第一篇：英文寫作 中國傳統(tǒng)文化翻譯

? 段落翻譯考綱新增考點“中國傳統(tǒng)文化”必備詞句【背會典型16

更多13年12月四六級考綱關(guān)于翻譯題有兩點大綱變動

1、句子翻譯改為段落漢譯英翻譯。

2、考試范圍由“校園文化、民生發(fā)展、科技興國、生命科學(xué)、求職就業(yè)”改為“校園文化、社會生命科學(xué)、求職就業(yè)、新興學(xué)科發(fā)展、中國傳統(tǒng)文化”，其中亮點就是新增了難度較大的文化領(lǐng)域化語句的通用表達，必背！背下這16句，傳統(tǒng)文化考點將一分不丟。

推薦大家復(fù)制到word中打印出來天天看！本文也適用于針對四六級作文考綱“民族傳統(tǒng)”的必背

一、對龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The aloong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thundephenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion processdragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康，同事他們也樂在其中。Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinclight costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Sprinthe sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appeople in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamerwhole year.三、長城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就想到了巴黎沒有去看看菲塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢。”實際上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)們看到的長城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come tojust like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyrareach the Great Wall is not a true man.“In fact, it began as independent walls for different states the ”Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguthe west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.更多四六級資料 請加盧秋錢 111923747

4四、DumplingsDumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.Accordinwere first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in makinout of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.Withtender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of tim“Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidayChinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people whohaving dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of biddnew year.餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容

五、AcupunctureAcupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In achannels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi ayang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chto be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles tobody, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channeadvantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spreacupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，目的。其特點是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳频哪康?。針灸以其獨特的?yōu)勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽為中

六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese cultursport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a seChinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultione’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has amany different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weaponsinvolve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxin(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, twotomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.中國功夫即中國武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統(tǒng)體育項目，承載著豐富的中國養(yǎng)氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術(shù)源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵⒅娴膮⑽?。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember tit finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhywhich was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shforms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphiregular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside anChinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese char(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the tu漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經(jīng)過不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨特文文，被認為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

八、Chinese ChopsticksThe Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The rthan three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look decemulti-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, pok

taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tonemetaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks ahallmark of ancient oriental civilization.中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載箸，它看似簡單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成雙結(jié)對的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊。西方人贊

九、Chinese SealA seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seasuch as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of anciAccording to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-2fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and eas round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artwor印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。

十、Chinese EraThe Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for rHeavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthchen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancientand wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 daStems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first inventenow.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。按干

十一、hinese Beijing OperaPraised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuinoriginated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southernCentury, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opeof performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijplot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opfemale), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).京劇被譽為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性

十二、Chinese TaoismTaoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Llived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose a

Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a hdiscarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivanourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden sayingan unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creaturethat rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never routcomes.道教是中國土生土長長的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道崇尚清靜無為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻?，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。便是老子的至理名言。

十三、Chinese IdiomsChinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer thcomes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient worallusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that a中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語?！俺烧Z”中的“成”既是約定俗成。言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

十四、China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and ththe ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC),techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynastoutstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with thMediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communbecame well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the 中國是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來，開辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國的絲綢化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國文化的象征。東方文明的使者。

十五、Chinese Classical GardenThe Chinese classical garden is a precious treasuarchitecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artiand buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chineable to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscapeand rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese claorigins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國古代建筑藝術(shù)開”。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

十六、The Four Treasures of the StudyThe writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, an

the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.Afterbamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as wrThe ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After ththe “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuanpapeXuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangcalled Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the who筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。

免費注冊返利網(wǎng)，終身享受網(wǎng)購最低六五折優(yōu)惠，省錢實惠，強烈推薦你來啊，http://www.51

第二篇：段落翻譯(中國傳統(tǒng)文化)

一、Chinese Dragon

對龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團結(jié)凝聚的精神。

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko

秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康，同事他們也樂在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall

長城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就想到了巴黎沒有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢?！睂嶋H上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國后才將其連城長城。然而，今天我們看到的長城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings

餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親待客、逢年過節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture

針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來達到陰陽歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ?，以達到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨特的優(yōu)勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽為中國的“新四大國粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、Chinese Kung Fu

中國功夫即中國武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統(tǒng)體育項目，承載著豐富的中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術(shù)源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?、?nèi)外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese characters

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經(jīng)過不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方“，源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks

中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年?？曜庸艜r稱為箸，它看似簡單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成雙結(jié)對的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊。西方人贊譽筷子是古老的東方文明。

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal

印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色 鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。

A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era

天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。按干支紀(jì)年法，2011年便是辛卯年。

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Chinese Beijing Opera

京劇被譽為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當(dāng)。

Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism

道教是中國土生土長長的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德經(jīng)》為主要經(jīng)典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻?，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms

中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語。“成語”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學(xué)作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk

中國是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平。西漢時張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來，開辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國文化的象征。東方文明的使者。

China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden

中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開”。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展?！拔姆克膶殹钡剿纬院筇刂负P、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Paper cutting

剪紙是中國最為流行的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式之一。中國剪紙有一千 五百多年的歷史，在明朝和清朝時期特別流行。人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境。特別是在春 節(jié)和婚慶期間，剪紙被用來裝飾門窗和房 間，以增加喜慶的氣氛。剪紙最常用的顏色是紅色，象征健康和興旺。中國剪紙在 世界各地很受歡迎，經(jīng)常被用作饋贈外國 友人的禮物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.the Ming and Qing It was widespread Dynasties.particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.十八、Lion Dance

獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視為是能帶來好運的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)（the Lantern Festival）和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來祈禱好運、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.十九、The Duanwu Festival

端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛國詩人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國家?guī)砹撕推胶头睒s。但最后因為受到誹謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.二十、hutong 北京有無數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來了無窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅 是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個大雜院，房間夠4到10個家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會和經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大 廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs.The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing.The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture.Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people.Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity.Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings.I hope hutongs can be preserved.二

十一、Romance of the Three Kingdoms

《三國演義》由羅貫中創(chuàng)作于14世紀(jì)，是一部中國歷史題材小說。小說以漢朝末年和三國時期的歷史演變?yōu)楸尘?，敘述了在這個動蕩（turbulent）時期發(fā)生的一系列重大事情。整個故事情節(jié)從公元168年開始一直到公元280年領(lǐng)土統(tǒng)一（reunification）時結(jié)束。小說篇幅長達80萬字，分為120個章節(jié)，共描述了1,191個人物角色，堪稱中國文學(xué)史上四大經(jīng)典小說之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century,is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, 1,191 characters, and 120 chapters.·

第三篇：中國傳統(tǒng)文化論文寫作格式樣本

陜西廣播電視大學(xué)

課程論文

課程名稱：中華文化概說

題目 以陜西鐘樓為例，談?wù)勀銓χ袊糯ㄖ?/p>

文化的認識

分校(工作站)航空局秦嶺 專 業(yè) 學(xué) 號 學(xué)生姓名

2014年1月10日

內(nèi)容摘要

農(nóng)耕生活特有的認知方式?jīng)Q定了建筑方式的選擇。在人與自然相互依存、親和融洽的關(guān)系上，天人合一的建筑體認決定了中國古代建筑的發(fā)展方向。中國古代建筑的特征和優(yōu)越之處，同它很早就認同人與自然的親和關(guān)系是密不可分的。

關(guān)鍵詞：古代建筑 親和 木構(gòu)架布局

一、具有悠久歷史傳統(tǒng)和光輝的成就的中國陜西建筑--鐘樓

最具代表性的中國陜西古建筑--鐘樓，位于西安市中心。建于明太祖朱元璋洪武十七年，因樓上懸掛鐵鐘一口而得名。初建時，地址在今廣濟街口，與鼓樓對峙。明神宗萬歷十年（公元1582年）由巡安御使龔賢主持，將鐘樓整體遷移于今址。

