天早晨六點到那里。
I leave by air and arrive there at six tomorrow morning.5)你多久給你的母親寫一封信? How often do you write to your mother? 6)你的朋友看起來很年輕。Your friend looks very young.7)湯姆經(jīng)常在床上看書。Tom often reads in bed.8)你在發(fā)音方面有困難嗎?
Do you have any trouble with pronunciation?
2、現(xiàn)在進行時
(1)構(gòu)成:由助動詞be + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化,有三種形式:第一人稱單數(shù)用am, 第三人稱單數(shù)用is, 其他用are。
現(xiàn)在進行時的否定式是:直接在助動詞be后面加上not;疑問式是:把助動詞be提到主語之前。以study 為例:
否定式 疑問式
I am not studying Am I studying? You are not studying, Are you studying? He is not studying.Is he studying?(2)用法:
1)現(xiàn)在進行時表示說話時正在發(fā)生或進行著的動作。例如: I am writing a letter.我正在寫信。
They are learning English.他們正在學習英語。Is it raining now? 現(xiàn)在下雨嗎?
有時表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行而說話時不一定正在進行的動作。例如: More and more people are paying attention to their health.越來越多的人在關(guān)注健康。
He is translating a novel.他在翻譯一本小說。
2)有些動詞,如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等,它們的現(xiàn)在進行時可表示不遠的將來要發(fā)生的事情。例如:
Flight 1095 is landing soon.第1095號航班馬上要著陸了。I know the end is coming.我知道馬上就要結(jié)束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai.瑪麗很快就要從上海訪問回來了。
3)現(xiàn)在進行時常與always, continually, constantly 等副詞連用,表示反復出現(xiàn)的或習慣性的動作。這種用法常表示說話人的某種感情,如贊揚、遺憾、討厭或不滿等。例如:
He is always asking questions.他老愛提問題。
You are always saying that sort of thing.你老愛說那樣的話。She is always complaining.她總是喜歡抱怨。
4)在一定的上下文中,后一句的動詞謂語用現(xiàn)在進行時與前一句的一般現(xiàn)在時相配合,可用以體現(xiàn)原因、結(jié)果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般現(xiàn)在時動詞謂語表述現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事實,而后一句用現(xiàn)在進行時動詞謂語來闡明這一事實的原因、結(jié)果、目的等。例如:
He frowns.He is worrying about his boy.他皺著眉頭,因為他在為他的孩子擔心。She criticizes him.She is trying to correct his bad habits.她批評他,想糾正他的壞習慣。
She lets her child have his own way.She is spoiling him.她不管她的孩子。這是在把他慣壞了。(結(jié)果)翻譯練習:
1)新生下星期到。
The new students are arriving next week.2)那邊出了什么事?
What is happening over there? 3)那輛汽車怎么停在門外?
Why is that car parking(stopping)outside the gate? 4)他們正在看電視里的足球賽。
They are watching a football match on television.5)他老愛開玩笑。He is always joking.6)我們從國外進口機器,我們在學習新的科學技術(shù)。
We import machines from abroad;we are learning new science and technology.3、現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)構(gòu)成:現(xiàn)在完成時由助動詞have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成,助動詞have 有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)用has,其余用have.現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式直接在助動詞后面加上not、疑問式是把助動詞提到主語之前。以study 為例,其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下:
否定式 疑問式
I have not(haven’t)studied?.Have I studied?? You have not(haven’t)studied?.Have you studied?? He has not(hasn’t)studied?.Has he studied??
否定疑問式 簡單回答(肯定/否定)
Have I not(Haven’t i)studied?? Yes, you have.No, you haven’t.Have you not(Haven’t you)studied?? Yes, I have.No, I haven’t.Has he not(Hasn’t he)studied?? Yes, he has.No, he hasn’t.(2)用法:
1)現(xiàn)在完成時通常表示在說話之前已經(jīng)完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。說話人強調(diào)的是該動作或狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。而一般過去時也表示動作已經(jīng)完成,但強調(diào)的是過去發(fā)生了某一動作這樣一個事實。有的同學覺得這種說法比較難以理解,因為任何過去的動作對現(xiàn)在都有影響,很難判斷用一般過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時。事實上,這種說法沒有把現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的根本區(qū)別說清楚。如果沒有說明動作發(fā)生的具體時間,則一般用現(xiàn)在完成時;如果說明了動作發(fā)生的具體時間,帶有表示過去的時間狀語,則用一般過去時。例如: My daughter has just gone out.我女兒剛出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before.我肯定我們以前見過面。She has arrived.她到了。2)表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時間的狀語連用,如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for?, since?, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如:
I haven’t heard from her these days.這些日子我沒有收到她的信。We haven’t seen you recently.最近我們沒有見到你。They have been away for two years.他們離開已經(jīng)兩年了。She has been with us since Monday.她從星期一就一直和我們在一起。注意:
1)表示短暫意義的動詞如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等,在完成時當中不能和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時間的狀語連用,因為它們表示的動作不可能持續(xù)。因此,不能說: ×He has come here for 2 weeks.×The old man has died for 4 months.×They have left only for 5 minutes.以上三句話可以改為:
It’s two weeks since he came here.He has been here for 2 weeks.It’s 4 months since the old man died.They have been away only for 5 minutes 2)have(has)been 和have(has)gone的區(qū)別:表示“曾到過某地”要用 “have(has)been”;表示“已經(jīng)去某地”要用 “have(has)gone”。試比較:
Where has he been? 他剛才到哪里去了?(已經(jīng)回來了)Where has he gone? 他上哪兒去了?(人不在)
They have been to Canada.他們到過加拿大。(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在加拿大)They have gone to Canada.他們到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已經(jīng)到加拿大).3)現(xiàn)在完成時不能和明確指出時間的狀語,如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等連用,但可以和不明確指出時間的狀語,如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等連用。例如: She has already come.她已經(jīng)來了。
I haven’t read it yet.我還沒讀過這個。I have met him before.我從前曾見過他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student.馬紅一直是個好學生。I have often seen him in the street.我經(jīng)常在街上看見他。They have never been to Yan’an.他們從未去過延安。I haven't seen him lately.我近來沒看到他。翻譯練習:
1)他們已經(jīng)答復了我們的信。
They have already answered our letter.2)自去年以來我就未遇見過王英。
I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year.3)他剛把他的名字告訴我。He has just told me his name.4)你到過杭州嗎? 到過。我一個月以前去過那里。我去過兩三次。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes, I have.I went there a month ago.I have been there two or three times.5)他在海外住了很長時間了。
He has lived abroad for a very long time.4、現(xiàn)在完成進行時
(1)構(gòu)成:第三人稱單數(shù)由has been + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞;其他人稱和數(shù)由have been + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。(2)用法:
1)表示動作從過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能剛剛終止,也可能仍然在進行。I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning.我從早上8點鐘一直在等你。
It has been raining for three hours.雨一直下了三個小時了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在讀什么書?
2)有些動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在進行時,如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等,這些詞同樣也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。如: I haven’t seen you for ages.我好久沒見到你了。I have loved her for a long time.我一直愛她。
I have known him for a long time.我認識他很久了。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動作,強調(diào)結(jié)果;而現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性,強調(diào)“一直”,往往表示動作仍未結(jié)束。如:
I have been reading this novel.我一直在讀這本小說。(我仍然在讀)I have read two novels.我已讀過兩本小說。(可能剛讀過,也可能很久以前讀的)
I have been writing letters.我一直都在寫信。
I have written three letters.我已經(jīng)寫完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in.既然我們已經(jīng)打掃完房間,我們可以把東西搬進來了。We’ve been cleaning the classroom, but we haven’t finished yet.我們一直在打掃教室,但還沒干完。翻譯練習:
1)你整個早晨在學習什么?
What have you been studying all the morning? 2)你已經(jīng)參加過期末考試了嗎?
Have you taken your final examination? 3)學生們一直在為高考準備功課。
The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination.4)我們從小就認識。
We have known each other since childhood.5)1949年以來,王先生一直在這所學校教物理。
Mr.Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949.6)雨一直下了一個星期。
It has been raining for a week.5、一般過去時
(1)構(gòu)成:一般過去時通常由動詞過去式表示。一般過去時的否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式要用助動詞do 的過去式did, 同時注意實義動詞要用原形。以study 為例,其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下:
否定式 疑問式
I did not(didn’t)study?.Did I study??
You did not(didn’t)study?.Did you study?? He did not(didn’t)study?.Did he study??
否定疑問式 簡單回答(肯定/否定)
Did I not(Didn’t I)study?? Yes, you did.No, you didn’t.Di you not(Didn’t you)study?? Yes, I did.No, I didn’t.Did he not(Didn’t he)study?? Yes, he did.No, he didn’t.(2)用法:一般過去時動詞主要表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或情況,其中包括習慣性動作,通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。The train arrived ten minutes ago.火車十分鐘前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么時候起床的?
I used to go to school early.我過去總是很早去學校。He always went to work by bus.他過去老乘車去上班。
Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young.李紅小時候在上海住過十年。(有的同學認為出現(xiàn)了for some time 之類的時間狀語,就要用完成時態(tài)。這種看法不完全正確。如果指的是在過去某事持續(xù)了一段時間,就要用一般過去時)
注意:在動詞用一般過去時的句子里通常有時間狀語,表明動作發(fā)生的時間。如該句中沒有時間狀語,那么上下文中一定有表明過去的時間狀語或可以體現(xiàn)“動作或情況發(fā)生在過去”這一概念。翻譯練習:
1)他昨天晚上離開這里到上海去了。
He left for Shanghai yesterday evening.2)你昨天早上是什么時候醒來的? 我六點鐘醒的,可是到七點才起床。What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ?I woke up at six o’clock, but did not get up until 7.3)星期一有個外國朋友來參觀過我們學校了。
A foreign friend visited our school on Monday.4)我上中學的時候總是六點鐘起床。
I used to get up at six when I was at middle school.5)周總理曾經(jīng)常在這里辦公。
Premier Zhou used to work here.6、過去進行時
(1)構(gòu)成:由助動詞be 的過去式 + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化,第一、第三人稱單數(shù)用was,其他用were.1)過去進行時動詞主要表示在過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行或持續(xù)進行的動作。過去進行時經(jīng)常與過去時配合使用。例如:
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.昨天這個時候,我們正在上英語課。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.老師在給我們上課時,湯姆走進教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out.我們吃飯的時候,燈滅了。
He was reading while she was setting the table.她擺桌子時,他在讀書。It was getting dark.The wind was rising.天漸漸黑下來了。風勢增強了。2)過去進行時動詞常用always, continually, frequently 等詞連用,表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的行為。這種用法表明帶有的感情色彩。例如:
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young.兩兄弟小時候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers.清朝時,中國總是對西方列強妥協(xié)。翻譯練習:
1)我記得他哥哥上小學時經(jīng)常在課堂上提問題。
I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at primary school.2)我母親做飯的時候,我父親在抽煙。
While my mother was cooking, my father was smoking.3)我正在寫東西,小明把燈關(guān)了。
When I was writing, Xiao Ming turned off the light.4)夕陽西下,天漸漸黑下來了。
The sun was setting.It was getting dark.5)你走進他們的房間時,他們正在聽廣播嗎?
Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room? 6)她給你打電話的時候,你在干什么?
What were you doing when she called you on the phone?
7、過去完成時
(1)構(gòu)成:一律用had + 過去分詞構(gòu)成。(2)用法:
1)表示發(fā)生在過去某一時間或動作之前的事情,即“過去的過去”。用過去完成時,必須有一個過去的時間或動作來作參照,說明在此之前某事已發(fā)生。如果兩個動作都是在過去發(fā)生的,先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的用一般過去時。例如:
She told me she had been there three times before.她告訴我她以前到過那里三次。(“去過”發(fā)生在“告訴”之前)
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上學期末為止,他在這里教學多長時間啦?(“教學”發(fā)生在上學期末結(jié)束之前)
When we arrived, the football match had already begun.我們到的時候,足球賽已經(jīng)開始了。
She had visited China twice before she came this year.她今年來中國之前已訪問過中國兩次了。2)過去完成時動詞可以表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),這一動作一直持續(xù)到過去這一時刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。例如:
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years.到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours.到六點為止,他們已工作八小時了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time.我到上海時,他在那里很長時間了。
3)過去完成時動詞常用于間接引語和虛擬語氣,我們以后會詳細講述。
4)此外,過去完成時常用于 no sooner?than? 和 hardly(scarcely)?when? 這兩個句型,前面部分用過去完成時,后面部分用一般過去時。例如: No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.= He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.他剛偷到錢包就被當場抓獲。
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured.= Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured.薩達姆還沒有意識到在發(fā)生什么事情就被抓獲了。翻譯練習:
1)很幸運,下雨前我們已經(jīng)到家了。
Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.2)張華說他的筆記本丟了。
Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.3)他曾告訴過我,會議兩點鐘開??墒钱斘业搅艘院螅疫€得等到兩點半。He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.4)他在這里住了兩三天,才覺得沒有什么拘束(feel at home)。
When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.8、過去完成進行時
(1)形式:had been + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。
(2)用法:表示一直持續(xù)到過去某個時間的行為動作,此行為動作或剛結(jié)束、或還沒結(jié)束(可以從上下文看出)。這一時態(tài)經(jīng)常與一般過去時一起使用。例如: When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours.他進來的時候,我一直在努力修理電視機好幾個小時了
The roads were dangerous.It had been raining for two whole days.道路很危險。雨一直下了兩整天。
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn.他們累了,因為從天亮開始他們就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike.He had been hoping for one for a long time.那男孩得到一輛新山地自行車很高興。很長時間來他一直希望有一輛。
9、一般將來時
一般將來時動詞表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況。主要有以下幾種表現(xiàn)形式:(1)shall/will + 動詞原形 表示單純的將來,不涉及主語的主觀意愿。第一人稱I, we用shall 或will,其余用will.其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下:
否定式 疑問式
I shall/will not study?.Shall I study?? You will not study?.Will you study?? He will not study?.Will he study??
否定疑問式 簡單回答(肯定/否定)
Shall I not(shan’t i)study?? Yes, you will.No, you won’t.Will you not(Won’t you)study?? Yes, I shall/will.No, I shan’t/won’t.Will he not(Won’t he)study?.? Yes, he will.No, he won’t.例如:
I shall be twenty years old next year.我明年二十歲。
The sky is black.I think it will rain.天黑下來了。我想可能會下雨。You will meet him at the station this afternoon.你下午會在車站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon.火車快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我們下次什么時候能看見你呢? He probably won’t go with us.?他大概不能和我們一起去。注意:
1)shall, will的縮寫形式為’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2)will 用于第一人稱時,可以表示將來的意愿、決心、允諾、命令等;shall用于第二、三人稱時,可以表示說話人的將來的意愿。例如:
I will give you a new pen for your birthday.我將送你一支新鋼筆作為生日禮物。(允諾)
I will take the college entrance examination.我將參加大學入學考試。(決心)
Shall I open the window? 我打開窗戶好嗎?(征求允諾)
You shall have the book as soon as I get it.我一拿到書就給你。(說話人的允諾)
The enemy shall not pass.決不讓敵人通過。(說話人的保證)I will do my best to help you.我愿意盡力幫助你。(意愿)Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人開會都不能遲到。(說話人的命令)
(2)be going + 動詞不定式
1)這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示主體現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?。這種打算往往是事先考慮好的。例如:
My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥準備明年學英語。I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.我六點鐘要到火車站去接湯姆。
She is not going to be there.她不會到那兒去的。When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么時候做完? He is going to stay a week.他準備呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it.我們準備開個會來討論一下。
2)這種結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示說話人根據(jù)已有的跡象認為非??赡芗磳l(fā)生某事。例如:
Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain.看這些烏云?要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.?恐怕我要得重感冒。注意:
1)will 和be going to 都可以表示某種意愿。例如: I won’t(am not going to)tell you my age.我不(愿意)告訴你我的年齡。be going to 和will在含義和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先經(jīng)過考慮的打算;will多表示意愿,決心。有時不能互換。例如:
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我買了些磚,我要用它們蓋個廚房。(不能用will替換)
Can somebody help me? ?I will.誰能幫我一些嗎?―?我來。(不能用be going to替換)
2)be going to 可用于條件從句,表示單純的將來;will則不能。例如: If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you.你若今晚去看電影,最好帶著雨傘。
(3)be to + 動詞原形,表示安排、命令或肯定將會發(fā)生的事情;在問句中表示征求意見。如:
You are not to smoke in this room.你不許在這個房間里抽煙。In future you are not to go out alone.將來你不許一個人出去。The worst is still to come.最糟糕的還在后面呢。Tomorrow is still to come.明天過了還有明天。
(4)be about + 動詞不定式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示正要、即將發(fā)生的事情。例如: Let’s go in.The class is about to begin.咱們進去吧。馬上開始上課了。They are about to get married.他們即將結(jié)婚。
My book is about to be published.我的書即將出版。一般將來時的關(guān)鍵是記住表示將來的幾種句型及其用法。練習:
用be going to 或will.填空:
1)What are you doing with that spade? ?I ___(plant)some trees.(am going to plant)2)This is a terribly heavy box.?I ___(help)you carry it.(will help)3)I’ve left my watch upstairs.?I ___(go)and get it for you.(will go)4)Who will post this letter for me? ?I ____.??(will)5)She has bought a length of cloth;she ____(make)herself a dress.(is going to make)
10、將來進行時
(1)構(gòu)成:shall/will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞
(2)用法:將來進行時動詞表示在將來某一段時間內(nèi)將會發(fā)生的動作。This time next week we shall be working in that factory.下星期這時候,我們將在那個工廠勞動。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me.當我明天早晨起床時,我媽媽將在為我準備早飯。I will be seeing him next month.我下個月將要見他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我們明天去趕集。We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我們要去海邊度假。
一般將來時與將來進行時都表示將來,那么如何區(qū)別一般將來時和將來進行時呢?將來進行時不表示個人意愿,強調(diào)主觀上感覺某事即將發(fā)生,并對這一事情有著期待,感情色彩較濃,強調(diào)動作。一般將來時主要是對某一事情即將發(fā)生做一個事實性的說明或陳述,強調(diào)事實或意愿。翻譯下列句子:
1)下月這個時候,我們將呆在南京了。
This time next month we shall be staying in Nanjing.2)在今天下午的會議上,你們討論這個計劃嗎?
Will you be discussing the plan at the meeting this afternoon? 3)你會見到我的兄弟嗎?
Will you be seeing my brother? 4)下學期你教我們嗎?
