第一篇：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)

（只摘抄黑體字部分，藍(lán)體字只讀不摘抄，第二種用法只學(xué)不摘抄）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的范疇。其構(gòu)成： 助動(dòng)詞have(has)+過(guò)去分詞。

肯定式:主語(yǔ) + have/has + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他。(當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)用has,其余人稱用have。過(guò)去分詞:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式相同;不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞需要特殊記憶。)

否定式:主語(yǔ) + haven't/hasn't + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他。

疑問(wèn)式: Have /Has + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他? 簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ): Yes, 主語(yǔ) + have/has.(肯定)No, 主語(yǔ) + haven't/hasn't.(否定)

（一）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。

如： Have you read that story？ 你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎？

（“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。）

I have bought two apples．

我買了兩個(gè)蘋果。

（“買”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋果。）

請(qǐng)朗讀下面句子，體會(huì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義。(以下句子摘抄兩句)1.I have finished my homework.(My homework is done, I can do something else.)2.She has seen the doctor.(Now she knows what’s wrong with her.)3.They have seen the film.(Now they know what the film is about.)4.Lily has lost her pen.(Now she can’t see it.)5.Have you found your watch?(Do you have your watch now?)6.Has the train arrived?(Can we get on the train now?)7.Has Jenny invited you to her party?(Do you know her party? Will you go?)8.I haven’t borrowed a book from the library.(Now I don’t have a library book.)9.Jim hasn’t read the story.(He doesn’t know about the story.)10.I haven’t washed my clothes.(My clothes are still dirty.)請(qǐng)將下面句子變成否定句，一般疑問(wèn)句，并做肯定否定回答，同時(shí)體會(huì)各個(gè)句子的含義，領(lǐng)悟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法。（摘抄兩個(gè)句子）1.Jim has returned the book to the library.2.I have bought a new pair of shoes.3.The students have swept the floor.4.I have told the teacher about it.5.The train has left the station.6.Jenny has turned off the lights.7.My mother has cooked supper for us.8.We have done our homework.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法” 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“完成用法”的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday, in1990,three years ago等。

a.用副詞already,yet和just。already“已經(jīng)，”一般用于肯定句中，yet“已經(jīng)，還”一般用于否定句和 疑問(wèn)句中。

如：We have already finished our homework.（We have finished our homework already.）我們已完成作業(yè)了。

They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。

-Have you washed your clothes yet?-No,not yet.just “剛剛”,常用于肯定句.注意,just now是過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),只能與過(guò)去時(shí)連用.The train has just left.(It’s not here now.)The train left just now.I have just cleaned the room.(The room is clean now.)I cleaned the room just now.b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問(wèn)句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未“等。如：

-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎？

-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。

c.用表示到說(shuō)話為止的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如：

I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.我以前見(jiàn)過(guò)她，但記不起在哪里見(jiàn)過(guò)。

He has been there three times the last few days.近幾年他去過(guò)那里三次了。

d.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now,today,thismorning(month,year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.今天你見(jiàn)過(guò)他嗎？我 沒(méi)有。

How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去過(guò)那里多少次？

在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。

如： I have already finished my homework．

我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。

He has just had his meal．

他剛吃過(guò)飯。

Have you ever sung this English song？

你曾唱過(guò)這首英文歌嗎？

They haven't started yet．

他們還沒(méi)有動(dòng)身。

We have never heard of it． 我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。

（以下內(nèi)容只學(xué)習(xí)，不摘抄）

（二）表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

1、因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等；

2、使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常由for或since 引導(dǎo)，但二者后接的詞有所不同：

for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，指某個(gè)動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

如：for three years, for half an hour等。since 作介詞，后面可以接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980，也可以接“一段時(shí)間+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。since 還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

如：We have known each other since we went to college.3、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能直接和for 或since 連用，但我們可以找一個(gè)相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)替換這些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如: become→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away(from), begin→be on, stop→ be over，buy→ have, borrow→ keep, open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of/be in, die→be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know, become a teacher →be a teacher，fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。

4、句型It is the first（second, third...)time that...的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)幾次。

如：It is the first time that I have been here.（三）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比較

1、一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說(shuō)話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”產(chǎn)生的影響。如： He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過(guò)桂林。(只說(shuō)明去桂林的時(shí)間)

2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

如： Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)

3、兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分

(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是“助動(dòng)詞have /has +過(guò)去分詞”。(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；

