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      C++ typedef用法小結(jié)

      時間:2019-05-12 15:05:49下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《C++ typedef用法小結(jié)》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《C++ typedef用法小結(jié)》。

      第一篇:C++ typedef用法小結(jié)

      第一、四個用途 用途一:

      定義一種類型的別名,而不只是簡單的宏替換。可以用作同時聲明指針型的多個對象。比如: char* pa, pb;// 這多數(shù)不符合我們的意圖,它只聲明了一個指向字符變量的指針,// 和一個字符變量; 以下則可行:

      typedef char* PCHAR;// 一般用大寫

      PCHAR pa, pb;// 可行,同時聲明了兩個指向字符變量的指針 雖然:

      char *pa, *pb;也可行,但相對來說沒有用typedef的形式直觀,尤其在需要大量指針的地方,typedef的方式更省事。用途二:

      用在舊的C的代碼中(具體多舊沒有查),幫助struct。以前的代碼中,聲明struct新對象時,必須要帶上struct,即形式為: struct 結(jié)構(gòu)名對象名,如: struct tagPOINT1 { int x;int y;};struct tagPOINT1 p1;

      而在C++中,則可以直接寫:結(jié)構(gòu)名對象名,即: tagPOINT1 p1;

      估計某人覺得經(jīng)常多寫一個struct太麻煩了,于是就發(fā)明了: typedef struct tagPOINT { int x;int y;}POINT;

      POINT p1;// 這樣就比原來的方式少寫了一個struct,比較省事,尤其在大量使用的時候

      或許,在C++中,typedef的這種用途二不是很大,但是理解了它,對掌握以前的舊代碼還是有幫助的,畢竟我們在項目中有可能會遇到較早些年代遺留下來的代碼。用途三:

      用typedef來定義與平臺無關(guān)的類型。

      比如定義一個叫 REAL 的浮點類型,在目標平臺一上,讓它表示最高精度的類型為: typedef long double REAL;

      在不支持 long double 的平臺二上,改為: typedef double REAL;

      在連 double 都不支持的平臺三上,改為: typedef float REAL;

      也就是說,當跨平臺時,只要改下 typedef 本身就行,不用對其他源碼做任何修改。標準庫就廣泛使用了這個技巧,比如size_t。

      另外,因為typedef是定義了一種類型的新別名,不是簡單的字符串替換,所以它比宏來得穩(wěn)?。m然用宏有時也可以完成以上的用途)。用途四:

      為復雜的聲明定義一個新的簡單的別名。方法是:在原來的聲明里逐步用別名替換一部分復雜聲明,如此循環(huán),把帶變量名的部分留到最后替換,得到的就是原聲明的最簡化版。舉例: 1.原聲明:int *(*a[5])(int, char*);變量名為a,直接用一個新別名pFun替換a就可以了: typedef int *(*pFun)(int, char*);原聲明的最簡化版: pFun a[5];

      2.原聲明:void(*b[10])(void(*)());變量名為b,先替換右邊部分括號里的,pFunParam為別名一: typedef void(*pFunParam)();再替換左邊的變量b,pFunx為別名二: typedef void(*pFunx)(pFunParam);原聲明的最簡化版: pFunx b[10];

      3.原聲明:doube(*)()(*e)[9];

      變量名為e,先替換左邊部分,pFuny為別名一: typedef double(*pFuny)();再替換右邊的變量e,pFunParamy為別名二 typedef pFuny(*pFunParamy)[9];原聲明的最簡化版: pFunParamy e;

      理解復雜聲明可用的“右左法則”:

      從變量名看起,先往右,再往左,碰到一個圓括號就調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)閱讀的方向;括號內(nèi)分析完就跳出括號,還是按先右后左的順序,如此循環(huán),直到整個聲明分析完。舉例: int(*func)(int *p);首先找到變量名func,外面有一對圓括號,而且左邊是一個*號,這說明func是一個指針;然后跳出這個圓括號,先看右邊,又遇到圓括號,這說明(*func)是一個函數(shù),所以func是一個指向這類函數(shù)的指針,即函數(shù)指針,這類函數(shù)具有int*類型的形參,返回值類型是int。int(*func[5])(int *);func右邊是一個[]運算符,說明func是具有5個元素的數(shù)組;func的左邊有一個*,說明func的元素是指針(注意這里的*不是修飾func,而是修飾func[5]的,原因是[]運算符優(yōu)先級比*高,func先跟[]結(jié)合)。跳出這個括號,看右邊,又遇到圓括號,說明func數(shù)組的元素是函數(shù)類型的指針,它指向的函數(shù)具有int*類型的形參,返回值類型為int。也可以記住2個模式: type(*)(....)函數(shù)指針 type(*)[]數(shù)組指針 第二、兩大陷阱 陷阱一:

      記住,typedef是定義了一種類型的新別名,不同于宏,它不是簡單的字符串替換。比如: 先定義:

      typedef char* PSTR;然后:

      int mystrcmp(const PSTR, const PSTR);

      const PSTR實際上相當于const char*嗎?不是的,它實際上相當于char* const。原因在于const給予了整個指針本身以常量性,也就是形成了常量指針char* const。簡單來說,記住當const和typedef一起出現(xiàn)時,typedef不會是簡單的字符串替換就行。陷阱二:

      typedef在語法上是一個存儲類的關(guān)鍵字(如auto、extern、mutable、static、register等一樣),雖然它并不真正影響對象的存儲特性,如: typedef static int INT2;//不可行

