第一篇:Const用法小結(jié)
關(guān)于C++中的const關(guān)鍵字的用法非常靈活,而使用const將大大改善程序的健壯性。
1.const常量,如const int max = 100;
優(yōu)點(diǎn):const常量有數(shù)據(jù)類型,而宏常量沒有數(shù)據(jù)類型。編譯器可以對前者進(jìn)行類型安全檢查,而對后者只進(jìn)行字符替換,沒有類型安全
檢查,并且在字符替換時(shí)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生意料不到的錯(cuò)誤(邊際效應(yīng))
2.const 修飾類的數(shù)據(jù)成員。如:
class A
{
const int size;
…
}
const數(shù)據(jù)成員只在某個(gè)對象生存期內(nèi)是常量,而對于整個(gè)類而言卻是可變的。因?yàn)轭惪梢詣?chuàng)建多個(gè)對象,不同的對象其const數(shù)據(jù)成員的值可以不同。所以不能在類聲明中初始化const數(shù)據(jù)成員,因?yàn)轭惖膶ο笪幢粍?chuàng)建時(shí),編譯器不知道const 數(shù)據(jù)成員的值是什么。如
class A
{
const int size = 100;//錯(cuò)誤
int array[size];//錯(cuò)誤,未知的size
}
const數(shù)據(jù)成員的初始化只能在類的構(gòu)造函數(shù)的初始化表中進(jìn)行。要想建立在整個(gè)類中都恒定的常量,應(yīng)該用類中的枚舉常量來實(shí)現(xiàn)。如
class A
{…
enum {size1=100, size2 = 200 };
int array1[size1];
int array2[size2];
}
枚舉常量不會(huì)占用對象的存儲(chǔ)空間,他們在編譯時(shí)被全部求值。但是枚舉常量的隱含數(shù)據(jù)類型是整數(shù),其最大值有限,且不能表示浮點(diǎn)
數(shù)。
3.const修飾指針的情況,見下式:
int b = 500;
const int* a = &[1]
int const *a = &[2]
int* const a = &[3]
const int* const a = &[4]
如果你能區(qū)分出上述四種情況,那么,恭喜你,你已經(jīng)邁出了可喜的一步。不知道,也沒關(guān)系,我們可以參考《Effective c++》Item21上的做法,如果const位于星號的左側(cè),則const就是用來修飾指針?biāo)赶虻淖兞?,即指針指向?yàn)槌A浚蝗绻鹀onst位于星號的右側(cè),const就是修飾指針本身,即指針本身是常量。因此,[1]和[2]的情況相同,都是指針?biāo)赶虻膬?nèi)容為常量(const放在變量聲明符的位置無關(guān)),這種情況下不允許對內(nèi)容進(jìn)行更改操作,如不能*a = 3 ;[3]為指針本身是常量,而指針?biāo)赶虻膬?nèi)容不是常量,這種情況下不能對指針
本身進(jìn)行更改操作,如a++是錯(cuò)誤的;[4]為指針本身和指向的內(nèi)容均為常量。
4.const的初始化
先看一下const變量初始化的情況
1)非指針const常量初始化的情況:A b;
const A a = b;
2)指針const常量初始化的情況:
A* d = new A();
const A* c = d;
或者:const A* c = new A();
3)引用const常量初始化的情況:
A f;
const A& e = f;// 這樣作e只能訪問聲明為const的函數(shù),而不能訪問一
般的成員函數(shù);
[思考1]: 以下的這種賦值方法正確嗎?
const A* c=new A();
A* e = c;
[思考2]: 以下的這種賦值方法正確嗎?