而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

（3）看看以下的幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別？

① Have you seen the film?(A)

Did you see the film?(B)

[說(shuō)明] 你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。

② How has he done it?(A)

How did he do it?(B)

[說(shuō)明]他是怎么做的這件事？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)

He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)[說(shuō)明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。(四)幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)

（1）have been(to)與have gone(to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了）”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。

He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。（2）如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。

（3）終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

如：I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。

第二篇：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have(has)+過(guò)去分詞。不少同學(xué)對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法感到困惑，下面我們來(lái)對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別做一個(gè)詳細(xì)分析?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：just, yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示瀕度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等；也同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如now, today, this morning, this year, this month等，但不能同特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（in 1993, last year等）。

（一）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。

如： Have you read that story？

你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎？

（“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。）

I have bought two apples．

我買了兩個(gè)蘋果。

（“買”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋果。）

在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。

如： I have already finished my homework．我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。He has just had his meal．他剛吃過(guò)飯。Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱過(guò)這首英文歌嗎？ They haven't started yet．他們還沒(méi)有動(dòng)身。We have never heard of it．我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。

（二）表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

1、因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等；

2、使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常由for或since 引導(dǎo)，但二者后接的詞有所不同：

for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，指某個(gè)動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

如：for three years, for half an hour等。

since 作介詞，后面可以接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980，也可以接“一段時(shí)間+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。

since 還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

如：We have known each other since we went to college.3、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能直接和for 或since 連用，但我們可以找一個(gè)相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)替換這些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如: come→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away，begin→be on, stop→ be over，buy→ have, borrow→ keep，open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of，die→be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know，become a teacher →be a teacher, fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。

4、句型It is the first（second, third...)time that...的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)幾次。

如：It is the first time that I have been here.用于This/That/It is the first(second…)time that…句型中。如：

It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city.這是我第三次參觀這個(gè)美麗的城市了。

■用于This/That/It is +the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+that…句型中用在“It(This)is(will be)the first/second/third…time+ that從句”中

在這種從句中，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞為is/will be時(shí)，that-從句的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，that 可以省略。主句中的主語(yǔ)還可用this, this evening等;這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞；time也可由其他名詞替代。

-Do you know our town at all?你對(duì)我們城鎮(zhèn)熟悉嗎？

-No, this is the first time I have been here.不熟，這是我第一次來(lái)這里。

It's the first time I've been here.這是我第一次到這里來(lái)。

It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.這將是我第一次當(dāng)眾講話。That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read.這是我看過(guò)的最有意思的書(shū)。

It(This)is the best(worst, most interesting等)+ 名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

This is the best film I’ve ever seen.這是我所看過(guò)得最好的一部電影。

This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.這是他寫得最好的一部小說(shuō)。

（三）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比較

1、一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說(shuō)話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”產(chǎn)生的影響。

如： He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過(guò)桂林。(只說(shuō)明去桂林的時(shí)間)

2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

如： Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)

3、兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分

(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是“助動(dòng)詞have /has +過(guò)去分詞”。

(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；

而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

（3）看看以下的幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別？

① Have you seen the film?(A)

Did you see the film?(B)[說(shuō)明] 你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。

② How has he done it?(A)

How did he do it?(B)

[說(shuō)明]他是怎么做的這件事？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)

He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

[說(shuō)明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。

5.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)

(1)have been(to)與have gone(to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了(說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。

He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。

(2)如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。

(3)終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

如：I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。

(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見(jiàn)兩種句型： ①主語(yǔ)＋have / has been＋for短語(yǔ) ②It is＋一段時(shí)間＋ since從句 例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League.他入團(tuán)已三年了。在表達(dá)一個(gè)在過(guò)去開(kāi)始而現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作時(shí)，某些動(dòng)詞既可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，也可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。這樣的動(dòng)詞有expect，hope，learn，lie，live，look，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand，stay，study，teach，wait，want，work等 How long have you learnt English？你學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)多久了？ How long have you been learning English？（譯文同上。）He has slept for ten hours．他已經(jīng)睡了十個(gè)小時(shí)了。He has been sleeping for ten hours．（譯文同上。）It has snowed for a long time．雪下了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。It has been snowing for a long time．（譯文同上。）沒(méi)有進(jìn)行式的動(dòng)詞不可能有這樣的用法，即現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不能代替以下例句中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