      編譯將失敗,會提示“指定了一個以上的存儲類”。

      以上資料出自:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4826f7970100074k.html作者:赤龍 第三、typedef 與 #define的區(qū)別 案例一:

      通常講,typedef要比#define要好,特別是在有指針的場合。請看例子: typedef char *pStr1;#define pStr2 char *;pStr1 s1, s2;pStr2 s3, s4;

      在上述的變量定義中,s1、s2、s3都被定義為char *,而s4則定義成了char,不是我們所預期的指針變量,根本原因就在于#define只是簡單的字符串替換而typedef則是為一個類型起新名字。案例二:

      下面的代碼中編譯器會報一個錯誤,你知道是哪個語句錯了嗎? typedef char * pStr;char string[4] = “abc”;const char *p1 = string;const pStr p2 = string;p1++;p2++;

      是p2++出錯了。這個問題再一次提醒我們:typedef和#define不同,它不是簡單的文本替換。上述代碼中const pStr p2并不等于const char * p2。const pStr p2和const long x本質(zhì)上沒有區(qū)別,都是對變量進行只讀限制,只不過此處變量p2的數(shù)據(jù)類型是我們自己定義的而不是系統(tǒng)固有類型而已。因此,const pStr p2的含義是:限定數(shù)據(jù)類型為char *的變量p2為只讀,因此p2++錯誤。第四部分資料:使用 typedef 抑制劣質(zhì)代碼 作者:Danny Kalev 編譯:MTT 工作室

      原文出處:Using typedef to Curb Miscreant Code

      摘要:Typedef 聲明有助于創(chuàng)建平臺無關(guān)類型,甚至能隱藏復雜和難以理解的語法。不管怎樣,使用 typedef 能為代碼帶來意想不到的好處,通過本文你可以學習用 typedef 避免缺欠,從而使代碼更健壯。typedef 聲明,簡稱 typedef,為現(xiàn)有類型創(chuàng)建一個新的名字。比如人們常常使用 typedef 來編寫更美觀和可讀的代碼。所謂美觀,意指 typedef 能隱藏笨拙的語法構(gòu)造以及平臺相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)類型,從而增強可移植性和以及未來的可維護性。本文下面將竭盡全力來揭示 typedef 強大功能以及如何避免一些常見的陷阱。

      Q:如何創(chuàng)建平臺無關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)類型,隱藏笨拙且難以理解的語法? A:使用 typedefs 為現(xiàn)有類型創(chuàng)建同義字。定義易于記憶的類型名

      typedef 使用最多的地方是創(chuàng)建易于記憶的類型名,用它來歸檔程序員的意圖。類型出現(xiàn)在所聲明的變量名字中,位于 ''typedef'' 關(guān)鍵字右邊。例如:

      typedef int size;此聲明定義了一個 int 的同義字,名字為 size。注意 typedef 并不創(chuàng)建新的類型。它僅僅為現(xiàn)有類型添加一個同義字。你可以在任何需要 int 的上下文中使用 size:

      void measure(size * psz);size array[4];size len = file.getlength();std::vector vs;typedef 還可以掩飾符合類型,如指針和數(shù)組。例如,你不用象下面這樣重復定義有 81 個字符元素的數(shù)組:

      char line[81];char text[81];定義一個 typedef,每當要用到相同類型和大小的數(shù)組時,可以這樣:

      typedef char Line[81];Line text, secondline;getline(text);同樣,可以象下面這樣隱藏指針語法:

      typedef char * pstr;int mystrcmp(pstr, pstr);這里將帶我們到達第一個 typedef 陷阱。標準函數(shù) strcmp()有兩個?const char *?類型的參數(shù)。因此,它可能會誤導人們象下面這樣聲明 mystrcmp():

      int mystrcmp(const pstr, const pstr);這是錯誤的,按照順序,?const pstr?被解釋為?char * const?(一個指向 char 的常量指針),而不是?const char *?(指向常量 char 的指針)。這個問題很容易解決:

      typedef const char * cpstr;int mystrcmp(cpstr, cpstr);// 現(xiàn)在是正確的 記?。翰还苁裁磿r候,只要為指針聲明 typedef,那么都要在最終的 typedef 名稱中加一個 const,以使得該指針本身是常量,而不是對象。代碼簡化

      上面討論的 typedef 行為有點像 #define 宏,用其實際類型替代同義字。不同點是 typedef 在編譯時被解釋,因此讓編譯器來應付超越預處理器能力的文本替換。例如:

      typedef int(*PF)(const char *, const char *);這個聲明引入了 PF 類型作為函數(shù)指針的同義字,該函數(shù)有兩個 const char * 類型的參數(shù)以及一個 int 類型的返回值。如果要使用下列形式的函數(shù)聲明,那么上述這個 typedef 是不可或缺的:

      PF Register(PF pf);Register()的參數(shù)是一個 PF 類型的回調(diào)函數(shù),返回某個函數(shù)的地址,其署名與先前注冊的名字相同。做一次深呼吸。下面我展示一下如果不用 typedef,我們是如何實現(xiàn)這個聲明的:

      int(*Register(int(*pf)(const char *, const char *)))(const char *, const char *);很少有程序員理解它是什么意思,更不用說這種費解的代碼所帶來的出錯風險了。顯然,這里使用 typedef 不是一種特權(quán),而是一種必需。持懷疑態(tài)度的人可能會問:“OK,有人還會寫這樣的代碼嗎?”,快速瀏覽一下揭示signal()函數(shù)的頭文件,一個有同樣接口的函數(shù)。typedef 和存儲類關(guān)鍵字(storage class specifier)