A* const c = new A();
A* b = c;
5.另外const 的一些強(qiáng)大的功能在于它在函數(shù)聲明中的應(yīng)用。在一個(gè)函數(shù)聲明中,const 可以修飾函數(shù)的返回值,或某個(gè)參數(shù);對于成員函數(shù),還可以修飾是整個(gè)函數(shù)。有如下幾種情況,以下會(huì)逐漸的說明用法:A& operator=(const A& a);
void fun0(const A* a);
void fun1()const;// fun1()為類成員函數(shù)
const A fun2();
1)修飾參數(shù)的const,如 void fun0(const A* a);void fun1(const A& a);
調(diào)用函數(shù)的時(shí)候,用相應(yīng)的變量初始化const常量,則在函數(shù)體中,按照const所修飾的部分進(jìn)行常量化,如形參為const A* a,則不能對傳遞進(jìn)來的指針的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行改變,保護(hù)了原指針?biāo)赶虻膬?nèi)容;如形參為const A& a,則不能對傳遞進(jìn)來的引用對象進(jìn)行改變,保護(hù)了原
對象的屬性。
[注意]:參數(shù)const通常用于參數(shù)為指針或引用的情況,且只能修飾輸入?yún)?shù);若輸入?yún)?shù)采用“值傳遞”方式,由于函數(shù)將自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生臨時(shí)變
量用于復(fù)制該參數(shù),該參數(shù)本就不需要保護(hù),所以不用const修飾。
[總結(jié)]對于非內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)類型的輸入?yún)?shù),因該將“值傳遞”的方式改為“const引用傳遞”,目的是為了提高效率。例如,將void Func(A a)改
為void Func(const A &a)
對于內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)類型的輸入?yún)?shù),不要將“值傳遞”的方式改為“const引用傳遞”。否則既達(dá)不到提高效率的目的,又降低了函數(shù)的可
理解性。例如void Func(int x)不應(yīng)該改為void Func(const int &x)
2)修飾返回值的const,如const A fun2();const A* fun3();
這樣聲明了返回值后,const按照“修飾原則”進(jìn)行修飾,起到相應(yīng)的保護(hù)作用。const Rational operator*(const Rational& lhs, const Rational&
rhs)
{
return Rational(lhs.numerator()* rhs.numerator(),lhs.denominator()* rhs.denominator());
}
返回值用const修飾可以防止允許這樣的操作發(fā)生:Rational a,b;
Radional c;
(a*b)= c;
一般用const修飾返回值為對象本身(非引用和指針)的情況多用于二目操作符重載函數(shù)并產(chǎn)生新對象的時(shí)候。
[總結(jié)]
1.一般情況下,函數(shù)的返回值為某個(gè)對象時(shí),如果將其聲明為const時(shí),多用于操作符的重載。通常,不建議用const修飾函數(shù)的返回值類型為某個(gè)對象或?qū)δ硞€(gè)對象引用的情況。原因如下:如果返回值為某個(gè)對象為const(const A test = A 實(shí)例)或某個(gè)對象的引用為const(const A& test = A實(shí)例),則返回值具有const屬性,則返回實(shí)例只能訪問類A中的公有(保護(hù))數(shù)據(jù)成員和const成員函數(shù),并且不
允許對其進(jìn)行賦值操作,這在一般情況下很少用到。
2.如果給采用“指針傳遞”方式的函數(shù)返回值加const修飾,那么函數(shù)返回值(即指針)的內(nèi)容不能被修改,該返回值只能被賦給加const 修飾的同類型指針。如:
const char * GetString(void);
如下語句將出現(xiàn)編譯錯(cuò)誤:
char *str=GetString();
正確的用法是:
const char *str=GetString();
3.函數(shù)返回值采用“引用傳遞”的場合不多,這種方式一般只出現(xiàn)在類的賻值函數(shù)中,目的是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)鏈?zhǔn)奖磉_(dá)。如:
class A
{…
A &operate =(const A &other);//負(fù)值函數(shù)
}
A a,b,c;//a,b,c為A的對象
…
a=b=c;//正常
(a=b)=c;//不正常,但是合法
若負(fù)值函數(shù)的返回值加const修飾,那么該返回值的內(nèi)容不允許修改,上例中a=b=c依然正確。(a=b)=c就不正確了。
[思考3]: 這樣定義賦值操作符重載函數(shù)可以嗎?