Will you be teaching us next term? 5)你來的時候,我們將在開會。
When you come we shall be having a meeting.6)下周這個時候,我們將在考試。
This time next week we shall be taking our exams.11、過去將來時
(1)由should/would + 動詞原形構(gòu)成。第一人稱用should;第二、三人稱用would。美國英語所有人稱一律用would.should/would 的簡略形式為’d, 如I’d, you’d;would not 和should not的簡略形式分別為wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.(2)過去將來時表示從過去某時間看將要發(fā)生的事情,多用在賓語從句中。還可以表示過去的傾向或過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如:
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他們問我是否很快要去廣州。
She told me she would come again next week.她和我說她下周還來。I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t.我告訴他馬上離開,但他不。He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits.他情緒低落的時候,就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition.我上大學的時候,每年暑假都找份臨時工掙學費。
(3)其他表示過去將來時的結(jié)構(gòu):
1)were/was going to + 動詞原形,表示過去的安排、打算或確信某事會發(fā)生,多用于口語。如:
I told her I was going to see her that afternoon.我告訴她我那天下午要去看她。
I was sure(that)they were going to do that.我確信他們要做那件事。2)were/was to + 動詞原形,表示安排,命令或后來將要發(fā)生的事。如: He didn’t know he was to become famous later on.他不知道以后他會出名。
They were to receive salaries from the government.他們將接受政府的工資。
She and I were to meet at an agreed place.她和我將在一個約定的地方見面。
3)were/was about to + 動詞原形,表示正要、即將發(fā)生的事。如:
Mrs.Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.布朗夫人剛要開始,但是珍妮先說話了。
He was about to say something more, but then checked himself.他正要再說點什么,卻又打住了。
He waited until she was about to leave.他一直等到她即將離開。
12、將來完成時
(1)構(gòu)成:shall/will + have + 過去分詞
(2)用法:將來完成時動詞主要表示在將來的某一時刻或?qū)淼哪骋粫r刻之前完成的動作,這一動作也可能繼續(xù)進行。例如: By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line.如果火車運行正常,我們今天下午七點就到上海了。Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work.到上床睡覺的時候,小明會做完他的工作(或作業(yè))。
By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years.到明年二月,這個外國專家在這兒做這項工作就滿五年了。
By Sept.2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.?到2008年9月,北京將舉行完了奧運會。翻譯練習:
1)七月份你們再來時,他們就搬進新房子里去了。
When you come again in July, they will have moved into a new house.2)到下一個五一節(jié),我們在一起的時間就很長了。
By next May Day we shall have been together for a long time.3)我相信,在你到那兒之前,這些困難他已經(jīng)解決了。
I’m sure he will have settled/solved the difficulties before you arrive there.4)到明年七月,我就大學畢業(yè)了。
By July next year, I will have graduated from college.二、關(guān)于動詞時態(tài)的幾點說明
1、一般不用進行時的動詞,它們用一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在進行時
(1)表示心理狀態(tài)的詞:accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。還有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。I accept what you say.我接受你說的話。
I don't agree to this proposal.我不同意這個建議。
(2)感官動詞和表示狀態(tài)的動詞一般不用進行時。系動詞:如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等詞。表示狀態(tài)的詞:be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等詞。例如: I see him now;he’s talking to a girl.我看見他了,他正在和一個女孩說話。
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army.軍艦屬于海軍,坦克屬于陸軍。
The tea tastes fresh.這茶味道很新鮮。
It sounds strange, but it is true.聽起來很奇怪,但這是真的。
2、下列句型常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在進行時 Here/There+動詞+名詞主語:
Here comes the bus!公共汽車來了。There goes the bell.鈴聲響了。Here/There+代詞主語+動詞: Here he comes!他來了!There he goes!他走了!
在make sure(certain)后面的從句常用現(xiàn)在時表示將來時:
There aren’t many seats left for the concert;you’d better make sure that you get one today.這場音樂會剩下的座位不多了,你最好今天訂妥一個位子。
I’m leaving now。-Make sure you lock the window.我現(xiàn)在走了。你務必把窗戶關(guān)上。
3、將來時常用的表達方式
(1)單純將來時用shall/will+動詞原形表示。如:
I shall be twenty years old next year.明年我就二十歲了。Tomorrow will be September 10th.明天是九月十號。
(2)“be going to +動詞原型 ”這種形式用于人時表示打算,意圖,也表示說話者確信無疑;用于物時表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July.他們打算七月份結(jié)婚。
Mr.Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year.Brown 先生說他們打算明年買輛新車。
His wife is going to have a baby.他妻子要生小孩子了。There is going to be a storm.將有一場暴風雨。Look!It’s going to snow.看,要下雪了。
(3)“be to +動詞原形 ”表示命令,安排,疑問句中表示征求意見。例如: You are to clean the window.你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in Rome at three o’clock this afternoon.總統(tǒng)今天下午三點到達羅馬。
Am I to set to work? 要著手工作嗎? Is he to leave/come, too。要他也走/來嗎?
(4)“be about to +動詞原形 ”表示即刻就要發(fā)生的動作。例如:
They are about to go out when it begins to snow.他們正出去的時候開始下雪了.The ship is about to sail。船要揚帆起航了。
(5)現(xiàn)在進行時可表示將來。主要是表示“來,去,留,住,開始,結(jié)束 ”等意義的動詞,如:come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday.We are leaving from London Airport.我們星期五離開巴黎,我們從倫敦機場出發(fā)。
The poor dog is dying.那條可憐的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning.悲劇就要結(jié)束了/開始了。
4、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響,是個現(xiàn)在時態(tài),不與明確表示過去某個時間的狀語連用;常與 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+時間名詞,in the last three years, in the past three years, so far(到目前為止),up till now(直到現(xiàn)在),up to the present(直到現(xiàn)在)等包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時間狀態(tài)語連用。例如:
Where have you been this year? 今年你去過哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place.到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.5、過去完成時的用法
過去完成時表示動作發(fā)生在過去某個時間或動作之前。如果發(fā)生有兩個動作都是在過去發(fā)生的,先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的用一般過去時:
It is five years since I left middle school.(以現(xiàn)在為依據(jù))我離開中學到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.(以過去為依據(jù))我離開中學到那時已經(jīng)有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars.到上月底他們已經(jīng)掙了兩千五百萬美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema.電影已經(jīng)開始幾分鐘了他才到電影院。
注意:動詞 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖。例如:
They had hoped to be able to come and see me.他們本希望能來看我的。I had thought to meet her there.我想過(或我本想)在那里見她。
6、時態(tài)的呼應
時態(tài)的呼應也叫時態(tài)的一致,是指在復合句中,某些從句(主要是賓語從句等名詞性從句)的時態(tài)常受主句時態(tài)的影響,因而要注意主從句兩部分的時態(tài)呼應。(1)主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或?qū)頃r時,從句可以用任何所需要的時態(tài)。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.他說他父親是(過去是,將來要做)一個教師。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai.他們會告訴你他們正住在上海/在上海住過/將住在上海/一直住在上海。
(2)主句是過去時態(tài)時,從句的時態(tài)要注意下列幾點:
A.從句與主句動作同時發(fā)生,從句須用一般過去時或過去進行時。I thought he studied hard.我認為他學習努力。
He told me his son was watching TV.他告訴我他兒子在看電視。B.從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之后,從句須用過去將來時。例如: He said he would post the letter.他說他將要寄這封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall.他們不知道什么時候去參觀長城。
C.從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前,從句須用過去完成時。例如: He said he had posted the letter。他說已經(jīng)把信發(fā)了。
They asked me whether I had been there before.他們問我以前去沒去過那里。
但是,如果從句有具體的過去時間狀語,盡管從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前,有時仍用一般過去時。例如:
She told me her brother died in 1960.她告訴我她哥哥1960年去世的。They said they checked everything yesterday.他們說昨天他們?nèi)繖z查過了。
另外,從句說的是一般真理或客觀事實,即使主句用過去時態(tài),從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.老師告訴學生們地球是圓的。
Somebody told me you are a writer.有人告訴我你是個作家。
除了賓語從句外,其他名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)一般也要遵守這種時態(tài)呼應的規(guī)律。而狀語從句和定語從句則是根據(jù)本身意思的需要選用適當?shù)臅r態(tài)。例如:
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher.他見過那個他媽媽是我們老師的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today.昨天沒有今天這樣熱。
三、幾個常用時態(tài)的比較
1、一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進行時
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時用以說明客觀事實,或用于強調(diào)動作的永久性、經(jīng)?;蚍磸托?。而現(xiàn)在進行時強調(diào)動作正在進行,因此它表示動作含有暫時性(即動作的持續(xù)時間是有限的)和未完成性。
The writer writes children’s stories.那位作家是寫兒童小說的。(說明客觀事實)
The writer is now writing a story.那位作家現(xiàn)在正在編寫一個故事。She is kind.她很善良。(指她一貫心地善良)
She is being kind.她現(xiàn)在顯得很善良。(表示暫時性,平時她并不善良)Tom types his own letters.湯姆自己用打印機打信。(說明經(jīng)常性)
Tom is typing his own letters today.湯姆今天自己正在用打印機打信(表示暫時性、未完成)
(2)有些動詞,如:like, hate, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等,不能用于進行時,即使表示說話時正在進行的動作也通常用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
I know him.我認識他。(不說:I am knowing him.)
Jenny likes this green coat.珍妮喜歡這件綠大衣。(不說:Jenny is liking?)