（一）、建筑特色

西安鐘樓下部為磚石結(jié)構(gòu)的正方形基座，表面用青磚砌成，基座之上為兩層木結(jié)構(gòu)樓體。自地面至樓頂高36米，其中基座高8.6米。每邊長35.5米，建筑面積約1,377.4平方米，內(nèi)有樓梯可盤旋而上。整體呈典型明代建筑藝術(shù)風(fēng)格，頂部為三重四面攢尖頂結(jié)構(gòu)，由斗栱支撐，頂尖部為真金鉑包裹木質(zhì)內(nèi)心的“金頂”。在微翹的屋檐上覆蓋有深綠色琉璃瓦，樓內(nèi)貼金彩繪，畫棟雕梁?；拿嬲懈饔懈呒s6米的十字相交的券洞，過去是東南西北四條大街交會的通道，人流車輛從券洞通過。隨著城市建設(shè)的發(fā)展，券洞無法適應(yīng)交通流量需要，現(xiàn)在券洞早已封閉。鐘樓 周圍建有公路轉(zhuǎn)盤，地下有專供人行的環(huán)行通道。

（二）、結(jié)構(gòu)特點

鐘樓整體以磚木結(jié)構(gòu)為主，從下至上依次有基座、樓體及寶頂三部分組成。樓體為木質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，深、廣各三間，系“重檐三滴水”、“四角攢頂”建筑形式。自地面至寶頂通高36米，面積1377.64平方米?；鶠?正方形，高8.6米，基座四面正中各有 高寬 均為6米的券形門洞，與東南西北四條大街相通。樓分兩層，每層四角均有明柱回廊、彩枋細窗及雕花門扇，尤其是各層均飾有 斗拱、藻井、木刻、彩繪 等古典優(yōu)美的圖案，是一座具有濃郁民族特色的宏偉建筑，也是 中國 現(xiàn)能看到的規(guī)模最大、保存最完整的鐘樓。屋檐四角飛翹，如鳥展翅，由各種中國古典動物走獸圖案組層的獸紋在琉璃瓦屋面的襯托下，給人以形式古樸、藝術(shù)典雅、色彩華麗、層次分明之美感。高處的寶頂在陽光下熠熠閃光，使這座古建筑更散發(fā)出其金碧輝煌的獨特魅力。

二、對西安鐘樓建筑文化的認識

（一）、“天人合一”的中國古代建筑知識思想

1、“天人合一”的思想

古代先民日出而作、日落而息的農(nóng)耕生活；寒來暑往，一枯一榮的自然現(xiàn)象；播種、收獲，收獲、播種的互動過程；與自然和周遭環(huán)境緊密相連的命運聯(lián)系，構(gòu)成了

當(dāng)時人們生存狀態(tài)的全景圖畫。正因為處在為生存而忙碌的自然環(huán)境下，天時變化，節(jié)氣交替，仰仗春夏秋冬耕種的古代先民，在得到自然的恩惠時，俯仰天地之間體察到宇宙萬物循環(huán)往復(fù)、彼此聯(lián)系的生命秩序，從而也認識到宇宙自然的不可抗拒，也確認了人與自然親和融洽的相互關(guān)系。經(jīng)年累月的觀察和日常生活經(jīng)驗的積累反映在中國古代知識系統(tǒng)里便是“天人合一”的思想，基于這樣的認識，天與人的關(guān)系便建立在一個互動合理的范圍內(nèi)，絕不是一味地向自然索取。盡管這一思想的歷史背景，與當(dāng)時人們自身的認識水平和有限的生存力量有關(guān)，但只有順應(yīng)自然，人的生存才得以發(fā)展，形而下之器的創(chuàng)造與形而上之道的自然規(guī)律才能和諧統(tǒng)一，天人合一才能獲得生命存在的確認。

2、木材為中國古代建筑構(gòu)架體系的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展提供了基本保證

中國古代建筑由于把木材作為主要建材，木材良好的物性特質(zhì)以及易于安裝拼接的物理屬性，為中國古代建筑構(gòu)架體系的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展提供了基本保證。中國古代建筑這種構(gòu)架體系，柱、梁之間十分強調(diào)上下左右相互聯(lián)結(jié)、互相共存的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，以相對穩(wěn)定的構(gòu)架秩序來應(yīng)對多變的建筑需求。同樣的柱、梁構(gòu)架可以在往復(fù)延伸上構(gòu)成寬大開敞的空間場所，可以在縱深的推進里形成重重庭院。顯然，柱、梁相互共存的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系與農(nóng)耕社會特有的認知方式一脈相承，天人合一的建筑體認無疑建立在統(tǒng)一的、相互依存的關(guān)系上，植根在有無相生的變化里，融匯在循環(huán)往復(fù)的發(fā)展認識上。

3、天人合一的觀念已經(jīng)滲透到建筑的營造之中

中國古代建筑的構(gòu)筑方式從一開始就從天人合一的理念出發(fā)，并始終認為人不能從宇宙自然中抽離出來，建筑不應(yīng)該游離于自然之外。所以，中國古代建筑不刻意追逐房屋的高度，任何脫離地球引力的嘗試，均歸依到重重的院落里與樹木為伴，與山水為鄰。在建造房屋時其營造法式規(guī)定了“上分”“中分”“下分”，也就是屋頂、屋身、臺基，與之相對應(yīng)的便是天、人、地，天人合一的觀念已經(jīng)滲透到建筑的營造之中?！爱?dāng)西方建筑因應(yīng)功能而改變時，傳統(tǒng)中國建筑卻以因應(yīng)維持一種文化的價值或理想而保存，中國文化有多悠長，這三個部分的組合便多悠長。所以，當(dāng)我們開始去看這幾個看來只是基本部分時，其實我們也是在端詳著整個中國文化的面目。中國古代建筑在木構(gòu)架的體系里以“三分”的法式，不斷滿足并組合為各種功能要求的建筑。由此可見，古代中國的建筑從來以親和的姿態(tài)回應(yīng)自然，并從中尋找創(chuàng)造的靈感，從剖析具體的建筑營造中更能體會出中國古代建筑的特別之處。

（二）、巧用天工是中國古代建筑的理想追求

1、木構(gòu)架建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的靈活性

中國古代建筑由于采用木柱、木梁組成房屋的基本框架，木梁和木柱承受來自屋頂和樓面的重量，建筑的墻壁實際上并不承重，這就賦予建筑物以極大的靈活性。它可以做成四面毫無遮擋，有頂無墻的亭榭。也可以做成四壁嚴(yán)實、空間封閉的倉房。

由于木構(gòu)架的原因，對于室內(nèi)空間的劃分同樣也十分自由，為了在室內(nèi)獲得大面積空間，無須任何隔斷，僅剩柱子的排列。與此相反，可以在柱子之間進行圍隔，從而獲得較小空間。特別是采用半通透的落地罩等隔斷樣式，既劃定了空間范圍，又不阻擋視線，做到隔而不斷，虛實相間。木構(gòu)架結(jié)構(gòu)能靈活地適應(yīng)各種地形，既能把單體建筑聚合成重重院落，形成龐大的建筑組群，又能依山傍水建構(gòu)樓閣亭榭，不受高低不同的限制，這就為建筑組群的空間布局帶來極大的可能性。以木構(gòu)架為主體的中國古代建筑，從單體建筑來看，一般都是矩形的平面空間，房屋的幾何形體不會有很大的變化，要想獲得建筑空間的豐富性，解決的辦法是通過單體建筑的排列組合形成院落，以滿足人們對建筑空間的多重要求。如果一座座單體建筑通過平面縱深推進，就會產(chǎn)生迥然相異的空間聚合，如果作橫向推移時會形成寬廣的空間場所，沿四周修筑房屋和墻體就變成相對封閉的庭院。

2、木構(gòu)架建筑平面布局的多樣性

中國古代建筑并不尋求突破自然的高度來體現(xiàn)征服自然的人工偉力，任何尋求建筑高度及征服自然的嘗試都消解在平面的展開上，與自然相擁成為中國古代建筑所遵循的不二法則。中國古代建筑平面布局的規(guī)劃既有中軸對稱形式，又有依環(huán)境而順勢的自由展開方式，從而達到了既有理性的規(guī)范又有自然的巧妙。在借用自然的問題上不露痕跡、巧用天工是中國古代建筑的理想追求。