const A& operator=(const A& a);
6.類成員函數(shù)中const的使用
一般放在函數(shù)體后,形如:void fun()const;
任何不會(huì)修改數(shù)據(jù)成員的函數(shù)都因該聲明為const類型。如果在編寫const成員函數(shù)時(shí),不慎修改了數(shù)據(jù)成員,或者調(diào)用了其他非const
成員函數(shù),編譯器將報(bào)錯(cuò),這大大提高了程序的健壯性。如:
class Stack
{
public:
void Push(int elem);
int Pop(void);
int GetCount(void)const;//const 成員函數(shù)
private:
int m_num;
int m_data[100];
};
int Stack::GetCount(void)const
{
++m_num;//編譯錯(cuò)誤,企圖修改數(shù)據(jù)成員m_num
Pop();//編譯錯(cuò)誤,企圖調(diào)用非const函數(shù)
Return m_num;
}
7.使用const的一些建議要大膽的使用const,這將給你帶來無盡的益處,但前提是你必須搞清楚原委;要避免最一般的賦值操作錯(cuò)誤,如將const變量賦值,具體可見思考題;在參數(shù)中使用const應(yīng)該使用引用或指針,而不是一般的對象實(shí)例,原因同上;const在成員函數(shù)中的三種用法(參數(shù)、返回值、函數(shù))要很好的使用;不要輕易的將函數(shù)的返回值類型定為const;
6除了重載操作符外一般不要將返回值類型定為對某個(gè)對象的const引用;
[思考題答案]這種方法不正確,因?yàn)槁暶髦羔樀哪康氖菫榱藢ζ渲赶虻膬?nèi)容進(jìn)行改變,而聲明的指針e指向的是一個(gè)常量,所以不正確;這種方法正確,因?yàn)槁暶髦羔標(biāo)赶虻膬?nèi)容可變;這種做法不正確;
在const A::operator=(const A& a)中,參數(shù)列表中的const的用法正確,而當(dāng)這樣連續(xù)賦值的時(shí)侯,問題就出現(xiàn)了:
A a,b,c:
(a=b)=c;
因?yàn)閍.operator=(b)的返回值是對a的const引用,不能再將c賦值給const常量。
第二篇:it用法小結(jié)
小結(jié)(2008-12-08 15:57:31)
標(biāo)簽:教育
It用法小結(jié)
it在英語語法中屬人稱代詞,意思是“它”,用來指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不僅不簡單,而且很復(fù)雜。
一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。
一般指說話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區(qū)分;可以是可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,在句子中既可做主語,也可以作賓語。
1.指動(dòng)物和植物。如:
—Oh,that's Lucy's hat.噢,那是露茜的帽子。
—It looks like a cat!它看上去像只貓!
Where's tea grown?It's grown in the southeast of China.
什么地方種植茶?中國東南部種植茶。
2.指代一些無生命的東西。如:
Is it your watch?這是你的手表嗎?
Look at the rain!It's heavy,isn't it?看這雨!雨很大,對嗎?
3.代替上文提到過的整個(gè)事情。如:
Well,you mustn't play on the road.It's dangerous.哦,你不能在公路上玩。這太危險(xiǎn)了!It was hard work,but they really enjoyed it.摘蘋果是艱苦活,可他們都樂意去干(它)。
二、用于指代人。
1.指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個(gè)人,常在打電話或敲門時(shí)用。如:
—Who was it?是誰(打來的電話)?
—Was it Susan?(打電話的)是蘇珊嗎?
—Yes,it was.是的,我是。(根據(jù)上下句,“it was”也可不譯出來。)
再如:—Who is knocking at the door?誰在敲門?
—It's me.是我。
2.指說話者心目中的那個(gè)人。如:
—Is it your sister,Kate?(那舊照片上的 baby)是你姐姐凱特吧?
—No!不是。
—Is it your brother?是你哥哥吧?
—No!不是。
—I know—it's you!我知道了,(那)是你。
3.指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥?jì)較性別時(shí),也可用it來指人。如
The child smiled when it saw its mother.這小孩一見到母親就笑了。
I don't know who it is.我不知道他是誰。
注意:看到這樣的句子(或聽到這樣的話)時(shí),要想一想,不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。)
4.在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時(shí),常用it指人。如:
—Who's that?那人是誰?
—Is it Kate?是凱特嗎?
—Yes,I think you're right.It's Kate.是的,我想你說對了,是凱特。
三、用于指時(shí)間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。
1.表示時(shí)間。如:
—What time is it?幾點(diǎn)鐘?
—It's ten.十點(diǎn)鐘。
It's summer in Australia now.現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。
特別注意it用于表示時(shí)間時(shí)還常見于以下兩個(gè)句型中:
(1)It's time(for sb.)to do sth./It's time for sth.譯為“是(某人)該干??的時(shí)間了”、“到??的時(shí)候了”。如:
It's time for supper/to have supper.是吃晚飯的時(shí)候了。
I think it's time for us to start the lesson now.我想現(xiàn)在是我們開始上課的時(shí)候了。
(2)It is /has been +時(shí)間段+since +一般過去時(shí)。譯為“自從??以來已過了??(時(shí)間)”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
It has been two weeks since we met last.= Two weeks has passed since we met last.自從我們上次相遇以來,兩個(gè)星期過去了。
It's three years since he came here.=It has been three years since he came here.=He has been here for three years.他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。
2.表示距離。如:
It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.從我家到學(xué)校步行得花半小時(shí)時(shí)間?!猈here's the farm,Li Lei?Is it far?李雷,農(nóng)場在哪里?遠(yuǎn)嗎?
