第一篇：建筑學(xué)外文翻譯

武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

LOUISIANA MANIFESTO

Jean Nouvel World Architecture．May2010 Vol．05．21~23

路易斯安那宣言

讓·努維爾

世界建筑．2010年5月第05期．21~23頁

武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

摘要：讓·努維爾的“路易斯安那宣言”是他對于當(dāng)今建筑的思考和想法最為深刻的表達(dá)。這篇文章和他的項(xiàng)目與短片，在2005年6月7日－9月18日，于丹麥的路易斯安那現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館展出。它曾以多種文字出版。其哲學(xué)的基本原則是，一個建筑是有生命的、唯一的、特殊的，并且要與其周圍環(huán)境、場所精神和諧共處。該展覽是讓·努維爾工作室、特約館長讓－路易斯·弗洛門特和路易斯安那博物館合作舉辦的。（維雷娜·辛德勒）

關(guān)鍵詞:路易斯安那；建筑設(shè)計；現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館；意識形態(tài)；場所精神

2005年，建筑更加倍地在消除地方的特征，把它們變得平庸無奇，蠻橫地對待它們。它有時會取代風(fēng)景，獨(dú)自創(chuàng)造風(fēng)景，這不過是另一種抹去風(fēng)景的方式。但是，相反，路易斯安那是情感的震撼。體現(xiàn)出一個很快被遺忘的真理：建筑具有超越的能力。建筑能夠顯露地理、歷史、色彩、植被、視野、光線。它以桀敖不馴、自然不做作的姿態(tài)來到這世界、并活著。它獨(dú)一無二。它體現(xiàn)了路易斯安那精神。

它是一個小世界，一個氣泡。沒有任何形象、沒有任何言論能夠彰顯它的深度。你必須身臨其境才能體驗(yàn)到這一切，才會相信。建筑是我們世界的延伸，當(dāng)世界不斷在縮小時。當(dāng)我們用愈來愈快的速度在全球到處跑；當(dāng)我們聆聽和觀看相同的全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)，分享相同的災(zāi)難所引起的震動；當(dāng)我們隨著相同的暢銷歌曲的節(jié)奏跳舞，看著相同的球賽；當(dāng)全球充斥著相同的影片，明星是全球人物；當(dāng)一國總統(tǒng)想要統(tǒng)治世界；當(dāng)我們到克隆商場購物，在同樣的幕墻后頭上班??以及，當(dāng)世界變小理當(dāng)產(chǎn)生的好處不被列為全球重點(diǎn)課題時??好比說，為什么教育無法通過相同的全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)，更快速、確實(shí)地消除文盲？為什么能夠拯救世界性流行病患者的藥品無法及時送達(dá)？在這個追求高效率和盈利、配有一整套經(jīng)濟(jì)概念的意識形態(tài)特征愈來愈明顯的世界，面對這些新情況，建筑同樣難以幸免。

今天，全球化的影響不斷深化，主流建筑旗幟鮮明地主張要“去脈絡(luò)化”。然而，沒有人去討論這個急劇發(fā)展的形勢所具有的意義：建筑評論，以建筑學(xué)科的界限為由，滿足于美學(xué)和風(fēng)格上的籠統(tǒng)論述，缺乏對現(xiàn)實(shí)的分析，并且忽略了重要的歷史課題，亦即全球性建筑和“因地制宜”的建筑、普通性建筑和特殊性建筑之間日益強(qiáng)烈的對峙和沖突。今天的現(xiàn)代性難道只是直接繼承20世紀(jì)的現(xiàn)代性、而不帶任何批判精神？它難道只是在世界各地散播大量孤立存在的事物？它難道不應(yīng)該去尋找理由、對應(yīng)、相同、差異，以提出針對此時此地的特殊性建筑？路易斯安那作為具象征意義的角斗場，被選來進(jìn)行這場猶如大衛(wèi)對抗巨人歌利亞、“因地制宜”建筑的擁護(hù)者對抗“去脈絡(luò)化”建筑的受益者的新戰(zhàn)斗。毫無疑問，這場對抗比全球與地方之間的對抗更為深沉、復(fù)雜。特殊性與知識的更新有關(guān)。建筑知識本質(zhì)上就是多元多樣、與所有文明發(fā)生聯(lián)系的；旅行是建造者的文化素養(yǎng)上一個重要的組成部分。我們熟知希臘、羅馬或埃及旅行對建筑師多么重要。路易斯安那則是加州之旅的結(jié)晶：在這里，同樣是透過對照和匯整距離遙遠(yuǎn)的不同訊息，構(gòu)思出能夠詮釋一個獨(dú)特情況的建筑方案。

當(dāng)然，普遍性建筑在20世紀(jì)簡單化的現(xiàn)代主義意識形態(tài)所遺留下來的功能主義這塊糞肥上蓬勃發(fā)展。《雅典憲章》當(dāng)初也提倡人文主義精神，然而，狂熱人士、犬儒者和腐敗者進(jìn)行大量教條式地歪曲模仿，留給了我們一個災(zāi)難性的都市遺產(chǎn)。以生活在這個世界的快樂之名，我們必須抗拒建立在區(qū)塊、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、格網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)上的城市主義。這樣自動的腐化墮落，讓世界各地、不論何種氣候形態(tài)的城市失去了身份。它以克隆辦公大樓、2 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

克隆住家、克隆商場為食。它渴求別人事先想好的想法、別人事先創(chuàng)造的景觀，以避免自己去思考和觀察。

對于這些普遍性和建筑上的領(lǐng)土整治規(guī)則，我們必須用建立在對有生命經(jīng)驗(yàn)的景觀所做的結(jié)構(gòu)性分析的基礎(chǔ)上所產(chǎn)生的其他規(guī)則來取代它們。沒錯，建筑！因?yàn)榻ㄖ嬖谟诟鱾€層次，而城市主義則不存在；那不過是卑屈順服的建筑在宏觀層次上所做的拙劣變裝演出，它的發(fā)展是為了替大量普遍性建筑的到來鋪路。我們必須建立敏感的、詩意的規(guī)則：談?wù)撋?、本質(zhì)、個性、無拘無束地創(chuàng)造，結(jié)合雨、風(fēng)、海、山相關(guān)的特殊性的建筑方向。會談?wù)摃r空的連續(xù)，會為傳承下來的混亂指引轉(zhuǎn)變、修改的方向，會關(guān)注我們城市的分形結(jié)構(gòu)中每一個層級的規(guī)則。這些敏感的規(guī)則不得不去挑戰(zhàn)普遍的意識形態(tài)；普遍的意識形態(tài)有不斷擴(kuò)散霸權(quán)主流技術(shù)、以產(chǎn)生依賴的趨勢，它傾向?qū)⑺械慕煌ā⒛茉春托l(wèi)生體系變得愈來愈巨大，制造出一個龐然大物。

相反地，特殊的意識形態(tài)渴望自主，渴望使用當(dāng)?shù)睾筒煌瑫r候所提供的資源，渴望對非物質(zhì)的側(cè)重。我們該如何使用當(dāng)?shù)?、而不是別處的資源？我們該如何創(chuàng)造具差異性的建筑，而不落入對刻板印象的夸張模仿？我們該如何進(jìn)行深化？建筑設(shè)計并非從無到有的創(chuàng)造。建筑意味著在現(xiàn)有和已存在的基礎(chǔ)上加以改造、轉(zhuǎn)化。建筑意味著激勵深藏于場所自身的特質(zhì)，而由此具有自我創(chuàng)造的傾向。它意味著揭示、指引方向。它意味著延續(xù)活的歷史以及它過往的軌跡。它意味著傾聽一個有生命的地方的呼吸和脈動。它意味著詮釋這些律動用于創(chuàng)造。建筑必須被視為對一個物質(zhì)、原子、生物連續(xù)體的改造。它是在宏觀與納米物理學(xué)愈來愈令人頭暈?zāi)垦ＶH，對我們這個廣大世界里的某個片斷的改造。不論轉(zhuǎn)變、場所、建筑的規(guī)模是大是小，我們該如何表達(dá)一個有生命的斷片發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變時的難以預(yù)料？我們是否能夠藉由符號、映像、種植來掌握可見的構(gòu)成部分——云、植物、各種大大小小的生命機(jī)體？我們該如何創(chuàng)造出能夠召喚隱藏的深度、靈魂的振動？這必然是一項(xiàng)詩意的任務(wù)，因?yàn)槲ㄓ性姸萌绾萎a(chǎn)生“瞬間的形而上學(xué)”：關(guān)于所能掌握的極限，關(guān)于奧秘、脆弱、自然；關(guān)于時間的作用、因年久而生成的色澤、會發(fā)生變化；關(guān)于不完美，因?yàn)椴煌昝里@露了我們可以達(dá)到的極限。那些扼殺情感的建筑不是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。而是在全球游走的藝術(shù)家兼建筑師、那些重復(fù)大師的作品，他們對完美、干枯、恒久不變的細(xì)節(jié)的追求，是情感無能的真實(shí)告白！重復(fù)制作“精通熟練的”細(xì)節(jié)，體現(xiàn)了他們對世界上建筑該有的本質(zhì)感覺遲鈍。大規(guī)模建造被誤解！繁重和夸大是建筑上裝腔作勢的途徑！細(xì)節(jié)就跟整體一樣，是發(fā)明、移動、豐富世界的機(jī)會，是重新構(gòu)成、重新組合、誘發(fā)各種質(zhì)地、光線、不大可能的技術(shù)相遇的機(jī)會。然而，普遍性細(xì)節(jié)和普遍性建筑一樣，屬于預(yù)先制作、不存懷疑、沒有危險、離可行的和可感覺的極限有一大段距離的領(lǐng)域；它以到處存在、到處可販賣、傳播一致性、扼殺差異、大量繁殖為使命。我們處在一種簡單化思維的領(lǐng)地——系統(tǒng)的、使人放心的領(lǐng)地。我們距離產(chǎn)生吸引力的絕對條件——亦即自然不造作——非常遙遠(yuǎn)。能夠在二元性、在對話當(dāng)中創(chuàng)造獨(dú)特性的建筑，能夠面對一種情況來創(chuàng)造獨(dú)特性的建筑，就是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。