3、縱軸為中心左右對稱的有序性

庭院的建筑功能在中國古代建筑中成為人與自然對話的場所，而中軸對稱則是獲得整體空間布局的有序方式。中國古代建筑其布局采用對稱形式，一方面滿足功能上、技術(shù)上的要求，這是“天道”。另一方面也滿足了宗法禮儀、人際規(guī)范的要求，這是“人道”。基于以上原因，無論是宮殿、衙署、寺觀，還是南北地方的民宅院落，都毫無例外地采取對稱方式，在中國古代建筑體系里以宮殿、壇廟為代表的正式建筑都嚴(yán)格地按照以縱軸為中心左右對稱的空間格局。由單體建筑排列組合而形成的對稱布局，呈現(xiàn)出一種方正、規(guī)整、井然有序的空間美感，營造出莊嚴(yán)平靜、肅穆平和的環(huán)境氛圍。一般而言，中軸對稱的空間格局，其表現(xiàn)為主要建筑在中軸線上，次要建筑隨橫軸左右展開，其他的房屋則以主要建筑為中心沿周邊布置，共同形成相對封閉的庭院。重點建筑被周遭的房屋和圍墻所圍系，在圍合的環(huán)境下具有壓倒一切的中心地位，也形成了通盤布局里的視覺焦點。在對稱軸線下的建筑組群還可以沿著縱軸串連成若干院落，每組稱一“進”，所謂庭院深深便是這層含義。然而更為宏大的建筑群落還可在主院落的側(cè)邊營建次要的庭院和多進院落，形成多條縱軸并列，主軸線稱“中路”，兩側(cè)為“東路”和“西路”。有鑒于中國古代建筑在平面上縱深發(fā)展而取得建筑組群與庭院空間的多重變化，才使人們在穿行重重院落的進程中，把人的興奮情緒調(diào)適到恰如其分的程度，起到起承轉(zhuǎn)合、一收一放的心理調(diào)節(jié)作用。

（三）、中國古代建筑對自然的尊重

中國古代建筑對自然的尊重，還體現(xiàn)在利用自然而不破壞自然的態(tài)度上，從建筑非對稱的自由布局方式里可以看出踐行這一建筑理念的積極表現(xiàn)。中國古代的大多數(shù)園林和一些民居建筑，因不規(guī)則地形和高低起伏的地勢，而采取不對稱的組群方式。由若干單體建筑沿著地勢軸線作縱向移動，單體建筑之間的距離可長可短，在為數(shù)不多的建筑物之間便形成了縱深的空間序列，各座建筑之間的聯(lián)系主要靠人流動線而串聯(lián)。體察建筑空間的轉(zhuǎn)換則以人流動線的時間過程來完成，形成了步移景移的動態(tài)變化。雖然單體建筑處于相對靜止的狀態(tài)，然而采用流觀的方法就很容易產(chǎn)生空間的節(jié)奏感，細微體察與瞬間把握在靜止和流動中完成，不難看出，這是軸線距離的長短變化所帶來的空間感受。在中國古典園林平面布局里，其軸線往往偏離直線的規(guī)定，根據(jù)起伏錯落的自然景觀，而采取靈活多變的應(yīng)對方略，單體建筑可大可小、能方能圓；聯(lián)通路線能曲可直；空間轉(zhuǎn)換更顯得曲折有致。所有建筑在起伏交錯中進入曲徑通幽、別有洞天的境界，把人工的跡象隱于自然境地里而不露聲色，這是自由布局的基本手法。在中國古代建筑體系里，還有一種更為開放自由的散點式平面布局，以大隱于山、于水的手法，仰臥山水之間盡顯自然親情。由此可以看到：建筑房屋以點狀的方式自由地散布在一定的空間范圍內(nèi)，散點布置的建筑房屋，看似漫不經(jīng)心，實則苦心經(jīng)營，它沒有沿軸線布局的霸氣，也不看重曲折的線性串聯(lián)。建筑組群的空間聚合、開放，以點的情狀圍繞在特定的自然區(qū)域里，依形就勢，順應(yīng)構(gòu)成。有的就山勢而高低錯落，起伏進退。有的依水流沿岸散布，沒有明顯的人流動線。散點式布局，不以方位朝向、規(guī)則定式為準(zhǔn)繩，而是無拘無束、融洽地投入到自然環(huán)境之中，借景筑屋、自由空靈。因此，寧靜致遠、自然淳樸是散點式布局所祈望的空間境界。

我們考察了在“天人合一”的建筑體認下，中國古代建筑的構(gòu)筑方式和空間布局，置身于自然之中的中國古代建筑對自然的回應(yīng)方式，從來都是建立在天人互動的合理關(guān)系上，利用自然而不破壞自然，這是中國古代建筑的核心價值所在。

參考文獻

1、劉守華主編《文化學(xué)通論》，高等教育出版社1989年11月

2、張立文《傳統(tǒng)學(xué)引論》，中國人民大學(xué)出版社1989年1月

3、龐樸《文化的民族性與時代性》，中國和平出版社1988年8月

4、朱謙之《文化哲學(xué)》，商務(wù)印書館1990年

5、田廣林主編《中國傳統(tǒng)文化概論》，高等教育出版社1999年6月

第四篇：翻譯題(中國傳統(tǒng)文化)2

一、歷史文化

四大文明古國：中國位于亞洲東部，是世界上人口最多的國家。中國是世界四大文明古國之一，擁有大量的中華文化光輝的古跡，此外，中國地大物博，擁有茂密的森林、雄偉壯麗的瀑布、秀麗的湖泊以及如利劍直插云霄的山峰，所有這些都令世界各國人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中國以擁有五千多年的歷史而自豪，遺留下無數(shù)的歷史文物，其中包括珍貴珠寶、古跡名勝、宮殿及數(shù)不盡的雄偉建筑，令人驚嘆不已。這種種原因都促使中國成為許多人夢寐以求的旅游勝地。China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world.China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords.All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world.But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration.You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中華傳統(tǒng)文化：中華民族的傳統(tǒng)文化博大精深，源遠流長。早在2000多年前，就產(chǎn)生了以孔孟為代表的儒家學(xué)說和以老莊為代表的道家學(xué)說，以及其他許多也在中國思想史上有地位的學(xué)說流派，這就是有名的“諸子百家”。從孔夫子到孫中山，中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化有它的許多珍貴品質(zhì)，許多人民性和民主性的好東西。比如，強調(diào)仁愛，強調(diào)群體，強調(diào)和而不同，強調(diào)天下為公。特別是“天下興亡，匹夫有責(zé)”的愛國情找，“民為邦本”，“民貴君輕”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐勞，勤儉持家，尊師重教的傳統(tǒng)美德，世代相傳。所有這些，對家庭，國家和社會起到了巨大的維系與調(diào)節(jié)作用。

The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course.More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters’ hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic.For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all.Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”;the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”;the code of conduct of “Treat others as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation:endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and

respecting

teachers

and

valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country and the society.漢語：從某種意義上說，漢語是一種很古老的語言，其最早的漢字已有近四千年的歷史了。漢字在其漫長的發(fā)展史中演化成許多不同的書寫形式，例如篆書、隸書、楷書和行書。中國書法家往往使?jié)h字的字形夸張以取得藝術(shù)效果，例如旅游勝地的一些石刻碑文。中國書法是一門研究藝術(shù)，隨著各位學(xué)習(xí)興趣的提高，我們將適時介紹中國書法的流派，以及如何欣賞中國書法的藝術(shù)性。

In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts.Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study.As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中國儒 學(xué)(the Ru School)思想的創(chuàng)始人。儒學(xué)(Confucianism)，這個道德和 宗教哲學(xué)的大系統(tǒng)建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教學(xué)上。馮友蘭，中國思想史上20世紀(jì)偉大的的權(quán)威之一，把孔子在中國歷史上的影 響比作西方的蘇格拉底。

Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history ofChinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.紅樓夢：《紅樓夢》問世二百年以來,通過漢文原文和各種譯文讀過此書的人,不知有多少億!這么多的讀者哪一個是先看批評家的文章,然而再讓批評家牽著鼻子走,按圖索驥地去讀原作呢?我看是絕無僅有的。一切文學(xué)作品,特別是象《紅樓夢》這樣偉大的作品,內(nèi)容異常地豐富,涉及到的社會層面異常地多,簡直象是一個寶山，一座迷宮。而讀者群就更加復(fù)雜，他們來讀《紅樓夢》，會各就自己的特點，欣賞該書中的某一個方面，受到鼓舞，受到啟發(fā)，引起了喜愛;也可能受到打擊，引起了憎惡?？傊乔Р钊f別。

Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages.Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none.All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve diverse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth.And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background.They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own individuality.They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it.In short, the reactions vary.二、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日

春節(jié)：春節(jié)慶祝活動是一年中最重要的慶?；顒印Ｖ袊藨c祝春節(jié)的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望幾乎是相同的，他們希望其家人和朋友來年健康和幸運。春節(jié)慶?；顒油ǔ３掷m(xù)15天。慶?；顒影ù汗?jié)的年夜飯，放鞭炮，給兒童壓歲錢，春節(jié)鐘聲和春節(jié)問候。大多數(shù)中國人將在春節(jié)的第7天停止慶祝活動，因為全國性節(jié)假通常在這一天結(jié)束，但在公共場所的慶?；顒涌赡茏罱K持續(xù)到正月十五。

Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year.Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same;they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days.Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings.Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明節(jié)：清明節(jié)的習(xí)俗是豐富有趣的，除了講究禁火、掃墓，還有踏青、蕩秋千、蹴鞠、打馬球、插柳等一系列風(fēng)俗體育活動。相傳這是因為清明節(jié)要寒食禁火，為了防止寒食冷藏傷身，所以大家來參加一些體育活動，以鍛煉身體。因此，這個節(jié)日既有祭掃新墳生別死離得悲酸淚，又有踏青游玩的歡笑聲，是一個富有特色的節(jié)日。

Ching Ming Festival(the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting.In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports.According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise.Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday.元宵節(jié)：與大多數(shù)中國節(jié)日一樣，元宵節(jié)同樣有自己的特色小吃，成為“湯圓”(也叫“元宵”)。湯圓外形圓圓的，外皮由糯米制成，內(nèi)陷或甜或辣。人們都說湯圓有兩個象征之意，一為農(nóng)歷的第一個月圓，二為家庭團聚圓滿。元宵節(jié)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗中還有一部分是關(guān)于猜燈謎的游戲。在過去，這些謎語大多出自于模糊的文學(xué)典故和中國古典文學(xué)之中，所以猜燈謎以前多為知識份子的“領(lǐng)地”。踩高蹺，敲大鼓和舞龍獅也是元宵節(jié)主要的娛樂活動。

Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tang yuan”.These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings.The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness.Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns.In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes.Stilt-walking, drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.端午節(jié)：端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛國詩人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國家?guī)砹撕推胶头睒s。但最后因為受到誹謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.中秋節(jié)：農(nóng)歷八月十五日是中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日——中秋節(jié)。在這天，每個家庭都團聚在一起，一家人共同觀賞象征豐裕、和諧和好運的圓月。此時，大人們盡情吃著美味的月餅，品著熱騰騰的香茗，而孩子們則在一旁拉著明亮的兔子燈盡情玩耍。月宮里美麗的仙女嫦娥的神話故事賦予了這個節(jié)日神話色彩。傳說古時候，天空曾有10個太陽圍著地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。后翌射下了其中9個太陽，拯救了地球上的生靈。他偷了長生不老藥，卻被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，從而產(chǎn)生了嫦娥奔月的故事。The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month.It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns.The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon.According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it.Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth.He stole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal.However, his wife, Chang-E drank it.Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came into being.三、傳統(tǒng)事物

筷子：中國人使用筷子已經(jīng)有3 000多年的歷史了。中國的筷子夾菜的一端是圓的，象征著天；另一端是方的，象征著地。這是因為，維持充足的食物供應(yīng)是天地之間最重要的事情。中國有個古老的風(fēng)俗，女子出嫁時要用筷子當(dāng)嫁妝，因為“筷子”與“快子”諧音。根據(jù)中國的餐桌禮儀，吃飯時一直握著筷子是不禮貌的。將菜送入口中后，應(yīng)立刻把筷子放下。吃飯時，用筷子指著別人會對其造成冒犯。

There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks.Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth.It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth.There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girl’s dowry.Kuaizi(chopsticks)is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”.According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal.As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks.It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.文房四寶：在中國，筆、墨、紙、硯（ink slab），就是人們所說的“文房四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。文房四寶不僅有實用價值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術(shù)品，并逐步成為收藏品。文房四寶品類繁多，豐富多彩，選材制作不斷趨于完善、精美，歷代都有名品、名匠產(chǎn)生，成為一種深厚的文化積淀。在當(dāng)今時代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進行學(xué)習(xí)、寫作的人越來越少了，但是，在中國的書法、繪畫、收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動中，它們?nèi)云鹬豢商娲淖饔?。In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization.They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection.There is a large variety of these four treasures.Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect.Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one's mind.中國結(jié)：中國結(jié)（The Chinese Knot）是一種古老的藝術(shù)形式。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，繩結(jié)可以追朔到10萬年前。中國人不僅用繩結(jié)來固定、包裹、狩獵、捕魚，還用來記錄事件，而且有些繩結(jié)純粹起裝飾作用。中國結(jié)具有文化內(nèi)涵（cultural connotation）。由于結(jié)在漢語中的發(fā)音與“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、祿、壽、喜、財、安、康”，這是中國人永恒的追求，因此有些中國結(jié)表達出人們的各種愿望。例如：新婚夫婦的房間通常用一個盤長結(jié)（Pan-chang Knot）來裝飾，象征著永恒的愛情。

The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000 years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening,wraping,hunting,fishing.Knots were also to record events,and some knots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronouced as“jie” in Chinese similar with

that

of

“ji”,which

means

blessing,good salary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everlasting pursuit of Chinese people,some Chinese Knots espress people's various hopes.For example,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolize eternal love.八大菜系：中國一個幅員遼闊、資源豐富、歷史悠久的多民族國家，每個 民族都有其獨特的豐富菜肴。地域菜系在地理環(huán)境、氣候、文化傳 統(tǒng)、民族風(fēng)俗和其他因素的影響下經(jīng)過悠久歷史的發(fā)展已經(jīng)成形。最有影響力、最具代表性的是魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系，這八種被人們稱為“八大菜系”。中國的“八大菜系”是以多種多樣 的烹飪方法區(qū)分的，各有其長處。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.四、傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)

京?。壕﹦”环顬橹袊膰?，來源于18世紀(jì)晚期的安徽和湖北的當(dāng)?shù)貏》N。京劇是中國所有劇種中最有影響力和代表性的，在中國乃至世界享有聲譽。京劇完美融 合了多種藝術(shù)形式。京劇集傳統(tǒng)音樂、舞蹈、詩歌、雜耍、武術(shù)于一身，以華麗的戲服、逼真的臉譜和程式化的演出套路而聞名。京劇臉譜上每一種圖形和亮麗的顏 色都有象征意義：紅色表示忠誠，藍色表示殘暴，黑色表示正直。Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces.Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China.It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world.Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art forms.It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts.It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules.Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty;blue suggests cruelty;black suggests honesty.武術(shù)：武術(shù)在我國源遠流長，是中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶。我們知道，一個民族的優(yōu)秀文化遺產(chǎn)，不僅僅屬于一個民族，它會逐漸傳播到世界而成為人類的共同財富。// 為了更好的推廣武術(shù)運動，使其與奧運項目接軌，中國武協(xié)和國際武聯(lián)做了大量的艱苦卓絕的工作。現(xiàn)在武術(shù)運動已被列為一種具有與保齡球運動和國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舞同等地位的奧運表演項目。//武術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，除得益于其項目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武術(shù)大師功不可沒。//老一代武術(shù)家在海外播種下了武術(shù)的種子，使武術(shù)這門既可以自衛(wèi)又可以健身的運動很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武術(shù)大師已遍布世界各地，武術(shù)愛好者也與日俱增。Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times.It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation(IWUF)have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.// The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries.Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands.Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.獅舞：獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視為是能帶來好運的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)（the Lantern Festival）和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來祈禱好運、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.五、歷史景點