      這種說法是不是有點令人驚訝,typedef 就像 auto,extern,mutable,static,和 register 一樣,是一個存儲類關(guān)鍵字。這并是說 typedef 會真正影響對象的存儲特性;它只是說在語句構(gòu)成上,typedef 聲明看起來象 static,extern 等類型的變量聲明。下面將帶到第二個陷阱:

      typedef register int FAST_COUNTER;// 錯誤

      編譯通不過。問題出在你不能在聲明中有多個存儲類關(guān)鍵字。因為符號 typedef 已經(jīng)占據(jù)了存儲類關(guān)鍵字的位置,在 typedef 聲明中不能用 register(或任何其它存儲類關(guān)鍵字)。促進跨平臺開發(fā)

      typedef 有另外一個重要的用途,那就是定義機器無關(guān)的類型,例如,你可以定義一個叫 REAL 的浮點類型,在目標機器上它可以i獲得最高的精度:

      typedef long double REAL;在不支持 long double 的機器上,該 typedef 看起來會是下面這樣:

      typedef double REAL;并且,在連 double 都不支持的機器上,該 typedef 看起來會是這樣:、typedef float REAL;你不用對源代碼做任何修改,便可以在每一種平臺上編譯這個使用 REAL 類型的應用程序。唯一要改的是 typedef 本身。在大多數(shù)情況下,甚至這個微小的變動完全都可以通過奇妙的條件編譯來自動實現(xiàn)。不是嗎? 標準庫廣泛地使用 typedef 來創(chuàng)建這樣的平臺無關(guān)類型:size_t,ptrdiff 和 fpos_t 就是其中的例子。此外,象 std::string 和 std::ofstream 這樣的 typedef 還隱藏了長長的,難以理解的模板特化語法,例如:basic_string,allocator>和 basic_ofstream>。

      第二篇:it用法小結(jié)

      小結(jié)(2008-12-08 15:57:31)

      標簽:教育

      It用法小結(jié)

      it在英語語法中屬人稱代詞,意思是“它”,用來指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不僅不簡單,而且很復雜。

      一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。

      一般指說話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區(qū)分;可以是可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,在句子中既可做主語,也可以作賓語。

      1.指動物和植物。如:

      —Oh,that's Lucy's hat.噢,那是露茜的帽子。

      —It looks like a cat!它看上去像只貓!

      Where's tea grown?It's grown in the southeast of China.

      什么地方種植茶?中國東南部種植茶。

      2.指代一些無生命的東西。如:

      Is it your watch?這是你的手表嗎?

      Look at the rain!It's heavy,isn't it?看這雨!雨很大,對嗎?

      3.代替上文提到過的整個事情。如:

      Well,you mustn't play on the road.It's dangerous.哦,你不能在公路上玩。這太危險了!It was hard work,but they really enjoyed it.摘蘋果是艱苦活,可他們都樂意去干(它)。

      二、用于指代人。

      1.指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個人,常在打電話或敲門時用。如:

      —Who was it?是誰(打來的電話)?

      —Was it Susan?(打電話的)是蘇珊嗎?

      —Yes,it was.是的,我是。(根據(jù)上下句,“it was”也可不譯出來。)

      再如:—Who is knocking at the door?誰在敲門?

      —It's me.是我。

      2.指說話者心目中的那個人。如:

      —Is it your sister,Kate?(那舊照片上的 baby)是你姐姐凱特吧?

      —No!不是。

      —Is it your brother?是你哥哥吧?

      —No!不是。

      —I know—it's you!我知道了,(那)是你。

      3.指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥嬢^性別時,也可用it來指人。如

      The child smiled when it saw its mother.這小孩一見到母親就笑了。

      I don't know who it is.我不知道他是誰。

      注意:看到這樣的句子(或聽到這樣的話)時,要想一想,不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。)

      4.在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時,常用it指人。如:

      —Who's that?那人是誰?

      —Is it Kate?是凱特嗎?

      —Yes,I think you're right.It's Kate.是的,我想你說對了,是凱特。

      三、用于指時間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。

      1.表示時間。如:

      —What time is it?幾點鐘?

      —It's ten.十點鐘。

      It's summer in Australia now.現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。

      特別注意it用于表示時間時還常見于以下兩個句型中:

      (1)It's time(for sb.)to do sth./It's time for sth.譯為“是(某人)該干??的時間了”、“到??的時候了”。如:

      It's time for supper/to have supper.是吃晚飯的時候了。

      I think it's time for us to start the lesson now.我想現(xiàn)在是我們開始上課的時候了。

      (2)It is /has been +時間段+since +一般過去時。譯為“自從??以來已過了??(時間)”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如:

      It has been two weeks since we met last.= Two weeks has passed since we met last.自從我們上次相遇以來,兩個星期過去了。

      It's three years since he came here.=It has been three years since he came here.=He has been here for three years.他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。

      2.表示距離。如:

      It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.從我家到學校步行得花半小時時間?!猈here's the farm,Li Lei?Is it far?李雷,農(nóng)場在哪里?遠嗎?