—No,it's quite near.不,(距)離這很近。
3.表示自然現(xiàn)象。如:
Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.有時(shí)下雪,大地一片白。
It is very quiet here at the moment.眼下這兒很安靜。
四、用作形式主語。
英語中常常見到某個(gè)句子以it開頭,it與其后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應(yīng),以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。這是一種習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。
1.It+is/was+形容詞+(for/of sb.)+動(dòng)詞不定式短語。對于這個(gè)句型中究竟用 for還是用of,一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則:如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous等用for;如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的,如:kind,good,nice,clever等則用of。如:
It is interesting to play with snow in winter.冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。
It's important for us to keep the water clean.保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so.你這樣說真是太好了。
注意:這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞;連系動(dòng)詞be也可換用其它連系動(dòng)詞,如feel等。如:
It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early.早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。
It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship.乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister.有個(gè)孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。
2.It +will be/is /was +形容詞+動(dòng)名詞短語。如:
It's bad playing in the street.在街上玩是沒好處的。
Is it any good trying again?再試一次有用嗎?
3.It+is/was+形容詞+從句。如:
It is certain that he will come.他一定會(huì)來。
It's true that he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能落后于其他同學(xué)。
It is strange that he should say so.他居然這么說,真是奇怪。
4.It +is /was +one's turn(duty,pleasure)+to do sth.意為“該輪到某人做某事(做某事是某人的責(zé)任、愉悅的事)”。如:
It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow.明天輪到你值日了。
5.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意為“(某人)花??時(shí)間做某事”。如
It took me a week to finish reading the book.我花了一周時(shí)間看完這本書。
6.It +cost/costs +sb.+some money +to do sth.譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如:It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch.我買這塊新手表花了260元。
7.It seems /seemed +從句。譯為“看起來好像??”,此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem +動(dòng)詞不定式”形式。如:
It seems that he is ill.=He seems to be ill.看起來他好像病了。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It
② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.it
答案: ① D ② D
五、用作形式賓語。
當(dāng)句子的真正賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí),為避免句子頭重腳輕,須將其放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型為:主語+謂語+it+賓語補(bǔ)足語+動(dòng)詞不定式/動(dòng)名詞/從句。該句型中賓語補(bǔ)足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當(dāng)。如:
He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed.我們認(rèn)為躺在床上看書無益處。
I think it necessary that we have the meeting.我認(rèn)為開這個(gè)會(huì)是必要的。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as grantedB.take this for granted
C.take that for grantedD.take it for granted
答案: D
六.構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
如:
It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨,就是在街上我看見李明。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when
答案: B
七.構(gòu)成特殊句式。如:
It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【練習(xí)】
(1)There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He(高考,1980)
(2)Is_necessary to tell his father everything?
A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)
(3)Is_possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?
A.now B.man C.that D.it
(4)I consider____ my duty to help you.
A.it B.this C.that D.its
(5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as
答案:(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B
(6).I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004全國I)
A.this B.that C.it D.one
(7).-Do you like ___ here?
-Oh,yes.The air,the weather,the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004全國II)
A.this B.these C.that D.it
(8).The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which
(9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them
(10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one
答案:C D B A A
八、it, one和that作替代詞的用法及區(qū)別
it, one和that雖然都可以用來替代前面所提到的一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞,以避免重復(fù),但在具體用法上卻有不同。簡述如下:
1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______?
A.did theyB.didn't theyC.did itD.didn't it
答案: D
2.one代替前面提到的同類事物中的一個(gè)。該事物只能是可數(shù)名詞,前面可以有冠詞,也可以被this、that或形容詞修飾,其后也可以有定語。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
-Why don't we have a little break?
-Didn't we just have________?
A.it B.that C.one D.this
答案: C
3.that代替前面提到的同類事物中特指的一個(gè)。該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名
詞,要有后置定語,但不可以有前置修飾語。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those
答案: C
高考“it”的用法英語題
歷屆高考英語單項(xiàng)選擇題精選
(一)“it”的用法
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?
A.thatB.while
C.in whichD.then(88)
2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?
A.thisB.that
C.itD.he(89)
3.I don
t think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.thisB.that
C.itsD.it(91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?