They’ve always had a big garden．他們一直有一座大花園。How long have you known that？你知道這事多久了？ He’s been in hospital since his accident． 他從發(fā)生事故之后，一直在醫(yī)院里。注意：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以和時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，也可以不連用，這一點(diǎn)就有別于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，因?yàn)楹笳吲c像for six days，since June，never等一些時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用才能表示這類動(dòng)作。不用這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)指的是完成了的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。

B 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)可以作為連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示： I’ve written six letters since breakfast．早飯后我已經(jīng)寫了六封信。I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．早飯后我一直在寫信。I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in． 我敲了五次門。我想屋里沒(méi)有人。

I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in． 我一直在敲門。我想屋里沒(méi)有人

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：

I have read the book.我讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。I have been reading the book.我一直在讀這本書(shū)。

【注】有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持續(xù)一時(shí)間時(shí)用這兩種時(shí)態(tài)含義差不多(只是用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性)：

How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在這兒工作多久了？

I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988.自1988年以來(lái)我就一直住在這兒。

(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí)，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感****彩：

I have waited for two hours.我等了兩小時(shí)。(陳述事實(shí))

I have been waiting for two hours.我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(等得好辛苦)

(3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來(lái)談?wù)撦^短暫的動(dòng)作或情況，若要談?wù)摃r(shí)間延續(xù)較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作或情況或永久性情況，則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：He has lived in Paris.他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris.他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暫時(shí)性)

(4)不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但它們可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

I’ve only known her for two day.我認(rèn)識(shí)她剛剛兩天。They’ve been married for twenty years.他們結(jié)婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time.這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

(5)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替：

The house has been painted for a month.這房子已漆了一個(gè)月。The problem has been studied for five days.這個(gè)問(wèn)題已研究了五天

第三篇：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法解析

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法解析

1.構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞 have(has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明該謂語(yǔ)是屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍。它和主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過(guò)去分詞是主要的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，說(shuō)明句子的意義。

2.用法

(1)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。如：

-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes,I have.I've just had it.你(已經(jīng))吃午飯了嗎？ 我剛剛吃過(guò)。(現(xiàn)在我不餓了)

(2)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。如：He has taught here since 1981

他自1981年就在這兒教書(shū)。(可能還要繼續(xù)教)

I have't seen her for four years.我有四年沒(méi)見(jiàn)到她了。

(3)表示說(shuō)話前發(fā)生過(guò)一次或多次的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般譯為漢語(yǔ)“過(guò)”，常帶有twice,ever,never,three times等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過(guò)北京二次。

3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

a.用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑問(wèn)句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。

They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。

b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問(wèn)句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未“等。如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎？

-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。

c.用表示到說(shuō)話為止的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.我以前見(jiàn)過(guò)她，但記不起在哪里見(jiàn)過(guò)。

He has been there three times the last few days.近幾年他去過(guò)那里三次了。

d.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.今天你見(jiàn)過(guò)他嗎？我 沒(méi)有。

How many times have you been there this year?

今年你去過(guò)那里多少次？

(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.但是，像come,arrive,buy等終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。要用，必須改為“be(在)”等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表述?，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：

arrive→be here begin(start)→be on

die →be dead come back→be back

leave →be away fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)

get up→be up go out →be out

finish →be over put on →wear 或be on

open →be open join →be in或 be a member of…

close →be closed go to school→be a student

borrow →keep buy →have

catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)get to know →know

begin to study→study come to work→work等

如：He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。

His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。

The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開(kāi)始十分鐘了。

We have studied English for three years.我們(開(kāi)始)學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了。

4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較：

I have lost my new book.我把新書(shū)丟了。(現(xiàn)在還未找到)

I lost my new book yesterday.我昨天把新書(shū)丟了。(昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否沒(méi)說(shuō)明)

5.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)

(1)have been(to)與have gone(to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了(說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。

He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。

(2)如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。

(3)終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

如：I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。

一、單項(xiàng)選擇

1、Both his parents look sad.Maybe they _________what's happened to him.Ａ.knew Ｂ.have known Ｃ.must know Ｄ.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?

Ａ.already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ.still

3、Have you met Mr Li ______？

Ａ.just Ｂ.ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year

Ａ.is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written

5、-Our country ______ a lot so far.-Yes.I hope it will be even ______.Ａ.has changed;well Ｂ.changed;good

Ｃ.has changed;better Ｄ.changed;better

6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years.Ａ.was;studying Ｂ.will;study

Ｃ.has;studied Ｄ.are;studying

7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.Ａ.know Ｂ.had known Ｃ.have known Ｄ.knew

8、Harry Potter is a very nice film.I_______ it twice.Ａ.will see Ｂ.have seen Ｃ.saw Ｄ.see

9、-These farmers have been to the United States.-Really ? When _____ there ?