      —No,it's quite near.不,(距)離這很近。

      3.表示自然現(xiàn)象。如:

      Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.有時下雪,大地一片白。

      It is very quiet here at the moment.眼下這兒很安靜。

      四、用作形式主語。

      英語中常常見到某個句子以it開頭,it與其后面的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應,以表達一個完整的意義。這是一種習慣表達法,這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。

      1.It+is/was+形容詞+(for/of sb.)+動詞不定式短語。對于這個句型中究竟用 for還是用of,一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則:如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous等用for;如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的,如:kind,good,nice,clever等則用of。如:

      It is interesting to play with snow in winter.冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。

      It's important for us to keep the water clean.保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so.你這樣說真是太好了。

      注意:這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞;連系動詞be也可換用其它連系動詞,如feel等。如:

      It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early.早睡早起是好習慣。

      It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship.乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister.有個孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。

      2.It +will be/is /was +形容詞+動名詞短語。如:

      It's bad playing in the street.在街上玩是沒好處的。

      Is it any good trying again?再試一次有用嗎?

      3.It+is/was+形容詞+從句。如:

      It is certain that he will come.他一定會來。

      It's true that he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能落后于其他同學。

      It is strange that he should say so.他居然這么說,真是奇怪。

      4.It +is /was +one's turn(duty,pleasure)+to do sth.意為“該輪到某人做某事(做某事是某人的責任、愉悅的事)”。如:

      It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow.明天輪到你值日了。

      5.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意為“(某人)花??時間做某事”。如

      It took me a week to finish reading the book.我花了一周時間看完這本書。

      6.It +cost/costs +sb.+some money +to do sth.譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如:It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch.我買這塊新手表花了260元。

      7.It seems /seemed +從句。譯為“看起來好像??”,此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem +動詞不定式”形式。如:

      It seems that he is ill.=He seems to be ill.看起來他好像病了。

      [原題再現(xiàn)]

      ①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It

      ② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.it

      答案: ① D ② D

      五、用作形式賓語。

      當句子的真正賓語是動詞不定式、動名詞或從句時,為避免句子頭重腳輕,須將其放在賓語補足語之后,改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型為:主語+謂語+it+賓語補足語+動詞不定式/動名詞/從句。該句型中賓語補足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當。如:

      He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.他發(fā)現(xiàn)學好一門外語是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed.我們認為躺在床上看書無益處。

      I think it necessary that we have the meeting.我認為開這個會是必要的。

      [原題再現(xiàn)]

      Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as grantedB.take this for granted

      C.take that for grantedD.take it for granted

      答案: D

      六.構(gòu)成強調(diào)句。

      如:

      It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨,就是在街上我看見李明。

      [原題再現(xiàn)]

      ________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when

      答案: B

      七.構(gòu)成特殊句式。如:

      It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【練習】

      (1)There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He(高考,1980)

      (2)Is_necessary to tell his father everything?

      A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)

      (3)Is_possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?

      A.now B.man C.that D.it

      (4)I consider____ my duty to help you.

      A.it B.this C.that D.its

      (5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as

      答案:(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B

      (6).I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004全國I)

      A.this B.that C.it D.one

      (7).-Do you like ___ here?

      -Oh,yes.The air,the weather,the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004全國II)

      A.this B.these C.that D.it

      (8).The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which

      (9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them

      (10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one

      答案:C D B A A

      八、it, one和that作替代詞的用法及區(qū)別

      it, one和that雖然都可以用來替代前面所提到的一個單數(shù)名詞,以避免重復,但在具體用法上卻有不同。簡述如下:

      1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。

      [原題再現(xiàn)]

      The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______?

      A.did theyB.didn't theyC.did itD.didn't it

      答案: D

      2.one代替前面提到的同類事物中的一個。該事物只能是可數(shù)名詞,前面可以有冠詞,也可以被this、that或形容詞修飾,其后也可以有定語。

      [原題再現(xiàn)]

      -Why don't we have a little break?

      -Didn't we just have________?

      A.it B.that C.one D.this

      答案: C

      3.that代替前面提到的同類事物中特指的一個。該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名

      詞,要有后置定語,但不可以有前置修飾語。

      [原題再現(xiàn)]

      Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those

      答案: C

      高考“it”的用法英語題

      歷屆高考英語單項選擇題精選

      (一)“it”的用法

      1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?

      A.thatB.while

      C.in whichD.then(88)

      2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

      A.thisB.that

      C.itD.he(89)

      3.I don

      t think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.thisB.that

      C.itsD.it(91)

      4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?

      A.thisB.that

      C.heD.it(91)

      5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , thatB.until , that

      C.until , thatD.when , then(92)

      6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.thatB.this

      C.oneD.it(93)

      7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.whileB.which

      C.thatD.since(94)

      8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.This

      C.ThatD.It(95)

      9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.untilB.that

      C.thenD.so(97)

      10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.itB.that

      C.theseD.them(98)

      11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.that

      C.whatD.it(2000)

      KEYS:1-5 ACDDB6-10 DCDBA11 B ’

      第三篇:it用法小結(jié)

      小結(jié)(2008-12-08 15:57:31)

      標簽:教育

      It用法小結(jié)

      it在英語語法中屬人稱代詞,意思是“它”,用來指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不僅不簡單,而且很復雜。

      一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。

      一般指說話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區(qū)分;可以是可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,在句子中既可做主語,也可以作賓語。1.指動物和植物。如:

      —Oh,that's Lucy's hat.噢,那是露茜的帽子。

      —It looks like a cat!它看上去像只貓!

      Where's tea grown?It's grown in the southeast of China.

      什么地方種植茶?中國東南部種植茶。2.指代一些無生命的東西。如: Is it your watch?這是你的手表嗎?

      Look at the rain!It's heavy,isn't it?看這雨!雨很大,對嗎? 3.代替上文提到過的整個事情。如:

      Well,you mustn't play on the road.It's dangerous.哦,你不能在公路上玩。這太危險了!It was hard work,but they really enjoyed it.摘蘋果是艱苦活,可他們都樂意去干(它)。

      二、用于指代人。

      1.指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個人,常在打電話或敲門時用。如:

      —Who was it?是誰(打來的電話)? —Was it Susan?(打電話的)是蘇珊嗎?

