第一篇：結(jié)構(gòu)體定義 typedef struct 用法詳解和用法小結(jié)

結(jié)構(gòu)體定義 typedef struct 用法詳解和用法小結(jié)

typedef是類型定義的意思。typedef struct 是為了使用這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體方便。具體區(qū)別在于: 若struct node {}這樣來定義結(jié)構(gòu)體的話。在申請node 的變量時(shí)，需要這樣寫，struct node n;若用typedef，可以這樣寫，typedef struct node{}NODE。在申請變量時(shí)就可以這樣寫，NODE n;區(qū)別就在于使用時(shí)，是否可以省去struct這個(gè)關(guān)鍵字。第三篇：struct和typedef struct

分三塊來講述： 1 首先：

在C中定義一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體類型要用typedef: typedef struct Student { int a;}Stu;于是在聲明變量的時(shí)候就可：Stu stu1;如果沒有typedef就必須用struct Student stu1;來聲明 這里的Stu實(shí)際上就是struct Student的別名。

另外這里也可以不寫Student（于是也不能struct Student stu1;了）typedef struct { int a;}Stu;但在c++里很簡單，直接 struct Student { int a;};于是就定義了結(jié)構(gòu)體類型Student，聲明變量時(shí)直接Student stu2； =========================================== 2其次：

在c++中如果用typedef的話，又會(huì)造成區(qū)別： struct Student { int a;}stu1;//stu1是一個(gè)變量 typedef struct Student2 { int a;}stu2;//stu2是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體類型 使用時(shí)可以直接訪問stu1.a 但是stu2則必須先 stu2 s2;然后 s2.a=10;=========================================== 3 掌握上面兩條就可以了，不過最后我們探討個(gè)沒多大關(guān)系的問題 如果在c程序中我們寫： typedef struct { int num;int age;}aaa,bbb,ccc;這算什么呢？

我個(gè)人觀察編譯器（VC6）的理解，這相當(dāng)于 typedef struct { int num;int age;}aaa；

typedef aaa bbb;typedef aaa ccc;也就是說aaa,bbb,ccc三者都是結(jié)構(gòu)體類型。聲明變量時(shí)用任何一個(gè)都可以,在c++中也是如此。但是你要注意的是這個(gè)在c++中如果寫掉了typedef關(guān)鍵字，那么aaa，bbb，ccc將是截然不同的三個(gè)對象。第四篇：C/C++中typedef struct和struct的用法

struct _x1 {...}x1;和 typedef struct _x2{...} x2;有什么不同？ 其實(shí), 前者是定義了類_x1和_x1的對象實(shí)例x1, 后者是定義了類_x2和_x2的類別名x2 , 所以它們在使用過程中是有取別的.請看實(shí)例1.[知識(shí)點(diǎn)] 結(jié)構(gòu)也是一種數(shù)據(jù)類型, 可以使用結(jié)構(gòu)變量, 因此, 象其它 類型的變量一樣, 在使用結(jié)構(gòu)變量時(shí)要先對其定義。定義結(jié)構(gòu)變量的一般格式為: struct 結(jié)構(gòu)名 { 類型 變量名;類型 變量名;...} 結(jié)構(gòu)變量;結(jié)構(gòu)名是結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)識(shí)符不是變量名。另一種常用格式為: typedef struct 結(jié)構(gòu)名 { 類型 變量名;類型 變量名;...} 結(jié)構(gòu)別名;另外注意: 在C中，struct不能包含函數(shù)。在C++中，對struct進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)展，可以包含函數(shù)。

======================== 實(shí)例1: struct.cpp #include using namespace std;typedef struct _point{ int x;int y;}point;//定義類，給類一個(gè)別名 struct _hello{ int x,y;} hello;//同時(shí)定義類和對象 int main(){ point pt1;pt1.x = 2;pt1.y = 5;cout<< “ptpt1.x=” << pt1.x << “pt.y=” <

Q： 用struct和typedef struct 定義一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體有什么區(qū)別？為什么會(huì)有兩種方式呢？ struct Student { int a;} stu;typedef struct Student2 { int a;}stu2;A：

事實(shí)上，這個(gè)東西是從C語言中遺留過來的，typedef可以定義新的復(fù)合類型或給現(xiàn)有類型起一個(gè)別名，在C語言中，如果你使用 struct xxx { };的方法，使用時(shí)就必須用 struct xxx var 來聲明變量，而使用 typedef struct { }的方法 就可以寫為 xxx var;不過在C++中已經(jīng)沒有這回事了，無論你用哪一種寫法都可以使用第二種方式聲明變量，這個(gè)應(yīng)該算是C語言的糟粕。用法小結(jié) 第一、四個(gè)用途 用途一：