這和那些不斷重復(fù)某種形式、風(fēng)格——它被視為“藝術(shù)家的簽名”——的藝術(shù)家兼建筑師的態(tài)度完全相反。它和可以在任何時候空降到任何地方的建筑完全相反。這個全球現(xiàn)象是強(qiáng)調(diào)不屬于任何場所、可以被移動位置、專為直接進(jìn)入美術(shù)館嚴(yán)密精確的白色格子而設(shè)計的20世紀(jì)藝術(shù)的延續(xù)。獨(dú)立存在的建筑和可以孤立存在的藝術(shù)作品相反，3 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

它注定要發(fā)生干擾，它的出現(xiàn)猶如荒唐可笑的拼貼、突如其來的噴嚏——不過可惜的是，建筑領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常缺乏超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的敏感度??

建筑意味著某些人憑著他們的意志力、渴望和知識，在某個時代對某個地方進(jìn)行改造。我們從來就不是在單獨(dú)地建筑。我們總是在某處建筑——當(dāng)然是為某個人或某些人，但也總是為所有人。我們必須停止將建筑局限在采借一種風(fēng)格上。我們的時代需要不斷懷疑、尋找、不認(rèn)為自己已經(jīng)找到答案的建筑師，需要不畏風(fēng)險、重新發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)證主義價值觀、在建造的同時發(fā)明建筑、會讓自己訝異、會在自己窗戶上發(fā)現(xiàn)霉菌并知道如何解讀的建筑師。讓我們將替虛榮的城市化妝的工作，留給那些自認(rèn)為美容師的建筑師。從今而后，建筑將在不可言喻、含糊模棱和不完美中重新發(fā)現(xiàn)它的光環(huán)！只有當(dāng)建筑師摔了跤并改變時，他才知道自己已經(jīng)盡了最大的努力：從創(chuàng)造到改造；從斷言到暗示；從建造到嵌入；從建構(gòu)到滲透；從放置到迭置；從清晰到含糊；從增加到偏移；從書法到抓痕、涂抹??

相對于“控制、留下永恒的記號”這些陳舊過時的建筑目標(biāo)，我們今天要以尋找在某地生活的樂趣為目標(biāo)。讓我們記住，建筑同時也是一種壓迫、制約行為的工具。我們永遠(yuǎn)別讓任何人來查禁這個享樂主義式的追求，尤其是在我們身心獲得全面發(fā)展所不可或缺的熟悉、親密的領(lǐng)域。讓我們表明我們的身份！每個人內(nèi)心都有一個潛能的世界。我們要意識到自己的潛能，它和每個人的潛能一樣，換言之，大多未被發(fā)掘，而且經(jīng)常具有詩意，因此，是令人不安的。

不再有緊身衣，不再有現(xiàn)成的生活！不再有將我們數(shù)字化的數(shù)字建筑！不再有克隆城市，全球化的辦公室，現(xiàn)成的家！我們希望能夠繼續(xù)旅行：聆聽即興演奏的音樂；體驗(yàn)承載著許多生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的景觀；遇見創(chuàng)造他們文化的男男女女；發(fā)現(xiàn)陌生未知的顏色。建筑是變化的容器。建筑是不斷遭到生命和事件滲透、更新的永恒。不可更改、從天而降的建筑，與所在地以及居住其中的人沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。

建筑必須被所在的地方和人所滲透，也要去對他們產(chǎn)生滲透：要具有強(qiáng)烈感受性，也要引起感動；要吸收，也要散發(fā)。讓我們喜愛那些懂得如何聚焦的建筑：它如同光線一樣閃耀；讓你領(lǐng)略地形、大地的紋理；讓你感受風(fēng)、天空、土壤、水、火、氣味、樹、草、花、苔蘚??；記得地方風(fēng)土人情、同時與我們世界的信息終端相聯(lián)；還向我們呈現(xiàn)時代變遷以及穿越其間的人們。這樣的建筑與它的時代和諧共處。仍在建造20世紀(jì)建筑范型的落后者染患了“歷時”癥、拒絕去感受他們的時代。建筑總是標(biāo)注著日期。我們知道建筑終有一天會死的、是暫時存在的；我們知道它是有生命的。因此，我們看著它走出黑暗，并想像有一天它會回到那兒。

“因地制宜”、特殊的、具路易斯安那精神的建筑，在過去與未來、礦物與植物、瞬間與永恒、可見與不可見之間建立著一種聯(lián)系。它們是顯現(xiàn)與消失的所在地。它們不時暗示著自己緩慢而悲愴的毀滅。這個時間意識與居住其中的新生命所帶來的驚奇，與黎明、黃昏的偉大節(jié)奏，以及不可避免的懶散和衰敗時光所顯露的無關(guān)緊要相重疊。具路易斯安那精神的建筑是夢中的建筑，是寂靜無聲的，既是遺忘之地，也是考古之地。它們成為對引發(fā)暖昧矛盾情緒的過去進(jìn)行重新詮釋的借口。

具路易斯安那精神的建筑令我們感動，因?yàn)樗鼈儽粔粝氤鰜?，因?yàn)樗鼈兞钊烁械讲话踩?、具反抗性；它們偶爾令人絕望、遇到災(zāi)難、或遭到扼殺，但從未被遺忘，因?yàn)檎瑛P凰浴火重生般，它們讓我們想到用點(diǎn)線構(gòu)成的永恒??

武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

具路易斯安那精神的建筑在材料和資源上的不確定性、簡易性、甚至簡陋性，滋生出這種建筑能夠存在于各種經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的希望。基于這個原因，它可以滲透到任何地方，甚至包括我們的全球政治應(yīng)該感到汗顏的貧民窟??

武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

Jean Nouvel’s LOUISIANA MANIFESTO is the most profound expression of histhoughts and ideas about architecture today.Together with his projects and shortfilm sequences,the text was part of an exhibition at the Louisiana Museum ofModern Art in Denmark that was shown from June 7th through September 18th,2005.It was published in many languages.Fundamental to his philosophy is anarchitecture that is alive,unique,specific and in harmony with its surroundingsand the spirit of the place.The exhibition was a collaboration between AteliersJean Nouvel,guest curator Jean-Louis Froment and the Louisiana Museum.（Noteby Verena M.Schindler)More than ever before in 2005 architecture is annihilating and violating places,making them banal.Sometimes the landscape is replaced,created in the image of the architectureitself,which is nothing but another way of effacing it.In contrast,however,there is the case of Louisiana,an emotional shock.The living proof of a forgotten truth:architecture has the power to transcend.Architecture can reveal geographies,histories,colours,vegetations,horizons,and qualities of light.Impertinent and natural,architecture is in the world,alive,unique,Louisianan.As a microcosm,a bubble,no image or statement can plumb its depth.You have to be there to experience and believe it.Architecture is an expansion of our world at a time when that world is gettingsmaller.At a time when we rush across the world faster and faster,when we listen to and watch the same global networks,share feelings aboutthe same disasters;when we dance to the same hits,watch the same matches;when we are flooded with the same films with their global screen stars;when the president of one country wants to rule the whole world;when we shop in cloned shopping centres,work behind the same eternalcurtainwalls...and,when whatever aspects of these factors that might be positive are notpartofglobalpriorities...Why,for instance,shouldn’t education eradicate illiteracy more quickly andsurely?Why doesn’t the medicine that saves the victims of pandemics get to them intime?Architecture is by no means spared of these new conditions of an efficient,profitableworld increasingly marked by an ideology delivered as the baggage of the economy.The global economy is accentuating the effects of the dominant architecture,the type that claims,‘We dont’ need context.’And yet there is no real debate about this galloping frenzy:invoking the limitsof the discipline architectural criticism is content with aesthetic and stylisticreflections devoid of any analysis of the real,ignoring the crucial historical clashthat－more insistently every day－sets global architecture against an architectureof situations,generic architecture against an architecture of specificity.Is our modernity today simply the direct descendant of the modernity of the20th century,devoid of any spirit of criticism?Does it simply consist of parachuting solitary objects onto the face of theplanet?Shouldnt’ it rather be looking for reasons,correspondences,harmonies anddifferences in order to propose an ad hoc architecture here and now?Louisiana is the symbolic arena for this new struggle of David and Goliath,between the partisans of situation architecture and the profiteers of de-contextualised architecture.Undoubtedly this confrontation runs deeper and is more complex than theissue of local against global.Specificity is linked to the actualization of knowledge.Architectural knowledgeis by nature diverse,given its links with all civilizations.Travel is an essentialelement in the cultivation of any builder.We are familiar with how journeys to Egypt,Greece and Rome are 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