      —Yes,it was.是的,我是。(根據(jù)上下句,“it was”也可不譯出來。)再如:—Who is knocking at the door?誰在敲門?

      —It's me.是我。

      2.指說話者心目中的那個人。如:

      —Is it your sister,Kate?(那舊照片上的 baby)是你姐姐凱特吧?

      —No!不是。

      —Is it your brother?是你哥哥吧?

      —No!不是。

      —I know—it's you!我知道了,(那)是你。

      3.指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥嬢^性別時,也可用it來指人。如 The child smiled when it saw its mother.這小孩一見到母親就笑了。I don't know who it is.我不知道他是誰。注意:看到這樣的句子(或聽到這樣的話)時,要想一想,不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。)4.在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時,常用it指人。如:

      —Who's that?那人是誰?

      —Is it Kate?是凱特嗎?

      —Yes,I think you're right.It's Kate.是的,我想你說對了,是凱特。

      三、用于指時間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。1.表示時間。如:

      —What time is it?幾點鐘?

      —It's ten.十點鐘。

      It's summer in Australia now.現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。特別注意it用于表示時間時還常見于以下兩個句型中:(1)It's time(for sb.)to do sth./It's time for sth.譯為“是(某人)該干??的時間了”、“到??的時候了”。如:

      It's time for supper/to have supper.是吃晚飯的時候了。

      I think it's time for us to start the lesson now.我想現(xiàn)在是我們開始上課的時候了。

      (2)It is /has been +時間段+since +一般過去時。譯為“自從??以來已過了??(時間)”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如:

      It has been two weeks since we met last.= Two weeks has passed since we met last.自從我們上次相遇以來,兩個星期過去了。

      It's three years since he came here.=It has been three years since he came here.=He has been here for three years.他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。2.表示距離。如:

      It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.從我家到學校步行得花半小時時間。

      —Where's the farm,Li Lei?Is it far?李雷,農(nóng)場在哪里?遠嗎?

      —No,it's quite near.不,(距)離這很近。3.表示自然現(xiàn)象。如:

      Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.有時下雪,大地一片白。It is very quiet here at the moment.眼下這兒很安靜。

      四、用作形式主語。

      英語中常常見到某個句子以it開頭,it與其后面的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應,以表達一個完整的意義。這是一種習慣表達法,這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。

      1.It+is/was+形容詞+(for/of sb.)+動詞不定式短語。對于這個句型中究竟用 for還是用of,一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則:如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous等用for;如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的,如:kind,good,nice,clever等則用of。如:

      It is interesting to play with snow in winter. 冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。

      It's important for us to keep the water clean.保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so.你這樣說真是太好了。注意:這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞;連系動詞be也可換用其它連系動詞,如feel等。如:

      It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early.早睡早起是好習慣。

      It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship.乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister.有個孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。2.It +will be/is /was +形容詞+動名詞短語。如: It's bad playing in the street.在街上玩是沒好處的。Is it any good trying again?再試一次有用嗎? 3.It+is/was+形容詞+從句。如:

      It is certain that he will come.他一定會來。It's true that he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能落后于其他同學。It is strange that he should say so.他居然這么說,真是奇怪。

      4.It +is /was +one's turn(duty,pleasure)+to do sth.意為“該輪到某人做某事(做某事是某人的責任、愉悅的事)”。如:

      It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow.明天輪到你值日了。5.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意為“(某人)花??時間做某事”。如 It took me a week to finish reading the book.我花了一周時間看完這本書。

      6.It +cost/costs +sb.+some money +to do sth.譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如: It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch.我買這塊新手表花了260元。7.It seems /seemed +從句。譯為“看起來好像??”,此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem +動詞不定式”形式。如:

      It seems that he is ill.=He seems to be ill.看起來他好像病了。

      [原題再現(xiàn)] ①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There B.This C.That D.It ② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.this B.that C.there D.it 答案: ① D ② D

      五、用作形式賓語。

      當句子的真正賓語是動詞不定式、動名詞或從句時,為避免句子頭重腳輕,須將其放在賓語補足語之后,改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型為:主語+謂語+it+賓語補足語+動詞不定式/動名詞/從句。該句型中賓語補足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當。如:

      He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.他發(fā)現(xiàn)學好一門外語是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed.我們認為躺在床上看書無益處。I think it necessary that we have the meeting.我認為開這個會是必要的。[原題再現(xiàn)] Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as granted

      B.take this for granted C.take that for granted

      D.take it for granted 答案: D

      六.構(gòu)成強調(diào)句。如:

      It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨,就是在街上我看見李明。[原題再現(xiàn)] ________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when 答案: B 七.構(gòu)成特殊句式。如:

      It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【練習】

      (1)There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He(高考,1980)(2)Is_necessary to tell his father everything? A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)(3)Is_possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? A.now B.man C.that D.it(4)I consider____ my duty to help you. A.it B.this C.that D.its(5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as 答案:(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B(6).I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004全國I)A.this B.that C.it D.one(7).-Do you like ___ here?-Oh,yes.The air,the weather,the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004全國II)A.this B.these C.that D.it(8).The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which(9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them(10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one 答案:C D B A A

      八、it, one和that作替代詞的用法及區(qū)別

      it, one和that雖然都可以用來替代前面所提到的一個單數(shù)名詞,以避免重復,但在具體用法上卻有不同。簡述如下: 1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。[原題再現(xiàn)] The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______? A.did they B.didn't they C.did it D.didn't it 答案: D 2.one代替前面提到的同類事物中的一個。該事物只能是可數(shù)名詞,前面可以有冠詞,也可以被this、that或形容詞修飾,其后也可以有定語。[原題再現(xiàn)]-Why don't we have a little break?-Didn't we just have________? A.it B.that C.one D.this 答案: C 3.that代替前面提到的同類事物中特指的一個。該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,要有后置定語,但不可以有前置修飾語。[原題再現(xiàn)] Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.some B.any C.that D.those 答案: C

      高考“it”的用法英語題

      歷屆高考英語單項選擇題精選

      (一)“it”的用法

      1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?