定義一種類型的別名，而不只是簡單的宏替換?？梢杂米魍瑫r(shí)聲明指針型的多個(gè)對象。比如：

char* pa, pb;// 這多數(shù)不符合我們的意圖，它只聲明了一個(gè)指向字符變量的指針，// 和一個(gè)字符變量； 以下則可行：

typedef char* PCHAR;// 一般用大寫

PCHAR pa, pb;// 可行，同時(shí)聲明了兩個(gè)指向字符變量的指針 雖然：

char *pa, *pb;也可行，但相對來說沒有用typedef的形式直觀，尤其在需要大量指針的地方，typedef的方式更省事。用途二：

用在舊的C的代碼中（具體多舊沒有查），幫助struct。以前的代碼中，聲明struct新對象時(shí)，必須要帶上struct，即形式為： struct 結(jié)構(gòu)名 對象名，如： struct tagPOINT1 { int x;int y;};struct tagPOINT1 p1;而在C++中，則可以直接寫：結(jié)構(gòu)名 對象名，即： tagPOINT1 p1;估計(jì)某人覺得經(jīng)常多寫一個(gè)struct太麻煩了，于是就發(fā)明了： typedef struct tagPOINT { int x;int y;}POINT;POINT p1;// 這樣就比原來的方式少寫了一個(gè)struct，比較省事，尤其在大量使用的時(shí)候

或許，在C++中，typedef的這種用途二不是很大，但是理解了它，對掌握以前的舊代碼還是有幫助的，畢竟我們在項(xiàng)目中有可能會(huì)遇到較早些年代遺留下來的代碼。

第二篇：With復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法小結(jié)[范文]

With復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法小結(jié)

with結(jié)構(gòu)是許多英語復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的一種。學(xué)好它對學(xué)好復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)均能起很重要的作用。

一、with結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成 它是由介詞with或without+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞with或without的復(fù)合賓語，復(fù)合賓語中第一部分賓語由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，第二

部分補(bǔ)足語由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞充當(dāng)，分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞，也可以是過去分詞。

With結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成方式如下：

1.with或without-名詞/代詞+形容詞；

2.with或without-名詞/代詞+副詞；

3.with或without-名詞/代詞+介詞短語；

4.with或without-名詞/代詞 +動(dòng)詞不定式；

5.with或without-名詞/代詞 +分詞。

下面分別舉例：

1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名詞+形容詞，作伴隨狀語）

2、With the meal over，we all went home.（with+名詞+副詞，作時(shí)間狀語）

3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名詞+介詞短語，作伴隨狀語。）The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名詞+不定式，作伴隨狀語）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代詞 +不定式，作條件狀語）

5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞，作伴隨狀語）Without anything left in the cupboard，she went out to get something to eat.（without+代詞+過去分詞，作為原因狀語）

二、with結(jié)構(gòu)的用法

在句子中with結(jié)構(gòu)多數(shù)充當(dāng)狀語，表示行為方式，伴隨情況、時(shí)間、原因或條件（詳見上述例句）。

With結(jié)構(gòu)在句中也可以作定語。例如：

1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.三、with結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)

1.with結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞with或without+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成。復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中第一部分與第二部分語法上是賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語關(guān)系，而在邏輯上，卻具有主謂關(guān)系，也就是說，可以用第一部分作主語，第二部分作謂語，構(gòu)成一個(gè)句子。例如： With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）→（He was taken good care of.）She fell asleep with the light burning.→（The light was burning.）With her hair gone，there could be no use for them.→（Her hair was gone.）

2.在with結(jié)構(gòu)中，第一部分為人稱代詞時(shí)，則該用賓格代詞。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him.四、幾點(diǎn)說明：

1.with結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中的位置： with 結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因時(shí)一般放在 句子前面，并用逗號(hào)與句子分開；表示方式和伴隨狀況時(shí)一般放在句子后面，不用逗號(hào)分開。若with結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，則放在所修飾的名詞之后，一般不用逗號(hào)隔開。

2.with結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語時(shí)，不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、和過去分詞的區(qū)別： 在with結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示主動(dòng)，但是不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作；過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成。

例如： With the boy leading the way，we found he house easily.（小男孩已領(lǐng)過路）

With the boy to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow.（小男孩明天將領(lǐng)路）

He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.（寢室被關(guān)著）

3.with結(jié)構(gòu)與一般的with短語的區(qū)別： with結(jié)構(gòu)具有上述功能和特點(diǎn)，而“介詞with+名詞或代詞（組）”組成的一般的with短語在句子中可以作定語和狀語。作狀語時(shí)，它能表示動(dòng)作的方式、原因，但不能表示時(shí)間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語中，with后面所跟的不是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，也根本沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

4.with結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系： with結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上，with結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞with或without引導(dǎo)，名詞前有冠詞、形容詞、所有格代詞或其它詞類所修飾，結(jié)構(gòu)較松散；而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有with或without引導(dǎo)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密，名詞前可用可不用修飾語。在句法功能上，with結(jié)構(gòu)可以作定語，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)則不能；獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作狀語，但也可以作主語，而with結(jié)構(gòu)則不能。