importanttoarchitects.Louisiana is the result of a journey to California:the fruit of the graftingof information gathered from afar onto the interpretation of a uniquelocation.Generic architecture is certainly thriving on the compost,the Functionalistdroppings of the simplistic modern ideology of the 20th century.The AthensCharter set out to be humanist,but the equally dogmatic caricatures realized bythe submissive or the corrupt have left us with an oppressive urban heritage.In the name of the pleasure of living on this earth we must resist theurbanism of zones,networks and grids.Such developments are the automaticrot that is obliterating the identity of cities on all continents in all climates.These strategies feed on cloned offices,cloned dwellings and cloned shops.They thirst for what has already been thought and seen in order to avoidthinking and seeing.We must replace these generic rules,territorially and architecturally,withother rules based on the structural analysis of the lived landscape.Yes,architecturally!For architecture exists on all scales and urbanism does notUrbanism is nothing but the mocked-up travesty of a servile architecture on themacro-scale,advancing to prepare the way for the myriad of generic architectures.We must establish sensitive and poetic rules:approaches that speak of colours,essences,characters and the anomalies of the act of creation and the specificitiesof rain,wind,sea and mountains.Rules that speak of the temporal and spatial continuum that will turn the tidetowards a mutation modifying the inherited chaos and taking account of all thefractal scales of our cities.These sensitive rules cannot but defy the generic ideology that leads to theproliferation of hegemonic,dominant technologies.Creating dependencies andaimed for th‘ebottom line’,such a proliferation results in the hypertrophy of allour transportation,energy and hygiene systems.In contrast,the ideology of the specific aspires to autonomy,using theresources of actual place and time and such an ideology also privileges the non-material.How can we use what is here and nowhere else?How can we differentiate without caricaturing?How can we achieve depth?Architectural design on the large scale does not mean inventing ex nihilo.Architecture means transformation,organizing the mutations of what is alreadythere.Architecture means encouraging the embedding in the landscape of places thatanyway have a tendency to invent themselves.It means to reveal,to give direction.It means prolonging living history and its traces of past lives.It means listening to the breathing and pulsations of a living place.It means interpreting its rhythms in order to create.Architecture should be seen as the modification of a physical,atomic andbiological continuum.As the modification of a fragment situated at the heart of our immenseuniverse amidst the dizzying discoveries made by macro-and nanophysics.Whatever the scale of the transformation of a site or place,how can wecommunicate the unpredictability of the mutation of a living fragment?Can we domesticate the visible components－clouds,plant-life and livingorganisms of every size－with signs,reflections and new plantings?How does one create a vibration that evokes a hidden depth,a soul?This is surely a task for poetry since only poetry can produce‘the metaphysicsof the instant’:to work at the limits of the achievable with the mysterious,fragile and natural;to anticipate the weathering of time,i.e.,the resulting patina as materialschange and age with character;andto work with imperfection as a revelation of the limits of the accessible.These architectures that kill emotion are not Louisianan.They are the 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

work of globetrotting artist-architects,princes of repetition,specialists in the perfect,dry and perennial detail that are the true confession ofemotional impotence!The repetition of the‘controlled’detail is proof of their insensitivity to thepossible nature of an architecture in the world.Mass construction is used as misconstruction!Weight and emphasis are understood as vectors of architectural pedantry!The detail－like the totality－is an opportunity to invent,dislocate,enrichthe world,recompose,reassemble and provoke confrontations of textures,lightand unlikely techniques.But generic detail,like generic architecture,manifests the prefabricated.Itrepresents an absence of doubt that takes no risks and holds back as far as possiblefrom the limits of the feasible and sensitive.Its vocation is to exist and sell itselfeverywhere,spreading uniformity and killing differences in order to proliferate.We are in the domain of simplistic thinking－of the systemic,the reassuring.We are far from the sine qua non of seduction:the natural.An architecture that creates singularity in duality and is invented through theconfrontation with a situation is Louisianan.It opposes the attitudes of these artist-architects who follow a recipe ofrepeating a kind of formal order passed off as the‘signature of the artist’.Itopposes what can be dropped down on the landscape on any occasion in any place.This global phenomenon perpetuates an artistic tradition of the 20th centuryart that is in essence unsituated,dislocated and designed to take its place amongthe mathematical white boxes of the museums.Unlike these works of art that can function in isolation,autonomousarchitectures are doomed to the status of static interference,absurd collages andsudden sneezes that disturb their surroundings;and unfortunately Surrealistsensibility is rarely part of the mix...Architecture means the adaptation of the conditions of a place to a given timeby the willpower,desire and knowledge of certain human beings.We never do this alone.We always do it somewhere－certainly for some person or persons,butalways also for everyone.It is time we stop limiting architecture to the appropriation of a style.Our times need architects who doubt,who seek without thinking they havealready found,who put themselves at risk,who rediscover the values of empiricism,who invent architecture as they design it,who surprise themselves,who notice themildew on their windows and who know how to interpret it.Lets’ leave the cosmetics of vain cities to the architects who think of themselvesas aesthetes.From now on let architecture rediscover its aura in the inexpressible,thecloudy and imperfection of what is invented!The architect is not aware of having come to the end of his work until he slipsand shiftsfrom creation to modification,from assertion to allusion,from building-up to filling-in,from construction to infiltration,from positioning to super-positioning,from clearness to the nebulousness,from addition to deviation,from calligraphy to etching,to erasure...Instead of the archaic architectural goal of domination,i.e.,making a permanentmark,today we should prefer to seek the pleasure of living somewhere.Let us remember that architecture can also be an instrument of oppression,atool for conditioning behaviour.Let us never permit anyone to censure this pursuit of pleasure especially in thedomain of the familiar and intimate that is so necessary to our wellbeing.Let us identify ourselves.Everyone bears a potential world within himself or herself.Let us be aware of our potential,which is equal to that of any human being－largely unexplored,often poetic and therefore disquieting.武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

No more corsets,no more ready-to-wear lives!No more architecture-by-numbers that turns us into numbers!No more cloned cities,global offices,pre-occupied homes!We want to be able to keep on travelling:to listen to spontaneous music,to live in landscapes as inhabited as a personalityto meet men and women who invent their own culture,to discover unknown colours.Architecture is the vehicle for variations.Architecture is permanence changed by life and events.Unchangeable architecture is not involved with the place and those who livethere.Architecture has to be impregnated and to impregnate in order:to be impressionable and impress andto absorb and emit.Let us love architecture that knows how to focus,that:shineslikealight;can let you read the topography,the lay of the land;can let you feel the wind,sky,soil,water,fire,flavours,trees,grass,flowers,moss...remembers the usages and customs of the place and at the same timeinterfaces with the information terminals of our world;and,shows us the historical ages and those who have journeyed through them.Such an architecture is built up in harmony with its time.The stragglers whoare still constructing the archetypes of the 20th century are diachronically ill,refusingtolivetheirlives.Architecture is dated.We know it to be mortal and endangered as sure as weknow it is alive.And so we watch it emerging from the darkness and imagine that it will returnthere one day.The architectures of situation,of the specific,the Louisianan architecturesweave bonds between the past and the future,the mineral and the vegetal,theinstantaneous and eternity,and the visible and the invisible.They are the loci of emergence and disappearance.They distil the essence of their own slow,poignant ruin.This consciousness of time overlays the surprises of the new lives lived in theplace,the great rhythms of dawn and twilight,the indifference of the inevitablehours of idleness and decay...Louisianan architectures are dreamed architectures,full of silences－notonly places of forgetfulness but also of archaeology.They become the cue for reinterpretations of an ambivalent past.Louisianan architectures move us because they have been dreamed into life,insecurity,resistance and sometimes despair;ruined or assassinated,but neverforgotten because like the Phoenix disappearing in the flames only to be rebornthey make us dream of eternally recurring points of light...The uncertainty,simplicity and even the modesty of the Louisianan materialsand resources hold out the hope that Louisianan architecture can continue toexist in any economic condition even filtering through to the shameful shantytownsofourglobalpolitics...