      A.that

      B.while

      C.in which

      D.then

      (88)2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

      B.that

      C.it

      D.he

      (89)3.I dont think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

      B.that

      C.its

      D.it

      (91)4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time? A.this

      B.that

      C.he

      D.it

      (91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then

      (92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

      B.this

      C.one

      D.it

      (93)7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

      B.which

      C.that

      D.since

      (94)8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

      B.This

      C.That

      D.It

      (95)9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

      B.that

      C.then

      D.so

      (97)10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

      B.that

      C.these D.them

      (98)11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

      B.that

      C.what

      D.it

      (2000)KEYS: 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11 B

      第四篇:there be 用法小結(jié)

      there be 用法小結(jié)

      1.基本結(jié)構(gòu)

      There be + 主語 + 地點/ 時間狀語。如:

      There is a computer in the room.房間里有一臺電腦。

      There are two TV plays every evening.每晚有兩場電視劇。2.主謂一致

      要采取就近一致原則,和靠近be 的主語一致。如:

      There is a pen, two rulers in the box.盒子里有一只鋼筆,兩把尺子。

      There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate.門口有兩個男孩,一個老師。3.主語后的動詞形式

      在there be 句型中,主語與動詞是主動關(guān)系時用現(xiàn)在分詞;是被動關(guān)系時用過去分詞。如:

      There is a purse lying on the ground.地上有一個錢包。

      There are five minutes left now.現(xiàn)在還有5分鐘。4.反意疑問句。

      反意疑問句應與 there be 對應,而不是依據(jù)主語。如:

      There is a radio on the table, isn't there? 桌子上有一臺收音機,是吧?

      There are more than fifty classes in your school, aren't there? 你們班有50多名學生,是吧?

      5.there be 與 have 的替換

      there be 表示所屬時可與 have 替換。

      There is nothing but a book in my bag.= I have nothing but a book in my bag.包里只有一本書。

      6.there be 后接不定式時常用主動形式表示被動意義。如:

      There is a lot of work to do.有許多工作要做。

      注意:當該句型主語是 something, anything, nothing 等不定代詞時,后面的不定式用主動形式或被動形式,意義各不同。

      There is nothing to do.沒有事可做。

      There is nothing to be done.沒有辦法(束手無策)。7.與其它詞連用,構(gòu)成復合謂語。如:

      There may be a rain this afternoon.今天下午可能有雨。

      There used to be a cinema here before the war.戰(zhàn)爭之前,這兒有一家電影院。8.變體

      there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的 be 有時可用 live, stand, remain 等代替。如:

      Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else.從前有位國王喜歡新服勝過別的任何東西。

      9.習慣用語

      There is no good /use(in)doing sth.做某事沒有好處/用處; There is not a moment to lose.一刻也不能耽誤。例如:

      There is no good making friends with him.和他交朋友沒有什么好處。

      He is very ill.Send him to hospital.There's not a moment to lose.他病得厲害,把他送到醫(yī)院去,一刻也不能耽誤。

      There be表示存在的“有”,他有各種時態(tài),如: 一般現(xiàn)在時:there is/are;一般過去時:therewas/were 一般將來時:there will be;過去將來時:there would be; 現(xiàn)在完成時:there has/have been;過去完成時:there had been 要特別注意be going to 在there be 句型中的運用。例如:

      There is going to be a film in the meeting hall.學校禮堂里將有一場電影。還可擴展為許多其它句型,下面筆者對There be句型的擴展作一歸納。一There be+主語

      這種句式表示事物的客觀存在,There be放在句首,而把真正的主語放在后面,可以用來表示現(xiàn)在時、過去時、完成時和將來時。例如: There is a boy on the playground.操場上有個男孩。There has been a lot of rain this month.這個月雨水很多。There will be an announcement soon.不久會發(fā)布告。

      二,There are + n(復數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞)+ and + n(復數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞)該句型表示同一類人或物的不同性質(zhì),尤其表示有好壞優(yōu)劣之分,意為“有各種各樣的”、“種種不一”等。如:

      There are friends and friends.朋友有種種,有益友,有損友。There is tea and tea.茶葉有好有差。三 There be+名詞+分詞

      這種句式中分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞,也可以是過去分詞。doing表示動作和前面名詞有主謂關(guān)系,過去分詞done和前面名詞有被動關(guān)系。如: There is a man sitting on the fence.有個人正坐在籬笆上。There was a car stolen last night.昨晚有輛車被偷了。這種句式可以用“主語+be+分詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)來代替。例如: There is a boy playing with a puppy in the yard.(= A boy is playing witha puppy in the yard.)一個男孩正在院子里和一只小狗玩耍。

      There has been more money spent on armaments than on famine relief.(=More money has been spent on armaments than on famine relief.)花在軍備上的錢比花在救災上的錢還多。四,There be+名詞+動詞不定式