獨(dú)立主格在口語中不常用，往往由一個(gè)從句代替，而with結(jié)構(gòu)較口語化，較常用。例如：

There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.（“with+復(fù)合賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作定語）

A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.（名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作主語）

The boy said，turning to the man，his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨狀況或行為方式，作狀語）

Then last night，I followed him here，and climbed in，sword in hand.（名詞+介詞短語構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語，表示伴隨情況）board，she went out to get something to eat.（without+代詞+過去分詞，作為原因狀語）

with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

（一）1.John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.A.finished

B.finishing C.having finished

D.was finished

2.Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ________? A.taking

B.Take

C.taken

D.to take

3.You have no idea how she finished the relay race _______ her foot wounded so much.A.for

B.when

C.with

D.while

4.----Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.----Sorry.With so much work _______ my mind, I almost break down.A.filled

B.filling C.to fill

D.being filled

5.John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ______, he gladly accepted it.（2007安徽）A.finished

B.finishing C.having finished

D.was finished

6.I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _______.（2005 北京）

A.going on

B.goes on

C.went on

D.to go on

7._______ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life.（2005江西）

A.Having given up hope of cure

B.With no hope for cure C.There being hope for cure

D.In the hope of cure

8.________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)

A.With

B.Besides C.As for

D/ Because of

9.It was a pity that the great writer died _______ his works unfinished.(2004 福建)A.for

B.with C.from

D.of

10.______ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(2000 全國卷)A.As

B.For

C.With

D.Through

答案：

1． A

2.C

3.C

4.B

5.A

6.A

7.B

8.A

9.B

10.C

第三篇：it用法小結(jié)

小結(jié)(2008-12-08 15:57:31)

標(biāo)簽：教育

It用法小結(jié)

it在英語語法中屬人稱代詞，意思是“它”，用來指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不僅不簡單，而且很復(fù)雜。

一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。

一般指說話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區(qū)分；可以是可數(shù)名詞，也可以是不可數(shù)名詞，在句子中既可做主語，也可以作賓語。

1．指動(dòng)物和植物。如：

—Oh，that's Lucy's hat．噢，那是露茜的帽子。

—It looks like a cat！它看上去像只貓！

Where's tea grown？It's grown in the southeast of China．

什么地方種植茶？中國東南部種植茶。

2．指代一些無生命的東西。如：

Is it your watch？這是你的手表嗎？

Look at the rain！It's heavy，isn't it？看這雨！雨很大，對嗎？

3．代替上文提到過的整個(gè)事情。如：

Well，you mustn't play on the road．It's dangerous．哦，你不能在公路上玩。這太危險(xiǎn)了！It was hard work，but they really enjoyed it．摘蘋果是艱苦活，可他們都樂意去干（它）。

二、用于指代人。

1．指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個(gè)人，常在打電話或敲門時(shí)用。如：

—Who was it？是誰（打來的電話）？

—Was it Susan？（打電話的）是蘇珊嗎？

—Yes，it was．是的，我是。（根據(jù)上下句，“it was”也可不譯出來。）

再如：—Who is knocking at the door？誰在敲門？

—It's me．是我。

2．指說話者心目中的那個(gè)人。如：

—Is it your sister，Kate？（那舊照片上的 baby）是你姐姐凱特吧？

—No！不是。

—Is it your brother？是你哥哥吧？

—No！不是。

—I know—it's you！我知道了，（那）是你。

3．指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥?jì)較性別時(shí)，也可用it來指人。如

The child smiled when it saw its mother．這小孩一見到母親就笑了。

I don't know who it is．我不知道他是誰。

注意：看到這樣的句子（或聽到這樣的話）時(shí)，要想一想，不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。）

4．在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時(shí)，常用it指人。如：

—Who's that？那人是誰？

—Is it Kate？是凱特嗎？

—Yes，I think you're right．It's Kate．是的，我想你說對了，是凱特。

三、用于指時(shí)間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。

1．表示時(shí)間。如：

—What time is it？幾點(diǎn)鐘？

—It's ten．十點(diǎn)鐘。

It's summer in Australia now．現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。

特別注意it用于表示時(shí)間時(shí)還常見于以下兩個(gè)句型中：

（1）It's time（for sb．）to do sth．／It's time for sth．譯為“是（某人）該干??的時(shí)間了”、“到??的時(shí)候了”。如：

It's time for supper／to have supper．是吃晚飯的時(shí)候了。

I think it's time for us to start the lesson now．我想現(xiàn)在是我們開始上課的時(shí)候了。

（2）It is ／has been ＋時(shí)間段＋since ＋一般過去時(shí)。譯為“自從??以來已過了??（時(shí)間）”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

It has been two weeks since we met last．＝ Two weeks has passed since we met last．自從我們上次相遇以來，兩個(gè)星期過去了。

It's three years since he came here．＝It has been three years since he came here．＝He has been here for three years．他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。

2．表示距離。如：

It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school．從我家到學(xué)校步行得花半小時(shí)時(shí)間?！猈here's the farm，Li Lei？Is it far？李雷，農(nóng)場在哪里？遠(yuǎn)嗎？

—No，it's quite near．不，（距）離這很近。

3．表示自然現(xiàn)象。如：

Sometimes it snows and the land is all white．有時(shí)下雪，大地一片白。

It is very quiet here at the moment．眼下這兒很安靜。

四、用作形式主語。

英語中常常見到某個(gè)句子以it開頭，it與其后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應(yīng)，以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。這是一種習(xí)慣表達(dá)法，這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。

1．It＋is／was＋形容詞＋（for／of sb．）＋動(dòng)詞不定式短語。對于這個(gè)句型中究竟用 for還是用of，一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則：如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞，如：difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous等用for；如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的，如：kind，good，nice，clever等則用of。如：

It is interesting to play with snow in winter．冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。

It's important for us to keep the water clean．保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so．你這樣說真是太好了。

注意：這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞；連系動(dòng)詞be也可換用其它連系動(dòng)詞，如feel等。如：

It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early．早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。

It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship．乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister．有個(gè)孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。

2．It ＋will be／is ／was ＋形容詞＋動(dòng)名詞短語。如：

It's bad playing in the street．在街上玩是沒好處的。

Is it any good trying again？再試一次有用嗎？

3．It＋is／was＋形容詞＋從句。如：

It is certain that he will come．他一定會(huì)來。

It's true that he may fall behind the other students．他真的可能落后于其他同學(xué)。

It is strange that he should say so．他居然這么說，真是奇怪。

4．It ＋is ／was ＋one's turn（duty，pleasure）＋to do sth．意為“該輪到某人做某事（做某事是某人的責(zé)任、愉悅的事）”。如：

It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow．明天輪到你值日了。

5．It takes（sb．）some time to do sth．意為“（某人）花??時(shí)間做某事”。如

It took me a week to finish reading the book．我花了一周時(shí)間看完這本書。

6．It ＋cost／costs ＋sb．＋some money ＋to do sth．譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如：It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch．我買這塊新手表花了260元。

7．It seems ／seemed ＋從句。譯為“看起來好像??”，此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem ＋動(dòng)詞不定式”形式。如：

It seems that he is ill．＝He seems to be ill．看起來他好像病了。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It

② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.it

答案: ① D ② D

五、用作形式賓語。

當(dāng)句子的真正賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí)，為避免句子頭重腳輕，須將其放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型為：主語＋謂語＋it＋賓語補(bǔ)足語＋動(dòng)詞不定式／動(dòng)名詞／從句。該句型中賓語補(bǔ)足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當(dāng)。如：

He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well．他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed．我們認(rèn)為躺在床上看書無益處。

I think it necessary that we have the meeting．我認(rèn)為開這個(gè)會(huì)是必要的。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as grantedB.take this for granted

C.take that for grantedD.take it for granted

答案: D

六.構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句。

如：

It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨，就是在街上我看見李明。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when

答案: B

七.構(gòu)成特殊句式。如：

It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【練習(xí)】

（1）There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He（高考，1980)

（2)Is＿necessary to tell his father everything?

A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)

(3)Is＿possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?

A.now B.man C.that D.it

(4)I consider____ my duty to help you．

A.it B.this C.that D.its

(5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as

答案：(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B

(6)．I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.（2004全國I）

A.this B.that C.it D.one

(7).-Do you like ___ here?

-Oh，yes.The air，the weather，the way of life.Everything is so nice.（2004全國II）

A.this B.these C.that D.it

(8)．The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which

(9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them

(10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one

答案：C D B A A

八、it, one和that作替代詞的用法及區(qū)別

it, one和that雖然都可以用來替代前面所提到的一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞,以避免重復(fù),但在具體用法上卻有不同。簡述如下:

1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______?

A.did theyB.didn't theyC.did itD.didn't it

答案: D

2.one代替前面提到的同類事物中的一個(gè)。該事物只能是可數(shù)名詞,前面可以有冠詞,也可以被this、that或形容詞修飾,其后也可以有定語。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

-Why don't we have a little break?

-Didn't we just have________?

A.it B.that C.one D.this

答案: C

3.that代替前面提到的同類事物中特指的一個(gè)。該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名

詞,要有后置定語,但不可以有前置修飾語。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those

答案: C

高考“it”的用法英語題

歷屆高考英語單項(xiàng)選擇題精選

（一）“it”的用法

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?

A.thatB.while

C.in whichD.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

A.thisB.that

C.itD.he(89)

3.I don

t think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.thisB.that

C.itsD.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?

A.thisB.that

C.heD.it(91)

5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , thatB.until , that

C.until , thatD.when , then(92)

6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.thatB.this

C.oneD.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.whileB.which

C.thatD.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.This

C.ThatD.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.untilB.that

C.thenD.so(97)

10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.itB.that

C.theseD.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.that

C.whatD.it(2000)

KEYS:1-5 ACDDB6-10 DCDBA11 B ’

第四篇：it用法小結(jié)

小結(jié)(2008-12-08 15:57:31)

標(biāo)簽：教育

It用法小結(jié)

it在英語語法中屬人稱代詞，意思是“它”，用來指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不僅不簡單，而且很復(fù)雜。

一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。

一般指說話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區(qū)分；可以是可數(shù)名詞，也可以是不可數(shù)名詞，在句子中既可做主語，也可以作賓語。1．指動(dòng)物和植物。如：

—Oh，that's Lucy's hat．噢，那是露茜的帽子。

—It looks like a cat！它看上去像只貓！

Where's tea grown？It's grown in the southeast of China．

什么地方種植茶？中國東南部種植茶。2．指代一些無生命的東西。如： Is it your watch？這是你的手表嗎？

Look at the rain！It's heavy，isn't it？看這雨！雨很大，對嗎？ 3．代替上文提到過的整個(gè)事情。如：

Well，you mustn't play on the road．It's dangerous．哦，你不能在公路上玩。這太危險(xiǎn)了！It was hard work，but they really enjoyed it．摘蘋果是艱苦活，可他們都樂意去干（它）。

二、用于指代人。

1．指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個(gè)人，常在打電話或敲門時(shí)用。如：

—Who was it？是誰（打來的電話）？ —Was it Susan？（打電話的）是蘇珊嗎？

—Yes，it was．是的，我是。（根據(jù)上下句，“it was”也可不譯出來。）再如：—Who is knocking at the door？誰在敲門？

—It's me．是我。

2．指說話者心目中的那個(gè)人。如：

—Is it your sister，Kate？（那舊照片上的 baby）是你姐姐凱特吧？

—No！不是。

—Is it your brother？是你哥哥吧？

—No！不是。

—I know—it's you！我知道了，（那）是你。

3．指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥?jì)較性別時(shí)，也可用it來指人。如 The child smiled when it saw its mother．這小孩一見到母親就笑了。I don't know who it is．我不知道他是誰。注意：看到這樣的句子（或聽到這樣的話）時(shí)，要想一想，不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。）4．在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時(shí)，常用it指人。如：

—Who's that？那人是誰？

—Is it Kate？是凱特嗎？

—Yes，I think you're right．It's Kate．是的，我想你說對了，是凱特。

三、用于指時(shí)間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。1．表示時(shí)間。如：

—What time is it？幾點(diǎn)鐘？

—It's ten．十點(diǎn)鐘。

It's summer in Australia now．現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。特別注意it用于表示時(shí)間時(shí)還常見于以下兩個(gè)句型中：（1）It's time（for sb．）to do sth．／It's time for sth．譯為“是（某人）該干??的時(shí)間了”、“到??的時(shí)候了”。如：

It's time for supper／to have supper．是吃晚飯的時(shí)候了。

I think it's time for us to start the lesson now．我想現(xiàn)在是我們開始上課的時(shí)候了。

（2）It is ／has been ＋時(shí)間段＋since ＋一般過去時(shí)。譯為“自從??以來已過了??（時(shí)間）”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

It has been two weeks since we met last．＝ Two weeks has passed since we met last．自從我們上次相遇以來，兩個(gè)星期過去了。

It's three years since he came here．＝It has been three years since he came here．＝He has been here for three years．他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。2．表示距離。如：

It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school．從我家到學(xué)校步行得花半小時(shí)時(shí)間。

—Where's the farm，Li Lei？Is it far？李雷，農(nóng)場在哪里？遠(yuǎn)嗎？

—No，it's quite near．不，（距）離這很近。3．表示自然現(xiàn)象。如：

Sometimes it snows and the land is all white．有時(shí)下雪，大地一片白。It is very quiet here at the moment．眼下這兒很安靜。

四、用作形式主語。

英語中常常見到某個(gè)句子以it開頭，it與其后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應(yīng)，以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。這是一種習(xí)慣表達(dá)法，這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。

1．It＋is／was＋形容詞＋（for／of sb．）＋動(dòng)詞不定式短語。對于這個(gè)句型中究竟用 for還是用of，一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則：如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞，如：difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous等用for；如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的，如：kind，good，nice，clever等則用of。如：

It is interesting to play with snow in winter． 冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。

It's important for us to keep the water clean．保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so．你這樣說真是太好了。注意：這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞；連系動(dòng)詞be也可換用其它連系動(dòng)詞，如feel等。如：

It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early．早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。

It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship．乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister．有個(gè)孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。2．It ＋will be／is ／was ＋形容詞＋動(dòng)名詞短語。如： It's bad playing in the street．在街上玩是沒好處的。Is it any good trying again？再試一次有用嗎？ 3．It＋is／was＋形容詞＋從句。如：

It is certain that he will come．他一定會(huì)來。It's true that he may fall behind the other students．他真的可能落后于其他同學(xué)。It is strange that he should say so．他居然這么說，真是奇怪。

4．It ＋is ／was ＋one's turn（duty，pleasure）＋to do sth．意為“該輪到某人做某事（做某事是某人的責(zé)任、愉悅的事）”。如：

It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow．明天輪到你值日了。5．It takes（sb．）some time to do sth．意為“（某人）花??時(shí)間做某事”。如 It took me a week to finish reading the book．我花了一周時(shí)間看完這本書。

6．It ＋cost／costs ＋sb．＋some money ＋to do sth．譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如： It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch．我買這塊新手表花了260元。7．It seems ／seemed ＋從句。譯為“看起來好像??”，此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem ＋動(dòng)詞不定式”形式。如：

It seems that he is ill．＝He seems to be ill．看起來他好像病了。

[原題再現(xiàn)] ①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There B.This C.That D.It ② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.this B.that C.there D.it 答案: ① D ② D

五、用作形式賓語。

當(dāng)句子的真正賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí)，為避免句子頭重腳輕，須將其放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型為：主語＋謂語＋it＋賓語補(bǔ)足語＋動(dòng)詞不定式／動(dòng)名詞／從句。該句型中賓語補(bǔ)足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當(dāng)。如：

He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well．他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed．我們認(rèn)為躺在床上看書無益處。I think it necessary that we have the meeting．我認(rèn)為開這個(gè)會(huì)是必要的。[原題再現(xiàn)] Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as granted

B.take this for granted C.take that for granted

D.take it for granted 答案: D

六.構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句。如：

It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨，就是在街上我看見李明。[原題再現(xiàn)] ________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when 答案: B 七.構(gòu)成特殊句式。如：

It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【練習(xí)】

（1）There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He（高考，1980)（2)Is＿necessary to tell his father everything? A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)(3)Is＿possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? A.now B.man C.that D.it(4)I consider____ my duty to help you． A.it B.this C.that D.its(5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as 答案：(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B(6)．I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.（2004全國I）A.this B.that C.it D.one(7).-Do you like ___ here?-Oh，yes.The air，the weather，the way of life.Everything is so nice.（2004全國II）A.this B.these C.that D.it(8)．The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which(9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them(10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one 答案：C D B A A

八、it, one和that作替代詞的用法及區(qū)別

it, one和that雖然都可以用來替代前面所提到的一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞,以避免重復(fù),但在具體用法上卻有不同。簡述如下: 1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。[原題再現(xiàn)] The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______? A.did they B.didn't they C.did it D.didn't it 答案: D 2.one代替前面提到的同類事物中的一個(gè)。該事物只能是可數(shù)名詞,前面可以有冠詞,也可以被this、that或形容詞修飾,其后也可以有定語。[原題再現(xiàn)]-Why don't we have a little break?-Didn't we just have________? A.it B.that C.one D.this 答案: C 3.that代替前面提到的同類事物中特指的一個(gè)。該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,要有后置定語,但不可以有前置修飾語。[原題再現(xiàn)] Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.some B.any C.that D.those 答案: C

高考“it”的用法英語題

歷屆高考英語單項(xiàng)選擇題精選

（一）“it”的用法

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?

A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then

(88)2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he

(89)3.I dont think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it

(91)4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time? A.this

B.that

C.he

D.it

(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then

(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it

(93)7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since

(94)8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It

(95)9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so

(97)10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these D.them

(98)11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it

(2000)KEYS: 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11 B

’

第五篇：there be 用法小結(jié)

there be 用法小結(jié)

1.基本結(jié)構(gòu)

There be + 主語 + 地點(diǎn)/ 時(shí)間狀語。如：

There is a computer in the room.房間里有一臺(tái)電腦。

There are two TV plays every evening.每晚有兩場電視劇。2.主謂一致

要采取就近一致原則，和靠近be 的主語一致。如：

There is a pen, two rulers in the box.盒子里有一只鋼筆，兩把尺子。

There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate.門口有兩個(gè)男孩，一個(gè)老師。3.主語后的動(dòng)詞形式

在there be 句型中，主語與動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞；是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用過去分詞。如：

There is a purse lying on the ground.地上有一個(gè)錢包。

There are five minutes left now.現(xiàn)在還有5分鐘。4.反意疑問句。

反意疑問句應(yīng)與 there be 對應(yīng)，而不是依據(jù)主語。如：

There is a radio on the table, isn't there? 桌子上有一臺(tái)收音機(jī)，是吧？

There are more than fifty classes in your school, aren't there? 你們班有50多名學(xué)生，是吧？

5.there be 與 have 的替換

there be 表示所屬時(shí)可與 have 替換。

There is nothing but a book in my bag.= I have nothing but a book in my bag.包里只有一本書。

6.there be 后接不定式時(shí)常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

There is a lot of work to do.有許多工作要做。

注意：當(dāng)該句型主語是 something, anything, nothing 等不定代詞時(shí)，后面的不定式用主動(dòng)形式或被動(dòng)形式，意義各不同。

There is nothing to do.沒有事可做。

There is nothing to be done.沒有辦法(束手無策)。7.與其它詞連用，構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。如：

There may be a rain this afternoon.今天下午可能有雨。

There used to be a cinema here before the war.戰(zhàn)爭之前，這兒有一家電影院。8.變體

there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的 be 有時(shí)可用 live, stand, remain 等代替。如：

Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else.從前有位國王喜歡新服勝過別的任何東西。

9.習(xí)慣用語

There is no good /use(in)doing sth.做某事沒有好處/用處； There is not a moment to lose.一刻也不能耽誤。例如：

There is no good making friends with him.和他交朋友沒有什么好處。

He is very ill.Send him to hospital.There's not a moment to lose.他病得厲害，把他送到醫(yī)院去，一刻也不能耽誤。

There be表示存在的“有”，他有各種時(shí)態(tài)，如: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：there is/are；一般過去時(shí)：therewas/were 一般將來時(shí)：there will be；過去將來時(shí)：there would be； 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：there has/have been；過去完成時(shí)：there had been 要特別注意be going to 在there be 句型中的運(yùn)用。例如：

There is going to be a film in the meeting hall.學(xué)校禮堂里將有一場電影。還可擴(kuò)展為許多其它句型，下面筆者對There be句型的擴(kuò)展作一歸納。一There be+主語

這種句式表示事物的客觀存在,There be放在句首,而把真正的主語放在后面,可以用來表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過去時(shí)、完成時(shí)和將來時(shí)。例如: There is a boy on the playground.操場上有個(gè)男孩。There has been a lot of rain this month.這個(gè)月雨水很多。There will be an announcement soon.不久會(huì)發(fā)布告。

二，There are + n（復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞）+ and + n（復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞）該句型表示同一類人或物的不同性質(zhì)，尤其表示有好壞優(yōu)劣之分，意為“有各種各樣的”、“種種不一”等。如：

There are friends and friends.朋友有種種，有益友，有損友。There is tea and tea.茶葉有好有差。三 There be+名詞+分詞

這種句式中分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞,也可以是過去分詞。doing表示動(dòng)作和前面名詞有主謂關(guān)系，過去分詞done和前面名詞有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如： There is a man sitting on the fence.有個(gè)人正坐在籬笆上。There was a car stolen last night.昨晚有輛車被偷了。這種句式可以用“主語+be+分詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)來代替。例如: There is a boy playing with a puppy in the yard.(= A boy is playing witha puppy in the yard.)一個(gè)男孩正在院子里和一只小狗玩耍。

There has been more money spent on armaments than on famine relief.(=More money has been spent on armaments than on famine relief.)花在軍備上的錢比花在救災(zāi)上的錢還多。四，There be+名詞+動(dòng)詞不定式

這種句式中的及物動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞不定式)也可改成被動(dòng)式, 意為“(沒)有……要做”。例如: There is a lot of work to do(to be done).有許多工作要做。There was no time to wait for you.沒有時(shí)間再等你了。

注意：There is nothing to do與There is nothing to be done.含義不同。前者意為:“無事可做”,后者意為“沒有辦法”。試比較: There is nothing to do-I'm bored.無事可做--我感到悶得慌。(=There is nothing to entertain me.)沒有什么活動(dòng)來消遣。

There is nothing to be done-we'll have to buy another one.沒有辦法--我們只好另外買一個(gè)了。(= There is no way off putting it right.)五 There is+no+動(dòng)名詞

這種句式可與“It is impossible+動(dòng)詞不定式”替換,意為“無法做某事”。例如: There is no stopping him.(=It is impossible to stop him.)無法阻止他。There is no guessing what will happen.無法猜到將會(huì)發(fā)生什么。六，There is(no)need for+名詞 該句式意為“(不)需要……”。例如: There is no need for anxiety.不需要擔(dān)心。

There is a great need for a book on this subject.非常需要有一本關(guān)于這個(gè)題目的書。

七，There is no need+動(dòng)詞不定式.例如: There is no need for him to come.不需要他來了。

There is no need(for you)to start yet.(你)現(xiàn)在還沒有必要?jiǎng)由怼０?，There is no use+動(dòng)名詞

該句式可與“It is no use+動(dòng)名詞”互換,意為“……無用(無濟(jì)于事)”。例如: There is no use waiting any longer.(=It is no use waiting any longer.)再等下去是沒有用的。

There is no use(in)offering the olive branch now.現(xiàn)在想和解也無濟(jì)于事了。九，There is nothing / not anything like… 該句型中“nothing/ not anything like…”相當(dāng)于“nothing / not anything better / more suitable than…”，意為“沒有什么比……更好/更合適/更有效了”。如：

There is nothing like a book for taking you out of yourself.沒有什么比書更能使你解脫自己了。There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit.作為保持健康的方法,沒有什么比散步更好的了。十，There is nothing more...than 該句式意為“再……不過了”。例如: There is nothing more dangerous than an illusion of security.太平無事的想法是再危險(xiǎn)不過的了。

十一，There is no(not any)point in+動(dòng)名詞 該句式意為:“……是沒有意義(思)的?！崩? There is no point in doing so.這樣做是沒有意義的。

There is not any point in harping on the same old tune.沒有必要再重復(fù)這一套。十二，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及ought to，have to，used to用在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如: There must be something wrong with the machine，for it doesn’t run well.機(jī)器一定出了毛病，因?yàn)樗\(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不正常。

There oughtn’t to be too great a difference in our views.我們的看法不應(yīng)該存在太大的分歧。

There might be some good songs after all this trash.在播放了這些亂七八糟的歌曲之后,可能會(huì)放幾首好歌。

If the power hadn't been cut off so quickly, there could have been a big fire.要不是迅速切斷電源,可能會(huì)引發(fā)一場大火。十三,There is a possibility of(或that)該句式表示“有可能”。例如: There is a possibility of my going to Denmark.(= There is a possibility that I may be able to go to Denmark.)我有可能去丹麥。十四, There+人稱代詞+come(go)/there come(go)+名詞

該句式是there作感嘆詞放在句首。如果主語是人稱代詞,則動(dòng)詞放在其后;如果主語是名詞,則動(dòng)詞放在其前。例如: There they come!他們來了!There comes the bus at last!公共汽車終于來啦!十五,.There+動(dòng)詞 這種句式只限于表示存在某種狀態(tài)、發(fā)生某種事或某事、某人到達(dá)等動(dòng)詞,意義比there be 結(jié)構(gòu)格更為生動(dòng)貼切。如live,lie seem,appear,happen tand,exist,arise,enter,come,go,remain，exist,rise,occur,flow,arrive,enter,follow等。而不適用于表示一般具體行動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如: Many years ago，there lived an emperor who cared more for clothes than for anything else.許多年前有位皇帝熱衷于漂亮的衣服勝過其他東西。There stands a tall building across the river over there.河對面聳立著一幢高層建筑物。There goes the bell.鈴響了。

There comes a knock at the door.有人敲門。

There remains one question to be discussed.還剩一個(gè)問題要討論。There seems to be something wrong about it.這事好像有點(diǎn)兒不大對頭。There appears to be no one who can answer this question.看來沒人能夠回答這個(gè)問題。

There will follow an interval of five minutes.隨后將有五分鐘的休息。

十六，There are/is certain（sure，likely）to be該結(jié)構(gòu)的意義為肯定有/可能有。例如：

Thereare like to be more difficulties than you were prepared for。很可能會(huì)遇到你預(yù)想不到的困難。There are sure to be a restaurant some where。某處肯定有個(gè)飯店。十七，There +be+ed分詞+to be常用動(dòng)詞有：say，expect，believe，consider，think，mean，構(gòu)成信息來源模糊表達(dá)式。例如： There is/are said to be a number of wounded on both sides。據(jù)說雙方都有不少受傷。

There is/are expected to be an exciting film next week。預(yù)計(jì)下周有一步精彩電影上演。

十八v + there to be該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞往往是：expect, want, intend, mean, consider, like, hate, prefer等接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞。如：

We don’t want there to be any students falling behind.我們不想有任何學(xué)生落后。

I should prefer there tobe no disscusion。我希望沒有討論。動(dòng)詞let后接there be 做賓語補(bǔ)足語。如： Let there be no mis under standing。不要產(chǎn)生誤會(huì)。

十九There being/having been是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語。如： There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was burned black by the sun.好長時(shí)間未下雨，大地都給太陽烤焦了。

二十There（not）being/there（not）having been用作ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做主語或賓語。例如：

There being a bus stop so near the house is an advantage。（做主語）公共汽車站離家這末近是一很有利的條件。I dreamed of there being a holiday tomorrow。我夢想明天有一假日。二十一，for ther to be 為不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)例如： For there to be no late comers was unusual。沒人遲到這是不尋常的事。

It is not cold enough for there to be frost。天還不夠冷不足以有霜凍。

二十二，There is nothing for it but to do sth 該句型相當(dāng)于“There is no choice but to do sth”，意為“別無他法，只能……”。如：

There is nothing for it but to do what is required.只能按要求去做了，別無他法。（=I have no choice but to do what it required.）