第二篇：建筑學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯 題目： 德黑蘭城市發(fā)展

學(xué) 院: 專 業(yè): 學(xué) 號: 學(xué)生姓名: 指導(dǎo)教師:

城市建設(shè)學(xué)院 建筑學(xué)

日 期: 二零一一年六月

First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran

Ali Madanipour 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

Tehran :the making of a metropolis，F(xiàn)irst Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran，Ali Madanipour，ISBN：0471957798，Press： New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。

第一章：德黑蘭市的發(fā)展

阿里.馬丹妮普爾

德黑蘭：一個大都市的建造，第一章：德黑蘭市的發(fā)展，阿里.馬丹妮普爾，書號：0471957798，紐約John Wiley出版社，1998，第五頁到第十一頁。

德黑蘭市的發(fā)展

全市已長成了一定的規(guī)模性和復(fù)雜性，以這樣的程度，空間管理需要另外的手段來處理城市組織和不斷發(fā)展的復(fù)雜性，并為城市總體規(guī)劃做準(zhǔn)備。

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，在盟軍占領(lǐng)國家的期間，有一個時期的民主化，在冷戰(zhàn)時開始的政治緊張局勢之后，它們互相斗爭對石油的控制權(quán)。這個時期已經(jīng)結(jié)束于1953年，結(jié)果 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

是由政變產(chǎn)生了伊朗王，那個后來擔(dān)任了25年的行政君主的人。隨著高出生率和農(nóng)村向城市遷移，德黑蘭和其他大城市增長加劇甚至比以前更快地。到1956年，德黑蘭的人口上升到150萬，到了1966至300萬，1976至450萬，其規(guī)模也從1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。

從石油行業(yè)的收入增長創(chuàng)造的盈余資源，需要流通和經(jīng)濟(jì)的吸收。50年代中期，特別是在工業(yè)化的驅(qū)動下德黑蘭許多大城市有了新工作。20世紀(jì)60年代的土地改革釋放了大量來自農(nóng)業(yè)的農(nóng)村人口，這是不能吸收的指數(shù)人口增長。這種新的勞動力被吸引到城市：到新的產(chǎn)業(yè)，到似乎始終蓬勃發(fā)展建筑界，去服務(wù)不斷增長公共部門和官僚機(jī)構(gòu)。德黑蘭的角色是國家的行政，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化中心，它堅定而鞏固地通往外面的世界。德黑蘭戰(zhàn)后的城市擴(kuò)張，是在管制、私營部門的推動，投機(jī)性的發(fā)展下進(jìn)行的。房屋一直供不應(yīng)求，并有大量可用的富余勞動力和資本，因此在德黑蘭建筑行業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，土地和財產(chǎn)的價格不斷上漲。這個城市成長為一個在某種意義上道路對外脫節(jié)的，城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村一體化的，郊區(qū)不斷增長的新的定居點(diǎn)。這加強(qiáng)了社會的孤立性，破壞了郊區(qū)的花園和綠地，并使城市管理者的感到無能為力。1962年一位副市長在德黑蘭表示：“建筑物和居民點(diǎn)已經(jīng)滿足人們所想要的無論何處何種樣子”，創(chuàng)造了一個“事實(shí)上城鎮(zhèn)相互連接的方式不當(dāng)”的城市（Nafisi, 1964,第426頁）。有許多事情迫切需要做，但市政府并沒有法律上或經(jīng)濟(jì)上有能力處理這進(jìn)程。

1966年市政法第一次規(guī)定了城規(guī)最高委員會的法律體制和土地利用規(guī)劃公司的綜合計劃。還有他一系列法律，以支持德黑蘭市的新的法律和體制安排，使住房和其他管理工作在城市中發(fā)展起來。最重要的一步是策劃的德黑蘭綜合計劃于1968年被批準(zhǔn)。它是由一個伊朗規(guī)劃師Fereydun Ghaffari領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的美國的Victor Gruen和伊朗的Aziz Farmanfarmaian所共同產(chǎn)生的（Ardalan，1986）。該計劃確定的城市的問題是：城市密度過高特別是城市中心、主要道路沿線商業(yè)活動的膨脹、污染、不完善的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，貧困地區(qū)廣泛的失業(yè)和低收入群體不斷地遷移到德黑蘭。解決的辦法是城市自然社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型。(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).不過該提案大多主張形態(tài)上的變化，試圖強(qiáng)調(diào)一個現(xiàn)代化的理念，強(qiáng)加這個復(fù)雜的都市的秩序。設(shè)想這個城市的未來可向西形成一個線性多中心的形式，減少密度和市中心的擠塞情況。全市將形成10個地區(qū)，其他各區(qū)由綠化帶隔開，每個地區(qū)約50萬居民，并設(shè)置擁有高樓的商業(yè)及工業(yè)中心。各個地區(qū)（mantagheh）將分為若干區(qū)域（nahyeh）和社區(qū)（mahalleh）。每個區(qū)域人口約1.5到3萬，有一所中學(xué)和商業(yè)中心以及其他必要設(shè)施。每個社區(qū)有大約5000居民，有一所小學(xué)和一個當(dāng)?shù)氐纳虡I(yè)中心。這些地區(qū)和區(qū)域?qū)⒂邢噙B的交通運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)，包括高速公路，捷運(yùn)路線及巴士路線。過境路線的站點(diǎn)會迅速發(fā)展為活動度高居住密度高的節(jié)點(diǎn)。重建及改善計劃中將有60萬人離開中心地區(qū)(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).。

幾乎所有這些措施可以追溯到那個擁有時尚規(guī)劃理念的時代，這主要是受英國新城鎮(zhèn)的影響。在Victor Gruen的《我們城市的心臟》（1965）書中，曾設(shè)想未來的中心大 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

都市會由10個城市包圍，每個國家都有它自己的中心。這很像Ebenezer Howard’s（1960年，第142頁）提到的，那個四周被園林城市群包圍著的中心城市：“社會的城市”。在德黑蘭的規(guī)劃中，這一概念的直譯版被使用。另一個在英國新城鎮(zhèn)被使用的概念，比如Redditch和 Runcorn，是把公共交通路線作為城市的骨架的重要性，其停車點(diǎn)是它的重點(diǎn)服務(wù)中心。使用鄰里中心和小學(xué)來限制鄰里單元人口，這被廣泛應(yīng)用于這些新市鎮(zhèn)，這是一個曾在20世紀(jì)20年代在美國發(fā)展的想法(Mumford, 1954)。這些思想依然存在，但是，主要是在紙面上。該計劃已執(zhí)行，已在美國城市規(guī)劃中有根深蒂固的想法，包括了用高速公路網(wǎng)的不斷延伸去連接城市的脫節(jié)部分;在不同地區(qū)的社會管理和物理性質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行區(qū)劃;引進(jìn)容積率的控制發(fā)展的密度。

在20世紀(jì)70年代進(jìn)行的其他主要規(guī)劃工作包括Shahrak Gharb的局部發(fā)展新城鎮(zhèn)，以及Shahestan依照英國顧問Llewelyn–Davies提出的規(guī)劃新的城市行政中心，雖然這被當(dāng)做正在上升的革命浪潮后來從未實(shí)施過。

革命和后革命時期可分為三個階段：革命（1979-1988年），重建（1989-1996年）和改革（1997-2004），每個都展示了德黑蘭城市規(guī)劃中不同的做法。