故宮：故宮，又名紫禁城，為明清共二十四位皇帝統(tǒng)治中國近500年的皇宮。它位于北京市中心，在天安門廣場的北側(cè)，形狀為長方形。南北長960米，東西寬750米，占地72公頃，總建筑面積達15萬平方米。故宮是世界上現(xiàn)存規(guī)模最大、最完整的古代木構(gòu)宮殿。它分為外朝和內(nèi)廷兩部分，外朝是皇帝上朝處理國家大事的地方，內(nèi)廷是皇帝和皇室的居住地。1987年，故宮被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

The Imperial Palace, also called the Forbidden City was the palace where the 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for roughly 500 years.The Imperial Palace is located in the center of Beijing, on the northern side of Tian’anmen Square, rectangular in shape, 960 meters from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, with an area of 72 hectares and a total floor space of 150 000 square meters.It’s the world’s largest and most integral palace made of wood in existence.The Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court.The outer court was the place where the emperors gave audience and handled state affairs, while the inner court was the living quarters for the emperors and their families.In 1987 the Imperial Palace was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Cultural Heritage sites.四合院：四合院（Siheyuan）是中國傳統(tǒng)民居中最重要的形式。它數(shù)量多、分布廣，并且在漢族、滿族、白族以及其他少數(shù)民族中十分流行。大多數(shù)房屋采用木制框架。主屋建在南北走向的軸線上，兩個廂房則位于四合院的兩側(cè)。家庭中的長者住在主屋中，而兩翼則是年輕一代的臥室。婦女住在內(nèi)院?？腿撕湍衅妥≡谕庠骸＿@種分布符合封建禮制（feudal regulations）。四合院遍布全國的城鄉(xiāng)，但由于各地自然條件和生活方式各有不同，因此發(fā)展出各自的特征。北京的四合院最具代表性的。

Siheyuan is the most important form of Chinese traditional residential house.It is great in number and wide in distribution,popular among the Han,Manchu，Bai,and some of other minority groups.Most of the houses are of wood framework.The principal room is biult on the south-north axis,and two wing rooms are located on both sides of it.The family elders live in the principal room and wings are the bedrooms for the younger generations.Women live in the inner yard.Guests and male servants live in the outer yard.This distribution is in accordance with feudal regulations.Siheyuan spreads over towns and villages throughout China,but each developed its own characteristics as result of respective natural conditions and different way of life.Siheyuan in Beijing is the most repesentative

絲綢之路：聞名于世的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路代表了古代中國的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國、南亞、歐洲和發(fā)揮這重要作用。正是通過絲綢之路，中國的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)傳遍各地。同樣，中國的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器也傳遍各地，歐洲也是通過絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國市場的需要.The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.The Silk Road represents the ancient Chinese silk trade.The Silk Road trade played an important role in China, South Asia, Europe and Africa.It was through the Silk Road that Chinese papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and the printing press spread all over the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread all over the world through the Silk Road.And Europe exported all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market。

茶馬古道：茶馬古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)兩邊，生活著20多個少數(shù) 民族。不同的地方有著各自美麗而神奇的自然風(fēng)景和傳統(tǒng)文化，比 如:大理，麗江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅魯藏布江大峽谷和布 達拉宮(Potala Palace)。古道的兩旁有廟宇、巖石壁畫、騷站(post house),古橋和木板路，還有少數(shù)民族舞蹈和民族服裝。時至今天，雖然這條古道的蹤跡都消失了，但它的文化和歷史價值仍然存在。?

Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.泰山：泰山稱東岳，以“五岳獨尊”的盛名享譽古今。按照“五行學(xué)說”，東方屬木，主生發(fā)，有生命之源、萬物之本的含義。這就是古代帝王通常在自己登基或晚年時到泰山封禪祭拜的原因。泰山拔地通天，氣勢磅礴，漢語又有“穩(wěn)如泰山”、“重于泰山”之說。1987年，聯(lián)合國教科文組織將泰山列為世界自然與文化遺產(chǎn)。

Mount Tai, called “East Yue”, has a great reputation for the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains.According to the theory of five elements, the East belongs to mu, which means liveliness.Therefore, the East is a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures.This explains why important emperors made pilgrimages mostly to Mount Tai when they were crowned or in their later years.It is a symbol of loftiness and might, hence, there are the Chinese idioms: “as firm as Mount Tai” and “as weighty as Mount Tai”.Mount Tai was proclaimed world natural and cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987.秦始皇陵墓：秦始皇陵墓(the Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang)坐落在 陜西省西安市臨潼區(qū)以東5公里的驪山北部，是中國歷史上第一個皇帝的最終休眠之地。它于公元前246年開始建造,工程持續(xù)了38年。它占地面積56.25平方公里，是中國歷史上最大的陵墓。

The Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang, located at the northern foot of the Lishan Mountain five kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi’an City, Shanxi Province, is the final resting place of the first emperor in the history of China.Its construction lasted for 38 years, commencing in 246BC.With an area of 56.25 square kilometers, it’s the largest mausoleum in China’s history.六、中西文化

中西文化1：美國人強調(diào)效率、競爭和獨創(chuàng)性，而中國人則將嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)規(guī)劃放在首位，鼓勵團隊成員之間的密切合作和無私奉獻。//在美國學(xué)校，討論享有至高無上的地位，討論是課堂教學(xué)的主旋律；而中國教師喜歡講課，喜歡考試，編寫千篇一律的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)教案，培養(yǎng)整齊劃一的高材生。//美國人的政治觀，經(jīng)濟觀以及社會觀的核心是個人道德自治觀。中國傳統(tǒng)的思想體系是以儒家學(xué)說為基礎(chǔ)的，這種思想強調(diào)整體和諧。//現(xiàn)在，中美聯(lián)系比以往更加緊密，中國人學(xué)英語，玩保齡球，吃肯德基，美國人學(xué)漢語，練功夫，吃北京烤鴨，《泰坦尼克》駛進中國，《牡丹亭》也在百老匯上演。//

American people emphasize efficiency,competition and originality while Chinese people give priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team members.//In American schools, discussion is given top priority while Chinese teachers like to lecture in class,and a lot of them are obsessed with examinations.They write consistent and standardized teaching plans, and are

happy with bringing up identical and standardized talents.//Central to American political, economic and social thought is the concept of individual moral autonomy.Traditional Chinese philosophical systems are based on Confucianism,which sings high praises for communal harmony.//Nowadays, the relation of China and America become closer than ever.Chinese learn English, play bowling, enjoy KFC, while Americans learn Chinese, exercise Kung Fu, like Peking Duck.And Titanic sailed into China, while The Peony Pavilion has been performed on Broadway.//

中西文化2：越來越多受英文教育的海外華人父母，已經(jīng)認識到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同時，也通曉中文的重要性。中國的崛起，讓他們充分認識到孩子掌握雙語的好處——既能增加他們的就業(yè)機會，也能讓他們接觸和熟悉東西方兩種不同的文化。這些人對中文的態(tài)度幾乎沒有完全改變。曾幾何時，他們還非常驕傲地宣稱自己只懂英文。現(xiàn)在，他們已開始積極支持孩子學(xué)習(xí)中文和中國文化，而且還不時走訪中國，欣賞壯觀的自然風(fēng)光，認識豐富的文化遺產(chǎn)。An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kid shave a good command of Chinese.China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit rom their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West.They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese.At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only.Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China,where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.中西文化3：我贊同許多東亞學(xué)者的觀點，東方文明可以醫(yī)治盛行于西方世界的一些頑疾。西方世界個人自由主義泛濫導(dǎo)致了極端個人主義、性關(guān)系混亂以及過度暴力行為，對此我們不能視而不見。// 相反，東方社會的自我約束力，集體責(zé)任感以及溫厚儒雅的傳統(tǒng)倒可以消除西方社會的許多惡疾。// 在這個信息時代，世界已縮小成一個地球村。這個地球村里，不再有什么涇渭分明的東方世界和西方世界，我們是生活在同一個社區(qū)里的鄰里。// 因此，我們彼此之間無須沖突。我們之間的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是一種友好合作，平等互補的關(guān)系。我們應(yīng)該相互理解，相互學(xué)習(xí)，和睦共處。