某些動詞既可用于一般現(xiàn)在時,又可用于現(xiàn)在進行時,但意義有所不同。試比較: I feel(=think, believe)you are right/there’s something wrong.我覺得(=認為、相信)你是對的/有點不對頭。(這個意思不用進行時)I’m feeling cold.我覺得冷。
What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。
What do you think of the idea? 你認為這個主意怎樣? I think you’re right.我認為你是正確的。He is smelling the meat.他正在聞肉。The meat smells bad.這肉有臭味了。
I see(=understand)what you mean.我明白你的意思。I see the fish now.我看見那條魚了。
I’m seeing(=consulting)a doctor.我正在看醫(yī)生(即看病)。I’m seeing(=visiting)a friend of mine.我正在看一個朋友。
某些表示身體感覺的詞(如 hurt, ache, feel等),用一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進行時沒有多大差別,只是進行時更生動、更有感情色彩。例如:
How do you feel today?(or: How are you feeling today?)你今天的感覺怎樣。
My head is aching.(or: My head aches.)我頭疼。I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold.我覺得冷。
(3)一般現(xiàn)在時說明事實,一般不帶感情色彩;現(xiàn)在進行時與always, often, frequently等詞連用時帶有感情色彩。例如:
He always asks questions.他總是提問題。(無感情色彩)
He is always asking questions.他老愛提問題。(表示強烈的感情色彩)Don’t be complaining all the time.別老是抱怨個不停。She’s always blaming others.她總是在埋怨別人。
2、一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)一般過去時只是單純說明過去的情況,和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,它可以確定的表示過去的時間狀語連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時表示某一完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,所以它不能和具體的表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:
We have visited a power station.我們參觀了發(fā)電站。(現(xiàn)在對電站有所了解)
We visited a power station last week.上周我們參觀了發(fā)電站。(只說明事實)
I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。(還沒有找到)She lost her pen yesterday.她昨天把鋼筆丟了。(現(xiàn)在找到與否,沒有說明)(2)有些時間狀語,如 this morning, tonight, this month等,既可以用于一般過去時,也可以用于完成時,但所表達的意義有所不同。用于現(xiàn)在完成時表示包括“現(xiàn)在 ”而用于一般過去時則與“現(xiàn)在”無關(guān)。例如: I have read this book this April.我今年四月份看過這本書。(講話時仍是四月)
I read this book this April.我今年四月份看過這本書。(講話時四月已過)I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我寫了兩封信。(講話時仍是上午)
I wrote two letters this morning.今天上午我寫了兩封信。(講話時是下午或晚上)
3、一般過去時與過去進行時
一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的事情,往往表示動作已結(jié)束;而過去進行時側(cè)重動作正在進行、未完成。試比較:
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.瑪麗昨晚給她的朋友寫了封信。(信寫完了)
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.瑪麗昨晚在給她的朋友寫信。(信不一定寫完)
I read a novel last night.昨天晚上我看了一本小說。(指已經(jīng)看完了)I was reading a novel last night.昨天晚上我在看小說。(指看了一些)I often went swimming while I was living in Qingdao.我住在青島的時候經(jīng)常去游泳。
I was running downstairs when I saw her.我正往樓下跑的時候看見了她。I ran downstairs and found her gone.我跑下樓梯,發(fā)現(xiàn)她走了。
4、一般過去時和過去完成時
(1)一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),而過去完成時表示在過去某一動作發(fā)生在另一動作之前。試比較:
The class had already begun when I came to school.我來到學校時,已經(jīng)開始上課。
He had gone home before I got to his office.我到他辦公室以前,他已回家了。(2)有after或before引導的時間狀語從句的復合句中,由于從句動作和主句動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,所以可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時: He called on me soon after he had returned.他回來不久便拜訪我。也可以說:He called on me soon after he returned.The train had left before I got to the station.我到車站時,火車已經(jīng)開走了。也可以說:The train left before I got to the station。(3)描述一連串的過去動作,無需用過去完成時,例如:
He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away.他站起來,拿起書包,戴上帽子,離開房間走了。
She looked around but saw nothing.她環(huán)顧四周,但是什么也沒有看見。He came in and said hello to everyone.他進來向每一個人問好。由于漢語與英語表達時態(tài)的方式不同,中國人在學習和應用英語時經(jīng)常犯時態(tài)錯誤,尤其是在寫信、寫電子郵件、寫記敘文時。常見的時態(tài)錯誤類型有:時態(tài)不對應;通篇須用幾種時態(tài)時用一種時態(tài);時態(tài)混用或串用(如在描寫過去的經(jīng)歷時,有時用現(xiàn)在時);不用進行時。我們?nèi)绻谌粘?陬^交際中犯點時態(tài)錯誤,這在所難免,也可以理解。但是,在正式場合,如正式寫作中,就不能允許出現(xiàn)時態(tài)錯誤,因為這是英語語法的基礎。我們學習時態(tài)的目的,主要在于應用。因此,在使用英語,尤其是在寫作時,一定要有時態(tài)意識,長此以往就能養(yǎng)成正確使用時態(tài)的習慣。
四.、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞 第一部分 助動詞
漢語中只有助詞,而沒有助動詞。這又是英漢兩種語言的一大差別。英語的助動詞,就是起輔助作用的動詞,本身沒有獨立的詞義,不能單獨做謂語,在句子中只起語法作用,和實意動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(叫復合謂語),表達否定,疑問,時態(tài),語態(tài)和其他語法關(guān)系。其基本形式和作用如下表:
原形 現(xiàn)在式 過去式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 作用
Be Am, is, are Was, were Been Being 構(gòu)成各種進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài) Have Has, have Had —— —— 構(gòu)成各種完成時態(tài) do Does, do Did —— —— 構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句、加強語氣,代替前面相同的動詞
Shall —— Should —— —— 構(gòu)成各種將來時態(tài) Will —— would —— ——
(一)助動詞be的用法
1、跟現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種進行時態(tài):
They are playing war games with toy guns and toy tanks.他們正在用玩具槍和玩具坦克玩戰(zhàn)爭游戲。
We were playing video games on TV last night.昨晚我們在電視上玩電子游戲。
2、跟過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài):
He’s not respected by the press.他們不受報界的尊重。
We were taught how to use a computer last year.去年教過我們怎樣用計算機。
(二)助動詞have的用法
have后面跟過去分詞構(gòu)成各種完成時態(tài): We’ve known each other since three years ago.我們從三年前就認識了。He’s been to Shanghai.他去過上海。
(三)助動詞do的用法
1、幫助構(gòu)成實意動詞一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的疑問式和否定式: Do you know John? 你認識約翰嗎?
Mary didn’t come to see me yesterday.瑪麗昨天沒來看我。You like this picture, don’t you? 你喜歡這張畫,不是嗎?
2、代替前面已經(jīng)提到過的動詞,避免重復:
Do you smoke? ?Yes, I do.你抽煙嗎?-是的,我抽。I smoke.So does he.我抽煙。他也抽。
He doesn’t like it.Neither do I.他不喜歡,我也不。
They went swimming yesterday.So did we.他們昨天去游泳了。我們也去了。
3、幫助加強謂語動詞的語氣: I do like you.我真的喜歡你。
She/He does like you.她/他確實喜歡你。
She/They/We did go swimming yesterday.她/他們/我們昨天確實去游泳了。If you do know, answer me in a loud voice so that all may hear.如果你的確知道,就大聲回答我,以便大家都能聽見。be, have, do 都能做實意動詞用: These are computers.這些是計算機。
We’re having breakfast.我們正在吃早飯。
I did some washing last night.我昨晚洗了衣服。
(四)助動詞shall和will的用法
1、助動詞shall/will構(gòu)成一般將來時;should/would構(gòu)成過去將來時
We shall/will be rich, if we succeed.我們將很富有,如果我們成功的話。They will be rich, if they succeed.他們將很富有,如果他們成功的話。They said they would be rich, if they succeeded.他們說他們將很富有,如果他們成功的話。
2、shall 用在第一、三人稱作主語的疑問句中,來征求意見,表示“要不要??” Shall I go now? 要我現(xiàn)在就走嗎?
Shall we invite her, too? 我們也邀請她嗎?
Shall the house be insured against fire? 要給房子?;痣U嗎?
Shall the reporters wait outside or what? 要記者們在外面等還是怎樣?
3、shall 用于所有人稱,表示說話人的決心、保證、許諾、威脅、警告、命令等強烈的感情。例如:
You shall have an answer by tomorrow.到了明天,你會得到答復的。
If he’s good, he shall have a new watch for Christmas.如果他表現(xiàn)好,在圣誕節(jié)就會得到一塊新表。
You shall suffer for this.你會為這事吃苦頭/付出代價的!
I don’t want to be hard on them;they shan’t be pressed.我不想難為他們;不會過于*迫他們的。
They hope to undermine our unity;they shall fail.他們希望破壞我們的團結(jié):他們不會成功的。If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shan’t go to the party.你們小孩要是不聽話,就不讓你們參加晚會。
As a man sows, so he shall reap.善有善報,惡有惡報。(諺語)
Then you shall come;and you will come too, Ruth, won’t you? 那你得來;Ruth,你也來好嗎?
4、would 可以表示過去的習慣,類似used t He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here.他在這里的時候,星期天就來看我。
The dog would lie there in the sun all afternoon.那只狗常常整個下午躺在那里的太陽底下。
When we were children, we would go skating every winter.小的時候,每年冬天我們都去滑冰。
5、will可以表示“愿意、肯、會、固執(zhí)”等意義,而非將來: I meant to reason with you, but you won’t reason.我打算和你講理,但是你就是不講理。
I will pay you for it.我會付給你錢買下它的。Go where you will.到你愿意去的地方。
She won’t so much as look at David.她連看都不看一眼大衛(wèi)。
We’re going on a climbing trip.Come if you will.我們要去爬山。你愿意的話就跟我們一起來。
6、will可以表示傾向、習慣(總是會,老是等意思),在否定句中可以表示“不肯、不能”等意思: Boys will be boys.男孩子總歸是男孩子。
A wise man changes his mind;a fool never will.聰明人會改變自己的思想,而傻子卻不會。
Sometimes the cat will lie there all morning.有時候貓會整個下午躺在那里。
Oil and water will not mix.油和水是不會混合在一起的。
She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come back.她總是在那里坐上好幾個小時,等她兒子回來。
This machine won’t work.這臺機器不工作了/壞了。These things will happen.這樣的事情總是會發(fā)生的。第二部分 情態(tài)動詞
情態(tài)動詞有一定的意義,表示人的看法和態(tài)度,不表示動作或狀態(tài),因而不能單獨做謂語,必須和實意動詞或系動詞的原形一起構(gòu)成謂語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。把情態(tài)動詞放在句首、句尾用問號便構(gòu)成疑問句;在其后加上not或never等否定詞就構(gòu)成否定句。如:
My mother can drive.我媽會開車。
My mother can’t drive.我媽不會開車。Can your mother drive? 你媽會開車嗎?
Can’t your mother drive? 你媽不會開車嗎?
You needn’t look at me like that.你不必那樣瞧著我。
常用的情態(tài)動詞有can, could;may, might;must;should;need;dare;ought to 等。
四、使用非謂語動詞應注意的問題
1、不定式作狀語時常用的句型。動詞不定式在句中可用來作目的、結(jié)果、原因狀語,常用于下列句型中:(1)in order to和so as to do(以便,為了): She decided to work harder in order(so as)to catch up with the others.她決心加緊學習,好趕上別人。
(2)too??to do??(非常?? 以至于不能??)
The boy is too young to join the navy.這男孩太小參不了海軍。(3)??enough to do??(足以做??)
The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people.這廳大得足以容納一千人.(4)only to do??(不料卻??)