Ａ.will they go Ｂ.did they go

Ｃ.do they go Ｄ.have they gone

10、-______ you ___ your homework yet ?

-Yes.I _____ it a moment ago.Ａ.Did;do;finished Ｂ.Have;done;finished

Ｃ.Have;done;have finished Ｄ.will;do;finish

11、His father ______ the Party since 1978.Ａ.joined Ｂ.has joined Ｃ.was in Ｄ.has been in

12、-Do you know him well ?

-Sure.We _________ friends since ten years ago.Ａ.were Ｂ.have been Ｃ.have become Ｄ.have made

13、-How long have you ____ here ?

-About two months.Ａ.been Ｂ.gone Ｃ.come Ｄ.arrived

14、Hurry up!The play __________ for ten minutes.Ａ.has begun Ｂ.had begun Ｃ.has been onＤ.began

15、It _____ ten years since he left the army.Ａ.is Ｂ.has Ｃ.will Ｄ.was

16、Miss Green isn't in the office.she_______ to the library.Ａ.has gone Ｂ.went Ｃ.will go Ｄ.has been

17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.Ａ.have been in Ｂ.have been to

Ｃ.have gone to Ｄ.have been

18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?

A.so they B.don't they C.have they D.haven't they

19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?

A.How soon, comes B.How often, got

C.How long, came D.How far, arrived

20、His uncle for more than 9 years.A.has come here B.has started to work

C.has lived there D.has left the university

二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換

3、The old man _________ last year.He for a year.(die)（動(dòng)詞填空）

4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)

This factory ________ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)

Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years.（同義句）

Her mother _______ the Party three years ________.7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)

_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to Fra nce.8、The bus has arrived here.It arrived ten minutes ago.(把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子)環(huán)境保護(hù)問(wèn)題是中考(微博)熱門話題，出現(xiàn)頻率高，難度較大，必須掌握。、6月5日(June 5)是世界環(huán)境保護(hù)日，我們周圍的環(huán)境變得越來(lái)越糟糕，污染越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重??。假如你是學(xué)生Jone.，你校要進(jìn)行“如何保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境？”專題演講比賽，要求：(1)、舉例說(shuō)明環(huán)境存在的問(wèn)題1-3方面；(2)、如何保護(hù)好我們的環(huán)境，采取怎樣的措施，舉例1-3方面進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，字?jǐn)?shù)80左右。

As we all know，the environmemt around us is getting worse and worse.In some places，we can't see fish swimming in the river or trees on the hills.Some people even have no clean water to drink.So I think we must do something to protect the environment.But what can we do?How to protect our environmemt ?For example，we can go to school on foot or by bike.we can use shopping baskets not plastic bags when we go shopping，and we can use both sides of the paper when we write.In a word，if everyone pays more attention to our environment，there will be less pollution and our life will be better?！癟here is only one earth”，I hope everyone will protect our environment well。

2、保護(hù)環(huán)境

(四川樂(lè)山)從2008年6月1日起，國(guó)家將禁止商家免費(fèi)提供塑料袋，掀起全國(guó)“拒塑”的環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)。假如你是李華，準(zhǔn)備以“What Can We Do for the Environment” 為題，寫一篇保護(hù)環(huán)境的英語(yǔ)演講稿。內(nèi)容包含：

(1)。在購(gòu)物時(shí)用布袋子替代塑料袋；(2)。盡可能地再利用使用過(guò)的課本；(3)。離開(kāi)教室應(yīng)關(guān)燈；(4)。最好走路或騎自行車上學(xué)；(5)。簡(jiǎn)述理由：保護(hù)環(huán)境，減少污染，節(jié)約能源等。

參考詞匯：布袋子cloth bag 塑料袋plastic bag 保護(hù)protect 能源energy

污染pollution 課本textbook

What Can We Do for the Environment

our environment is becoming worse and worse，what can we do for the environment?I think each of us can do a little bit to help with this problem。

The first thing we can do is to use cloth bags instead of plastic bags when we go shopping.It helps to protect the environment.The second thing we can do is to reuse the old textbooks as possible as we can.We should also never forget to turn off the lights when we leave the classrooms in order to save energy.What's more，it would be better if we walk or ride a bike to school.We should try our best to reduce pollution and waste。

In fact，even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment.I believe we can make the world a better place to live in。

3.為了保護(hù)地球有限的資源，我們應(yīng)該采取什么措施呢？請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面的提示寫一篇約80詞的短文，短文開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)給出。提示詞；1.save water，the source of life，protect drinking water，stop polluting，make full use of it;2.save electricity，crucial，turn off，other electric machines;3.save forests，useful，stop cutting down;4.recycle useful rubbish，save resources

參考作文：

Although the world develops much faster and better，the resources on the earth get fewer and fewer.In order to protect them，something must be done。

Save water.Water is the source of life.No water，no life.So it's very important for us to do so.Not only should we protect drinking water and stop polluting it，but also make full use of it。

Save electricity.It is crucial.We can't imagine what the life will be like without it.Everyone should do his best to save electricity.Don't forget to turn off lights or other electric machines when we finish working。

Save forests.They are useful.Please stop cutting them down and use recycled paper instead.Make our world a green one to live in。

Recycle useful rubbish.Plenty of rubbish can be recycled like cans，paper，bottles，and so on。

We can save resources in this way.I believe we can make the world a better place to live in。與父母相處的話題類作文難度較大，掌握基本句式，背誦范文非常必要。

(陜西省卷)假如你是Han Mei，下面是一封你的筆友Alice 給你發(fā)來(lái)的e-mail，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)e-mail 的內(nèi)容給她寫一封回信，與她交流看法，并幫她排憂解難。

提示詞語(yǔ)：listen to，mother's love，care about，communicate with，get along with，smile

寫作要求：1.語(yǔ)句通順，書(shū)寫工整；2.可用所給提示詞語(yǔ)，也可以適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；3.詞數(shù)在60-80左右

Dear Han Mei，I'm afraid I've got a big problem recently.My mother talks too much to me.She always tells me，“Be careful while crossing the street。” “Put on more clothes?！?“Did you do a good job at school?”And so on.I'm annoyed(煩惱)。What shall I do?

Alice

例文

Dear Alice，As a teenager，I met the same problem as you.But now I can get along better with my mother.Here are some ideas for you。

Your mother talks much，because she cares about you.Maybe it's not a good way，but it shows your mother's love.So I think you should listen to her.If your opinions are different from your mother's，you can communicate with her，and tell her what you are thinking about。

If your mother doesn't take your advice，just keep silent and give her a smile。

I hope what I say here can help you a lot。

健康問(wèn)題是中考(微博)?？嫉脑掝}，出題形式多樣，有必要下苦功掌握。

How tokeep healthy /fit?

All of us want to be healthy.First，we should get enough sleep during the night.We can go to bed early and get up early.Staying up late is bad for our health.Second，we must have the right kinds of food.We should eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat.We should drink a lot of water.We should have healthy eating habits.Third，we should do more exercise to build up our bodies.Finally，we should be happy everyday.Because smile will make us younger。

That is my advice.I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life。

2.衛(wèi)生健康飲食：健康一直是人們關(guān)注的問(wèn)題我校要舉行以“關(guān)愛(ài)健康”為題的主題班會(huì)，請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表內(nèi)容談?wù)勀愕目捶?，寫一?0字左右的演講槁。(1)保持健康的重要性；(2)保持健康的方法；(3)保持健康的結(jié)論；(4)你的看法。

How to keep healthy /fit?

Here is my advice about how to keep healthy/fit.As a middle shool student.first you'd better do more exercise such as playing ball games，running，swimming and jumping ropes(繩子)。Then you should pay attention to your diet or meals.Don't eat too much meat or suger，but more vegetables and fruit.Third you need enough sleep or rest.Next keep yourself happy.As people often say smiling makes younger.Last you mustn't drink wine or smoke.They are bad for your health.That is my advice.I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life。

第四篇：一般過(guò)去時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法及區(qū)別

① 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法

a)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與過(guò)去時(shí)間連用.a moment ago(剛才)，yesterday morning，last night/ week，the day before yesterday(前天)，just now(剛才)等。

He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。

b)表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

I wrote home once a week at college.我上大學(xué)時(shí)每周給家里寫一封信.c)表示過(guò)去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列動(dòng)作。

She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走進(jìn)房間，拿起一本雜志，認(rèn)真地翻閱了起來(lái)。

d)在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí).We would not leave until the teacher came back.老師回來(lái)我們才會(huì)離開(kāi)。

②一般過(guò)去時(shí)的特殊用法

a)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

I wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年輕20歲。

b)在口語(yǔ)中，一般過(guò)去時(shí)往往顯示委婉客氣

Might I come and see you tonight?

我想今晚來(lái)看你，好嗎？

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法:

1)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已完成的某個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果，一般不與過(guò)去時(shí)間連用，常同already, just, yet等狀語(yǔ)連用

例：I have just turned off the light.我剛剛把燈關(guān)上。（結(jié)果是燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了）She has lost her bike.她把自行車丟了。（影響是他現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有自行車騎了）

2)表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，并可能繼續(xù)下去（也可能不繼續(xù)下去），常同包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連，也同“for+時(shí)間段”或“since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語(yǔ)連用She has taught in the school for ten years.她在這所學(xué)校教書(shū)已經(jīng)10年了。

I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast.我從早飯起就一直沒(méi)有吃東西。

3)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間到說(shuō)話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次動(dòng)作的總和，常同頻度副詞always, often, seldom, never等連用

I have been to the Great Wall twice.我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城兩次

過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法：

1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：”by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)、by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)、before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.當(dāng)他到達(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)客人已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。

2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去，常與for，since等詞連用。例如：

When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.當(dāng)杰克到時(shí)，他得知瑪麗已經(jīng)離開(kāi)快一個(gè)小時(shí)了。

4.某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、計(jì)劃或打算。常用的動(dòng)詞有hope，expect，suppose，think，want，wish等。例如：

They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten.他們本來(lái)打算能在10點(diǎn)之前到達(dá)達(dá)一、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法比較。

1.“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”所關(guān)心的是過(guò)去之事,與現(xiàn)在無(wú)聯(lián)系，常帶有表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所關(guān)心的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系。一般不與過(guò)去具體時(shí)間連用。當(dāng)需要指明過(guò)去一個(gè)特定的時(shí)刻發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，需要使用一般過(guò)去式。

Ａ.I ________(lose)my pen.Can you lend me yours?

Ｂ.Why don't you buy one?

Ａ.It _______(fall)into the river only a moment ago when I washed my hands.Now I've got to fill in a form with a pen.2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與for或since引起的短語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，表達(dá)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)至今，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與“for＋一段時(shí)間”連用時(shí)，只指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去延續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

We___________(stay)here for three weeks.I think we are going to stay another two weeks.（說(shuō)話時(shí)人還在）

He __________(stay)here for three weeks last year.（并不表示現(xiàn)在是否在）

3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)帶有表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻的時(shí)間狀態(tài)，如yesterday,last year(month,week,night)，in 1980…

I ______(come)the day before yesterday.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)包含說(shuō)話時(shí)在內(nèi),如today,this week(month,year),these days(years)或與說(shuō)話時(shí)非常接近，如recently,just,in(during)the past three years。Great changes _______(take)place in the last ten years

5如果一件事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去并且延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的這個(gè)時(shí)刻，就需要使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。They have lived here for a long time

6一般過(guò)去時(shí)比現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)更能表達(dá)事情的結(jié)果

John has taught math for twenty years.保留了約翰繼續(xù)教數(shù)學(xué)的可能性

John taught math for twenty years.表明約翰已經(jīng)不再教數(shù)學(xué)了，他可能退休了，換工作了，或者去世了。

7如果一件事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去并且延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的這個(gè)時(shí)刻，就需要使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。They have lived here for a long time.他們?cè)谶@里已經(jīng)生活了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。

二、一般過(guò)去式與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則表示過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作或時(shí)間之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在相比，強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去”，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則與過(guò)去相比，強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。

我們來(lái)比較下列句子：

The meeting _________(start)at six o'clock./ start的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在at six o'clock。The meeting ___________(start)when we arrived at the hall./ start的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作arrived之前。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，以過(guò)去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。

第五篇：it用法小結(jié)

小結(jié)(2008-12-08 15:57:31)

標(biāo)簽：教育

It用法小結(jié)

it在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中屬人稱代詞，意思是“它”，用來(lái)指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不僅不簡(jiǎn)單，而且很復(fù)雜。

一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無(wú)生命的東西和事情。

一般指說(shuō)話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無(wú)生命的東西或事情、沒(méi)有性別的區(qū)分；可以是可數(shù)名詞，也可以是不可數(shù)名詞，在句子中既可做主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)。

1．指動(dòng)物和植物。如：

—Oh，that's Lucy's hat．噢，那是露茜的帽子。

—It looks like a cat！它看上去像只貓！

Where's tea grown？It's grown in the southeast of China．

什么地方種植茶？中國(guó)東南部種植茶。

2．指代一些無(wú)生命的東西。如：

Is it your watch？這是你的手表嗎？

Look at the rain！It's heavy，isn't it？看這雨！雨很大，對(duì)嗎？

3．代替上文提到過(guò)的整個(gè)事情。如：

Well，you mustn't play on the road．It's dangerous．哦，你不能在公路上玩。這太危險(xiǎn)了！It was hard work，but they really enjoyed it．摘蘋果是艱苦活，可他們都樂(lè)意去干（它）。

二、用于指代人。

1．指代說(shuō)話者心目中不太清楚的那個(gè)人，常在打電話或敲門時(shí)用。如：

—Who was it？是誰(shuí)（打來(lái)的電話）？

—Was it Susan？（打電話的）是蘇珊?jiǎn)幔?/p>

—Yes，it was．是的，我是。（根據(jù)上下句，“it was”也可不譯出來(lái)。）

再如：—Who is knocking at the door？誰(shuí)在敲門？

—It's me．是我。

2．指說(shuō)話者心目中的那個(gè)人。如：

—Is it your sister，Kate？（那舊照片上的 baby）是你姐姐凱特吧？

—No！不是。

—Is it your brother？是你哥哥吧？

—No！不是。

—I know—it's you！我知道了，（那）是你。

3．指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥?jì)較性別時(shí)，也可用it來(lái)指人。如

The child smiled when it saw its mother．這小孩一見(jiàn)到母親就笑了。

I don't know who it is．我不知道他是誰(shuí)。

注意：看到這樣的句子（或聽(tīng)到這樣的話）時(shí)，要想一想，不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。）

4．在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，常用it指人。如：

—Who's that？那人是誰(shuí)？

—Is it Kate？是凱特嗎？

—Yes，I think you're right．It's Kate．是的，我想你說(shuō)對(duì)了，是凱特。

三、用于指時(shí)間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。

1．表示時(shí)間。如：

—What time is it？幾點(diǎn)鐘？

—It's ten．十點(diǎn)鐘。

It's summer in Australia now．現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。

特別注意it用于表示時(shí)間時(shí)還常見(jiàn)于以下兩個(gè)句型中：

（1）It's time（for sb．）to do sth．／It's time for sth．譯為“是（某人）該干??的時(shí)間了”、“到??的時(shí)候了”。如：

It's time for supper／to have supper．是吃晚飯的時(shí)候了。

I think it's time for us to start the lesson now．我想現(xiàn)在是我們開(kāi)始上課的時(shí)候了。

（2）It is ／has been ＋時(shí)間段＋since ＋一般過(guò)去時(shí)。譯為“自從??以來(lái)已過(guò)了??（時(shí)間）”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

It has been two weeks since we met last．＝ Two weeks has passed since we met last．自從我們上次相遇以來(lái)，兩個(gè)星期過(guò)去了。

It's three years since he came here．＝It has been three years since he came here．＝He has been here for three years．他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。

2．表示距離。如：

It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school．從我家到學(xué)校步行得花半小時(shí)時(shí)間。—Where's the farm，Li Lei？Is it far？李雷，農(nóng)場(chǎng)在哪里？遠(yuǎn)嗎？

—No，it's quite near．不，（距）離這很近。

3．表示自然現(xiàn)象。如：

Sometimes it snows and the land is all white．有時(shí)下雪，大地一片白。

It is very quiet here at the moment．眼下這兒很安靜。

四、用作形式主語(yǔ)。

英語(yǔ)中常常見(jiàn)到某個(gè)句子以it開(kāi)頭，it與其后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句等相呼應(yīng)，以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。這是一種習(xí)慣表達(dá)法，這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。

1．It＋is／was＋形容詞＋（for／of sb．）＋動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。對(duì)于這個(gè)句型中究竟用 for還是用of，一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則：如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞，如：difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous等用for；如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的，如：kind，good，nice，clever等則用of。如：

It is interesting to play with snow in winter．冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。

It's important for us to keep the water clean．保持水質(zhì)清潔對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so．你這樣說(shuō)真是太好了。