德黑蘭和其他城市經(jīng)過兩年大量實(shí)證，1979年有代表性的是一個革命的到來推翻了伊朗君主，由議會共和制和神父統(tǒng)治的不穩(wěn)定結(jié)合所取代。其原因可以追溯到在國王的發(fā)展模式導(dǎo)致了許多沖突，現(xiàn)代與傳統(tǒng)，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與政治發(fā)展，全球市場力量和地方資產(chǎn)階級力量，外國勢力和民族主義，腐敗和自滿中堅分子與不滿的群眾。像1906年的革命一樣，許多隱藏意見的累積使1979的革命成為可能。在第一次革命，維新已占了上風(fēng)，而在第二次，傳統(tǒng)主義者贏得了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。然而，無論革命的態(tài)度還是他們掌握政權(quán)之后的一系列重大問題，包括城市發(fā)展都顯示出現(xiàn)代化的偏好。從這個意義上講，該國的這兩個爆炸革命事件可以被看作是在動蕩中逐步轉(zhuǎn)型所作的努力（Madanipour，1998，2003）。革命是在與伊拉克長期戰(zhàn)爭（1980-1988）之后，其間停止了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。在城市發(fā)展方面的投資減少，而農(nóng)村地區(qū)和省城受到革命政府的青睞，同時遏制從農(nóng)村向城市遷移并與大城市公平對待。在此期間主要規(guī)劃干預(yù)是對白天城市中心的私家車活動的限制。同時，戰(zhàn)爭和新政府的免費(fèi)或低費(fèi)用的設(shè)施，吸引了更多的人承諾向首都城市移民，到1986年人口達(dá)600萬。從20世紀(jì)50年代城市人口的增長速度已開始減慢，而直到80年代中期首都的增長都更快，但是它的增長率也開始下降（Khatam, 1993）。在革命和戰(zhàn)爭后，正?；椭亟〞r期開始了，其中大部分持續(xù)到上世紀(jì)90年代。這期間見證了德黑蘭城市規(guī)劃的若干努力。但是沒有一個有效的框架來管理劇烈的城市發(fā)展。綜合計劃在革命后遭到攻擊，因?yàn)樗徽J(rèn)為無法適應(yīng)變化。1998年，市長批評它主要是形態(tài)上的發(fā)展規(guī)劃、植根于前政權(quán)的政治框架、并沒有足夠重視實(shí)際操作問題（Dehaghani，1995）。

綜合計劃的25年壽命在1991年結(jié)束。一個伊朗顧問公司（A-Tech）受委托于1985年籌備1986-1996期間的規(guī)劃。經(jīng)過多次延遲，在1993年，該計劃最終被城市規(guī)劃高級理事會批準(zhǔn)。該計劃還注重增長的管理和線性空間戰(zhàn)略，利用了城市區(qū)域，次區(qū)域，地 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

區(qū)，小區(qū)和鄰里尺度。它促進(jìn)保護(hù)、權(quán)力下放、多中心發(fā)展，有五個衛(wèi)星新市鎮(zhèn)，并發(fā)展住宅增加城市密度。該協(xié)會建議，城市在5個亞區(qū)中被劃分成22個區(qū)，每個區(qū)都擁有自己的服務(wù)中心（Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004）。

1993年的計劃不受市政當(dāng)局歡迎，不同意它的估價和優(yōu)先次序，認(rèn)為它不現(xiàn)實(shí)、昂貴、無法實(shí)施。1996-2001年期間市政當(dāng)局自己做了一個戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃，它被認(rèn)為是德黑蘭市政的第一個規(guī)劃或是德黑蘭80。它強(qiáng)調(diào)對一個城市提出戰(zhàn)略和政策來實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的第一個規(guī)劃，而不是以介紹土地利用規(guī)劃為目標(biāo)。它把城市的主要問題確定為能提供服務(wù)的資源短缺、城市發(fā)展模式和速度、環(huán)境污染、缺乏有效的公共交通工具、效率低下和官僚主義。然后市政府對城市的未來遠(yuǎn)景概述了六個主要特征：一個清潔的城市，建設(shè)便于運(yùn)動的城市公園和綠化帶，新的文化和體育設(shè)施，改革發(fā)展的城市組織，以及對城市空間的改善，包括土地利用和保護(hù)的全面和詳細(xì)的計劃的編制規(guī)劃(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996)。

全市實(shí)施了1968年的計劃中提出的一部分建議，諸如增加南方的綠色開放空間，或是興建高速公路網(wǎng);開放城市的大部分地區(qū)使之得到新的發(fā)展以緩解全城的運(yùn)作。繼承1993年計劃的意見，市政府放寬容積率限制，并允許熱鬧地帶有更高的密度。然而，這并非基于規(guī)劃的考慮，主要是為了使市政當(dāng)局的財政獨(dú)立。這在發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)廣受歡迎，但受到公民的爭議。開發(fā)者可以通過向市政府繳納罰款建立更高的建筑物，而不必考慮對周圍環(huán)境的影響，這個政策俗稱“密度銷售”。該城市的面貌，特別是在其北部地區(qū)，是在短期內(nèi)改變的，其中包括中通過寬闊的街道和高速公路連接高樓大廈。在較貧窮的南部，一個大型的重建項(xiàng)目Navab穿過密集而破舊的建筑物建造高速公路，建立龐大的上層建筑的各個方面。這個城市的行政邊界擴(kuò)大了兩次，一次向外，一次向西，涵蓋了700平方公里的22個區(qū)市。

這個時期的重建爭議隨著民主的改革而產(chǎn)生，它重新啟動了城市市議會的選舉，這首先造成了市長和市政府關(guān)系的制度混亂。該會于2001年公布了自己的城市構(gòu)想作為德黑蘭憲章，這總結(jié)了大會上安理會成員、非政府組織和市政專家之間原則上同意的問題。該憲章主要采納了可持續(xù)性和民主性原則，被用于開發(fā)自然和處理環(huán)境、交通、社會、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)問題、城市管理戰(zhàn)略、區(qū)域性城市，國家和國際角色。

Development of the city of Tehran The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent thatits spatial managementneeded additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipalorganization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

and struggles over the control of oil.This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years.With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before.By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million;its size grew from 46 km2 in 1934 to 250 km2 in 1976(Kariman, 1976;Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy.An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran.The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth.This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy.Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world, was firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development.Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available;hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran.The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements.This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless.A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’(Nafisi, 1964, p.426).There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans.A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city.The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968.It was produced by a consortium of Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner(Ardalan, 1986).The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre;expansion of commercial activities along the main roads;pollution;inefficient infrastructure;widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran.The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis.The future of the city was envisaged to be growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre.The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts,each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings.Each district(mantagheh)would be subdivided into a number of areas(nahyeh)and neighborhoods(mahalleh).An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities.A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre.These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route.The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density.A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns.In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen(1965)had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities,each with its own centre.This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s(1960, p.142)‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities.In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used.Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci.The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States(Mumford, 1954).These ideas remained, however, largely on paper.Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

parts of the sprawling metropolis;zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas;and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution(1979–1988), reconstruction(1989–1996), and reform(1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism.Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses.Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible.In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership.However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization.In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troubled efforts at progressive transformation(Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war(1980–1988)with Iraq, which halted economic development.Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities.The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre.Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986.The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline(Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

lasted for most of the 1990s.This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran.Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it.The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change.In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation(Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991.A firm of Iranian consultants(A-Tech)was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996.After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council.This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood.It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city.It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement.The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80.Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them.It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services;the pace and pattern of urban growth;environmental pollution;the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy.The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan;opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city.Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning.This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality.This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens.Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment.The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to high-rise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways.In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side.The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to encompass 22 district municipalities in 700 km2.This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which re-launched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality.The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2001, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, non-governmental organizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject.The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles.

第三篇：2011建筑學(xué)專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯二0

畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文

翻譯

好Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design

課題名稱

院（系）專 業(yè) 姓 名 學(xué) 號 起訖日期 指導(dǎo)教師

2011 年 12 月 25 日

原文：

Abstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources(energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle.Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings.I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures, Key words: green buildings;protect the ecology;signification;analysing the effects What is a green building

Green building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources(energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reduce pollution, provide people with health, application and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building.The so-called green building “green” does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally friendly, make full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saving energy for the residents Chuangzao almost-natural feeling.People, architecture and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.2, the meaning of green building

The basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which save energy and resources;provide a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with good;affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building a harmonious coexistence with the environment and sustainable development.Development of the significance of green building rating system

Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings.It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space.It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.3.1 Technical Significance

Green building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge.However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation.Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking He alone environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage.Green Building Technology takes on the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study.The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology, etc various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems.Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more than ever, a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines.3.2 The social significance.Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.To promote a healthy lifestyle.Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process.The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development.The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life.From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's Wenhuayishi Name and lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.Enhanced awareness of public participation.Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools.It broke the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers.Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open.Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.3.3 The economic significance.Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels.At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process.Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of “green labeling” system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment.This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent.The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects.At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.3.4 Ethical Significance.Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of there is room.This radically change the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change.According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life.But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space.More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis.Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations.For more the interests of future generations and advantages.4 green building design Green building design include the following:

Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building envelope and heating and air conditioning, reducing heating and air conditioning use.Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer.Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources.To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources.Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement complement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.Effect of green building