A.thisB.that
C.heD.it(91)
5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , thatB.until , that
C.until , thatD.when , then(92)
6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.thatB.this
C.oneD.it(93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.whileB.which
C.thatD.since(94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.This
C.ThatD.It(95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.untilB.that
C.thenD.so(97)
10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.itB.that
C.theseD.them(98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.that
C.whatD.it(2000)
KEYS:1-5 ACDDB6-10 DCDBA11 B ’
第三篇:with用法小結(jié)
with用法小結(jié)
一、with表擁有某物
Mary married a man with a lot of money.馬莉嫁給了一個(gè)有著很多錢的男人。
I often dream of a big house with a nice garden.我經(jīng)常夢想有一個(gè)帶花園的大房子。
二、with表用某種工具或手段
I cut the apple with a sharp knife.我用一把鋒利的刀削平果。
Tom drew the picture with a pencil.湯母用鉛筆畫畫。
三、with表人與人之間的協(xié)同關(guān)系
make friends with sb
talk with sb
quarrel with sb與……吵架
fight with sb與……打架
play with sb
work with sb years since we worked with each other, and I have never quarreled with him.自從我們一起工作以來,我和湯姆已經(jīng)是十年的朋友了,我們從沒有吵過架。
四、with 表原因或理由.這種語義的with多半與表示情緒的詞連用.John was in bed with high fever.約翰因發(fā)燒臥床。
He jumped up with joy.他因高興跳起來。
Father is often excited with wine.父親常因白酒變的興奮。
五、with 表“帶來”,或“帶有,具有”,”在…身上,在…身邊”之意(相當(dāng)于having, carrying)
The girl with golden hair looks beautiful.那個(gè)金頭發(fā)的女孩看起來漂亮。
The famous director will come to the meeting with the leading actor and actress.那個(gè)有名的導(dǎo)演將帶著男女主角來到會(huì)場。
Do you have money with you.身上帶著錢嗎?
Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.隨身帶傘,以防下雨。
注意:with ,about ,和in均可表示特征和屬性.With表示屬于人和物的顯著特點(diǎn);about表示附屬于人或物不可捉摸的的特點(diǎn);in表示附屬與人或物的內(nèi)部固有特點(diǎn).﹡His uncle is an old man with a red nose.它的叔叔是位紅鼻子老人。
﹡There is a certain charm about that man.那個(gè)人有某種魅力。
﹡There is something strange in him.他身上有點(diǎn)奇怪的地方。
六、with表想法,信念,態(tài)度與…一致
I agree with you on how to deal with it.關(guān)于此事如何處理,我同意你的看法。
七、with表示讓步,“雖有,盡管”
With all his money and fame, he is not happy.有著錢和名譽(yù),他還是不快樂。
With good teachers and warmhearted classmates, the new comer feels lonely.雖有著好老師和熱心的同學(xué),這個(gè)新來的還是感覺孤獨(dú)。
八、with表同時(shí),或同一方向,“隨著”
The temperature of cold-blooded animals change with the temperature of the surroundings.冷血?jiǎng)游锏捏w溫隨著周圍的環(huán)境的改變而變化。
The big ship is sailing with the wind.這個(gè)大船正隨風(fēng)向航行。
And with the last words, she turned away.隨著最后一句話說完,他轉(zhuǎn)身離開了。
九.With后加上一個(gè)名詞(多為表情緒的詞),表示“。。。地”等情態(tài)意義,其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)副詞。with care =carefully ﹡with difficulty=difficultly ﹡with warmth=warmly﹡with curiosity=curiously ﹡ with pride=proudly
十、with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)表行為方式或伴隨情況
1、with + n/pron + adj.He left the room with the door open.門開著,他就離開了屋子。Don’t talk with your mouse full.嘴里滿是東西時(shí)不要說話。
2、with + n/pron + adv.With the radio on ,grandma slept deeply in the chair.收音機(jī)開者,奶奶在椅子里沉沉的睡著。
With Tom away , I always feel lonely.湯母不在,我一直感覺孤獨(dú)。
3、with + n/pron + done
The fellow stood there with his hands crossed.這個(gè)家伙兩手交叉,站在那里。
The peasants have a good harvest with all the crops got in.莊稼都收割了,農(nóng)民們有了一個(gè)好收成。
4、with + n/pron + to do