They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他們搬起石頭卻砸自己的腳。
(5)“be+情緒形容詞+to do”這個結(jié)構(gòu),不定式說明產(chǎn)生這一情緒的原因。We are proud to be trained here in China.在中國受訓我們感到自豪。
2、動名詞和不定式作主語和表語時的區(qū)別動名詞和不定式都可以作主語和表語。一般來說,在表示抽象的、一般的行為時,多用動名詞;在表示具體某次動作,特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式。但在It’s no use(good),it’s Useless后面常用動名詞作主語。例如
Her present job is teaching music.= Teaching music is her?(泛指)To teach music to Grade One is her present job.=Her present job is to teach ?(特指)It’s difficult for him to finish the了ob in a week.Tom’s being late again made me angry.湯姆又來晚了使我很生氣。It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收
3、動名詞和不定式作定語時的區(qū)別。
作定語時:現(xiàn)在分詞和它修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系(現(xiàn)在分詞可以改為定語從句),可以置于于被修飾詞之前或之后,動名詞做定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途(可以改為for短語),而者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,它一般只能置于被修飾詞之前。請看幾個詞組: 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語: a sleeping dog=a dog that is sleeping a flying bird=a bird that is flying a crying baby=a baby that is crying boiling water=water that is boiling 動名詞作定語: a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping a swimming pool=a pool for swimming a flying suit=a suit for flying drinking water=water for drinking
4、動名詞和不定式作賓語補足語時的區(qū)別。在look at,listen to, feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch等動詞后可以用不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,意義差別不大?,F(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)動作正在發(fā)生、還未結(jié)束;不定式只是陳述事實。例如: Did you hear someone knocking at the door?你剛才聽到有人敲門嗎? Yes I did.I heard him knock three times.是的,我聽到他敲了三下.I saw your father working in your garden yesterday.昨天我看見你父親正在花園里干活。
I saw your father work in your garden yesterday.昨天我見你父親在園里干活。
〔注意〕find后面可用分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)作賓補,不用不定式。如:
正:I found him lying on the ground.誤:I found him lie on the ground.下列動詞常跟分詞作賓補: catch抓住,have讓、{吏,keep使處十某狀態(tài),get使得,see看見,hear聽見,find發(fā)現(xiàn),feel感覺到,leave使處于某狀態(tài),make使(只接過去分詞),want想要,start引起,notice注意到,observe觀察,watch觀看、注視,set使處于某狀態(tài),等等
5.allow, permit, forbid,encourage,advise的用法相似,具體如下:(1)后面無賓語時,接doing,.例如: Sorry we don' t allow smoking in the lecture room.對不起,本教室里不許抽煙。
The school doesn' t permit smoking in class.學校不許在課上抽煙。Mrs.Green forbade smoking in her house.格林夫人禁止在她家抽煙。The teacher encouraged speaking more English in class.老師鼓勵在課堂上多說英語。
(2)后面有賓語時,接to do.例如: Tom' s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV.湯姆的母親不會允許他在電視上看那個電影。
The school doesn' t permit its students to smoke in class.學校不允許它的學生們在上課時抽煙。
Mrs.Green forbade us to smoke in her house.格林夫人不許我們在她家抽煙。
The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in class.老師鼓勵每個人在課堂上多說英語。
The doctor advised me to take more exercises.大夫建議我多鍛煉。
(3)接doing時,doing前面可以帶自己的形式主語(意思上的主語,也叫邏輯主語)例如: That teacher doesn' t permit our smoking in his class.老師不允許我們在他講課時抽煙。(our是smoking的主語)Paul' s mother will forbid his going with you.保羅的媽媽不會允許他跟你去。
The doctor advised my taking more exercises.大夫建議我多鍛煉。
6、非謂語動詞的正誤辨析:(1)正在粉刷的房子將是一家書店。
誤: The house painted will be a bookstore 正: The house being painted will be a bookstore.正: The house that/which is being painted will be a bookstore.析:現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式和過去分詞都表示被動意義,但是過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)完成,而現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示動作正在進行、還未完成。(2)他竟然會缺席,這使我感到驚訝。
誤:It is astonished to me that he should be absent.正:It is astonishing to me that he should be absent.正:I am astonished that he is absent.析:一般來說,由現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞,有主動意味,說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征,多可譯為令人感到??的;而由過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞,有被動意味或表示已完成的動作,長譯為“感到??、覺得??”。(3)這本書我讀起來太難了。
誤:The book is too difficult far me to read it 正:The book is too difficult far me to read 析:句子主語是不定式的邏輯賓語,所以應去掉,否則就犯了重復的毛病。(4)打開抽屜,他拿出詞典。
誤:Opening the drawer, and he took out a dictionary.正:Opening the drawer, he took out a dictionary.析:并列連詞等是用來連接兩個或更多個語法作用相同的詞、短語、或句子。分詞短語和句子之間不能用并列連詞。
(5)他別無選擇,只有躺下來睡覺。
誤:He has no choice but lying dawn and sleeping.正:He has no choice but to lie dawn and sleep.正:He can do noting but lie dawn and sleep.正:He has nothing to do but lie dawn and sleep.析:在這種句型中,but和except后用不定式,不用動名詞。并且若句中含有動詞do時,but,except后跟省掉to的不定式。(6)革命意味著解放生產(chǎn)力。
誤:Revolution means to liberate the productive farces.正:Revolution means liberating the productive farces.析:mean后跟動詞不定式表示“意欲/打算”,后面跟動名詞表示“意味著”(7))他在看通知時有了一個主意。
誤:When reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.正:When he was reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.正:Reading(When reading)the notice, he had an idea.析:分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語一致(8)依據(jù)他的說法,這個答案是對的。
誤:Judge from what he said, the answer is right.正:Judging from what he said, the answer is right.析:“Judging” 在這里是插入語,作獨立成分。類似的用法還有to tell, the truth, considering, generally speaking等。
(9)我們盡快地走,希望及時趕到
誤:We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time.正:We walked as fast as we could, hoping to get there in time.析:根據(jù)句意,希望hope不表示目的,而表示伴隨狀況,所以用hoping.(10)這封需要馬上回復。
誤:The letter demanded answering immediately.正:The letter demanded an immediate answer.正:The letter required(needed)answering immediately.析:require,need,want作“需要”解時,可跟動名詞做賓語。demand作此義解時,不能跟動名詞作賓語,要跟名詞。
(11)這是80年代建造的工廠之一。
誤:This is one of the factories having been built in the 1980s.正:This is one of the factories built in the 1980s.析:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用做狀語,不做定語。(12)給我一張紙寫東西。
誤:Give me a sheet of paper to write 正:Give me a sheet of paper to write on 析:不定式做定語時,如果它所修飾的名詞在意義上是不定式的賓語而不是主語的時候,這個不定式的后面應根據(jù)意義加上適當?shù)慕樵~。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞或代詞加上其他成分(分詞、不定式、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語)構(gòu)成。
獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語,所以在語法上不是句子。但多有名詞或代詞表示的邏輯主語,分詞或不定式表示的邏輯謂語,有時還有其他修飾成分。(判斷一個結(jié)構(gòu)是否是句子的標準就是看看這個結(jié)構(gòu)是否有謂語動詞。)這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句子中起方式、時間、原因、條件等狀語或狀語從句的作用,主要用于書面語。使用動詞非謂語形式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為句子形式(從句):獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)加上連詞,非謂語動詞改為謂語動詞形式,這樣就成為從句了。例如: Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天,圖書館不開放。(原因)改為從句: As(Since)today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.例如: There being no buses,we had to take a taxi.沒有汽車了,我們只好坐出租車了。Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.The signal given,the bus started.信號發(fā)出后,公共汽車就啟動了。(時間)改為從句: After the signal was given, the bus started.The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這里,并爬了進來,手里拿著劍。
The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,and had a sword in his hand.The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考試結(jié)束了,兩個月之后進行期末考試.The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天氣允許的話,我們就去參觀長城。If weather permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這里,并爬了進來,手里拿著劍。(伴隨狀語)上文例句中sword in hand是由“名詞+介詞短語”構(gòu)成,表示伴隨的情況。這種表示伴隨情的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),有時可以用with引出,二者的意思是一樣的,with結(jié)構(gòu)更加口語話,更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含著淚水,離開了辦公室。
第三篇:新概念第一冊語法總結(jié)
新概念第一冊語法總結(jié)(二十)
1)代詞及be動詞 第一人稱 第二人稱第三人稱 ……
單數(shù) 復數(shù) 單數(shù) 復數(shù) 單數(shù) 復數(shù)
主格 I we you you she/he/it they
賓格 me us you you her/him/it them
代詞所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
名詞性代詞 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
be動詞現(xiàn)在時 Am are are are is are
be動詞過去時 was were were were was were
2)名詞的復數(shù)
規(guī)則變化的名詞復數(shù)形式
規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g.shell→shellstoy→toys
規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es e.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches
規(guī)則3 以o結(jié)尾s或+es e.g.radio→radiospotato→potatoes
規(guī)則4 以f, fe結(jié)尾的,變f, fe為ves e.g.leaf→leavesknife→knives
規(guī)則5 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i+es e.g.sky→skiesstudy→studies
3)不規(guī)則變化的名詞復數(shù)形式
man(men)woman(women)foot(feet)goose(geese)tooth(teeth)0child(children)sheep(sheep)deer(deer)mouse(mice)fish(fish)
3)動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式
規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g.like-likes, look--looks
規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es e.g.do-does, catch--catches
規(guī)則5 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i+es e.g.carry-carries, fly--flies
4)動詞現(xiàn)在分詞
規(guī)則一 一般動詞加-inge.g.look-looking,read-reading,play-playing
規(guī)則二 以不發(fā)音的字母結(jié)尾的單詞去e加-ing e.g.make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
規(guī)則三 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾,即單詞中只有一個元音字母,其后緊跟一個輔音字母的詞,雙寫輔音字母再加-inge.g.run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop--stopping
5)動詞過去式
規(guī)則動詞變化
規(guī)則一 一般動詞加-ede.g.look-looked, watch-watched, play--played
規(guī)則二 以e結(jié)尾的加-de.g.make-maked, arrive--arrived
規(guī)則三 以輔音字母加結(jié)尾的變y為i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
規(guī)則四 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾,即單詞中只有一個元音字母,其后緊跟一個輔音字母的詞,雙寫輔音字母再加-edstop-stopped,過去式的讀音
在清輔音后面(除外)讀/t/ e.g.walked, jumped
在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/ e.g.washed, watched
在/t/,/d/后讀/id/ e.g.waited, hated
6)形容詞和副詞的比較級
比較級
規(guī)則一 一般加-er e.g.high-higher
規(guī)則二 以結(jié)尾加-r nice-nicer
規(guī)則三 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加-er busy-busier,規(guī)則四 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,雙寫輔音字母再加-er fat-fatter,形容詞和副詞的最高級
最高級 規(guī)則一 一般加-est e.g.high-highest
規(guī)則二 以結(jié)尾加-st nice-nicet
規(guī)則三 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加-est busy-busiest
規(guī)則四 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,雙寫輔音字母再加--est fat-fattest
7)常見縮寫:is=’sI am=I’mare=’reis not=isn’t/ iznt/are not=aren’t /a:nt/do not=don’tdoes not=doesn’twas=’sdid not=didn’tcan not=can’thave=’vehas=’shave not=haven’thas not=hasn’twill=’llwill not=won’tshall not=shan’t
新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)(十二)副詞:用法及形容詞變副詞的變化
·副詞可以修飾形容詞,動詞,副詞或整個句子。如:
The book is very good.He runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go with you.副詞變化形式:
·直接在形容詞后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,·以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞,把y變I, 加-ly,happy-happily, lucky-luckily·有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同,不需要做任何變化fast, hard, late
·有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠:neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately
新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)(十)
限定詞:some, any, many, much
some, any 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑問句,注意,當期待對方的答案為肯定回答時用some·
many修飾可數(shù)名詞,much修飾不可數(shù)名詞,在口語中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money.I don’t have much money.新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)(九)
問句:
一般疑問句,特殊疑問句,選擇疑問句,反意疑問句,選擇疑問句,否定疑問句
1)一般疑問句: 助動詞/be動詞+主語Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?