5.1 Effect of the composition of green building

Effect of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include Industry Effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs(internal costs or indirect costs)and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price.From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed:(1)strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees.Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the “adequate”, which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level.(2)more investments in technology, upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment.Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduce, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization.(3)in urban planning, survey and design through the “green building” ideas.Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and so control the damage to the environment.(4)construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economy

Under the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision.To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of the Waibu costs into internal costs, making the “non-green building” project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reduce the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increase, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.to improve the external effects of green building measures

Enterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles:(1)Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimize energy consumption;(2)reducing building life cycle emissions;(3)protect the ecological(natural)environment;(4)to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space;(5)the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.Summary described above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures.But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the future construction of a trend.譯文：

摘要:綠色建筑是指盡力最大限度地節(jié)約資源(能源、土地、水、木)、保護(hù)環(huán)境,減少污染在它的生命周期。為人們提供健康、適當(dāng)、有效利用空間,與自然和諧共生的建筑物。我所說的那樣,綠色建筑設(shè)計的更多細(xì)節(jié)的概念,綠色建筑的設(shè)計,以及概念的意義,綠色建筑和改善效能分析的綠色建筑的外部效應(yīng)的措施。關(guān)鍵詞:綠色建筑,保護(hù)生態(tài),意義;分析其影響 1什么是綠色建筑

綠色建筑是指建造生命周期,最大限度地節(jié)約資源(能源、土地、水及材料),保護(hù)環(huán)境,減少污染,為人們提供健康、應(yīng)用和有效利用空間,與自然和諧的建筑。所謂的綠色建筑的“綠色”并不意味著一般意義的三維綠色屋頂花園,但是表現(xiàn)一個概念或符號,是指建設(shè)環(huán)境友好,充分利用自然資源、環(huán)境和生態(tài)破壞環(huán)境的基本不平衡的一座正在建設(shè),但也被稱為可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑,eco-building,回到野外施工、節(jié)能建筑。

綠色建筑內(nèi)部布局是很合理的,以盡量減少使用合成材料、充分利用太陽、節(jié)約能源為居民創(chuàng)造自然的感覺。人、建筑與自然環(huán)境和諧發(fā)展的目標(biāo),在利用天然和人工手段來創(chuàng)造了良好的條件及健康生活環(huán)境的前提下,盡可能多地控制和減少使用和破壞自然環(huán)境,充分體現(xiàn)了回歸大自然獲取和平衡。

2、綠色建筑的意義

綠色建筑的基本內(nèi)涵可以概括為:為減少負(fù)載對環(huán)境的建筑中,節(jié)約能源和資源,提供一個安全、健康、舒適的居住空間,具有親和力和良好的自然環(huán)境,使人們和建筑與自然環(huán)境和諧共生的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。3發(fā)展綠色建筑評級的意義系統(tǒng)

綠色建筑評價指標(biāo)體系建立的一場革命,在這一領(lǐng)域的建筑及其啟示,它遠(yuǎn)比節(jié)能技術(shù)。在許多方面,這是創(chuàng)新和有機(jī)合成,從而建筑與自然和諧共處、充分利用資源和能源,創(chuàng)造健康、舒適、優(yōu)美的生活空間。這是該領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)、社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)角度的革命性的架構(gòu)。3.1技術(shù)意義

綠色建筑的研究早期出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)問題,技術(shù)是孤立的和片面的,沒有形成一個有機(jī)的整體,一體化的設(shè)計和經(jīng)濟(jì)研究的意識是遠(yuǎn)離唯一的策略的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析階段的子公司的知識。然而,個人技術(shù)研究成果的早期現(xiàn)代綠色建筑技術(shù)的多維發(fā)展和系統(tǒng)集成打下堅實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。20世紀(jì)90年代以來,隨著逐漸加深理解綠色建筑和成熟,人們放棄他獨(dú)自思考方式過于理想化道德約束和環(huán)境意識和行為,轉(zhuǎn)向自發(fā)的綠色環(huán)境哲學(xué)探索更多的可操作、環(huán)境和資本結(jié)合成未來世界發(fā)展的新方向的環(huán)保、綠色建筑的生態(tài)倫理思想的輸入結(jié)果從實(shí)踐的深化促進(jìn)生態(tài)研究的新階段。綠色建筑技術(shù)呈現(xiàn)出自然科學(xué)、社會科學(xué)、人文科學(xué)、計算機(jī)科學(xué)、信息科學(xué)和其他學(xué)科的研究成果一體化的趨勢,使綠色建筑設(shè)計的多維階段的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究。綠色建筑技術(shù)的深入發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、形態(tài)、材料、設(shè)備等領(lǐng)域,在各類先進(jìn)的技術(shù)開發(fā)、技術(shù)和其他設(shè)計元素的集成也從過去的簡單相加,更多地關(guān)注的周邊圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)本身設(shè)計技術(shù)與建筑結(jié)合的整體系統(tǒng)的變化,逐漸成為綠色建筑體系。綠色建筑評級系統(tǒng)建立起了綠色建筑技術(shù)逐步改善、系統(tǒng)化的必然結(jié)果,是綠色建筑技術(shù)的有機(jī)結(jié)合,一個平臺建造綠色建筑技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、計算機(jī)技術(shù)和許多其他的學(xué)科可以統(tǒng)一平臺在他們各自的角色,建立了綜合評價指標(biāo)體系的基礎(chǔ)上,為設(shè)計師、規(guī)劃師、工程師和管理者提供一個比以往任何時候都更簡單,規(guī)章明確的綠色建筑評估。3.2的社會意義

綠色建筑評級制度反映了社會意義的主要倡導(dǎo)者的新的生活方式,增加了知識和公眾參與當(dāng)?shù)匚幕难永m(xù)的兩個方面。

提倡健康的生活方式。綠色建筑評級制度,對社會發(fā)展的意義主要倡導(dǎo)健康的生活方式,它是基于設(shè)計、施工的綠色建筑作為社區(qū)教育的過程。原則的綠色建筑評價指標(biāo)體系的有效利用資源和生態(tài)的規(guī)則可循,基于健康的建筑空間創(chuàng)造和保持可持續(xù)發(fā)展。在過去的概念來糾正人們的誤解,消費(fèi)者的生活方式,不能一味追求物質(zhì)奢侈,但是應(yīng)該保持環(huán)境的可持續(xù)利用的前提下追求生活的舒適。謙虛從建設(shè)的基本條件,是為了滿足人類的需要建立人民的物質(zhì)資料和生活方式、文化意識名字是不能持久的價值時,綠色建筑本身將會減輕,但只有一個真正的社會時需要可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求和生活方式符合綠色建筑取得最好的結(jié)果。

提高公眾參與意識。綠色建筑評級制度不是壟斷為設(shè)計人員所專業(yè)的工具,但是規(guī)劃師,設(shè)計師,工程師,經(jīng)理,發(fā)展商、,共同擁有的公共和其他的評估工具。它打破了先前的專業(yè)化發(fā)展壟斷企業(yè),鼓勵了公眾的參與和其他的政府官員的欺壓。通過引入公眾參與、及其他建筑使用者的建筑師、建設(shè)對話參與者,使得原有設(shè)計過程主要由建筑師越來越開放。證明了各種各樣的視圖的介入和良好的幫助來創(chuàng)建一個動態(tài)的文化,體現(xiàn)社會公平的社區(qū)。3．3的經(jīng)濟(jì)意義

綠色建筑評級制度,經(jīng)濟(jì)意義可分為宏觀和微觀兩個層面。從宏觀層面上,綠色建筑評級系統(tǒng)的生命周期的角度,從系統(tǒng)的綠色環(huán)保建筑的設(shè)計融入經(jīng)濟(jì)議題涉及生產(chǎn)從建筑材料、設(shè)計、施工、運(yùn)營、資源使用、廢棄物排放、廢物循環(huán)利用的自然資源的拆除,直到整個過程。經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的綠色建筑已不再局限于設(shè)計過程本身,而政策一直延伸到設(shè)計的狹小的作用,來支持政策層面上,包括建立“綠色標(biāo)簽”制度,提高施工環(huán)境審計和管理體制,加大和實(shí)施能源消耗,污染物排放稅和其他行為的努力,提高環(huán)境保護(hù)的法律制度,從增加政府建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的可持續(xù)性經(jīng)濟(jì)上的支持和提高商品的成本,不污染環(huán)境的建設(shè)起到了成本,為綠色建筑設(shè)計和建設(shè)創(chuàng)造一個良好的外部環(huán)境。這一目標(biāo)是不完全的責(zé)任的政府機(jī)構(gòu),作為建筑師參與設(shè)計工作是一個聲音的義務(wù)責(zé)任制度的建議,因?yàn)橹挥凶顚?shí)踐需要的是真實(shí)的而且迫在眉睫。在相關(guān)的政策議題在綠色建筑設(shè)計策略、建筑系統(tǒng)解決的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題面臨的重要方面。在微觀層面上,當(dāng)前從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度設(shè)計策略是更為充分考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)的項(xiàng)目運(yùn)作,并確定了具體的設(shè)計策略和相應(yīng)調(diào)整。3.4理論意蘊(yùn)