      這種句式中的及物動詞(動詞不定式)也可改成被動式, 意為“(沒)有……要做”。例如: There is a lot of work to do(to be done).有許多工作要做。There was no time to wait for you.沒有時間再等你了。

      注意:There is nothing to do與There is nothing to be done.含義不同。前者意為:“無事可做”,后者意為“沒有辦法”。試比較: There is nothing to do-I'm bored.無事可做--我感到悶得慌。(=There is nothing to entertain me.)沒有什么活動來消遣。

      There is nothing to be done-we'll have to buy another one.沒有辦法--我們只好另外買一個了。(= There is no way off putting it right.)五 There is+no+動名詞

      這種句式可與“It is impossible+動詞不定式”替換,意為“無法做某事”。例如: There is no stopping him.(=It is impossible to stop him.)無法阻止他。There is no guessing what will happen.無法猜到將會發(fā)生什么。六,There is(no)need for+名詞 該句式意為“(不)需要……”。例如: There is no need for anxiety.不需要擔心。

      There is a great need for a book on this subject.非常需要有一本關(guān)于這個題目的書。

      七,There is no need+動詞不定式.例如: There is no need for him to come.不需要他來了。

      There is no need(for you)to start yet.(你)現(xiàn)在還沒有必要動身。八,There is no use+動名詞

      該句式可與“It is no use+動名詞”互換,意為“……無用(無濟于事)”。例如: There is no use waiting any longer.(=It is no use waiting any longer.)再等下去是沒有用的。

      There is no use(in)offering the olive branch now.現(xiàn)在想和解也無濟于事了。九,There is nothing / not anything like… 該句型中“nothing/ not anything like…”相當于“nothing / not anything better / more suitable than…”,意為“沒有什么比……更好/更合適/更有效了”。如:

      There is nothing like a book for taking you out of yourself.沒有什么比書更能使你解脫自己了。There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit.作為保持健康的方法,沒有什么比散步更好的了。十,There is nothing more...than 該句式意為“再……不過了”。例如: There is nothing more dangerous than an illusion of security.太平無事的想法是再危險不過的了。

      十一,There is no(not any)point in+動名詞 該句式意為:“……是沒有意義(思)的?!崩? There is no point in doing so.這樣做是沒有意義的。

      There is not any point in harping on the same old tune.沒有必要再重復這一套。十二,情態(tài)動詞及ought to,have to,used to用在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如: There must be something wrong with the machine,for it doesn’t run well.機器一定出了毛病,因為他運轉(zhuǎn)不正常。

      There oughtn’t to be too great a difference in our views.我們的看法不應該存在太大的分歧。

      There might be some good songs after all this trash.在播放了這些亂七八糟的歌曲之后,可能會放幾首好歌。

      If the power hadn't been cut off so quickly, there could have been a big fire.要不是迅速切斷電源,可能會引發(fā)一場大火。十三,There is a possibility of(或that)該句式表示“有可能”。例如: There is a possibility of my going to Denmark.(= There is a possibility that I may be able to go to Denmark.)我有可能去丹麥。十四, There+人稱代詞+come(go)/there come(go)+名詞

      該句式是there作感嘆詞放在句首。如果主語是人稱代詞,則動詞放在其后;如果主語是名詞,則動詞放在其前。例如: There they come!他們來了!There comes the bus at last!公共汽車終于來啦!十五,.There+動詞 這種句式只限于表示存在某種狀態(tài)、發(fā)生某種事或某事、某人到達等動詞,意義比there be 結(jié)構(gòu)格更為生動貼切。如live,lie seem,appear,happen tand,exist,arise,enter,come,go,remain,exist,rise,occur,flow,arrive,enter,follow等。而不適用于表示一般具體行動的動詞。例如: Many years ago,there lived an emperor who cared more for clothes than for anything else.許多年前有位皇帝熱衷于漂亮的衣服勝過其他東西。There stands a tall building across the river over there.河對面聳立著一幢高層建筑物。There goes the bell.鈴響了。

      There comes a knock at the door.有人敲門。

      There remains one question to be discussed.還剩一個問題要討論。There seems to be something wrong about it.這事好像有點兒不大對頭。There appears to be no one who can answer this question.看來沒人能夠回答這個問題。

      There will follow an interval of five minutes.隨后將有五分鐘的休息。

      十六,There are/is certain(sure,likely)to be該結(jié)構(gòu)的意義為肯定有/可能有。例如:

      Thereare like to be more difficulties than you were prepared for。很可能會遇到你預想不到的困難。There are sure to be a restaurant some where。某處肯定有個飯店。十七,There +be+ed分詞+to be常用動詞有:say,expect,believe,consider,think,mean,構(gòu)成信息來源模糊表達式。例如: There is/are said to be a number of wounded on both sides。據(jù)說雙方都有不少受傷。

      There is/are expected to be an exciting film next week。預計下周有一步精彩電影上演。

      十八v + there to be該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞往往是:expect, want, intend, mean, consider, like, hate, prefer等接不定式做賓語的動詞。如:

      We don’t want there to be any students falling behind.我們不想有任何學生落后。

      I should prefer there tobe no disscusion。我希望沒有討論。動詞let后接there be 做賓語補足語。如: Let there be no mis under standing。不要產(chǎn)生誤會。

      十九There being/having been是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作狀語。如: There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was burned black by the sun.好長時間未下雨,大地都給太陽烤焦了。

      二十There(not)being/there(not)having been用作ing分詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做主語或賓語。例如:

      There being a bus stop so near the house is an advantage。(做主語)公共汽車站離家這末近是一很有利的條件。I dreamed of there being a holiday tomorrow。我夢想明天有一假日。二十一,for ther to be 為不定式復合結(jié)構(gòu)例如: For there to be no late comers was unusual。沒人遲到這是不尋常的事。

      It is not cold enough for there to be frost。天還不夠冷不足以有霜凍。

      二十二,There is nothing for it but to do sth 該句型相當于“There is no choice but to do sth”,意為“別無他法,只能……”。如:

      There is nothing for it but to do what is required.只能按要求去做了,別無他法。(=I have no choice but to do what it required.)