I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing ,stubborn Western ills.We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence.// By contrast,self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset many Western vices.// At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.// Therefore,we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other.Our relationship is one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore,we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//

上海：朝氣蓬勃，充滿活力，豐富多彩的上海是現(xiàn)代中國的縮影。雖然上海的文化遺跡不能與北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市風(fēng)貌，風(fēng)格各異的萬國建筑為這座城市注入了無限的魅力。今日之上海，已經(jīng)成為享譽中外的國際大都市。漫步在這座日新月異的現(xiàn)代大都市里，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)許多精彩的歷史亮點，隱現(xiàn)在眾多摩天大樓背后的是上海發(fā)展變化的軌跡。它們記述了上海自十九世紀(jì)末開埠以來，尤其是新中國成立以后，是如何迅猛發(fā)展的。

Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city-the very epitome of modern China.Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied architectural styles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own.Today's Shanghai has become a world-famous international metropolis.A walk through this booming city reveals many glimpses of its colorful past.Hidden a mongst the skyscrapers are remains of the original Shanghai.They keep on showing how Shanghai has been developing fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in the late 19th century, especially after the founding of new China.香港中文大學(xué)：香港中文大學(xué)，簡稱“中大”，成立于1963年。中大是一所研究型綜合大學(xué)，以“結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代，融匯中國與西方”為創(chuàng)校使命。//40多年來，中大一直致力于弘揚中華傳統(tǒng)文化，堅持雙語教育，并推行獨特的書院制度，在香港教育界卓然而立。中大校園占地134 公頃，是世界上最美麗的校園之一。//中大的師生來自世界各地。有教職員工 5200多人，近萬名本科生、約2000多名研究生，其中約2500多人來自45個不同的國家和地區(qū)。//中大實行靈活的學(xué)分制，不僅有助于培養(yǎng)有專有博的人才，而且還賦予學(xué)生更大的學(xué)習(xí)自主權(quán)。中大的多元教育有助于充分發(fā)揮每一個學(xué)生的潛能。// The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963.It is are search-oriented comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity and bring together China and the West.//For more than40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system.134-hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world.//CUHK’ s faculty and students come from all corners of the world.It has more than 5200 staff members,approximately10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students.Of these students, some2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree off ree choice of students in designing their own learning.The mufti-faceted education at CUHK helps to bring out the best in every student.//

七、社會熱點

中國夢：幾千年的中國文化充實著中國夢，同時，過去三十幾年的改革開放也激勵著中國夢。中國夢最顯著的特征是包容性和雙贏合作。這些也是使中國夢擴大它的全球影響范圍和被其他國家的人民認可的基本特征。中國夢是民族復(fù)興的夢。它是建設(shè)一個強大繁榮的國家，給中國人民帶來幸福生活的夢。中國夢需要維持穩(wěn)定健康的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，科學(xué)管理社會，以及有效應(yīng)對外部發(fā)展的風(fēng)險和挑戰(zhàn)。The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture and inspired among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up.The most noticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation.These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach and be recognized by people of other nations.The Chinese dream is the dream of national rejuvenation.It is the dream of building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringing happiness in the lives of the Chinese people.It entails sustaining steady and healthy economic growth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks and challenges of external development.中國經(jīng)濟：中國將進一步發(fā)展經(jīng)濟、擴大開放，這對海外企業(yè)（enterprises）意味著更多的商機。改革開放以來，中國企業(yè)與海外企業(yè)一直積極開展經(jīng)濟技術(shù)合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企業(yè)不僅幫助了中國企業(yè)的成長，而且也在合作中獲得了收益。中國政府將繼續(xù)提供有利的政策和條件，推動中國企業(yè)與國外企業(yè)進一步開展合作。

China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises.Since China’s reform and opening upChinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology and have scored great achievement.Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation.Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.中國消費：假日經(jīng)濟的現(xiàn)象表明：中國消費者的消費觀正在發(fā)生巨大變化。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，中國消費者的消費需求正在從基本生活必需品轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)π蓍e、舒適和個人發(fā)展的需求。同時，中國人的消費觀在蓬勃發(fā)展的假日經(jīng)濟中正變得成熟。因此產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)做相應(yīng)調(diào)整，來適應(yīng)社會的發(fā)展。另一方面，服務(wù)質(zhì)量要改善，以滿足人們提高生活質(zhì)量的要求。

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of

life

to

leisure，comfort

and

personal development.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development.On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.中國城市化：中國城市化(urbanization)將會充分釋放潛在內(nèi)需（domestic demand)。一些經(jīng)濟學(xué)家指出，在中國幾乎所有的發(fā)展中城市都面臨 著城市化的進程。這使得許多人的生活水平有所提高，也為人們提 供更多的就業(yè)機會。隨著越來越多的人向城市遷徙，住房及城市基 礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供應(yīng)將會 成為城市發(fā)展的焦點問題。商品與服務(wù)的自由、快速流通是城市化 社會的一項基本特征。逐漸擴張的城市需要更多的零售店來滿足消 費者的需求。

China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand.Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country.It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities.The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities.Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city.But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation.The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society.Ex-panding cities require more retail outlets to serve customers.大學(xué)生就業(yè)：許多剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生找不到工作，在校學(xué)生則擔(dān)心他們的未來。多個調(diào)查顯示，三分之二的中國畢業(yè)生想在政府或者國有企業(yè)工作，而不是為中國令人矚目的經(jīng)濟增長提供動力的民營企業(yè)。政府和國 有企業(yè)被認為能免受經(jīng)濟蕭條的影響。如今幾乎沒有大學(xué)生愿意放 棄政府的鐵飯碗而下海、加入初創(chuàng)企業(yè)或自己創(chuàng)業(yè)。

Many recent college graduates can’t find a job and students are fearful about their future.Two-thirds of Chinese graduates say they want to work either in the government or state-owned firms，which are seen as recession-proof, rather than at the private companies that have powered China’s remarkable economic climb, surveys indicate.Few college stu?dents today, according to the surveys, are ready to leave the safe shores of government work and jump into the sea to join startups or go into business.環(huán)境問題：過去10年，海平面升高和森林看法的速度都是前所未有的；生態(tài)惡化、物種滅絕、臭氧層被破壞、溫室效應(yīng)、酸雨等一系列環(huán)境問題已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響到人類的生存環(huán)境。// 環(huán)境惡化造成的問題之一就是缺水。目前全世界 40%以上的人口，即 20 多億人，面臨缺水問題。據(jù)預(yù)測，未來 25 年全球人口將有 60 億增長到 80 億，環(huán)境保護面臨更大的壓力。// 中國作為一個發(fā)展中國家，面臨著發(fā)展經(jīng)濟和保護環(huán)境的雙重任務(wù)。從國情出發(fā)，中國在全面推進現(xiàn)代化的過程中，將環(huán)境保護視為一項基本國策。// 眾所周知，對生態(tài)環(huán)境和生物多樣性的保護是環(huán)保工作的重點。我國野生動植物物種豐富，僅脊椎動物就有 6000 多種左右，高等植物 3 萬多種。//

Sea level rose and forest were destroyed at an unprecedented rate during the last decade.A series of environmental problems such s the deterioration of ecosystem, the extinction of bio-species,damage to the ozone layer, the green-house effect, acid rain, have posed a serious threat to human living conditions.Environmental crisis leads to one of the serious problems, namely, water shortage.Presently, more than 40% of the world’s population, more than 2 billion people, now face water shortage.It is predicted hat with the global population expected to increase from six billion to eight billion over the next 25 years, more pressure on environmental protection stress is expected.As a developing country, china is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment.Proceeding from its national conditions, china has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies.// It is known to all that protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity is the focal point of environmental protection work.China is rich in wildlife species.There are about 6,000 vertebrates alone and 30,000species of higher plants