綠色建筑評級制度,其理論基礎(chǔ)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理念,因此,是否每個國家的評價體系在結(jié)構(gòu)上有多大的不同,他們都有一個共同點(diǎn):減輕負(fù)擔(dān)的生態(tài)環(huán)境,提高施工質(zhì)量環(huán)境,為未來幾代人的發(fā)展,仍有足夠的空間。這從根本上改變?nèi)祟惖淖匀痪坝^,突然盲目的態(tài)度,反映著人們的關(guān)系的認(rèn)識人與自然之間的反對黨統(tǒng)一的變化。根據(jù)當(dāng)前的全球能源儲備和資源分布、地球上的自然環(huán)境也是遠(yuǎn)離邊緣的疲憊,足夠的人享受的奢侈生活現(xiàn)代材料。但是現(xiàn)在我們必須消耗資源,這意味著將來的人會更少的生活空間。更重要的是,如果我們吃了自然環(huán)境超過可限制自強(qiáng),那么未來的年輕一代正在面臨著地球的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不能收回的風(fēng)險成為一個真正的危機(jī)。因此我們可以說,綠色建筑的發(fā)展及其相應(yīng)的評價體系,是為了更多的當(dāng)代人們的責(zé)任和義務(wù)；為更多的利益和未來世代的發(fā)展利益。

4、綠色建筑的設(shè)計

綠色建筑設(shè)計包括以下幾點(diǎn): 節(jié)能:充分利用太陽能、使用節(jié)能建筑的信封和暖氣和空調(diào)、減少暖氣和空調(diào)的使用。按設(shè)定的原則,自然通風(fēng)冷卻系統(tǒng),允許高效地利用建筑對主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向在夏天，建筑結(jié)構(gòu)形式和總體布局適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂驐l件。

節(jié)約資源:在建筑設(shè)計、施工和選擇的建筑材料,被認(rèn)為是合理使用和處理的資源。減少使用的資源,力求利用可再生資源。節(jié)約水資源,包括水土保持和綠化。

回歸自然:綠色建筑外觀強(qiáng)調(diào)與周圍環(huán)境、和諧、運(yùn)動的整合,與自然生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)是相輔相成的。5綠色建筑的效果 5.1綠色建筑的效果

綠色建筑的影響包括內(nèi)部和外部的影響效應(yīng),直接的好處和直接成本作為內(nèi)部的效果,如大家知道的間接利益和間接成本的外部效應(yīng),根據(jù)工程經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度來看:內(nèi)部效果得到財務(wù)評價、外部效果要經(jīng)濟(jì)評價、經(jīng)濟(jì)評價是基于所謂的稀缺資源的合理配置和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展原則,從整體的角度,研究國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的項(xiàng)目支出的社會資源和貢獻(xiàn)給社會帶來的評估項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)合理性,通常包括行業(yè)外部效應(yīng)的影響,環(huán)境與生態(tài)的影響、技術(shù)擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)、外部效應(yīng)將導(dǎo)致私人成本(內(nèi)部成本或間接成本和社會成本的不一致)的實(shí)際價格,導(dǎo)致不同于最優(yōu)惠的價格。從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的視角,綠色建筑評價效果的主要指標(biāo)是外部性效果。

自始自終的發(fā)展綠色建筑的統(tǒng)一的量化指標(biāo)體系還沒有建立起來,我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該從以下幾個方面應(yīng)分析:(1)嚴(yán)格控制建筑行業(yè)、規(guī)模、限制員工數(shù)量。粗放型的增長模型的斗爭,集中建設(shè)方案,施工過程中利用人類的波的戰(zhàn)術(shù),一旦國家限定公司經(jīng)營規(guī)模的建筑,甚至?xí)纬伞斑m當(dāng)”,這也不會降低機(jī)械化程度、勞動、較低的水平。(2)更多投資于技術(shù),更新技術(shù),建立和完善機(jī)制,科學(xué)、技術(shù)設(shè)備。把注意力集中在建筑技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,結(jié)合工程的特點(diǎn),今后的建設(shè),有計劃的科學(xué)技術(shù)研究開發(fā)的新機(jī)器、新工藝、新材料,積極引進(jìn)、吸收國內(nèi)外同行業(yè)先進(jìn)的科技成果的科學(xué)和技術(shù),提高水平的機(jī)械化。(三)在城市規(guī)劃、勘察、設(shè)計通過“綠色建筑”的想法。家庭住房和城市建設(shè)或者變更必須呆在房間里,從照明、通風(fēng)、排水等控制對環(huán)境的損害。(4)建設(shè)工作中減少資源消耗、生產(chǎn)過程,對施工過程中應(yīng)采取節(jié)能措施,以防止過度消耗土地資源、水資源、電力資源。5.2的外部效應(yīng)對建設(shè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的挑戰(zhàn)

受政府控制的干預(yù),在一定程度上對有效的資源配置,加強(qiáng)節(jié)能強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)施對工程建設(shè)監(jiān)理。要進(jìn)一步提高建筑能源監(jiān)測體系,加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的強(qiáng)制為了落實(shí)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施為主要內(nèi)容的整個過程的監(jiān)控,特別是對于大型公共建筑,提高建筑能源監(jiān)管,體現(xiàn)在工程造價方面的外部成本成為內(nèi)部成本,使"非綠色建設(shè)”項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)部成本,內(nèi)部效率和減少外部成本的綠色建筑,外部效率的提高,以便有效的使經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的合理流動的綠色建筑。6提高綠色建筑的外部效應(yīng)的措施

在新經(jīng)濟(jì)時代企業(yè)架構(gòu)來獲得競爭優(yōu)勢,提高外部效果只有不斷開發(fā)的方法和手段,提高效率,降低成本外,外部的基本思想和原則:(1)建設(shè)對自然資源的生命周期和能源消耗最小;(2)減少建造生命周期的排放量;(3)保護(hù)生態(tài)(天然)環(huán)境;(4)形成一種健康、舒適、安全的室內(nèi)空間;(5)建筑的施工質(zhì)量、功能、性能和環(huán)境的統(tǒng)一?？偨Y(jié)：

上面所描述的是綠色建筑的設(shè)計與分析其有效性和提高綠色建筑的外部效應(yīng)的措施。但如何設(shè)計綠色建筑的未來需要某種程度的實(shí)踐來讓我們試圖理解,我相信綠色建筑將成為未來建設(shè)的一種趨勢。

第四篇：外文翻譯

當(dāng)今時代是一個自動化時代，交通燈控制等很多行業(yè)的設(shè)備都與計算機(jī)密切相關(guān)。因此，一個好的交通燈控制系統(tǒng)，將給道路擁擠，違章控制等方面給予技術(shù)革新。隨著大規(guī)模集成電路及計算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，以及人工智能在控制技術(shù)方面的廣泛運(yùn)用，智能設(shè)備有了很大的發(fā)展，是現(xiàn)代科技發(fā)展的主流方向。本文介紹了一個智能交通的系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。該智能交通燈控制系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能有：對某市區(qū)的四個主要交通路口進(jìn)行控制：個路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路擁擠時中控制中心能改變其周期：對路口違章的機(jī)動車能夠即時拍照，并提取車牌號。在世界范圍內(nèi)，一個以微電子技術(shù)，計算機(jī)和通信技術(shù)為先導(dǎo)的，一信息技術(shù)和信息產(chǎn)業(yè)為中心的信息革命方興未艾。而計算機(jī)技術(shù)怎樣 與實(shí)際應(yīng)用更有效的結(jié)合并有效的發(fā)揮其作用是科學(xué)界最熱門的話題，也是當(dāng)今計算機(jī)應(yīng)用中空前活躍的領(lǐng)域。本文主要從單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用上來實(shí)現(xiàn)十字路口交通燈智能化的管理，用以控制過往車輛的正常運(yùn)作。

研究交通的目的是為了優(yōu)化運(yùn)輸，人流以及貨流。由于道路使用者的不斷增加，現(xiàn)有資源和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施有限，智能交通控制將成為一個非常重要的課題。但是，智能交通控制的應(yīng)用還存在局限性。例如避免交通擁堵被認(rèn)為是對環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)都有利的，但改善交通流也可能導(dǎo)致需求增加。交通仿真有幾個不同的模型。在研究中，我們著重于微觀模型，該模型能模仿單獨(dú)車輛的行為，從而模仿動態(tài)的車輛組。