With this book to help you , you can finish your work as soon as possible.有這本書來幫忙,你能盡快完成工作。
With so many problems to settle ,the new manager was too worried to eat anything.有著太多問題要去處理,新經(jīng)理擔(dān)憂的吃不下任何東西。
5、with + n/pron + n
The old man looks down upon everyone ,with his son chairman of the company.因?yàn)樗麅鹤邮枪镜闹飨?,這個(gè)老頭瞧不起任何人。
He was taken to hospital with his legs a mass of bleeding flesh.他被抬到醫(yī)院,他的腿血肉模糊。
6、with + n/pron + 介詞短語
The man left the meeting with a book in his hand.這個(gè)男人手里拿著書離開了會(huì)議。
The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy.那個(gè)脖子上帶項(xiàng)鏈的女人一定很有錢。
十、with其他用法主要出現(xiàn)在一些常用詞和習(xí)語中,記住其特定含義即可。如: It is a long time not to get in touch with Tom.很長時(shí)間沒有和湯母取得聯(lián)系了。
Down with imperialism.打倒帝國主義。
第四篇:with用法小結(jié)
with用法小結(jié)
一、with表擁有某物
1、Mary married a man with a lot of money.馬莉嫁給了一個(gè)有著很多錢的男人。
2、I often dream of a big house with a nice garden.我經(jīng)常夢想有一個(gè)帶花園的大房子。
3、The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely island.這個(gè)老人和一條小狗住在荒島上。
二、with表用某種工具或手段
1、We can walk with our legs and feet.我們用腿腳行走。
2、He writes with a pencil.他用鉛筆寫。
3、I cut the apple with a sharp knife.我用一把鋒利的刀削平果。
4、Tom drew the picture with a pencil.湯母用鉛筆畫畫。
三、with表人與人之間的協(xié)同關(guān)系 make friends with sb
talk with sb quarrel with sb
fight with sb play with sb
work with sb
四、with 表原因或理由
1、John was in bed with high fever.約翰因發(fā)燒臥床。
2、He jumped up with joy.他因高興跳起來。
3、Father is often excited with wine.父親常因白酒變的興奮。
4、They were wild with joy.他們欣喜若狂。
五、with 表“帶來”,或“帶有,具有”,在…身上,在…身邊之意
1、The girl with golden hair looks beautiful.那個(gè)金頭發(fā)的女孩看起來漂亮。
2、The director will come to the meeting with the leading actor and actress.那個(gè)導(dǎo)演將帶著男女主角來到會(huì)場。
3、Do you have money with you.身上帶著錢嗎?
4、Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.隨身帶傘,以防下雨。
六、with表想法,信念,態(tài)度與…一致
1、I agree with you on how to deal with it.關(guān)于此事如何處理,我同意你的看法。
2、I believe with the headmaster that a good teacher should not only teach a student what to learn but also how to learn it.我相信校長所說,一個(gè)好老師不但教學(xué)生學(xué)什么,而且應(yīng)教學(xué)生怎么去學(xué)。
七、with表示讓步,“雖有,盡管”
With all his money and fame, he is not happy.有著錢和名譽(yù),他還是不快樂。
八、with表同時(shí),或同一方向,“隨著”
1、The temperature of cold-blooded animals change with the temperature of the surroundings.冷血?jiǎng)游锏捏w溫隨著周圍的環(huán)境的改變而變化。
2、The big ship is sailing with the wind.這個(gè)大船正隨風(fēng)向航行。
3、And with the last words , she turned away.隨著最后一句話說完,他轉(zhuǎn)身離開了。
九、“和……在一起”,表示伴隨。例如:
1、Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看電影嗎?
2、He often goes to the library with Jenny.他常和詹妮一起去圖書館。
3、She lives with her son.她和兒子住在一起。
十、“關(guān)于,對于”,表示一種關(guān)系或適應(yīng)范圍。例如: What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了?
十一、“在……方面”。例如:
Kate helps me with my English.凱特幫我學(xué)英語。
十二、“隨著,與……同時(shí)”。例如:
With these words, he left the room.說完這些話,他離開了房間。
十三、包括...在內(nèi)
1、I like tea with sugar.我喜歡加糖的茶水。
2、China is a country with a long history.中國是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國家。
十四、中考with詞組總結(jié)
1、agree with sb/to+V.同意某人的意見/某事
2、be angry with sb.生某人的氣
3、be busy with / doing sth.忙于做某事
4、be covered with被……覆蓋
5、be fed up with厭倦
6、be friends with對 …… 友好,與 …… 交上朋友
7、be pleased with對……感到高興
8、be strick with +sb/in +sth對誰/某事嚴(yán)格.