亞洲發(fā)展：近代以來，亞洲經(jīng)歷了曲折和艱難的發(fā)展歷程。亞洲人們?yōu)楦淖冏约旱拿\，始終以不屈的意志和艱辛的奮斗開辟前進道路。今天，人們所看到的亞洲發(fā)展成就，是勤勞智慧的亞洲人民不屈不撓、鍥而不舍奮斗的結(jié)果。亞洲人民深知，世界上沒有放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展模式，也沒有一成不變的發(fā)展道路，亞洲人民勇于變革創(chuàng)新，不斷開拓進取，探索和開辟適應(yīng)時代潮流，符合自身實際的發(fā)展道路，為經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展打開了廣闊前景。

In modern times, Asia experienced twists and turns in its development.To change their destiny, the people of Asia have been forging ahead in an indomitable spirit and with hard struggle.Asia's development achievements today are the result of the persistent efforts of the industrious and talented Asian people.The people of Asia re fully aware that there is no ready model or unchanging path of development that is universally applicable.They never shy away from reform and innovation.Instead, they are committed to exploring and finding development paths that are in line with the trend of the times and their own situations, and have opened up bright prospects for economic and social development.英語翻譯?？嫉闹袊幕~匯

風(fēng)水：Fengshui;geomantic omen

陽歷：solar calendar

陰歷：lunar calendar

閏年：leap year

十二生肖：zodiac

春節(jié)：the Spring Festival

元宵節(jié)：the Lantern Festival

清明節(jié)：the Tomb-sweeping Day

端午節(jié)：the Dragon-boat Festival

中秋節(jié)：the Mid-autumn Day

重陽節(jié)：the Double-ninth Day

七夕節(jié)：the Double-seventh Day

春聯(lián)：spring couplets

春運：the Spring Festival travel

把中國的漢字“福”字倒貼在門上(聽起來像是福到)預(yù)示新年有好運：turn the Chinese character for luck(fu)upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival)and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year

廟會：temple fair

爆竹：firecracker

年畫：(traditional)New Year pictures

壓歲錢：New Year gift-money

舞龍：dragon dance

舞獅：lion dance

元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings

花燈：festival lantern

燈謎：lantern riddle

食物對于中國佳節(jié)來說至關(guān)重要，但甜食對于農(nóng)歷新年特別重要，因為他們能讓新的一年更加甜蜜。

Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year.傳統(tǒng)的佳節(jié)食物包括年糕、八寶飯、餃子、果脯和瓜子。

Traditional holiday treats include nian gao(rice pudding), ba bao fan(eight treasure rice), jiao zi(crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds.四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle

亭/閣：pavilion/attic

刺繡：Embroidery

剪紙：Paper Cutting

書法：Calligraphy

針灸：Acupuncture

象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters

偏旁：radical

戰(zhàn)國：Warring States

人才流動：Brain Drain/Flow

鐵飯碗：Iron Bowl

黃土高原：Loess Plateau

紅白喜事：Weddings and Funerals

儒家文化：Confucian Culture

孟子：Mencius

火鍋：Hot Pot

《詩經(jīng)》：the Book of Songs

《史記》：Historical Records/ Records of the Grand Historian

《西游記》：The Journey to the West

唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored Pottery

火藥：gunpowder

印/璽：Seal/Stamp

京?。築eijing Opera/Peking Opera

秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera

相聲：Cross-talk/ Comic Dialogue

電視小品：TV Sketches/TV Skit

太極拳：Tai Chi

天壇：Altar of Heaven in Beijing

故宮博物館：The Palace Museum

敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves

小吃攤：Snack Bar/Snack Stand

春卷：Spring Roll(s)

蓮藕：Lotus Root

北京烤鴨：Beijing Roast Duck

門當(dāng)戶對：Perfect Match/ Exact Match

《水滸》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh

文房四寶(筆墨紙硯)：”The Four Treasure of the Study”/ “Brush, Ink-stick, Paper, and Ink-stone”

兵馬俑：Cotta Warriour/ Terracotta Army

第五篇：中國傳統(tǒng)文化翻譯--春節(jié)用語

一、中國傳統(tǒng)文化之英語表達---有關(guān)春節(jié)的基本詞匯與短語

【Greeting Season】: 春節(jié) The Spring Festival 農(nóng)歷 lunar calendar 正月 lunar January;the first month by lunar calendar 除夕 New Year?s Eve;eve of lunar New Year

初一 the beginning of New Year 元宵節(jié) The Lantern Festival 【Customs】：

過年 Guo-nian;have the Spring Festival 對聯(lián) poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry 春聯(lián) Spring Festival couplets 剪紙 paper-cuts 買年貨 special purchases for the Spring Festival;do Spring Festival shopping 年畫 New Year paintings 敬酒 propose a toast 燈籠 lantern: a portable light 煙花 fireworks 爆竹 firecrackers(People scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)紅包 red packets(cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth.)舞獅 lion dance(The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)舞龍 dragon dance(to expect good weather and good harvests)戲曲 traditional opera 雜耍 variety show;vaudeville 燈謎 riddles written on lanterns 燈會 exhibit of lanterns 守歲 staying-up 禁忌 taboo 拜年 pay New Year?s call;give New Year?s greetings;New Year?s visit

去晦氣 get rid of the ill-fortune 祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to one?s ancestors

壓歲錢 gift money;money given to children as a lunar New Year gift 004km.cn 辭舊歲 bid farewell to the old year 掃房 spring cleaning;general house-cleaning 【Food names】：

年糕 Nian-gao;rise cake;New Year cake 團圓飯 family reunion dinner 年夜飯 the dinner on New Year?s Eve

餃子 Jiao-zi;Chinese meat ravioli 八寶飯 eight treasures rice pudding 湯圓 Tang-yuan;dumplings made of sweet rice, rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings糖果盤 candy tray: 什錦糖 assorted candiesgrowth and good health 西瓜子 red melon seedprosperity 紅棗 red datesmany descendents to come 糖藕 candied lotus rootsweet 【Blessing】: Treasures fill the home 財源廣進

Business flourishes 事業(yè)興隆

Peace all year round 歲歲平安

Wishing you prosperity 恭喜發(fā)財

Harmony brings wealth 家和萬事興

May all your wishes come true 心想事成Everything goes well 萬事如意 The country flourishes and people live in peace 國家富強、人民安康

Money and treasures will be plentiful 財源茂盛

Wishing you every success Promoting to a higher position 事業(yè)有成、更上一層樓、蒸蒸日上 Safe trip wherever you go 一帆風(fēng)順

Wish you happiness and prosperity in the coming year!祝你新的一年快樂幸福

Wish you success in your career and happiness of your family!事業(yè)成功，家庭美滿。

【中國新年禁忌】：

Dos and Donts of Chinese New Year Do's: Wish everyone you meet a happy New Year by saying “gong xi fa cai”, which translates to: “Have a happy and prosperous New Year!” 對每一個你遇到的人道一聲：“恭喜發(fā)財”，翻譯成英文就是：“在新的一年里擁有幸福繁榮的生活”；

Wear articles of red clothing because red symbolizes luck.穿紅色布料做成的飾品，因為紅色昭示著幸運；

Eat vegetarian food because it's not good to see blood.吃素食，因為見血是不吉利的；

Buy new trousers because the Chinese word for trousers is “fu”,(Chinese homonym for wealth)買新褲子（衣服），因為漢語里褲子就是“服”，（在漢語里與財富的“富”諧音）；

Children should stay up as late as possible on New Year's Eve for it is believed that the later they stay up, the longer their parents will live.孩子應(yīng)該在除夕之夜盡可能晚睡、熬夜因為據(jù)說他們睡的越晚，他們的父母越長壽；

Visit family(especially those older than yourself)and friends to pass on your wishes on good fortune for the New Year.(plus kids and single people will receive lai-see lucky red packets full of money.拜訪親戚朋友（尤其是比你年長的），傳遞你對他們來年幸福的美好祝愿（另外孩子和單身的人將會得到裝滿錢的幸運紅包，稱為“來喜”。）