由于低效率的交通控制，汽車在城市交通中都經(jīng)歷過長時間的行進(jìn)。采用先進(jìn)的傳感器和智能優(yōu)化算法來優(yōu)化交通燈控制系統(tǒng)，將會是非常有益的。優(yōu)化交通燈開關(guān)，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信號燈控制是一個復(fù)雜的優(yōu)化問題和幾種智能算法的融合，如模糊邏輯，進(jìn)化算法，和聚類算法已經(jīng)在使用，試圖解決這一問題，本文提出一種基于多代理聚類算法控制交通信號燈。

在我們的方法中，聚類算法與道路使用者的價值函數(shù)是用來確定每個交通燈的最優(yōu)決策的，這項(xiàng)決定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累積投票，通過估計每輛車的好處(或收益)來確定綠燈時間增益值與總時間是有差異的，它希望在它往返的時候等待，如果燈是紅色，或者燈是綠色。等待，直到車輛到達(dá)目的地，通過有聚類算法的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，最后經(jīng)過監(jiān)測車的監(jiān)測。

我們對自己的聚類算法模型和其它使用綠燈模擬器的系統(tǒng)做了比較。綠燈模擬器是一個交通模擬器，監(jiān)控交通流量統(tǒng)計，如平均等待時間，并測試不同的交通燈控制器。結(jié)果表明，在擁擠的交通條件下，聚類控制器性能優(yōu)于其它所有測試的非自適應(yīng)控制器，我們也測試?yán)碚撋系钠骄却龝r間，用以選擇車輛通過市區(qū)的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作學(xué)習(xí)的方法可避免交通瓶頸。

本文安排如下：第2部分?jǐn)⑹鋈绾谓⒔煌Ｐ?，預(yù)測交通情況和控制交通。第3部分是就相關(guān)問題得出結(jié)論。第4部分說明了現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)一步研究的事實(shí)，并介紹了我們的新思想。

The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has：The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.

第五篇：外文翻譯

設(shè)計一個位于十字路口的智能交通燈控制系統(tǒng)

摘要：本文模型使用模糊本體的交通燈控制域，并把它應(yīng)用到控制孤立十字路口。本文最重要的目的之一是提出一個獨(dú)立的可重復(fù)使用的交通燈控制模塊。通過這種方式，增加軟件的獨(dú)立性和為其他的軟件開發(fā)活動如測試和維護(hù)，提供了便利。專家對本體論進(jìn)行手動的開發(fā)和評估。此外，交通數(shù)據(jù)提取和分類路口使用的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的圖像處理算法。根據(jù)預(yù)定義的XML架構(gòu)，這種信息轉(zhuǎn)化為XML實(shí)例映射到適合使用模糊推理引擎的模糊規(guī)則的模糊本體。把本系統(tǒng)的性能與其他類似的系統(tǒng)性能進(jìn)行比較。比較結(jié)果顯示：在所有的交通條件下，在每個周期中，對每輛車它有低得多的平均延遲時間與其他的控制系統(tǒng)相比。

關(guān)鍵詞:模糊本體,智能代理,智能交通系統(tǒng)(ITS),交通信號燈控制(TLC),孤立的十字路口,圖像處理,人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

1.引言

作為城市交通增加的結(jié)果,道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的能力有限和發(fā)展交通工具和方法的技術(shù)方面，許多實(shí)體，關(guān)系，情況和規(guī)則已經(jīng)進(jìn)入交通燈控制域和轉(zhuǎn)化成為一個知識領(lǐng)域。這個領(lǐng)域的建模知識幫助交通代理和應(yīng)用有效地管理關(guān)于實(shí)時條件下的交通。全面知識建模領(lǐng)域的一個最合適的方法是使用本體概念?！氨倔w論是一個正式的、明確的一個共享的概念化的規(guī)范。以前的模型是基本的本體建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)，為下列建立一個共享的語義豐富的知識域。除了本體作為概念化的形式主義的重要性，它有可能超過所代表的數(shù)據(jù)。這種能力將提高有關(guān)性能的決定和其他非智能系統(tǒng)的功能特點(diǎn)。在近年來，本體論上的研究正成為一個新的熱點(diǎn)話題在不同的活動，如人工智能，知識管理，語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)，電子商務(wù)和幾個其他應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。這些領(lǐng)域之一是智能交通系統(tǒng)。一些努力已制成這個通過展示和使用本體檢測交通領(lǐng)域擁塞，管理非城市道路氣象事件，駕駛阿德?！骼锵到y(tǒng)，共享和整合一個智能交通系統(tǒng)。本文的目的是介紹一個紅綠燈有效控制孤立交叉口這方面的知識重用的控制本體。這種新的辦法適用于智能代理使用知識決策模糊。該系統(tǒng)采用的圖像來自安裝了監(jiān)控攝像機(jī)拍攝的路口。這些圖像處理利用圖像處理算法和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方法，然后發(fā)送到一個智能代理。第2節(jié)中，我們將簡要地解釋了在這項(xiàng)工作中運(yùn)用的技術(shù)包括seman-TIC網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，智能代理技術(shù)和交通的回地面光控制方法。在第3節(jié)，新的系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)是基于分層語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)。第4節(jié)介紹交通燈控制的模糊本體的建設(shè)。第五節(jié)從路口提取的圖像信息解釋。在第6節(jié)，智能系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作被完整描述，最后在第7節(jié)對所提出的方法進(jìn)行評估，對結(jié)論進(jìn)行闡述。

2.背景

本節(jié)說明在這項(xiàng)工作中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)包括語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，特別本體和模糊本體。此外，國家的交通燈控制的藝術(shù)方法是簡要介紹。2.1.語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)

語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)被定義為當(dāng)前Wed的延伸，這些網(wǎng)站的信息都給出明確的含義;使電腦與人更好的合作。有幾層語義Web的建議源自伯納斯滯后階段。在此類別中的所有規(guī)則如表1所示。圖.4顯示輸出模式的示意圖。本次評選有助于智能系統(tǒng)，以確定下一步的階段測序。

另一種模糊的規(guī)則類別涉及估計優(yōu)化周期時間。這些規(guī)則的模糊變量是天氣條件，時間，每天平均車輛擁堵情況。出于這個原因，60個模糊規(guī)則被定義了。從氣象研究所取得氣象條件。日期和時間也是在交通專家的知識的基礎(chǔ)上以模糊變量形式預(yù)先定義的。圖5顯示日期，時間和周期時間的隸屬函數(shù)。當(dāng)天的參數(shù)是在日歷基礎(chǔ)上基于假期和正常的一天與周期時間量的關(guān)系預(yù)定義的。例如，假期期間的周期時間是較平日少。因此，平日的隸屬度比假期多。

例如一個階段選型的模糊規(guī)則如下所述：“如果一個路口的類型是四的方式，平均車輛擁堵低，平均行人擁堵是中等，然后相類型是簡單的兩階段”。此外，為周期時間估計的模糊規(guī)則表示如下：“如果天氣條件是晴天，時間是早晨，天是正常的，平均車輛擁堵是低，則周期時間短”。在此類別中的所有規(guī)則都列在附錄A。

在此步驟結(jié)束時，應(yīng)該對交通燈邏輯控制的項(xiàng)目的有效性進(jìn)行評估。此功能是使用專家的意見。評價過程的主要目的是顯示發(fā)展的本體和其相關(guān)的軟件環(huán)境的用處。雖然所有的信息，尤其是交通燈控制規(guī)則已提取國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和科學(xué)交通文學(xué)，專家的知識優(yōu)勢是他們最后的正確性驗(yàn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所有模糊規(guī)則，包括優(yōu)化周期時間和相位類型的規(guī)則，在這個過程中，準(zhǔn)備以調(diào)查問卷形式和展現(xiàn)給一些專家包括從德黑蘭警察局交通上校和兩名來自德黑蘭的交通組織工程師。由于德爾菲專家的意見，約有84％的淘汰型規(guī)則和優(yōu)化周期時間的87％被接受。此外，所有交通邏輯控制的元素包括概念，關(guān)系，屬性和公理都被這些專家進(jìn)行了評估和驗(yàn)證。我們評估邏輯交通控制是基于理論知識的。在這個過程中進(jìn)行了兩項(xiàng)活動，包括檢查的要求和能力的問題，并在目標(biāo)應(yīng)用環(huán)境測試本體。由于邏輯交通控制已建成的基礎(chǔ)上，如指定要求優(yōu)化循環(huán)時間，逐步淘汰型，交通的移動和優(yōu)化綠燈時間，每個階段的序列中，第一項(xiàng)活動是最好的結(jié)果。邏輯交通控制滿足所有的交通燈控制的需求，并能回答的能力問題。績效評估機(jī)制，可以支持這種說法。在部分實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果我們驗(yàn)證了這一過程。