9、begin with從開始
10、come up with趕上,提出
11、communicate with與……交流
12、compare with與……比較
13、deal with處理
14、do with處置, 處理
15、fall in love with[中考]相愛,愛上
16、fill with用……裝滿
17、get on well with與 ……相處融洽
18、help sb.with sth.幫助某人做某事
19、in line with與 …… 一致,按照
20、make friends with與……交朋友
21、meet with遭遇
22、play with以 …… 為消遣,玩弄
23、quarrel with(和某人)吵架
24、shake hands with與……握手
25、take up with和 …… 交往,忍受,采用
26、talk to / with sb與某人談話
27、with one's own eyes親眼(目睹)
28、with pleasure愉快地
29、with the help of /with one's help[中考]在……的幫助下
30、with the purpose of為了
31、work out =come up with做出,算出,制定出
32、chat to / with sb.和某人聊天
33、play with snow玩雪
34、with a smile面帶笑容
35、in step with與...一致/協(xié)調(diào)
36、come along=come with sb.跟上來
37、be popular with sb.受某人歡迎
38、catch up with sb.趕上某人
39、fall in love with sb./sth.愛上什么
40、offer / provide sb.with sth.給某人提供
41、sb.spend sometime with sb.花了多少時(shí)間陪誰
42、have a conversation with sb.與...談話;交談
43、with the development of industry隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展
44、play a joke with sb.和某人開玩笑
45、be mad with joy欣喜若狂
46、meet with a storm遇到風(fēng)暴
47have nothing to do with與...無關(guān)
48、be patient with sb.對某人有耐心
49、supply sb.with sth.向某人供應(yīng)/提供
50、finish with完成,結(jié)束
第五篇:it用法小結(jié)
小結(jié)(2008-12-08 15:57:31)
標(biāo)簽:教育
It用法小結(jié)
it在英語語法中屬人稱代詞,意思是“它”,用來指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不僅不簡單,而且很復(fù)雜。
一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。
一般指說話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區(qū)分;可以是可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,在句子中既可做主語,也可以作賓語。1.指動(dòng)物和植物。如:
—Oh,that's Lucy's hat.噢,那是露茜的帽子。
—It looks like a cat!它看上去像只貓!
Where's tea grown?It's grown in the southeast of China.
什么地方種植茶?中國東南部種植茶。2.指代一些無生命的東西。如: Is it your watch?這是你的手表嗎?
Look at the rain!It's heavy,isn't it?看這雨!雨很大,對嗎? 3.代替上文提到過的整個(gè)事情。如:
Well,you mustn't play on the road.It's dangerous.哦,你不能在公路上玩。這太危險(xiǎn)了!It was hard work,but they really enjoyed it.摘蘋果是艱苦活,可他們都樂意去干(它)。
二、用于指代人。
1.指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個(gè)人,常在打電話或敲門時(shí)用。如:
—Who was it?是誰(打來的電話)? —Was it Susan?(打電話的)是蘇珊嗎?
—Yes,it was.是的,我是。(根據(jù)上下句,“it was”也可不譯出來。)再如:—Who is knocking at the door?誰在敲門?
—It's me.是我。
2.指說話者心目中的那個(gè)人。如:
—Is it your sister,Kate?(那舊照片上的 baby)是你姐姐凱特吧?
—No!不是。
—Is it your brother?是你哥哥吧?
—No!不是。
—I know—it's you!我知道了,(那)是你。
3.指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥?jì)較性別時(shí),也可用it來指人。如 The child smiled when it saw its mother.這小孩一見到母親就笑了。I don't know who it is.我不知道他是誰。注意:看到這樣的句子(或聽到這樣的話)時(shí),要想一想,不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。)4.在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時(shí),常用it指人。如:
—Who's that?那人是誰?
—Is it Kate?是凱特嗎?
—Yes,I think you're right.It's Kate.是的,我想你說對了,是凱特。
三、用于指時(shí)間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。1.表示時(shí)間。如:
—What time is it?幾點(diǎn)鐘?
—It's ten.十點(diǎn)鐘。
It's summer in Australia now.現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。特別注意it用于表示時(shí)間時(shí)還常見于以下兩個(gè)句型中:(1)It's time(for sb.)to do sth./It's time for sth.譯為“是(某人)該干??的時(shí)間了”、“到??的時(shí)候了”。如:
It's time for supper/to have supper.是吃晚飯的時(shí)候了。
I think it's time for us to start the lesson now.我想現(xiàn)在是我們開始上課的時(shí)候了。
(2)It is /has been +時(shí)間段+since +一般過去時(shí)。譯為“自從??以來已過了??(時(shí)間)”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
It has been two weeks since we met last.= Two weeks has passed since we met last.自從我們上次相遇以來,兩個(gè)星期過去了。
It's three years since he came here.=It has been three years since he came here.=He has been here for three years.他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。2.表示距離。如:
It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.從我家到學(xué)校步行得花半小時(shí)時(shí)間。
—Where's the farm,Li Lei?Is it far?李雷,農(nóng)場在哪里?遠(yuǎn)嗎?