2)特殊疑問句: 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句What is your name?
3)選擇疑問句: orDo you want beef or lamb?
4)反意疑問句: 肯定陳述句+否定疑問部分,否定陳述部分+肯定疑問部分You don’t need that pen, do you?
5)否定疑問句: 一般疑問句+否定詞Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?
新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)(十七)17
祈使句:
· 第二人稱:
let+其他人稱代詞
· 祈使句的否定,加don’t
· 反意疑問
祈使句(第二人稱)
祈使句表示請求,命令,建議,邀請等,謂語動詞一律用原型,句子中通常不用主語,句末用驚嘆好或者句號,用降調(diào)。
★肯定句 動詞原型例,Come here, please.Go downstairs, please.Stand up.Sit down.Be quiet.Be careful.祈使句中如果有喚語,一定要用逗號隔開,放在句首或者句尾
Come in, Amy.Sit down here, Tom.Mary, give me a book please.★否定:Don't+動詞原型Don't come here.Don’t sit down.Don’t stand up.Don’t give me it.let sb.do Let me pass.Let us have a rest.Let’s have a rest.(反意疑問):Let’s have a walk along the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you?
新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)(十三)情態(tài)動詞的使用:can, must, may, might, need,1)情態(tài)動詞can(能夠),must(必須),may(可以)
結(jié)構(gòu):主語+can/must/may+動詞原型
He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.★變疑問句將情態(tài)動詞移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?
★變否定句在情態(tài)動詞后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can.No, he cannot.Yes, she can.No, she cannot.Yes, we can.No, we cannot.★特殊疑問句:What can you do?(必背)
注意:情態(tài)動詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化,不要在情態(tài)動詞或動詞后面加S。2)Must/have to的區(qū)別
must 表示必須,是主觀上覺得應該做,have to是不得不,是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里,而have to do可以用在任何時態(tài)
3)must, may, might表示猜測:
· must do 表示對現(xiàn)在事實的猜測
·must have done表示對過去事實的猜測
·must have been doing 表示對過去正在進行的事實的猜測
·may/might do, may/might have done表示沒有任何事實依據(jù)的猜測,might的可能性更小。5·can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能
新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)(一)
一、時態(tài):
二、一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進行時,一般過去時,現(xiàn)在完成時,一般將來時,過去進行時,過去
完成時,過去將來時
三、1.一般現(xiàn)在時
四、表示一般性,經(jīng)常性的動作或一般性事實。
五、1 含有be動詞的句子He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and
Jack are students.六、★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?
Are Tim and Jack students?
七、★變否定句在be動詞后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very
beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.八、★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is.No, he is not.Yes, she is.No, she is not.Yes, they are.No, they are not.九、★不含有
新概念第一冊語法總結(jié)
(二)2.現(xiàn)在進行時
表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。
構(gòu)成: 主語+be動詞+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其它成分(現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄)
We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?
★變否定句在be動詞后面加 notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.★特殊疑問句:what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑問詞+動詞+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?
沒有進行時的動詞(必背)
表示狀態(tài),思想,感情和感覺的動詞不能表示正在進行的動作
1.表示感覺,感官的詞see, hear, like, love, want,2.have, has當”擁有”講時沒有進行時
新概念第一冊語法總結(jié)
(三)3.一般過去時
表示過去發(fā)生的動作或事件,常和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last night, the day
before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有be動詞的句子,將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式,am, is的過去式為was,are的過去式為wereI was at the butcher’s.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.★變疑問句將be動詞移動到句首Were you at the butcher’s?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
★變否定句在be動詞后面加notI was not at the butcher’s.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.★肯定回答否定回答Yes, I was.No, I was not.Yes, you were.No, you were not.Yes, he/she was.No, he/she was not.★特殊疑問句:What did you do?(必背)
不含有be動詞的句子,將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式,動詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄
I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.★變疑問句在句首加did,動詞變?yōu)樵虳id you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?
★變否定句在主語和動詞之間加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did.No, I didn’t.Yes, he did.No, he didn’t.Yes, they did.No, they did not.新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)(五)
一般將來時
表示將來將要發(fā)生的動作,經(jīng)常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc.表示將來的詞聯(lián)用
結(jié)構(gòu): 主語+助動詞will+動詞原形I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly
to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly
to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?★變否定句在助動詞后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will.No, I will not.Yes, he/she will.No, he/she will not.Yes, he will.No, he will not.★特殊疑問句:What will you do?
新概念第一冊語法總結(jié)
(四)4.現(xiàn)在完成時
構(gòu)成:主語+助動詞have, has+過去分詞
用法:
2)表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動作,常和just, usually, already, since等時間副詞連用
I have just had lunch.(飽了,不用再吃了)
He has had a cup of tea.(不渴了,不用再喝)
They have already had their holiday.(不能再度假了)The boy has already read the book.(已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了,不用再看了)
3)詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時:
Have you finished your homework?
Have you been to Beijing?
Have he seen the film?
4)表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作
I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.8)表示一種經(jīng)歷,經(jīng)驗:去過…地方,做過…事情,經(jīng)歷過…事情
I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去過,have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.(人已經(jīng)回來)He has gone to London.(人還在那里)
11)表示一種結(jié)果,一般不和時間副詞聯(lián)用
I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型變化:
★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首,變否定句在助動詞后面加not.e.g.Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have.No, I have not.★特殊疑問句:What have you done?What has he done?
一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別:
凡是有明確的表示過去的時間狀語的句子為過去時
注意:有些動詞表示的動作有一個終點,不能再延續(xù),因此不能和表示一段時間狀語連用錯:I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.對:I left Beijing 3 days ago.I have been away from being for 3 days.
第四篇:新概念一冊L73--90測試卷
泡泡少兒精品新概念一冊3期期中測試卷
Name__________
Class____________
Mark____________
一、標出下面劃線部分的讀音 speak _______ greet _______ slowly ______ spoke ______
chemist _______ fashion _______
thirstily______ pair
______
ago
______ urgent ______
二、用所給詞的適當形式填空
1.----Where is Tom?
-----He is ______(have)a bath upstairs.2.They ______(go)to a restaurant for lunch yesterday.3.She ______(eat)an egg for breakfast this morning.4.Ann usually ______(drink)some milk in the evening.5.I sometimes ______(make)the tea after a meat.6.We are going to ______(have)a party tonight.7.______you _____(finish)your homework yesterday?
8.When ______he ______(have)English lessons three days ago?
9.We ______(have)dinner at six o’clock on Sundays.10.When ______you______(go)to bed last night?
三、選擇填空
1.Do you need ______help? A.any B.a C.some D.an 2.----Lisa, ______you speak French?----Yes, but only a little.A.need B.must C.are D.can 3.Are you ______have lunch? A.ready for B.ready for C.ready to D.ready 4.The dinner is______.Boys and girls, come on!A.well B.good C.ready D.nice 5.----Would you like some meat?-----______.A.Sorry, I can’t B.No, please don’t C.No, thanks D.Sorry, I’m full 6.Policeman _______very busy A.is always B.always are C.always is D.always are 7.Tom is a very lazy boy.He ______don’t want to stand on his feet.A.nearly B.sometimes C.always D.often 8.______ a good time in Beijing during the holiday? A.Had you B.Have you C.Did you D.Did you have 9.She usually ______supper at seven o’clock on weekends.A.hadn’t B.haven’t C.doesn’t have D.didn’t have 10.-----Would you like some meat?
-----No, thank you.I’d like to ______some bread.A.come B.drink C.have D.take 11.Boys and girls, it is 12 o’clock now.Time to ______lunch.A.eat B.drink C.enjoy D.have 12.I’m going to Brighton to spend the summer holiday tomorrow.----______ a nice time.A.Take B.Enjoy C.Have D.Live 13.Would you like to ______ a cigarette? A.take B.eat C.have D.drink 14.-----Would you like some vegetable?-----______.A.Yes, I’m sorry B.Yes, please C.No, you eat it D.No, you’re welcome 15.-----Jim, let’s go to play!-----Sorry, I______ lunch now.A.have B.am having C.don’t have D.not have 16.----_____are you going to have the party?-----In the park.A.some B.any C.an D.a 17.----Jack, I will go for a picnic with my parents after the exam.-----______.A.That’s it B.Have fun C.It’s a pleasure D.It doesn’t matter 18.He ______ this book two years ago.A.reads B.read C.is read D.has read 19.There are _____people there.A.a hundred B.hundreds of C.hundred of D.an hundred 20.We haven’t got any milk ______coffee, children.A.and B.but C.yet D.or
四、閱讀理解
A
Most people who work in the office have a boss(老板).So do I(我也是).But my boss is a little unusual.What’s unusual about him? It’s a big dog.Many men have dogs, but few men bring their dogs to their office every day.My boss’s dog Robinson is big and brown.My boss brings him to work every day.He takes the dog to meetings and he takes the dog to lunch.When there is telephone call for my boss, I always know if he is in the office.I only look under his desk.If I see something brown and hairy(毛絨絨的)under it, I know my boss is somewhere in the office.If there is no dog, I know my boss is out.()1.People ______dogs to the office.A.usually B.often C.seldom D.sometimes()2.My boss is Robinson’s ______.A.boss B.master C.classmate D.teacher()3.Robinson goes to meeting ______ my boss.A.for B.without C.instead of(代替)D.with()4.Robinson is always under the desk if the boss is _______.A.in the office B.at the meeting C.out of the office D.out of work()5.The passage tells us the boss _____the dog very much A.looks like B.hates(恨)C.likes D.trust(信任)
B There are many people in the bus.Some have seats, but some have to(不得不)stand.At a bus stop, a woman gets on the bus.An old man hears the door and tries to stand up.“Oh, no, thank you,” the woman forces him back to the seat.“Please don’t do that.I can stand.” “But, madam, let me…,”says the man.“I ask you to keep your seat,” the woman says.She puts her hands on the old man’s shoulder.But the man still tries to stand up, “Madam, will you please let me…?”“Oh, no, ”says the woman.She again forces(強迫)the man back.“At last the old man shouts(大聲喊), “I want to get off the bus!” 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,判斷以下句子的正誤。正確填“T”,錯誤填“F”。()1.All the people have seats in the bus.()2.An old man gets on the bus at a bus stop.()3.The old man wants to give this seat to the woman.()4.The woman sits the old man’s seat.()5.The old man wants to get off the bus.五、完形填空
Wang:Hi!Do you want to ________ English ________ me?