Give two lai see to each child.Because happiness comes in two's, do not just give one.This is your way of passing good luck to the next generation.Business owners also give lai see to employees and associates.給每個孩子兩份“來喜”（我覺得應(yīng)該指錢是偶數(shù)的），因為好事成雙，不要只給一份。這是你把祝愿傳遞給下一代的方法。企業(yè)主（老板）也要給員工和同事紅包。

Don'ts: Don't wear white or black clothing, since they are the traditional colours of mourning.不要穿白色或黑色服裝，因為這是傳統(tǒng)意義上喪事的顏色；

Don't buy new shoes for the first month of the New Year, because the sound of shoe in Chinese is “hai”.“Hai” is similar to the sound of sighing, which Chinese believe is not a good way to start the year.不要在新年的第一個月買新鞋，因為在漢語里鞋的發(fā)音是“孩”（好像是四川地區(qū)的發(fā)音），它與嘆息”唉“相近，中國人認為這不是新年伊始的好兆頭。

Don't wash your hair for the first three days of the New Year, because the Chinese word for hair is a homonym for the Chinese word for wealth.Therefore, Chinese believe it isn't a good thing to 'wash away your wealth' right at the start of the New Year.在新年的前三天里不要洗頭，因為漢語里“頭發(fā)”的“發(fā)”和“發(fā)財”的“發(fā)”同音。因此，中國認為在新年伊始把財富給沖走可不是好兆頭。

Floors may not be swept and garbage may not be disposed of on the first day of the New Year for fear of casting riches out the door.在新年第一天，不拖地，不扔垃圾，因為怕把“財”給送走了；

Don't swear or quarrel.不要詛咒發(fā)誓，也不愿吵架；

Don't break any dishes, otherwise you may incur more misfortune for the New Year.In the event of breaking a dish, quickly say “ Peace for all time”, and the bad luck will be warded away.不要打破碗碟，否則在來年你可能會遭遇不幸。一旦打破了，要馬上說“歲歲平安”，這樣壞運氣就會被趕走了；

Don't greet people who are in mourning.不要向服喪期的人們問候（主要指不要說喜慶的話吧？）

Don't drop your chopsticks.不要讓筷子掉地上；

Don't say the number 'four'(Chinese homonym for death)or mention death.不要說數(shù)字“四”（漢語里和“死”諧音）或者提到死；

Don't borrow or lend money.不要借錢也不要借給別人錢。

拜年 Pay a New Year Call

An important activity during the Spring Festival is bainian（to pay a New Year call）.People start to pay New Year calls from the lunar New Year's Day，that is，the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar.Ever since the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century，ordinary people have begun to exchange greeting cards on this day.On the morning of the lunar New Year's Day，people get up very early and call on others.The earlier one does so，the more sincere he is.Moreover，people wear new clothes and a new cap，symbolizing that a new year has begun.The younger generation should call on their elders first，such as the grandfather，grandmother，father and mother，wishing them “Good health” and “Long life”.Then the elders give children some money in a red envelope as a New Year gift.After that，people call on their relatives，friends and neighbors.As “big tangerine” is a homonym for “very lucky” in Chinese，so people often present red big tangerines as a gift while paying a New Year call.Nowadays，besides greeting cards，people also use telephones and e-mails to pay New Year calls.一、藝術(shù) 1.畫類 壁畫 mural 國畫 Chinese traditional painting 水墨畫 ink and wash painting 絹畫 silk painting 木刻畫 wood engraving 版畫 engraving 貝雕畫 shell carving painting 年畫 new year picture 2.陶器類

陶器 pottery ware 玉器 jade article 瓷器 china ware 青瓷 celadon 青銅器 bronze ware 景泰藍 cloisonné enamel 漆器 lacquer ware 彩陶 painted pottery 唐三彩 trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 3.雕刻類

冰雕 ice carving 玉雕 jade carving 石雕 stone carving 骨雕 bones carving 貝雕 shell carving 木雕 wood carving 根雕 tree root carving 瓷器雕 porcelain carving 象牙雕 ivory carving 4.塑像類

彩塑painted sculpture 畫塑 dough figurine 泥人兒 clay figure 5.扇類

絹扇 silk fan 檀香扇 sandal wood fan 折扇 folding fan 6.寶石類 珍珠 pearl 瑪瑙 agate 珊瑚 coral 翡翠 green jade 琥珀 amber004km.cn 玉 jade 7.工藝類

刺繡 embroidery 雙面秀 two-sided embroidery 掛毯 tapestry 蠟染 batik 藤條制品 wickerwork 真絲 pure silk 煙嘴 cigarette holder 鼻煙壺 snuff bottle 圖章 seal 盆景 potted landscape 屏風(fēng) screen

二、民俗詞匯 轎子sedans 風(fēng)車 pinwheel 雜技 acrobatics 魔術(shù) magic 撥浪鼓 shaking drum 竹苗 bamboo flute 皮影 shadow puppet 糖人 sugar-molded 四合院 courtyard homes 踩高蹺 stilt walk 武術(shù) martial arts 人力車 rickshaw 宮燈 palace lantern 猜拳 finger-guessing game 說書 monologue story-telling 老字號 time-honored 相聲 cross talk

三、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日詞匯

拜年 pay a new year call 爆竹 firecracker 鞭炮 a string of small fire crackers 大掃除 year-end household 燈謎 lantern riddles 廟會 temple fair 年畫 new year’ s picture

掛年畫 to hang out new year’s picture

年夜飯 family reunion dinner on lunar new year 守歲 to stay awake all night 年糕 glutinous cake for new year 大年初一 the first day of the first lunar month 八寶飯 eight-treasure rice pudding 對聯(lián) poetic couplets 貼春聯(lián) to put up antithetical couplets 糊窗花 to put up window paper-cuts 壓歲錢 money given to children as a lunar new year gift

四、京劇相關(guān)詞匯

地方戲：local opera 戲劇臉譜theatrical mask 生 male characters 旦 female characters 凈 painted face characters 末 middle-aged male characters 丑 clown

五、中國古代四大發(fā)明

火藥 gunpowder 指南針 compass 造紙術(shù) paper-making techniques 印刷術(shù) paper-printing techniques

六、中國特有的事務(wù)

武術(shù) martial arts 氣功 Qigong 打擂臺 to fight a challenge fight in an arena 聽評書 to listen to historical or traditional stories 下象棋 to play Chinese chess 練習(xí)書法 to make special studies of calligraphy 畫國畫 to do traditional Chinese painting 題詩 to inscribe a poem 求對 to match an antithetical couplet 元宵節(jié) the Lantern Festival 端午節(jié) the Dragon-Boat Festival 中秋節(jié) the Mid-autumn Day 荔枝節(jié) the Litchi Festival 西瓜節(jié) the Water Melon Festival 風(fēng)箏節(jié) the Kate Festival 國慶節(jié) the National Day 勞動節(jié) the Labor Day004km.cn 婦女節(jié) the Women’s Day 兒童節(jié) the Children’s Day 教師節(jié) the Teachers’ Day 建軍節(jié) the Army Day 解放 the Liberation in 1949 建國 the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 改革開放 to carry out reforms and adopt open policies 基層 at grass-root level 干部 cadre 文革 the Cultural Revolution 上山下鄉(xiāng) to settle down in the mountainous areas and in the countryside 國民黨 the Kuomintang 四世同堂的大家庭 an extended family with four generations living under the same roof 獨生子女家庭 family with only one child 大齡未婚青年 elder unmarried youth 離退休人員 retired people 貧困地區(qū) poverty-stricken area 貧困戶 poverty-stricken family 承包 to adopt the responsibility system 致富 to become well-off 鐵飯碗 iron rice bowl/a secure job 吃大鍋飯 to eat from the same large caldron

七、其它

大觀園 Grand View Garden 龍舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 診脈 feel the patient’s pulse 衙門 yamen 磕頭 kowtow 人參 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韻大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民樂 traditional instrumental music 楷體字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城計 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff 大觀園 Grand View Garden 龍舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 診脈 feel the patient’s pulse 衙門 yamen 磕頭 kowtow 人參 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韻大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民樂 traditional instrumental music 楷體字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城計 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff