第一篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講練結(jié)合-構(gòu)詞法

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lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)

stop停下→non-stop不停

(2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)形容詞), anti-(反對(duì)；抵抗), auto-(自動(dòng)), co-(共同), en-(使), inter-(互相), re-(再；又), sub-(下面的；次；小), tele-(強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如：

alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的 autochart自動(dòng)圖表

cooperate合作enjoy使高興

internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用

subway地鐵telephone電話

2)后綴

英語(yǔ)單詞不僅可以通過(guò)加前綴構(gòu)成新詞，也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會(huì)改變單詞的詞性，構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性；少數(shù)后綴還會(huì)改變?cè)~義，變?yōu)榕c原來(lái)詞義相反的新詞。

(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/-or(從事某事的人),-ese(某地人)，-ess(雌性)，-ful(一??)，-ian(精通??的人)，-ist(專業(yè)人員)，-ment(性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-ness(性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-tion(動(dòng)作；過(guò)程)等。例如：

differ不同于→difference區(qū)別

write寫(xiě)→writer作家

Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演員

mouth口→mouthful一口

music音樂(lè)→musician音樂(lè)家

(2)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容詞之后)，-fy(使??化)，-ize(使??成為)。例如：

wide→widen加寬

beauty→beautify美化

pure→purify提純

real→realize意識(shí)到

organ→organize組織

(3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，-able(有能力的)，-(a)n(某國(guó)人的)，-en(多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern(方向的)，-ese(某國(guó)人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less(表示否定)，-like(像??的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y(表示天氣)等。例如：

nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美國(guó)→American美國(guó)的 China中國(guó)→Chinese中國(guó)人的 gold金子→golden金的 east東→eastern東方的 child孩子→childish孩子氣的 snow雪→snowy雪的

(4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly(主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如：

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angry生氣的→angrily生氣地

to到→towards朝??，向??

east東方→eastward向東

(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen(十幾)，-ty(幾十)，-th(構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如：

six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth 嘉興英語(yǔ)教學(xué)網(wǎng) 004km.cn 收集整理 歡迎使用

4)合成副詞

形容詞＋名詞hotfoot匆忙地

形容詞＋副詞everywhere到處

副詞＋副詞however盡管如此

介詞＋名詞beforehand事先

介詞＋副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)

5)合成代詞

代詞賓格＋self herself她自己

物主代詞＋self myself我自己

形容詞＋名詞anything任何東西

6)合成介詞

副詞＋名詞inside在??里面

介詞＋副詞within在??之內(nèi)

副詞＋介詞into進(jìn)入 4.截短法(縮略法)

截短法，即將單詞縮寫(xiě)，詞義和詞性保持不變，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。

1)截頭

telephone→phone

aeroplane→plane

omnibus→bus

2)去尾

mathematics→maths

co-operate→co-op

examination→exam

kilogram→kilo

laboratory→lab

taxicab→taxi

3)截頭去尾

influenza→flu

refrigerator→fridge

prescription→script 5.混合法(混成法)

混合法，即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體；前半部分表示屬性。

news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播

television broadcast→telecast電視播送

smoke and fog→smog煙霧

helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場(chǎng) 6.首尾字母縮略法

首尾字母縮略法，即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音；作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。

very important person→VIP(讀字母音)要人；大人物

television→TV(讀字母音)電視

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Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福

Nato 三.鞏固練習(xí)

1.That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.care B.careful

C.careless

D.carelessness 2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his ________ is heavier than Mount Tai.A.die

B.dead

C.died

D.death 3.The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadly B.sadness

C.sadly

D.sad 4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.A.chemistry

B.chemical C.chemist

D.physician 5.The three-________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.A.legging B.legged

C.legs

D.leged 6.Stephenson became the ________railway engineer in the world.A.lead B.leader

C.leading

D.leadership 7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked ________about at his classmates.A.proud B.proudly

C.pride

D.pridely 8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.A.satisfied

B.satisfactory C.satisfying

D.satisfaction 9.—What are you doing here? —Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.—You can write ________passage in English? A.600 words；a 600-words B.600-word；a 600-words C.600 words；a 600-word D.600 words；a 600-words 10.No one should enter the spot without the ________of the police.A.permit

B.permission C.permitting

D.permittence 11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.A.headquarters

B.headline C.headmaster

D.headache 12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.A.intend

B.intention C.intentionally

D.intentional 13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a ________smile.A.practice

B.practise C.practical

D.practiced 14.The ________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.嘉興英語(yǔ)教學(xué)網(wǎng) 004km.cn 收集整理 歡迎使用

A.judger

B.judgment C.judge

D.judgement 15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the ________news about Iraq War? A.lately

B.latest C.later

D.latter 16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.A.longer

B.length C.long

D.longing 17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.A.joy

B.joyful C.joyless

D.joyness 18.Canada is mainly an ________country.A.English-speaking

B.speak-English C.spoken-English

D.English-spoken 19.How ________ he is!He is always acting ________.He is really a ________.A.foolish；foolishly；fool B.fool；foolish；fool C.foolish；fool；fool D.foolishly；foolish；fool 20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.A.valuable

B.value C.valueless

D.unvaluable 21.There were ________fish in the river in South America.A.in danger

B.danger C.dangerous

D.dangerless 22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is ________.A.sound

B.silent C.silence

D.sounded 23.The child looked at me ________.A.stranger

B.strangely C.strange

D.strangeless 24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________bravely.A.free

B.freely C.freedom

D.frees 25.What you said sounded ________ but in fact it was untrue.A.reasonable

B.reasonful C.reasonless

D.unreason 26.We have to learn ________technology from other countries.A.advance

B.advancing C.advantage

D.advanced 27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.A.nearby

B.near C.nearly

D.near by

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28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an ________in the government.You can not easily find him in his ________.A.official；officer；office B.officer；office；official C.official；official；official D.officer；official；office 29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.A.health

B.healthy C.healthily

D.healthier 30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.A.Honestly

B.Honest C.Honesty

[參考答案]

1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA

D.Dishonest

第二篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講練結(jié)合-簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句

簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句

一.概念

(一)簡(jiǎn)單句

由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))所構(gòu)成的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句，其結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)。(二)并列句

由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的互相關(guān)連而又互相獨(dú)立的獨(dú)句(即簡(jiǎn)單句)連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子叫并列句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句

常用的連詞有and,but,or not only...but also,neither...nor,either...or 二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講(一)簡(jiǎn)單句

1.主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)上的一致性。

and連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也相應(yīng)地使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但：(1)如果and連接的兩個(gè)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞且前面都沒(méi)有冠詞，若兩個(gè)詞表示一個(gè)事物或一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)；如果兩個(gè)詞表示的是兩個(gè)事物或兩個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)。

(2)如果and連接的是兩個(gè)可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞，前一個(gè)有冠詞，后一個(gè)沒(méi)有冠詞，意味著一個(gè)人或 事物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。

(3)當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)名詞前都有each，every，many a，no等單數(shù)概念的限定詞修飾時(shí)（三.鞏固練習(xí)

1.I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer,＿＿＿? A.do I B.don’t I C.will they D.won’t they 2.＿＿＿h(yuǎn)elp if you can,and our country will improve more quickly and better.A.Giving B.Give C.Given D.To give 3.—— Lucy,you wash the dishes,＿＿＿ ? —— Mom,can’t Lily do it? It’s her turn to do it.A.don’t you B.can you C.shall you D.will you 4.—— I will not take an umbrella with me today.— ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day? A.How B.What C.How about D.What if 5.—— You ought to stay up late tonight,＿＿＿＿ you? —— Yes.I’ve got too much homework.A.can’t B.shouldn’t C.mustn’t D.won’t

6.Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,＿＿＿＿? A.can it B.can’t it C.can they D.can’t they 7.There used to be a church in the small town,＿＿＿＿＿? A.used there B.usedn’t there

C.used it

D.usedn’t it 8.—— She isn’t your neighbour, is she?

—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.A.Yes,she isn’t

B.No,she is C.Yes,she is

D.No,isn’t she

9.—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young.—— And now you are.A.How I wanted B.How did I want C.What I wanted D.What did I want 10.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,＿＿＿＿was very reasonable.A.which price

B.the price of which C.its price

D.the price of that 11.After ten years,she changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be.A.that B.whom C.what D.who 12.＿＿＿＿is known to everyone,the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It B.As C.That D.What 13.He’s got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿h(yuǎn)e is likely to lose control over the plane.A.where B.which C.while D.why 14.Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 15.What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

A.when B.how C.whether D.what 16.The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿.A.music but also some other subjects B.some other subjects as well as music C.music as well as some other subjects D.some other subjects and music 17.＿＿＿air is to man,so is water to fish.A.Since B.Just C.Like D.As 18.There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.A.while B.as C.when D.so 19.＿＿＿several times about it,but he could not give the correct answer.A.Being asked

B.Having been asked C.He would ask D.He had been asked 20.—— I don’t like chicken ＿＿＿ fish.—— I don’t like chicken,＿＿＿I like fish very much.A.and； and B.and； but C.or； but D.or； and 21.＿＿＿the days went on,the situation there got worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As 22.＿＿＿everybody is here,let’s set out right away.A.Now that B.Because C.For D.After 23.The science of medicine,＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.A.to which B.in which C.which D.with which 24.We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿M(jìn)iss Liu told us.A.what B.since C.as D.while 25.Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother,＿＿＿h(yuǎn)as a great effect on her life.A.that； which

B.when； which C.which； that D.when； that 26.＿＿＿I know,they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.A.Since B.So far as C.In case D.As if 27.Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿first,John or Kate? A.examine

B.to examine C.examining

D.examined 28.—— What are you anxious about? —— ＿＿＿＿＿.A.Whether we can succeed B.If we succeed C.Do we succeed D.That we can succeed 29.You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily.A.where

B.the place C.the place on which D.what 30.She said to me,“I’ll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it.” A.because B.the moment C.after D.though 31.Grandpa used to tell us something about the “Cultural Revolution” ＿＿＿h(yuǎn)e

had time to spare.A.as soon as B.as C.so that D.whenever 32.Li Fang is very busy,＿＿＿she’s always helping others with their lessons.A.but B.although C.so D.for 33.Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview.A.if；won’t

B.unless；will C.unless；are

D.if；are 34.Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it.A.if B.which C.whether D.that 35.She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprized us.A.which B.it C.as D.who 36.The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.A.which is not B.that have not been C.that has not

D.that has not been 37.He made another wonderful discovery,＿＿＿ of great importance to science.A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is 38.It’s really very dangerous.One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.A.or B.so C.but D.and 39.She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.A.so B.yet C.and D.therefore 40.Information technology is taught in most schools,＿＿＿we have entered the information society.A.so B.while C.still D.for 41.—— Helen must obey her parents.—— Oh,she must,＿＿ ? A.must she

B.mustn’t she

C.shouldn’t she

D.should she 42.John must be in the chemistry lab,＿＿＿ ? A.mustn’t he

B.needn’t he

C.isn’t he

D.shouldn’t he

43.It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened.A.after B.before C.when D.since 44.＿＿the text a second time,the meaning will become clearer to you.A.Read

B.Reading C.If reading D.When you read 45.＿＿＿does he do his work well,＿＿＿ he helps others with their work.A.Not only；but also B.Neither；nor C.Either；or

D.Both；and 46.＿＿,so he didn’t come to school last week.A.Though he was ill B.Being ill

C.Having been ill D.He was ill 47.She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem.A.how B.in which C.that D.which 48.Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she’s going to be when she grows up.A.what B.that C.as D.which 49.To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿,I think.A.to play well B.play well C.we play well D.playing well 50.＿＿＿you go,you should bear the motherland in mind.A.Where C.However 四.答案

1-10CBDDBABCAB 11-20CBABCBDADC 21-30DABCBBDAAB 31-40DACCBBADBD 41-50ACBDADCAAD

B.Whenever

D.Wherever

第三篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講練結(jié)合-動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

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Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你說(shuō)的與我們聽(tīng)說(shuō)的一致。3）系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good.聽(tīng)上去不錯(cuò)。

4）帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞如die/death, dream/dream，live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：

She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨晚做了個(gè)惡夢(mèng)。

5）當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：

（對(duì)）She likes to swim.（錯(cuò)）To swim is liked by her.5.主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：

The book sells well.這本書(shū)銷路好。

This knife cuts easily.這刀子很好用。

2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：

I was to blame for the accident.事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。

Much work remains.還有許多活要干。

3）在need, require, want, worth（形容詞）, deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。例如：

The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.門(mén)該修了。

This book is worth reading.這本書(shū)值得一讀。

4）特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：make sb.heard / understood（使別人能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/理解自己）等。例如： Explain it clearly and make yourself understood.解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。

6.被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated（from）, be prepared（for）, be occupied（in）, get married等。例如：

He is graduated from a famous university.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。

注意：表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb.或get married to sb.均可。例如：

He married a rich girl.他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。

He got married to a rich girl.7.need/want/require/worth

當(dāng) need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時(shí)，表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如：

Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。

The floor requires washing.地板需要沖洗。三.鞏固練習(xí)

1.I___________(teach)here for ten years since I finished school.2.Would you mind me __________(use)your bike? 3.The students of Class Two___________(sweep)their classroom now.4.The Whites____________(not listen)to the radio at that time.5.It's better to give than__________(receive).6.How long ______you_______(live)in this town?

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7.You _______(come)here last year, ______ you? 8.----When ______ you______(see)him?----I______(see)him last Sunday.9.She said that the car___________(use)the next week.10.I didn't know what __________(happen)to China in a century.11.When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______(leave).12.The stone bridge______________(build)in our hometown for ten years.13.The desk must ______(clean)once a day.14.The dog _________(lie)on the floor when I came in..15.It _________(rain)heavily when I got home.16.Her mother____________(cook)at this time yesterday.17.The students _____________(do)their homework.__________(not make)any noise!18.----______ you ever_______(be)to Beijing?----Yes.I________(go)there last week.19.He'll telephone us as soon as he _________(arrive)there.20.Jiefang trucks____________(make)in Changchun.21.A pen is used for__________(write).22.All that must ________(do).23.My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________(choose).So she asked me to go shopping with her.24.They find it useful__________(learn)English.25.The old man often_________(tell)the children a story in the evening.This evening he ________(tell)two stories.26.The radio__________(use)once in a week in our class.It____________(not use)yesterday because there was something wrong with it.27.Would please tell us how___________(make)the watch ________(work)? 28.She doesn't know what_________(do)and where__________(go).四.答案

1.have taught

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2.using 3.are sweeping 4.weren’t listening 5.to receive 6.have … lived

7.came … didn’t 8.did … see, saw 9.would be used 10.would happen 11.had … left 12.have been built 13.be cleaned 14.was lying 15.was raining 16.was cooking 17.are doing, Don’t make 18.have … beeen, went 19.arrives 20.are made 21.writing 22.be done 23.to choose 24.to learn 25.tells, will tell

第四篇：英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法構(gòu)詞法特級(jí)版

構(gòu)詞法.ppt

構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)

(一)后綴

1.常見(jiàn)名詞后綴 1）－y

difficult, dear, honest, modest, deliver, discover, recover difficulty, deary, honesty, modesty, delivery, discovery, recovery 2)－ness(加在形容詞后構(gòu)成抽象名詞)careful, careless, clever, dark, happy, ill, kind, smart, selfish, useful carefulness, carelessness, cleverness, darkness, happiness, illness, kindness, smartness, selfishness, usefulness 4)－ment abandonment, achievement, adjustment, advertisement, accomplishment, acknowledgement ,agreement, amazement, announcement, appointment, arrangement, astonishment, attainment, containment, 3)－ty(加在形容詞后)cruel, entire, proper, certain, uncertain, royal, safe cruelty, entirety, property, certainty, uncertainty, royalty, safety disagree, disappoint, discourage, embarrass, encourage, enjoy, enlarge, equip, excite, govern, improve, judge, manage, postpone, punish, puzzle, refresh, replace, require, retire, employ, move, settle, treat disagreement, disappointment, discouragement, embarrassment, encouragement, enjoyment, enlargement, equipment, excitement, government, improvement, judgment, management, postponement, punishment, puzzlement, refreshment, replacement, requirement, retirement, employment, movement, settlement, treatment 5)－ion(加在動(dòng)詞后，動(dòng)詞本身以t或te結(jié)尾時(shí))addict, abstract, act, accelerate, adopt, affect attract, connect, construct, contribute, collect, direct, digest, discuss, erupt, elect, except, inspect, instruct, interrupt, invent, irrigate, object, operate, process, product, project, prevent, pollute, protect, reflect, suggest 6)－ation specific, experiment, export, form, tax, transport, adapt, consider, consult, expect, explain, inform, inspire, recommend, relax, resign, transform, represent 7)－sion(以de結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞改de為sion構(gòu)成名詞)conclude, explode, include 10）－ity electric, able, possible, active, equal, national, real, major, minor, moral, personal electricity, ability, possibility, activity, equality, nationality, reality, majority, minority, morality, personality 11)－al arrive, refuse, propose, survive, disapprove arrival, refusal, proposal, survival, disapproval

12)－ure /ture please, press, fail, mix, fix pleasure, pressure, failure, mixture, fixture 13)－dom free, wise freedom, wisdom 14)－h(huán)ood child, neighbor, boy, brother, father childhood, neighborhood, boyhood, Brotherhood（兄弟關(guān)系，手足情意）, fatherhood(父親的身份，父親般的人，父權(quán))15)－ing : ending, farming, visiting, beginning, building, surrounding, freezing, founding, drawing 16）表示人的后綴 －er

settler, jeweler, buyer, dancer, producer, watcher, reporter , rider, footballer, runner, winner, stranger, owner 例外：container, loudspeaker揚(yáng)聲器, tanker, drier, best-seller暢銷書(shū), hammer, drawer, poster招貼，廣告, laughter, printer, photocopier復(fù)印機(jī), recorder, prayer 祈禱 －or actor, collector, conductor, director, doctor, governor, sailor, tailor, visitor, inventor, professor, competitor, operator, editor, ancestor －ant, ent servant, patient, contestant參賽者，選手, consultant 顧問(wèn), applicant －ee表示被??者，受??者

trainee, trustee, examinee, employee, interviewee －ess表示女性

actress, hostess, waitress, princess －ian, an, ese表示哪個(gè)國(guó)家，州的人和職業(yè) Canadian, Australian, Asian, Indian, Italian European, Japanese, Chinese, physician, musician, technician, librarian, politician － ist 表示??.家??者

chemist, scientist, zoologist, physicist, receptionist, typist, realist, dentist, artist, pianist, violinist 17）改變?cè)~義的后綴

－ful “充滿，一??之量”

boxful, cupful, glassful, mouthful, armful, plateful －ism “??主義,??制度”

capitalism, communism, realism, socialism, tourism －ship:表示狀況，狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，職務(wù)，職業(yè)，藝術(shù)或技巧 relationship, hardship, ownership, friendship

－ic(s)表示學(xué)科名字

music, logic, physics, mathematics

2.常見(jiàn)形容詞后綴

1）－ful “充滿??的，有??的”

helpful ,wonderful, careful, harmful, beautiful, hopeful, thankful, powerful, forceful, peaceful, skillful, colorful, cheerful 2)－less 附加在名詞后，表示“沒(méi)有??的”

homeless, careless, harmless, useless, hopeless, fearless, endless, priceless 3)－able(ible)可??的,能??的

enjoyable, renewable, unbelievable, suitable, reasonable, eatable, acceptable, possible, invisible, sensible 4）－al(以t結(jié)尾的加-ual)加在名詞后表示“有??的屬性，屬于??的” industry, nation, nature, globe, person, centre, office, spirit industrial, national, natural, global, personal, central, official, spiritual 5)–an(-ean,-ian)表示“哪國(guó)的，哪洲的”

Asian, African, American, European, Canadian, Australia 6)–y加在名詞上，意為“充滿，包含”

health, wealth, sun, cloud, fog, ice, dirt, thirst, dust, salt healthy, wealthy, sunny, foggy, icy ,cloudy, dirty, dusty , thirsty, salty 7)–ous加在名詞上，意為“充滿??的”

courage, danger, poison, humor, fame, nerve, vary, mystery courageous, dangerous, poisonous, humorous, famous, nervous, various, mysterious 8)–ly意為“外觀相似的，有??性質(zhì)的，反復(fù)發(fā)生的” likely, orderly, brotherly, fatherly, friendly, lovely, lively, monthly, daily, deadly, timely 9）－ive(-iative)表示“具有??性質(zhì)的，??的，與??有關(guān)的, 屬于??的”

act, instruct, expense, progress active, instructive, expensive, progressive 10)–ish表示“略帶的，有點(diǎn)??,有??屬性的, ??民族的”

black, white, red, book, boy, child, self, fool blackish, whitish, reddish, bookish, boyish, childish, selfish, foolish British, English, Polish, Spanish?(rubbish除外)

11)–ing 12)–ed colored, crowded, troubled, advanced, skilled, limited, gifted, experienced 13)–ic(-ical)history, practice, music, medicine, hero, energy, base, politics, science leading, surrounding, willing, living, exciting 14)–ern加在方位名詞上，表示??方的

east, west, south, north, north-west, south-east eastern, western, southern, northern, north-western, south-eastern historical, practical, musical, medical, political, heroic, energetic, basic, scientific 15)–ward 表示向??的

back, up, down, east, west, south, north, north-west, south-east backward, upward, downward, eastward, westward, southward, northward, north-westward, south-eastward 16)–ary(-ory)表示與??有關(guān)的

satisfactory, revolutionary, contrary, imaginary, necessary, ordinary, extraordinary(secretary秘書(shū))17）-ate immediate, fortunate, separate 18)–ar familiar, particular, regular, similar 19)–en 由??制成的，由??構(gòu)成的 golden, wooden, woolen 20)-ant(-ent)表示動(dòng)作、性質(zhì)的

independent, silent, convenient, patient, distant 21)–some易于??的，傾向??的，產(chǎn)生??的 troublesome, tiresome, quarrelsome 3.常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞后綴

1）－en 加在形容詞和名詞上，“使，變得”

sharp, deep, wide, loose, fast, weak, strength, fright 2)－ify 加在名詞、形容詞上，表示“使成為??使??化” terror, beauty, simple terrify, beautify, simplify

sharpen, deepen, widen, loosen, fasten, weaken, strengthen, frighten 3）－ize(-ise)organize, apologize, recognize, realize, practise 4.常見(jiàn)副詞后綴

1)–ly 加在形容詞后

unfortunate, easy, heavy, main, polite unfortunately, easily, heavily, mainly, politely 2)–ward(s)forward(s), afterward(s), inward(s), outward(s), downward(s), upward(s), eastward(s)5.常見(jiàn)數(shù)詞后綴

-teen從十三到十九 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,-ty幾十 twenty, thirty, fifty, ninety-th構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞fifth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth

(一)前綴

2.表示其他意義的常見(jiàn)前綴 1）pre-在 前,事先，預(yù)先 prewar, preposition, preview 2)fore-表示位置在前，時(shí)間提前，預(yù)先

forehead, foresee, foretell, forecast 3)pro-problem, promise, provide, programme 4）under-在下，不足

underground, underline, understand, underweight 5)tele-遠(yuǎn)距離

telecontrol, telescope, telegraph, telephone, television.6）sub-空間的在下面 subway, subwater 7)trans-變化，轉(zhuǎn)移，通過(guò)，跨越 translate, transplant, transport 8)over-“在上面，在上空，過(guò)分，額外”

overcoat, overcome, overwork, over careful, overjoyed, overcautious 9)in-在內(nèi)，進(jìn)，入，向，朝 increase, inside 10)out-出，向外，遠(yuǎn)，超過(guò)

outline, output, outside, outstanding 11)ex-出自，向外 exchange, export 12)a-表示處于某種狀態(tài)或位置

asleep, aside, awake, alone, alive, apart, aloud, ahead 13）inter-中間，相互 international, interview 14)auto-自身，自己，自動(dòng)

auto boat, auto cycle, autobus 15)con-（在b, m, p前用com-，在l前用col-，在r前用cor-,在元音字母或h前用co-）意為“與，合，共，全”

connect, command, common, complete, collect, correct 16）en-(在b, p前用em-)，“使??處于??境地”常附在名詞或形容詞前構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞

enable, enrich, enforce, endanger, ensure, encourage, enjoy, enlarge, enclose, encircle 17)re-“再一次，重新恢復(fù)原狀”

repay, remarry, rewrite, reread, retell, remain, rebuild, reuse, recover 18)uni-“單，一”unite, united, union 19)bi-“兩”bicycle

20)kilo-“千” kilogram, kilometer 6

第五篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講第一章動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

在英語(yǔ)中，不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表示，這就叫做動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。一、一般時(shí)

一般時(shí)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)和一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。A.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1． 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)表示。主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞后面要加-s或-es。

They want good jobs.他們想要好的工作。

The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。

This work does not satisfy me.這項(xiàng)工作我不滿意。

Do you understand?

你懂了嗎?

2．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)

He always takes a walk after supper.晚飯后他總是散散步。

Everyone is in high spirits now.現(xiàn)在大家都情緒高漲。

b.表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽(yáng)從東方升起在西方落下。

Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.聲音在水中的傳播速度要比在空氣中快。

Time and tide wait for no man.時(shí)間不等人。

c.表示主語(yǔ)的特征、能力和狀態(tài)

This cloth feels soft.1

這布摸上去很軟。

I love classical music.我喜歡古典音樂(lè)。

The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.看來(lái)總統(tǒng)仍能有時(shí)間去釣魚(yú)。

d.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

The meeting begins at 7:00.會(huì)議七點(diǎn)鐘開(kāi)始。

We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我們八點(diǎn)整離開(kāi)這里。

e.在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作

When you come next time, bring me some magazines.你下次來(lái)時(shí)，給我?guī)妆倦s志。

If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去那里。

Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.不管他同意與否，我都會(huì)待在家里。

②一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的特殊用法

a.用于新聞標(biāo)題或圖片說(shuō)明中

China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful

中國(guó)宣布載人航天飛行圓滿成功

Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow

勞拉·布什抵達(dá)莫斯科

b.用于體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、表演等實(shí)況報(bào)道中

Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿過(guò)去，把球傳給姚明，姚明跳起來(lái)，接住球投進(jìn)籃里。

Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.現(xiàn)在，看，我按下按扭，打開(kāi)了這臺(tái)機(jī)器。

c.表示告誡或勸說(shuō)

You mind your own business.你不要管閑事！

If he does that again, he goes to prison.如果他再那樣的話，他就會(huì)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的。

d.表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動(dòng)作

Here comes the bus.汽車來(lái)了。

There goes the bell.鈴響了。

B．一般過(guò)去時(shí)

1． 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般過(guò)去時(shí)是用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式來(lái)表示。

His words fetched a laugh from all present.他的話使在場(chǎng)的人都笑了。

I did not sleep well last night.我昨晚沒(méi)睡好。

Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?

你告訴這位游客去旅館的路了嗎？

2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法

①一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。

The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)因燃料用光而停機(jī)了。

注意：

在一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子中，通常都要有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

【誤】I visited the Palace Museum.（在沒(méi)有上下文的情況下，應(yīng)避免這樣說(shuō)）

【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.去年我參觀過(guò)故宮博物院。

【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.我參觀過(guò)故宮博物院。

b.表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

I wrote home once a week at college.我上大學(xué)時(shí)每周給家里寫(xiě)一封信。

He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年時(shí)就養(yǎng)成了廣泛閱讀的習(xí)慣。

提示：

表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，除了用過(guò)去式外，還可以用used to或would來(lái)表示。

She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.她上高三時(shí)經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)到深夜。

He would sit for hours doing nothing.過(guò)去他常常一坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。

c.表示過(guò)去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列動(dòng)作

She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走進(jìn)房間，拿起一本雜志，認(rèn)真地翻閱了起來(lái)。

The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.學(xué)生們很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗讀英語(yǔ)。

d.在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

We would not leave until the teacher came back.老師回來(lái)我們才會(huì)離開(kāi)。

She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告訴我如果第二天下雨的話，她就不去了。

②一般過(guò)去時(shí)的特殊用法

a.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

It's time we went.是我們?cè)撟叩臅r(shí)候了。

I wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年輕20歲。

I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.我寧愿你暫時(shí)先不要采取什么措施。

b.在口語(yǔ)中，一般過(guò)去時(shí)往往顯示委婉客氣。

I wondered if you could give me a hand.我想請(qǐng)你幫個(gè)忙。

Might I come and see you tonight?

我想今晚來(lái)看你，好嗎？

3．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)要和現(xiàn)在時(shí)間相聯(lián)系，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)和說(shuō)話的“現(xiàn)在”不相聯(lián)系。

His father is a film director.他父親是電影導(dǎo)演。（他現(xiàn)在還是）

His father was a film director.他父親曾是電影導(dǎo)演。（他現(xiàn)在不是）

How do you like the novel?

你覺(jué)得這部小說(shuō)怎么樣？（還在看小說(shuō)）

How did you like the novel?

你覺(jué)得這部小說(shuō)怎么樣？（已看完小說(shuō)）

C．一般將來(lái)時(shí)

1． 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般將來(lái)時(shí)是由“will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的。shall只限于第一人稱，主要見(jiàn)于英國(guó)英語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在的趨勢(shì)是第一、二、三人稱的單復(fù)數(shù)形式均用will表示。在口語(yǔ)中，shall和will?？s寫(xiě)成“'ll”，緊接在主語(yǔ)之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常簡(jiǎn)略為shan't 和won't。

I'll go and shut the door.我去關(guān)門(mén)。

When will you know your exam results?

你什么時(shí)候能知道考試結(jié)果？

I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.我看得出你很忙，所以我不會(huì)呆太久的。

提示：在you and I或both of us等短語(yǔ)后，只用will，不用shall。

You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到達(dá)那里。

Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.我們倆明年中學(xué)畢業(yè)。

2．一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法

①表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

I shall be free this afternoon.我今天下午有空。

There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.明天沒(méi)有化學(xué)課。

They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他們可能去上海度假。

注意：

在口語(yǔ)中，常用will / shall + be doing結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形，以表示生動(dòng)。

I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.我要去機(jī)場(chǎng)給一個(gè)朋友送行。

He'll be going with us tomorrow.他明天和我們一起去。

②表示將要反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.我叔叔每個(gè)星期六都會(huì)來(lái)看我。

The students will have five English classes per week this term.本學(xué)期學(xué)生們每周要上五節(jié)英語(yǔ)課。

③表示同意或答應(yīng)做某事

That bag looks heavy.I'll help you with it.這個(gè)包看起來(lái)很重，我來(lái)幫你提。

I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.我保證不告訴別人所發(fā)生的事。

④表示一種傾向或推測(cè)

Flowers will die without water.沒(méi)有水花會(huì)枯死的。

Water will change into ice at 0℃.水在零攝氏度就會(huì)結(jié)冰。

This will be your sister, I guess.我猜想這是你姐姐。

3．一般將來(lái)時(shí)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)

①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 賓語(yǔ)從句”中

Don't worry about the exam.I'm sure you'll pass.不要擔(dān)心這次考試，我確信你會(huì)通過(guò)的。

I wonder what will happen.我不知道將會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。

I don't think the test will be very difficult.我想這次測(cè)驗(yàn)不會(huì)太難。

②用于“祈使句 + and + 陳述句”中

Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力，就會(huì)成功的。

Go at once and you will see her.馬上去，你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到她了。

③與表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語(yǔ)從句連用

I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.他一到我就通知你。

If you ask him, he will help you.如果你請(qǐng)他，他會(huì)幫助你的。

We shall go unless it rains.除非下雨，否則我們是要去的。4．將來(lái)時(shí)間的其他表達(dá)法

①be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形

“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于口語(yǔ)中。

a.表示決定或打算要做某事

I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.今年冬天我打算買一件新大衣。

Are you going to play basketball after class?

下課后你去打籃球嗎？

He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.他長(zhǎng)大后要當(dāng)醫(yī)生。

What are you going to do today?

今天你打算做什么？

b.表示有跡象即將要發(fā)生什么事

Look at those black clouds.It is going to rain.瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。

The car is going to turn over.汽車要翻了！

There is going to be a snowstorm.將有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雪。

比較：

“be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”與“will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”的區(qū)別

1．be going to通常表示很快就要發(fā)生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的將來(lái)，也可表示長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)或不確定的將來(lái)。

She is going to get better.她的病要好了。（有恢復(fù)健康的跡象）

She will get better.她的病會(huì)好的。（認(rèn)為最終會(huì)恢復(fù)健康的）

2．will表示將來(lái)，通常是指事先無(wú)計(jì)劃的意圖，是臨時(shí)決定的； be going to則表示事先有計(jì)劃的意圖，是經(jīng)過(guò)考慮的。

—

George phoned while you were out.你外出的時(shí)候喬治打電話來(lái)的。

—

Ok.I'll phone him back.好的，我給他回電話。（臨時(shí)決定）

—

Matthew phoned while you were out.你外出的時(shí)候馬修打電話來(lái)了。

—

Yes, I know.I'm going to phone him back.是的，我知道了。我準(zhǔn)備給他回電話。（早有安排）

但在正式文體中，要用will來(lái)表示事先安排的動(dòng)作。

The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m..會(huì)議將在10點(diǎn)開(kāi)始。

Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards.從今天起9:30開(kāi)始供應(yīng)咖啡。

3．表示有跡象顯示將要發(fā)生某一動(dòng)作時(shí)，要用be going to，不用will或shall。

I feel terrible.I think I'm going to be sick.我覺(jué)得不舒服，我想我要生病了。

4．be going to 可用于條件句，表示將來(lái)時(shí)間，will則不能。

If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.如果你要出席會(huì)議，你最好現(xiàn)在就動(dòng)身。

②be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式

“be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式”表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的計(jì)劃或安排，預(yù)期將會(huì)發(fā)生某事，這種安排不容隨意改變。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞-ing形式通常是表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off, die等，并與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如果沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，則所表示的動(dòng)作有即將發(fā)生之意。

He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.他幾天后要?jiǎng)由砣バ陆?/p>

I am dining out tonight.今晚我將出去吃飯。

The plane is taking off soon.飛機(jī)馬上就要起飛了。

The old man is dying.那位老人快要死了。

比較：

“be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式”和“be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”的異同

1．表示按計(jì)劃發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，兩者可互換。

We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

2．表示由于客觀因素而產(chǎn)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，用be going to結(jié)構(gòu)，不用be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。

You are going to fall if you climb that tree.如果你爬樹(shù)的話，你會(huì)摔下來(lái)的。（不可說(shuō) You are falling if...）

Be careful.You are going to break that chair.當(dāng)心！你會(huì)把那張椅子弄壞的。（不可說(shuō) You are breaking that chair）

③ be + 動(dòng)詞不定式

這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的be，只有現(xiàn)在式(am, is, are)和過(guò)去式(was, were)兩種形式。

a.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

The highway is to be open to traffic in May.這條公路將在五月份通車。

Am I to take over his work?

我是不是要接管他的工作？

b.用于條件句中強(qiáng)調(diào)按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.如果我們乘坐5點(diǎn)的火車的話，那我們現(xiàn)在就得出發(fā)。

c.表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不許”。

You are to be back before 10 p.m..你必須在10點(diǎn)前回來(lái)。

You are not to go out alone at night.晚上你不能單獨(dú)出去。

比較：

“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”與“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”的區(qū)別

1．“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”側(cè)重說(shuō)話人個(gè)人的意圖和打算，“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”側(cè)重受別人的指示或安排要做的事。

I'm going to try my best to write this article well.我將盡力把這篇文章寫(xiě)好。

Am I to wait here till their arrival?

我要在這兒一直等到他們抵達(dá)嗎？

2．表示由于客觀因素或不受人控制的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，只用“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”，不用“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”。

It's going to rain.天要下雨了。（不說(shuō)It's to rain.）

Rachel is going to faint.雷切爾要暈倒了。④ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間，主要用法有：

a.表示由于日歷或時(shí)刻表的規(guī)定而固定不變的或比較不易變更的將來(lái)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

Tomorrow is Friday.明天是星期五。

What time does the next train leave for Paris?

下一班開(kāi)往巴黎的火車幾點(diǎn)出發(fā)？

b.在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

I'll give the book to you after I finish it.我看完這本書(shū)就給你。

If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.如果他到了，我們就得到火車站去接他。

c.在hope, suppose等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

I hope all is well with him.我希望他一切都好。

Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.我們明天還是去遠(yuǎn)足吧。

D．一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

1．一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)是由“should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的。

He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.昨天他問(wèn)我什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身去巴黎。

They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.他們想知道怎樣才能早一點(diǎn)兒完成家庭作業(yè)。

2．一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法

一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是過(guò)去，即從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻看以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)。

a.一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常用于間接引語(yǔ)中

He said they would arrange a party.他說(shuō)他們將安排一個(gè)晚會(huì)。

I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.我問(wèn)他是否來(lái)幫我修電視機(jī)。

b.一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)可用來(lái)表示非真實(shí)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.如果我有機(jī)會(huì)出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的話，我就會(huì)去劍橋大學(xué)。

I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.今晚他能和我一起去看電影就好了。

3．過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間其他表達(dá)法

a.was/were going to +動(dòng)詞原形

He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.他說(shuō)他退休后要住在農(nóng)村。

They thought it was going to rain.他們認(rèn)為天要下雨了。

b.was/were +動(dòng)詞的-ing形式

Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.沒(méi)人知道客人們是否要來(lái)。

I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.我被告知火車幾分鐘后就要開(kāi)了。

c.was/were +動(dòng)詞不定式

She said she was to clean the classroom after school.她說(shuō)她放學(xué)后要打掃教室。

It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.據(jù)報(bào)道長(zhǎng)江上將要再建一座大橋。

提示：

“was/were going to +動(dòng)詞原形”或“was/were + 動(dòng)詞不定式完成式”可表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。

Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.上星期天我們本想去游覽長(zhǎng)城的，但卻下雨了。（沒(méi)有去成）

I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.我是打算幫忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（沒(méi)有幫上忙）

d.was/were about to do

“was/were about to do”表示說(shuō)話的瞬間就會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

I felt something terrible was about to happen.我覺(jué)得有可怕的事要發(fā)生了。

e.was/were on the point of doing

I'm glad you have come.I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.很高興你來(lái)了。我正準(zhǔn)備給你打電話，現(xiàn)在你省去我這個(gè)麻煩了。

提示：

“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”結(jié)構(gòu)一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連 用，但后面可以接when引導(dǎo)的分句。

I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.我正要?jiǎng)由硖焱蝗幌掠炅恕?/p>

進(jìn)行時(shí)

二、進(jìn)行時(shí)

進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這個(gè)動(dòng)作是暫時(shí)的，也是未完成的。進(jìn)行時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。A．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“am, is, are +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

I'm reading the evening newspaper.我正在看晚報(bào)。

Now it isn't snowing outside.現(xiàn)在外面不在下雪。

Are they playing soccer in the playground?

他們正在操場(chǎng)上踢足球嗎？

2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 ①現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示說(shuō)話的此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

通常由表示“此刻”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（now, at this moment），或通過(guò)Look/Listen!這兩個(gè)提示語(yǔ)來(lái)表明此時(shí)此刻動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。

She is making a fire now.她正在生火。

Listen!Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.聽(tīng)！瑪麗正在教室里唱英文歌。

b.表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間段中正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

They are planting trees on the hill these days.這幾天他們正在山上種樹(shù)。

I don't really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我并不在這兒工作，我只是在新秘書(shū)來(lái)之前幫幫忙罷了。

c.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

能這樣用的動(dòng)詞并不多，通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞。這種用法比較生動(dòng)，給人以一種期待感。

Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.12

幾天后簡(jiǎn)和貝蒂將出去度假。

Where are you staying in Guangzhou?

你到廣州后準(zhǔn)備住在哪里？

②現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法

a.表示一種重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感情色彩

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往與constantly, always, forever等狀語(yǔ)連用，給現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作披上一層感情色彩。

She's constantly complaining.她不停地抱怨。

My brother is always leaving things about.我弟弟總是亂丟東西。

He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.他總是想著為學(xué)生多做些事情。

b.表示某一具體動(dòng)作或心理狀態(tài)的發(fā)展過(guò)程

The house is falling down.房子正在倒下。

The weather is changing for the better.天氣慢慢轉(zhuǎn)好了。

注意：

有時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作剛剛開(kāi)始。

I'm forgetting my English.我的英語(yǔ)開(kāi)始忘了。

Food is costing more.食品貴了起來(lái)。

c.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的重復(fù)

The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.這個(gè)夏季火車幾乎天天晚點(diǎn)。

Someone is knocking at the door.有人不斷地在敲門(mén)。

The boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高興地跳個(gè)不停。

d.表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是同一動(dòng)作

He who helps others is helping himself.幫人就是幫自己。

If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.如果你堅(jiān)持做這件事，你就是在干傻事。

e.be動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

be動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。但有時(shí)可用“am, is, are + being +形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示暫時(shí)或故意如此。

The boy is being naughty.這孩子有點(diǎn)兒淘氣。

I don't think you are being fair.我認(rèn)為你不公平。

He is being modest.他現(xiàn)在很謙虛。

比較：

You are not polite.你不講禮貌。（一貫如此）

You are not being polite.你可有點(diǎn)兒不禮貌了。（暫時(shí)的現(xiàn)象）

3.不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

①表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。

This backpack belongs to me.這背包是我的。

He seems rather angry with you.看起來(lái)他很生你的氣。

②表示知道、信念、理解、推測(cè)、懷疑、希望等含義的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt等。

I don't think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不會(huì)來(lái)。

I still remember the days when we studied together.我還記得我們一起學(xué)習(xí)的那些日子。

提示：

有時(shí)這些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可表示心理狀態(tài)的緩慢發(fā)展過(guò)程。

She's understanding you better now.她越來(lái)越了解你了。

③表示要求、心愿等意義的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有want, wish, need, desire等。

Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。

How I wish I were a bird！

我多希望我是一只鳥(niǎo)?。?/p>

④表示繼續(xù)或持續(xù)含義的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有continue, keep, last, go on等。

She still continues in poor health.她仍然身體很差。

Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.他每天做完作業(yè)后，都會(huì)繼續(xù)看會(huì)兒書(shū)。

⑤表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。

The apples taste good.這些蘋(píng)果嘗起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。

This flower smells nice.這花聞上去很香。

Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建議聽(tīng)上去有道理。

注意：

如果這些動(dòng)詞表示一種有意識(shí)的行為，則可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

She is tasting the apple.她正在嘗蘋(píng)果。

The dog is smelling the footprints.狗正在嗅腳印。

The bell is sounding for dinner.晚飯鈴響了。

4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的比較

①暫時(shí)性動(dòng)作和經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作

The computer is working perfectly.計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得很好。（暫時(shí)）

The computer works perfectly.計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)很好。（一直如此）

②持續(xù)性動(dòng)作和短暫性動(dòng)作

The bus is stopping.車停了下來(lái)。（漸漸地）

The bus stops.車停了。（迅速）

③暫時(shí)性動(dòng)作和永久性動(dòng)作

She is living in the country.她現(xiàn)在住在農(nóng)村。（暫時(shí)）

She lives in the country.她住在農(nóng)村。（永久）

④有感情色彩和沒(méi)有感情色彩

He is doing well at school.他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。（贊揚(yáng)）

He does well at school.他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。（一般事實(shí)）

B.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“was / were +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在做作業(yè)。

Were you expecting him yesterday?

你昨天一直在等他嗎？

They were not talking when I came in.我進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候他們沒(méi)在說(shuō)話。2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或該動(dòng)作與過(guò)去的另一動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生

I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7點(diǎn)我正在吃晚飯。

She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.她彈鋼琴時(shí)我在看報(bào)。

提示：

當(dāng)句子意思很清楚時(shí)，我們也可以把兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都換成一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

We listened closely while the teacher read the text.老師讀課文時(shí)，我們都仔細(xì)地聽(tīng)著。

b.表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

We were talking about you the whole morning.我們整個(gè)上午都在說(shuō)你。

He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.昨天下午從3點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn)他一直在看電視。

c.表示按計(jì)劃、安排過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的事

He told me that he was going soon.他告訴我他很快就要走了。

She said she was leaving for New York the next month.她說(shuō)她下個(gè)月動(dòng)身去紐約。

②過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法

a.表示故事發(fā)生的背景

It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.那支醫(yī)療小組往前線行進(jìn)時(shí)天正下著雪。

Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.湯姆乘沒(méi)人注意時(shí)溜進(jìn)了房間。

b.表示一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作剛剛開(kāi)始

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)引出一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作，這種用法頗有點(diǎn)兒像鏡頭轉(zhuǎn)換。

Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.5分鐘后，他已站在門(mén)口抽著煙。

The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.這嬰兒在大聲啼哭，突然，哭聲停止了。

c.用來(lái)陳述原因或用作借口

She went to the doctor yesterday.She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.她昨天去看病了。她患了很嚴(yán)重的心臟病。

I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.我作業(yè)沒(méi)做完是因?yàn)槲易蛱煲恢睅蛬寢屧诩腋苫睢?/p>

d.與always, constantly等詞連用，表示感情色彩

The girl was always changing her mind.這女孩老是改變主意。

In the past he was constantly asking me for money.過(guò)去他總是向我要錢(qián)。

3．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

①一般過(guò)去時(shí)往往表示某一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動(dòng)作在持續(xù)或未完成。

She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚給朋友寫(xiě)了封信。（信寫(xiě)完了）

She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在給朋友寫(xiě)信。（信不一定寫(xiě)完）

②一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示只做一次動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動(dòng)作反復(fù)地進(jìn)行。

She waved to me.她朝我揮了揮手。

She was waving to me.她不斷地朝我揮手。

The boy jumped up and down.這男孩跳了一下。

The boy was jumping up and down.這男孩不停地跳著。

C.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“shall/will + be +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00.We'll be having classes then.8點(diǎn)到10點(diǎn)之間不要給我打電話，我們那時(shí)正在上課。

Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

今晚你用自行車嗎？

She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.明天8點(diǎn)她不在開(kāi)會(huì)。

2．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

I'll be taking my holiday soon.我不久就去度假了。

They will be meeting us at the station.他們會(huì)在車站接我們的。

b.在口語(yǔ)中代替will/shall do

I hope you will be coming on time.我希望你按時(shí)來(lái)。

I'll be seeing Mr.Smith tomorrow.我明天將見(jiàn)到史密斯先生。

The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部長(zhǎng)將就國(guó)際事務(wù)發(fā)表演講。

②將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法

a.表示原因、結(jié)果或猜測(cè)

Please come tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.請(qǐng)你明天下午來(lái)吧。我明天上午有個(gè)會(huì)。（表原因）

Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那個(gè)孩子，要不他會(huì)掉下去的。（表結(jié)果）

You will be making a mistake.你會(huì)出錯(cuò)的。（表推測(cè)）

b.用在問(wèn)句中，表示委婉禮貌

Will you be reading anything else?

你還要看點(diǎn)兒什么嗎？

When shall we be meeting again?

我們什么時(shí)候再見(jiàn)面？

c.表示稍后一點(diǎn)兒的安排

The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.這星期我們學(xué)第三單元，下周我們將學(xué)第四單元。

My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任務(wù)在7月結(jié)束，之后我會(huì)回上海。

完成時(shí)

三、完成時(shí)

完成時(shí)是用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的完成與未完成的情況。完成時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)。

A．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式是“have / has +過(guò)去分詞”?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常被稱為“與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過(guò)去”，因此它不能與明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。

I haven't seen much of her lately.我最近不常見(jiàn)到她。

How long have they been married?

他們結(jié)婚多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？ 2．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

①表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法，表示動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前就已完成，并與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。這種聯(lián)系實(shí)際上就是“過(guò)去的動(dòng)作”對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。

I have bought a pen.我買了一支筆。（結(jié)果：I have a pen now.）

The temperature has increased by 10℃.19

溫度上升了10攝氏度。（結(jié)果：It is quite hot now.）

Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.空氣污染已經(jīng)奪去了很多人的生命。（結(jié)果：Air pollution is very serious now.）

注意：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的上下文所指的時(shí)態(tài)必須呼應(yīng)。

【誤】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有筆了，這和后面的have lost有矛盾）

【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.我（過(guò)去）買了一支筆，但我已經(jīng)把它丟了。

【誤】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost強(qiáng)調(diào)你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒(méi)有筆了，與后面have found的意思有沖突）

【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.我丟了一支筆，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了。

②表示經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻到說(shuō)話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中的經(jīng)歷。

Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

你去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎？

I have visited Beijing at least ten times.北京我至少訪問(wèn)過(guò)十次了。

She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.她從未到海濱度過(guò)假。

③表示延續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能要繼續(xù)下去。

He's loved fishing for a long time.他愛(ài)好釣魚(yú)為時(shí)已久。（他現(xiàn)在仍愛(ài)好釣魚(yú)）

I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在這兒住了三十多年了。（也許還會(huì)繼續(xù)住下去）

注意：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法既可用于動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞（主要是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞），也可用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但它一般不適用于表示短暫動(dòng)作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用這類動(dòng)詞表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。

I haven't seen a film for weeks.我已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)看電影了。

She hasn't written to me since September.自從9月份以來(lái)她還沒(méi)給我寫(xiě)過(guò)信呢。

3．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

①與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間以前的某個(gè)未明確指出的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)，和它連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)要與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)，不能是明確地表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

a.不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：already, yet, before, recently, lately等

I've seen the film before.我以前看過(guò)這部電影。

Have you been there lately?

近來(lái)你去過(guò)那里嗎?

b.頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等

We have never heard of that.我們從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這事。

He has sometimes played tennis.他有時(shí)打網(wǎng)球。

Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.大本鐘很少出差錯(cuò)。

c.包含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等

I have just finished the letter now.我現(xiàn)在剛寫(xiě)完信。

You have just missed the bus.你剛好錯(cuò)過(guò)公共汽車。

Has he done much work today?

他今天做了很多工作嗎？

比較：already和yet用法上的區(qū)別

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，置于句末。但already有時(shí)也可用在疑問(wèn)句中暗示驚訝的心情。

She has already gone.她早就走了。

Have you eaten your dinner already?

你已經(jīng)吃過(guò)飯了?