      第五篇:IT用法小結(jié)

      It用法小結(jié)

      王婷婷

      It的用法復雜多變,現(xiàn)對it的用法小結(jié)一下。

      1.It 用作人稱代詞:It可用代詞,作人稱代詞,指前面已經(jīng)提到過的事物,動物或人,在句中作主語或賓語.

      例如:1).He bought a dictionary and gave it to me.(指代物品the dictionary)2).Don’t think any more about it.(指代事件)3).---Who is that ?---It’s me.Open the door, please.(指代人)

      2.It 用作非人稱代詞:It 也用作非人稱代詞,常常用作句子主語,表示天氣,日期,時間,溫度,距離等.

      1).It was raining when I left the office.(表示天氣)2).It is February 14th today.(表示日期)3).It is an hour’s walk from my home to the school.(表示距離)IT在表示時間時要注意以下的一些句式:

      ① It be … since...該句型主句中的 it 指時間,主句中是時間作表語,其時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時或完成時,since 引導的從句通常是一般過去時態(tài)。如果主句是一般過去時,從句則用過去完成時。

      It is(has been)5 years since his father died.It was 5 years since I had enjoyed myself so much.It is(has been)5 years since I smoked.②It be...when...該句型中的 when 引導的是一個時間狀語從句,主句中的 it 指時間,表語由具體的時間充當。常譯為“當……的時候,是……”。

      It was 5 o'clock when he came here.③It be...before...該句型主句中的 it 指時間, 主句中的時態(tài)常是將來一般時或過去時兩種時態(tài).主句中的表語多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示時間段的詞或短語。常譯為“……之后……”“過多久....才...”。

      It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.It will be not long before he finishes his job.④It is time(about time , high time)that...該句型中that 后的從句應該用虛擬語氣,① 常用過去時態(tài)表示虛擬.② 有時也用should + 動詞原形,should 不能省。常譯為“是(正是)……的時侯……”。

      It is time that children should go to bed.= It is time that children went to bed.⑤It is the first(second …)time that …該句型要和上一個句型區(qū)別開來。該句型中的 that 從句不用虛擬語氣,而用完成時態(tài)。至于用什么完成時態(tài),由主句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)決定。如果是一般現(xiàn)在時,后面從句用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài);如果是一般過去時,后面從句則用過去完成時態(tài)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中 that 可以省去;it 有時用 this 替換,常譯為“是第一

      (二)……次……”。

      It is the first time I have been here.= This is the first time I have been here.3.It作形式主語

      替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞,為避免“頭重腳輕”,而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

      It 作形式主語的常見句型:

      1).替代作主語的動詞不定式,其句型為

      It be adj.(for∕of sb.)to do sth.常見的形容詞有:

      important, necessary, natural ,easy, safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, unusual, impossible, pleasant,foolish,clever,brave,kind,wise 等。

      It takes sb.sometime to do sth.2)

      替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型:

      It’s no good/ no use / useless doing… 3).替代作主語的從句常見句型

      ①It is + noun(a pity, a shame, no wonder)+從句

      ②.It is adj.+clause ③It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

      (verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know,suggest,demand,request,order等)如果為表示命令,建議,要求的詞,則從句要用虛擬語氣,及shoule+v.(should可?。?/p>

      ④It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do(verb = appear, seem, happen, occur, turn out 等)

      ⑤It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

      It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

      4.It作形式賓語

      當不定式、動名詞、that 從句作賓語,又有自己的賓語補語時,要用it 作形式賓語,而把真正的賓語后置。能夠用于形式賓語句型的動詞有think, make, find, consider, feel, take,suppose,keep等。如:

      Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.The fisherman made it a rule that he never cast his net more than four times a day.We think it necessary reading aloud every morning to improve our English.以下的動詞在接賓語從句時需要先加it再接從句:hate,like,dislike,love,appreciate,enjoy,prefer等。

      eg.I would appreciate it if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.5.It 用在強調(diào)句型中

      ①It is + 被強調(diào)部分 + that...該句型是強調(diào)句型。將被強調(diào)的部分放在前面,其它部分置于that 之后。被強調(diào)部分可以是主語,賓語,或狀語。強調(diào)的對象是人時,可用who, whom, that,其余情況一律用 that;當強調(diào)對象在從句中做主語時用who, that,當強調(diào)對象在從句中作賓語時用whom ,that如果把這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)劃掉后,應該是一個完整無缺的句子。這也是判斷強調(diào)句型與其它從句的方法。

      It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.It was they that(who)cleaned the classroom yesterday.It was in the street that I met her father.②.強調(diào)對象是疑問詞

      Why is it that you want to leave so soon? ③.It is not until + 被強調(diào)部分 + that...該句型也是強調(diào)句型。主要用于強凋時間狀語,譯成漢語 “直到……才……”,可以說是 not...until...的強調(diào)形式。

      It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.= Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.= I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.

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