—No,it's quite near.不,(距)離這很近。3.表示自然現(xiàn)象。如:
Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.有時(shí)下雪,大地一片白。It is very quiet here at the moment.眼下這兒很安靜。
四、用作形式主語。
英語中常常見到某個(gè)句子以it開頭,it與其后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應(yīng),以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。這是一種習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。
1.It+is/was+形容詞+(for/of sb.)+動(dòng)詞不定式短語。對于這個(gè)句型中究竟用 for還是用of,一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則:如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous等用for;如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的,如:kind,good,nice,clever等則用of。如:
It is interesting to play with snow in winter. 冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。
It's important for us to keep the water clean.保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so.你這樣說真是太好了。注意:這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞;連系動(dòng)詞be也可換用其它連系動(dòng)詞,如feel等。如:
It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early.早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。
It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship.乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister.有個(gè)孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。2.It +will be/is /was +形容詞+動(dòng)名詞短語。如: It's bad playing in the street.在街上玩是沒好處的。Is it any good trying again?再試一次有用嗎? 3.It+is/was+形容詞+從句。如:
It is certain that he will come.他一定會(huì)來。It's true that he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能落后于其他同學(xué)。It is strange that he should say so.他居然這么說,真是奇怪。
4.It +is /was +one's turn(duty,pleasure)+to do sth.意為“該輪到某人做某事(做某事是某人的責(zé)任、愉悅的事)”。如:
It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow.明天輪到你值日了。5.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意為“(某人)花??時(shí)間做某事”。如 It took me a week to finish reading the book.我花了一周時(shí)間看完這本書。
6.It +cost/costs +sb.+some money +to do sth.譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如: It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch.我買這塊新手表花了260元。7.It seems /seemed +從句。譯為“看起來好像??”,此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem +動(dòng)詞不定式”形式。如:
It seems that he is ill.=He seems to be ill.看起來他好像病了。
[原題再現(xiàn)] ①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There B.This C.That D.It ② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.this B.that C.there D.it 答案: ① D ② D
五、用作形式賓語。
當(dāng)句子的真正賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí),為避免句子頭重腳輕,須將其放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型為:主語+謂語+it+賓語補(bǔ)足語+動(dòng)詞不定式/動(dòng)名詞/從句。該句型中賓語補(bǔ)足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當(dāng)。如:
He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed.我們認(rèn)為躺在床上看書無益處。I think it necessary that we have the meeting.我認(rèn)為開這個(gè)會(huì)是必要的。[原題再現(xiàn)] Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as granted
B.take this for granted C.take that for granted
D.take it for granted 答案: D
六.構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句。如:
It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨,就是在街上我看見李明。[原題再現(xiàn)] ________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when 答案: B 七.構(gòu)成特殊句式。如:
It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【練習(xí)】
(1)There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He(高考,1980)(2)Is_necessary to tell his father everything? A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)(3)Is_possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? A.now B.man C.that D.it(4)I consider____ my duty to help you. A.it B.this C.that D.its(5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as 答案:(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B(6).I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004全國I)A.this B.that C.it D.one(7).-Do you like ___ here?-Oh,yes.The air,the weather,the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004全國II)A.this B.these C.that D.it(8).The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which(9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them(10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one 答案:C D B A A
八、it, one和that作替代詞的用法及區(qū)別
it, one和that雖然都可以用來替代前面所提到的一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞,以避免重復(fù),但在具體用法上卻有不同。簡述如下: 1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。[原題再現(xiàn)] The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______? A.did they B.didn't they C.did it D.didn't it 答案: D 2.one代替前面提到的同類事物中的一個(gè)。該事物只能是可數(shù)名詞,前面可以有冠詞,也可以被this、that或形容詞修飾,其后也可以有定語。[原題再現(xiàn)]-Why don't we have a little break?-Didn't we just have________? A.it B.that C.one D.this 答案: C 3.that代替前面提到的同類事物中特指的一個(gè)。該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,要有后置定語,但不可以有前置修飾語。[原題再現(xiàn)] Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.some B.any C.that D.those 答案: C
高考“it”的用法英語題
歷屆高考英語單項(xiàng)選擇題精選
(一)“it”的用法
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?
A.that
B.while
C.in which
D.then
(88)2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this
B.that
C.it
D.he
(89)3.I dont think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this
B.that
C.its
D.it
(91)4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time? A.this
B.that
C.he
D.it
(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then
(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it
(93)7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while
B.which
C.that
D.since
(94)8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There
B.This
C.That
D.It
(95)9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until
B.that
C.then
D.so
(97)10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it
B.that
C.these D.them
(98)11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one
B.that
C.what
D.it
(2000)KEYS: 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11 B
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