注意：這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞；連系動(dòng)詞be也可換用其它連系動(dòng)詞，如feel等。如：

It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early．早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。

It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship．乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister．有個(gè)孿生姐妹感覺(jué)很奇怪。

2．It ＋will be／is ／was ＋形容詞＋動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。如：

It's bad playing in the street．在街上玩是沒(méi)好處的。

Is it any good trying again？再試一次有用嗎？

3．It＋is／was＋形容詞＋從句。如：

It is certain that he will come．他一定會(huì)來(lái)。

It's true that he may fall behind the other students．他真的可能落后于其他同學(xué)。

It is strange that he should say so．他居然這么說(shuō)，真是奇怪。

4．It ＋is ／was ＋one's turn（duty，pleasure）＋to do sth．意為“該輪到某人做某事（做某事是某人的責(zé)任、愉悅的事）”。如：

It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow．明天輪到你值日了。

5．It takes（sb．）some time to do sth．意為“（某人）花??時(shí)間做某事”。如

It took me a week to finish reading the book．我花了一周時(shí)間看完這本書(shū)。

6．It ＋cost／costs ＋sb．＋some money ＋to do sth．譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如：It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch．我買這塊新手表花了260元。

7．It seems ／seemed ＋從句。譯為“看起來(lái)好像??”，此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem ＋動(dòng)詞不定式”形式。如：

It seems that he is ill．＝He seems to be ill．看起來(lái)他好像病了。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It

② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.it

答案: ① D ② D

五、用作形式賓語(yǔ)。

當(dāng)句子的真正賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí)，為避免句子頭重腳輕，須將其放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后，改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來(lái)的位置。it用作形式賓語(yǔ)的句型為：主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋it＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞不定式／動(dòng)名詞／從句。該句型中賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可由形容詞、名詞等充當(dāng)。如：

He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well．他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed．我們認(rèn)為躺在床上看書(shū)無(wú)益處。

I think it necessary that we have the meeting．我認(rèn)為開(kāi)這個(gè)會(huì)是必要的。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as grantedB.take this for granted

C.take that for grantedD.take it for granted

答案: D

六.構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句。

如：

It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨，就是在街上我看見(jiàn)李明。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when

答案: B

七.構(gòu)成特殊句式。如：

It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【練習(xí)】

（1）There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He（高考，1980)

（2)Is＿necessary to tell his father everything?

A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)

(3)Is＿possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?

A.now B.man C.that D.it

(4)I consider____ my duty to help you．

A.it B.this C.that D.its

(5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as

答案：(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B

(6)．I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.（2004全國(guó)I）

A.this B.that C.it D.one

(7).-Do you like ___ here?

-Oh，yes.The air，the weather，the way of life.Everything is so nice.（2004全國(guó)II）

A.this B.these C.that D.it

(8)．The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which

(9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them

(10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one

答案：C D B A A

八、it, one和that作替代詞的用法及區(qū)別

it, one和that雖然都可以用來(lái)替代前面所提到的一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞,以避免重復(fù),但在具體用法上卻有不同。簡(jiǎn)述如下:

1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______?

A.did theyB.didn't theyC.did itD.didn't it

答案: D

2.one代替前面提到的同類事物中的一個(gè)。該事物只能是可數(shù)名詞,前面可以有冠詞,也可以被this、that或形容詞修飾,其后也可以有定語(yǔ)。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

-Why don't we have a little break?

-Didn't we just have________?

A.it B.that C.one D.this

答案: C

3.that代替前面提到的同類事物中特指的一個(gè)。該事物既可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名

詞,要有后置定語(yǔ),但不可以有前置修飾語(yǔ)。

[原題再現(xiàn)]

Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those

答案: C

高考“it”的用法英語(yǔ)題

歷屆高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)選擇題精選

（一）“it”的用法

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?

A.thatB.while

C.in whichD.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

A.thisB.that

C.itD.he(89)

3.I don

t think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.thisB.that

C.itsD.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?

A.thisB.that

C.heD.it(91)

5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , thatB.until , that

C.until , thatD.when , then(92)

6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.thatB.this

C.oneD.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.whileB.which

C.thatD.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.This

C.ThatD.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.untilB.that

C.thenD.so(97)

10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.itB.that

C.theseD.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.that

C.whatD.it(2000)

KEYS:1-5 ACDDB6-10 DCDBA11 B ’