He has not come yet.他還沒(méi)有來(lái)。

②與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

與“已完成”用法一樣，表示具體的過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不能與“未完成”用法連用。與其連 用的往往是指一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)以具體表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。

a.since +具體時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從何時(shí)開(kāi)始

Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后他養(yǎng)成了另一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。

He hasn't been home since he graduated.他畢業(yè)后就沒(méi)回過(guò)家。

b.for +一段時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久

We have worked here for ages.我們?cè)谶@里工作很久了。

There has been no rain here for nearly two months.這里已經(jīng)近兩個(gè)月沒(méi)有下雨了。

c.until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment

到目前為止

I have not seen him so far.到目前為止我沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他。

Up to the present, everything has been OK.到目前為止一切正常。

d.in/during the past/last five years

在剛剛過(guò)去的5年里

He has been away from school during the last few weeks.過(guò)去的幾個(gè)星期里他沒(méi)在學(xué)校。

In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.在過(guò)去的幾年中他們已經(jīng)和好幾家跨國(guó)公司做成了生意。

e.all the while, all day一直，一整天

She has been busy all day.她忙了一整天。

4．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

①兩者都可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而后者則只是表示過(guò)去有這一動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。

He locked the door.他鎖過(guò)門(mén)。（但現(xiàn)在門(mén)是開(kāi)是鎖不清楚。）

He has locked the door.他把門(mén)鎖上了。（現(xiàn)在門(mén)是鎖著的。）

Who turned on the light?

誰(shuí)開(kāi)的燈？（著眼開(kāi)燈的動(dòng)作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開(kāi)是關(guān)。）

Who has turned on the light?

誰(shuí)把燈打開(kāi)了？（著眼開(kāi)燈的結(jié)果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。）

②兩者都可表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。

He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。（現(xiàn)在仍住那兒）

He lived in Beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年。（現(xiàn)在不住那兒了）

B．過(guò)去完成時(shí)

過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作須在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前發(fā)生，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。

1．過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

過(guò)去完成時(shí)是由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的。

Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意識(shí)到我犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。

The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before.飛機(jī)上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒(méi)乘過(guò)飛機(jī)。

Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的時(shí)候他已經(jīng)回家了嗎？

2．過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法

①“已完成”用法

表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前或過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。句中常用by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或以before, until, when, than等詞引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)含一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)做完了那件工作。

He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老師從辦公室回來(lái)時(shí)，他剛把教室打掃完。

They came earlier than we had expected.他們到得比我們預(yù)料的要早。

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在進(jìn)大學(xué)之前就已學(xué)了5000個(gè)單詞。

It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.旱了好幾個(gè)月之后，昨天下雨了。

注意：

在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)閺木鋭?dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

The train(had)started before I reached the station.在我到達(dá)車站之前，列車已經(jīng)開(kāi)了。

After he(had)arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。

②“未完成”用法

表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，還可能再持續(xù)下去。

Up to that time all had gone well.直到那時(shí)一切都很順利。

John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.約翰和簡(jiǎn)在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識(shí)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。

She said she had made much progress since she came here.她說(shuō)自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進(jìn)步。

③“想象性”用法

過(guò)去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導(dǎo)的和過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。

If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.要是她努力的話，她就會(huì)成功了。（事實(shí)上她沒(méi)努力，也沒(méi)成功。）

I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音樂(lè)會(huì)就好了。

The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.那兩個(gè)陌生人交談起來(lái)就像是多年的老朋友。

④表示“剛剛……就……”

過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely...when..., no sooner...than...等結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“剛剛……就……”。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開(kāi)始演講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。提示：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)本來(lái)打算做而未做的事。

I had meant to come, but something happened.我原本打算來(lái)的，但有事發(fā)生了。

I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我本打算去看你的，但沒(méi)能去成。

They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.他們?cè)霂兔Φ?，但沒(méi)能及時(shí)趕到這里。3．過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較

一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，因此它表示的是“比過(guò)去更過(guò)去”。

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書(shū)。

He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.他對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在車站等了20分鐘車才來(lái)。

C．將來(lái)完成時(shí)

1．將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成是由“shall/ will + have +過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的。

Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就會(huì)全然忘記這件事的。

He is somebody now.He will not have remembered his old classmates.他現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)有身份的人了，他可能不會(huì)記得老同學(xué)了。

Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下個(gè)月你認(rèn)識(shí)凱文該有10年了吧？

2.將來(lái)完成時(shí)的用法

①表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到這個(gè)學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃一遍。

Will you soon have finished laying the table?

你會(huì)很快擺放好餐桌嗎？

注意：

在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，不用將來(lái)完成時(shí)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)代替。

When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.等我做完這件事時(shí)，我就做完我該做的所有的事了。

Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.請(qǐng)待車停穩(wěn)了再下車。

②表示推測(cè)

You will have heard of this, I guess.我想你已經(jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事了。

I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定得到了這個(gè)信息。

四、完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)合，包括現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

A.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

He is ill.He's been lying in bed for three weeks.他病了，已經(jīng)臥床3個(gè)星期了。

Your eyes are red.Have you been crying?

你眼睛紅了。你剛剛哭過(guò)了嗎？

What have you been doing all this time?

這半天你干什么來(lái)著？

2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等狀語(yǔ)以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)連用。

I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在讀海明威的《永別了，武器》。

She has been reciting the words all the morning.她整個(gè)上午都在背單詞。

This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.這是我從小以來(lái)就一直期待著的事情。

②表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束

My clothes are all wet.I've been working in the rain.我的衣服全濕了，我剛才一直在雨中干活。

He is dead drunk.He's been drinking with his friends.他爛醉如泥，他剛才一直在和朋友們喝酒。

③表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)、重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

You've been saying that for five years.這話你已經(jīng)說(shuō)了五年了。

He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.自從任教以來(lái)，他一直在為報(bào)刊雜志撰稿。

④表達(dá)較重的感情色彩

What have you been doing to my dictionary?

看你把我的字典弄成什么樣子了！

Time has been flying so quickly!

時(shí)間過(guò)得可真快??！

Too much has been happening today.今天可真是個(gè)多事的日子。

3.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較

①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性。

Have you been meeting him recently?

你最近常和他見(jiàn)面嗎？

Have you met him recently?

你最近見(jiàn)到過(guò)他嗎？

②現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘。

I have been waiting for you for two hours.我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（可能表示不滿）

I have waited for you for two hours.我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)）

③現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。

Who has been eating the oranges?

誰(shuí)一直在吃這些桔子呀？（還剩余一些）

Who has eaten the oranges?

誰(shuí)把桔子吃光了？（強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩）

B.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“had been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考試之前一直患重感冒。

Had they been expecting the news for some time?

他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧？

Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.盡管拉斐爾沒(méi)做什么錯(cuò)事，但他還是挨罵了。

2.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間。和過(guò)去完成時(shí)一樣，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也必須以一過(guò)去時(shí)間為前提。

I had been looking for it for days before I found it.這東西我找了好多天才找著的。

They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他們只等了一會(huì)兒車就來(lái)了。

②表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作

He had been mentioning your name to me.他過(guò)去多次向我提到過(guò)你的名字。

You had been giving me everything.你對(duì)我真是有求必應(yīng)。

③過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還常用于間接引語(yǔ)中（詳見(jiàn)第12章）

The doctor asked what he had been eating.醫(yī)生問(wèn)他吃了什么。

I asked where they had been staying all those days.我問(wèn)他們那些天是待在哪兒的。

④過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句

I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我剛看了幾分鐘他就進(jìn)來(lái)了。

She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她溫習(xí)功課才一會(huì)兒，她妹妹就打斷她了。

3．過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的比較

She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.她已經(jīng)打掃過(guò)辦公室了，所以很整潔。（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）

She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.她一直在打掃辦公室，所以我們不得不在外面等著。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行）