Jake:Certainly.Wang:What time do you get up ________ weekends? At seven?
Jake:No, that’s too ________.I get up at six.Wang:Oh!But I get up at seven.My ________ is near the school._______ do you have lunch?
Jake:At home.I come to school and _______ home ________ bike.Wang:Look!Miss Zhang is coming.It’s time ________ class.Jake:We ________ go to the classroom now.()1.A.talk
B.read
C.speak D.say()2.A.for
B.and C.with
D.about()3.A.on
B.of
C.in
D.at()4.A.great
B.late C.early
D.wrong()5.A.shop
B.farm
C.school
D.home()6.A.What
B.What time
C.Where
D.How()7.A.go to
B.come to
C.come
D.go()8.A.by
B.in a
C.by a
D.on()9.A.begin
B.for to begin C.for
D.to()10.A.can
B.want
C.must
D.please
六、根據(jù)要求完成下列句子
1.Can you tell me _________ __________ _________ King Street?(你能告訴我去國王街怎么走嗎?)2.He gave me a glass of water.(劃線部分提問)3.I looked at a photograph.(改為否定句)4.He washed his hands.(變成一般疑問句)5.She went to London last year.(劃線部分提問)
6.You mustn’t come home after eleven.(改為同義句)
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.You can see us.We are in the crowd.(合并成一句)
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Were they at home last night?(做肯定回答)
9.They stay in the country on Saturday and Sunday.(變成同義句)
They stay in the country at the _____________.10.We need a cake.(變成否定句)
七、附加題(作文)
Topic:I went shopping last Sunday.Key Words: went, saw, bought, think …
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第五篇:新概念一冊教案71-89
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
Lesson 71
He's awful!
一、課題引入
Have you ever be called when you are having a rest? How do you deal with it?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、動詞的一般過去時態(tài)變化
2、以“現(xiàn)在為起點”前后幾天時間如何表達
3、接聽電話的部分用語
三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想對話涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、總結(jié)對話設置規(guī)律
5、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
6、學生自編情景展示
7、布置作業(yè)
四、詞匯
1、awful adj.讓人討厭的,壞的,糟糕的,可怕的
Bloody awful 血腥恐怖
awful nonsense 荒謬透頂
awful weather 氣候惡劣
An awful lot 非常,極其
an awful lot of 許多,大量的2、telephone v.&n.打電話,電話
telephone directory 電話簿
public telephone n.公共電話
telephone operator 話務員
call sb.給某人打電話
give sb.a call 給某人大電話
3、time n.時間,次數(shù)
Time 當“時間”講,是不可數(shù)名詞
at the same time 同時;然而
same time 同時
in time 及時;適時
all the time 始終,一直
for the first time 首次; long time adj.長期的(持久的);長時間;好久好久
every time 每次,每當
first time 第一次;第一時間
on time 按時,準時;按時付款 at a time 一次;在某時
last time 上次;最后一次 for a long time 很長時間,很久
no time 無時;一會兒功夫
what time 幾點;什么時間
at that time 在那時
from time to time 不時,有時
any time 隨時,在任何時候 some time 在未來的某時,一段時間;一些時間; for some time 一段時間,一會兒
at the time 在那時,那時候
make time
騰出時間
Time will tell.時間會證明一切。
Time and tide wait for no man.歲月不等人。Time heals all wounds.時間會治愈所有的創(chuàng)傷。
4、answer
v.接(電話)① v.對……作出反應;
響應answer the phone/telephone 接電話 answer the door/doorbell 應聲開門 ② v.回答;答復 answer a letter 回信
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
③ n.答案;解決辦法;答復
I wrote him several letters but couldn’t get an answer.5、last adj.最后的,前一次的;
Last除了用作形容詞“最后一次的,前一次的”外,還可以當動詞持續(xù)來用。
Eg.The rain have been lasting 3 days.五、課文詳解
1、動詞一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時態(tài)
動詞一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時態(tài)一般有兩種形式:規(guī)則動詞一般是在原詞后直接加ed, 比如,answer/answered;以-e結(jié)尾的規(guī)則動詞加-d,如 telephone/telephoned。
另一部分為不規(guī)則動詞,如say/said, do/did。這些詞需要大家在以后的學習過程當中來用心積累。
2、以“現(xiàn)在為起點”前后幾天時間如何表達
Yesterday 昨天
the day before yesterday 前天
yesterday morning 昨天上午
Yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
yesterday evening 昨天晚上
last night 昨夜
以上詞匯出現(xiàn)一般作為一般過去時態(tài)的典型標志,大家需要注意事態(tài)問題。
此外,tomorrow 明天
the day after tomorrow 后天是一般將來時套的標志
3、接打電話的部分用語
六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
Lesson 73 The way to King Street
一、課題引入
If you lost your way to somewhere, how do you ask for help?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、掌握如何問路
2、形容詞與副詞在句中得得用法
3、部分重點詞匯的掌握
三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、集體朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、詞匯
1、speak v.講,說話
Speak sb.sth./ speak sth to sb.給某人說某事
Speak to sb.和某人說話
speak+語言 說某種語言
2、hand n.手,指針;v.傳遞,交給
Give sb.a hand 給某人幫助
In hand 在掌握中,在控制中
hand in 上交
hand on 依次傳遞 On the other hand 另一方面
in hand 在手頭
hand in hand 手拉手
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
五、課文詳解
1、如何問路
在我們生活中大家出行時候難免會不熟悉新到的地方的路途,那么怎么樣去問路呢?現(xiàn)予以介紹。
Excuse me,How do I get to the.......?請問如何前往......? Excuse me, Is there.......nearby?請問附近有沒有...? Can you tell me the way to … 能告訴我去往…的路嗎? Where is the …哪里有… 回答問路:
This way, please.請這邊走
Turn left /right.往左轉(zhuǎn)/右轉(zhuǎn)。
It's in the lobby near the main entrance.在大廳靠近大門。
It's in the basement at the end of the corridor.在地下室走廊盡頭。It's on the second(third)floor.在二
(三)樓。Along this road walk straight.沿著這條路直走
Turn right at the second crossing.在第二個路口右轉(zhuǎn)
相關(guān)用語:be far from 距離某處很遠
be nearby 距離某處很近
go straight across/to/through 徑直走過/向/過
cross(over)穿過(某條街道)be next to 緊鄰
turn left/right 左轉(zhuǎn)/右轉(zhuǎn)
go up/down 向上(北)/向下(南)go back/back/back up 向回走
go east/west/south/north 向東/南/西/北
go on/along…till you meet… 沿…一直走,直到… be on sb’s left/right 在某人的左邊/右邊 be the first/second/third from the left/right 從左/右數(shù)第一/二/三個 directly opposite 和…相對 be located behind/in front of 坐落在…的前面/后面
be on the corner of A street and B street 在A和B街交匯的拐角處
be in the corner of 在…的角落里
ground floor(英)首層
wing 配樓/建筑的一部分 annex 配樓/建筑的附屬建筑
basement 地下室/第一層
landmark 標志性的建筑 twin building 由兩個完全相同的部分構(gòu)成的建筑
stair 樓梯 step 臺階
block/complex 由若干個建筑構(gòu)成的建筑群/街區(qū)
wheel chair access 無臺階的/殘疾人用 aisle 過道
intersection/crossroad 十字路口 a fork on the road 分叉路口 a T road 丁字路口 intersection/crossroads/junction/clover-leaf 立交橋
2、形容詞與副詞在句中得得用法
形容詞修飾名詞或代詞,表示性質(zhì)或特征。形容詞用語修飾名詞或者代詞置于名詞或者代詞之前。
副詞修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞,表示程度、頻度、方式等。副詞修飾形容詞置于形容詞之前,修飾動詞置于動詞之后。
3、lost one’s way 迷路
ask sb.the way to sw.問某人去某地的路
Ask to oneself 自言自語
leave sb.along 讓某人靜靜
六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
Lesson 75-Uncomfortable shoes
一、課題引入
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
Do you have any profound experience that bought some shoes? How do you usually choose a pair of comfortable shoes for you or anybody else?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、before與ago的區(qū)別
2、挑選鞋子或者衣服時的表達用語
3、afraid的用法
三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、詞匯
1、Fashion n.(服裝的)流行樣式
相關(guān)短語:be in fashion = fashionable 流行的、時尚的
be not in fashion = be out of fashion = unfashionable 不流行了、過時了
2、wear(1)穿著;戴著;佩帶著:wear glasses,She never wears perfume.(2)面帶;呈現(xiàn);保持:He’s wearing a cheerful smile.五、課文詳解
1、before與ago的區(qū)別
Before一般在表示某段時間之前時用到時間段之后,例如before 3 years。
Ago則用于時間后面,如 3 years ago。
2、We don’t have any.Any后面省略了文中的black shoes。
3、I’m afraid of…
我恐怕…
Be afraid of doing sth.擔心會發(fā)生某事
Be afraid that 害怕而不敢…
4、挑選衣服或者鞋子時常用句子
Do you have any… like these/that? 像這樣/那樣的…你們有嗎?
What size? 多大尺寸?
What colour? 什么顏色?
Can you get a pair for me ? 能為我拿一雙嗎?
…be in fashion last year.…去年很流行。
Looks/be comfortable 看起來/舒服
六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
Lesson 77
Terrible toothache
一、課題引入
When you went to see a doctor, do you need an appointment? If you need one, what should you do?
二、教學目標及重難點
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
1、情態(tài)動詞的否定疑問句
2、一天內(nèi)早中晚時間的表達
3、如何約見醫(yī)生
三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、詞匯
appointment
n.約會,預約
have an appointment(with sb.)
(與某人)有約會 make an appointment 約會,約見 change an appointment
更改約會 date
男女情人之間的約會
五、課文詳解
1、Can't you wait till this afternoon? 情態(tài)動詞的否定疑問句,表示請求。
2、一天內(nèi)早中晚時間的表達
a.m.上午
p.m.下午
例如,10 a.m.3、約見醫(yī)生相關(guān)句子
(1)Can you come at 10 a.m.on Monday, April 24th? Can you come at…? 這一句式通常用來約定見面時間。英語中的時間次序一般是從小到大。a.m.(=ante meridiem)上午,有時寫成A.M.或AM;下午則是p.m.(=post meridiem),有時寫成P.M.或PM。(2)I want to see..我想見…
(3)Do you have an appointment? 有預約嗎?(4)Is it urgent? 急嗎?
(5)Can you wait till… 可以等到…時候嗎?
六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
Lesson 79
Carol's shopping list
一、課題引入
I think all of you have bought something many times.Did you make a plan before going to the shop? What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages to make a plan for going shaoping?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、表示許多的短語之間的區(qū)別
2、many和much的區(qū)別
3、all相關(guān)短語
三、教學步驟
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、重點詞匯
1、hope
v.希望 ;盼望;期待
hope to do sth.hope that n.希望,期望;指望
n.期望著的事;被寄予希望的人 wish 不真實的一些東西,只是一些希望
2、need
需要,必要
(1)need 做情態(tài)動詞時,need表示“需要”、“必須”,作助動詞時多用于疑問句和否定句,沒有時態(tài),人稱、數(shù)格的變化,可以直接加否定形式。不能單獨做謂語,后邊加動詞原形。
need + 動詞原形(need 是情態(tài)動詞)
Need I make an appointment?
我需要約一下時間嗎?
need 做實義動詞時,就有人稱、數(shù)格及時態(tài)上的變化,疑問句中也需用助動詞do; need + to + 動詞原形(need 是實義動詞)
在肯定句中,need不可以象 I can go home.中的can的用法一樣在肯定句中直接做情態(tài)動詞,而是做實義動詞。I need to go home.在肯定句中,need后只跟動詞不定式,不跟動詞原形。而在否定句和疑問句中,情況就不是這樣了。
I needn't study.(need 情態(tài)動詞)I don't need to study.(need 實義動詞)Need you study?(need 情態(tài)動詞)Do you need to study?(need 實義動詞)
五、課文詳解
1、表示許多的詞組
A lot of(修飾可數(shù)名詞)
a plenty of(即可以修飾可數(shù)名詞也可以修是不可數(shù)名詞)
amounts of(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)
2、many和much均可以當“許多”來講,但是用法不同。Many主要用于否定句和疑問句中,放在可數(shù)名詞之前;much用語疑問句和否定句中放在不可數(shù)名詞之前。
3、all的相關(guān)短語
Not …at all 一點也不
all the time 一直
all right 好吧
that’s all 就這些
六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
Lesson 81
Roast beef and potatoes
一、課題引入
When someone pay a visit to you and you are busy doing other things, how will you do to deal with the embarrassed circumstance?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、重點詞匯的掌握
2、拜訪別人時用語
3、與吃飯相關(guān)短語
三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、重點詞匯
1、bath
n.洗澡
have(take)a bath 洗澡
2、nearly adv.幾乎,將近
v.幾乎;差不多;差點兒 I nearly missed the train.v.極;密切地
五、課文詳解
1、拜訪別人時用語
Visit sb./sw.拜訪
pay a visit to… 拜訪
see sb.拜訪
Where is sb.? …在嗎?
Nearly ready 馬上好了
Is dinner ready?飯好了沒有?
Help yourself to 自便
do sth.Together 一起做某事
Is anyone there?有人在嗎? Sorry I didn't call first.對不起,來之前我沒打個電話來。Thanks for inviting me.(謝謝你邀請我。)
Please feel free to make yourself at home.=Make yourself at home.別客氣,像在自己家一樣。別客氣,像在自己家一樣。
Where can I freshen up? 女性問Where can I freshen up?(我可以在哪兒梳洗?)是打聽廁所的婉轉(zhuǎn)說法。
May I use your toilet?= Where's the bathroom?
2、吃飯相關(guān)
three meals a day
一日三餐 breakfast 早飯
supper 晚飯
六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
任課教師:張曉亮
lunch 午餐 dinner 正餐
tea 下午茶
meal 一頓飯
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
Lesson 83
Going on holiday
一、課題引入
How do you usually spend your holidays?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)
2、重難點詞匯
三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、重點詞匯
1、mess n.凌亂
In a mess 凌亂,散亂
mess up 搞得亂七八糟
mess with 干擾,打擾
Awful mess 爛攤子
2、pack
v.包裝,打包
Pack sth.Up 打包
a pack of 一包
pack with 塞進去,擠進去
五、課文詳解
1、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)
在英語中,現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)主要有一下兩種情況:(1)表示在過去不確定的時間里發(fā)生的并與現(xiàn)在有著某種聯(lián)系的動作;(2)表示開始與過去并且持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。Eg.I have already had lunch.(屬于第一種情況,正是因為他吃過了飯才謝絕了湯姆)現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)一般結(jié)構(gòu)是由have加動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成??隙ň洌?has/have + 動詞的過去分詞 否定形式:hasn't/haven't + 動詞的過去分詞 疑問形式:把 has/have 提前
規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞與過去式相同,而不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞則無統(tǒng)一的規(guī)律可言,需特別加以記憶。
2、already一詞用語現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中一般緊跟主動詞之后。
Since一般用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中。(for也一樣)
Since+時間點表示從…起
since+時間段+ago表示自從…起
六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
Lesson 85
Paris in the spring
一、課題引入
Have you gone to the cinema? Who did you go with? What is the film you watched? What is the deepest impression?
二、教學目標及重難點
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
1、have been to 與have gone to
2、go to sw.與go to the sw.三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、重點詞匯
Beautiful adj.漂亮的
除此之外表示漂亮的單詞還有: attractive, lovely, appealing, exquisite, enchanting, pleasing, good-looking, gorgeous, divine, dazzling, stunning
五、課文詳解
1、have been to 一般用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),表示某人去了某地但是尚未返回。
Have gone to 用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),表示某人去過了某地并且已經(jīng)回來了。
2、在英語中我們一般會見到go to加個地方或者go to the 加地方。雖然兩者看似雷同,但是表達的意義卻完全不一樣。Go to the sw.一般表示去了這個地方,但是所從事的事情不是專門的有此地點特色的。如,go to the school 表示學校,有可能是指去學校工作。而go to sw.表示去某個地方做有此地方專屬性質(zhì)的事情。如go to school去上學。類似的表達比如:go to church/go to the church,go to cinema/go to the cinema等等。
3、just表示時間指的是剛才,用作副詞表示“恰恰、剛好”的意思。
Just so so 一般般
just now 現(xiàn)在六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
Lesson 87
A car crash
一、課題引入
Have you suffer from a traffic accident?
Have you ever witness an accident? Please share with us?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、一般疑問句的否定形式
2、Have you...yet?
-Yes, I have.I did.../ No, I haven’t.I’m still doing...三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、重點詞匯
1、bring
v.帶來,送來
Bring sth.To sb./ bring sb.sth.把某物帶給某人
2、try v.嘗試、努力
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
Try to do 努力干
try doing 嘗試干
類似短語: manage to do 做成了某事
3、crash n.撞擊,碰撞
Crash into sth.撞到…
五、課文詳解
1、一般疑問句的否定形式
在英語中可以用一般疑問句的否定形式來表示期待、請求或者表示希望得到肯定的答復。如,Isn’t that your car?和Didn’t you have a crash?
2、Have you...yet? 還沒有….嗎?
一般回答用:
-Yes, I have.I did.../ No, I haven’t.I’m still doing...六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
Lesson 89 For sale
一、課題引入
Have you acted as a salesperson? How did you communicate with your customers? What do you think is the most interesting?
二、教學目標及重難點
1、與sale相關(guān)詞組
2、表示請求的方式
3、情態(tài)動詞must
4、for 與since
三、教學步驟
1、由課文標題以及圖片引導學生猜想短篇涉及內(nèi)容
2、在猜想對話內(nèi)容基礎上引導學生學習新單詞,糾正發(fā)音,了解詞義以及短語。
3、精講課文,板書歸納重點難點
4、小組分角色朗讀,回顧課文
5、學生自編情景展示
6、布置作業(yè)
四、重點詞匯
1、believe
v.相信,認為
believe +(that)從句(賓語從句)believe of +短語 believe in sb.信任某人 belief n.(某人的)信仰,信條 believable adj.可信的 unbelievable adj.不可信的
2、sale v.賣,出售
for sale 待售 on sale 打折 salesman 推銷員
任課教師:張曉亮
陜西科技大學鎬京學院新概念一冊教案
salesmanager 銷售經(jīng)理
3、worth
prep.值……錢(物體的真正實際價值)
be worth doing 值得……
cost是指得到一件東西所花費的錢,其真正的價值可能低于或高于所要的價,這種價格主要是指商店內(nèi)的標價或貨主索要的價格。
worth主要是指某物的本身價值。
五、課文詳解
1、May I…?是一種比較正式的請求。其中的may有請求、允許的意思。
在英語中情態(tài)動詞的疑問句都可以表示請求,但是其中may是最正式的。
2、情態(tài)動詞must(1)must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測,意為“一定”。
(2)must表對現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測時,must 后面通常接系動詞be 的原形或行為動詞的進行式。
He must be working in his office.他一定在辦公室工作呢。(3)must 表示對已發(fā)生的事情的推測時,must 要接完成式。
(4)must表示對過去某時正發(fā)生的事情的推測,must 后面要接不定式的完成進行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.(5)否定推測用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.六、分組角色扮演,回顧課文
七、學生自編情景展示
八、布置作業(yè)
任課教師:張曉亮