第一篇：(中英文對(duì)照)國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人演講辭-中國

外交部長(zhǎng)楊潔篪在2011年新年招待會(huì)上的祝酒辭

2010年12月7日，釣魚臺(tái)國賓館芳菲苑

Toast by Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi At the New Year Reception

Fangfeiyuan, Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, 7 December 2010

尊敬的戴秉國國務(wù)委員，尊敬的各位使節(jié)、代表和夫人，各位同事、女士們、先生們、朋友們：

Your Excellency State Councilor Dai Bingguo,Your Excellencies Diplomatic Envoys,Representatives of International Organizations and Your Spouses,Dear Colleagues,Ladies and Gentlemen,Dear Friends,【注】：

外交部長(zhǎng)—— foreign minister

新年招待會(huì)—— the New Year reception

祝酒辭—— toast

國賓館—— State Guesthouse

尊敬的—— Your Excellency, 另外也可譯為Your Honor，這兩種都用以對(duì)高級(jí)官員的稱呼

國務(wù)委員—— State Councilor

代表—— representatives of international organizations, 注意這里雖然原文并未明指，但譯員通常會(huì)根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)來將指代或細(xì)節(jié)補(bǔ)充完整以避免不必要的誤解

今天，我們?cè)俅卧谶@里歡聚一堂，共迎新年。令我們特別高興的是，戴秉國國務(wù)委員和有關(guān)部門的負(fù)責(zé)人撥冗出席今天的晚會(huì)，與各位使節(jié)和新老朋友共敘友誼。一年來，各位駐華使節(jié)和夫人以及各位外交官們?yōu)樵鲞M(jìn)相互了解、促進(jìn)友好合作付出了辛勤的勞動(dòng)，做出了寶貴貢獻(xiàn)。我謹(jǐn)代表外交部并以我個(gè)人名義，向各位來賓致以最美好的節(jié)日祝福，向所有關(guān)心和支持中國外交的朋友們表示衷心的感謝！/

5We are once again gathered here on this joyful occasion to celebrate the New Year.And we are especially pleased to have with us today State Councilor Dai Bingguo and officials of relevant government agencies to renew friendship with Your Excellencies and other friends, old and new.Over the past year, Your Excellencies Ambassadors and your spouses and other diplomats have worked tirelessly to enhance our mutual understanding and promote friendship and cooperation and made invaluable contributions.On behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in my own name, I wish to extend festive greetings to you and express heartfelt thanks to all the friends who have shown care and support for China's diplomacy.【注】：

有關(guān)部門負(fù)責(zé)人—— officials of relevant government agencies

外交部—— the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

以個(gè)人名義—— in one's own name

撥冗出席—— take the time out of your business to attend, 另外，“百忙之中抽空前來

business換成busy schedual而已

新老朋友—— old and new friends, 注意中英語序上的區(qū)別

共敘友誼—— renew friendship，這里自然不能把”敘“直譯為talk或

與生命”、“加強(qiáng)”這樣的涵義更能體現(xiàn)講話人的想法

增進(jìn)相互了解—— enhance our mutual understanding

促進(jìn)友好合作—— promote friendship and cooperation

*關(guān)于增進(jìn)、促進(jìn)這樣的高頻詞匯，這里將列舉一些簡(jiǎn)易詞備用：

to/encourage

除了詞匯短語以外，本文也出現(xiàn)了很多口譯必背的句型們，下面，讓我們來

1、歡聚一堂—— 常以gather的各種動(dòng)詞形式表示

例：今天，我們懷著愉快的心情同…歡聚一堂。

We are joyfully gathering here today with…

2、謹(jǐn)代表…—— on behalf of …

例：我代表…歡迎各位朋友訪問中國。

on behalf of …, I wish to welcome our friends who have come to visit China./ 5

“譯法也類似，只是將chat這樣的詞，renew ”賦予新的活力further/give an impetus to/contribute have a look！

3、向…致以節(jié)日祝?！?extend festive greetings to …

向…表示衷心的感謝—— express heartfelt thanks to …

express與extend是這類句型的優(yōu)先選擇

例：首先，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我向遠(yuǎn)道而來的貴賓們表示熱烈的歡迎。

Allow me, first of all, to express our heary welcome to our distinguished guests coming from afar.共同增進(jìn)各國人民福祉

——中國國家主席胡 錦 濤2011年新年賀詞

2010年12月31日

Promoting the wellbeing of the world's people together

--2011 New Year Speech delivered by Hu Jintao, President of the People's Republic of China

December 31, 2010

女士們，先生們，同志們、朋友們，Ladies and gentlemen, comrades and friends,新年鐘聲即將敲響，人類就要進(jìn)入2011年。在這辭舊迎新的美好時(shí)刻，我很高興通過中國國際廣播電臺(tái)、中央人民廣播電臺(tái)和中央電視臺(tái)，向全國各族人民，向香港特別行政區(qū)同胞、澳門特別行政區(qū)同胞、臺(tái)灣同胞和海外僑胞，向世界各國的朋友們，致以新年的祝福!

The New Year's bell is about to ring, and 2011 will soon begin.At this beautiful moment of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new, via China Radio International, China National Radio and China Central Television, I am delighted to extend New Year greetings to Chinese of all ethnic groups, to compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan, to overseas Chinese and to friends all over the world!

2010年，對(duì)中國人民來說是很不平凡的一年。面對(duì)國際國內(nèi)環(huán)境的復(fù)雜變化，中國人民團(tuán)結(jié)一心、開拓前進(jìn)，成功舉辦上海世博會(huì)、廣州亞運(yùn)會(huì)，戰(zhàn)勝青海玉樹強(qiáng)烈地震、甘肅舟曲特大山洪泥石流等重大自然災(zāi)害，保持經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展，著力提高人民生活水平和質(zhì)量，勝利實(shí)現(xiàn)“十一五”規(guī)劃確定的目標(biāo)任務(wù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和綜合國力進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。中國加強(qiáng)同各國的友好合作，積極參與應(yīng)對(duì)國際金融危機(jī)、氣候變化、核安全等問題的國際合作，發(fā)揮建設(shè)性作用，為促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展作出了新的貢獻(xiàn)。

The year of 2010 has been a very unusual and uncommon one for the Chinese people.Facing difficult domestic and international situations, Chinese people of all ethnic groups united in one heart and one mind, with perseverance, successfully dealt with the disasters brought about by the Yushu earthquake in Qinghai Province and3 /

5the Zhouqu mudslide in Gansu Province.We successfully held Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games.We maintained a stable and relatively fast economic growth, and successfully completed the goals set up in the 11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development.The living standard of the Chinese people has been further improved.The economic strength and the overall national strength have been further strengthened.The Chinese people conducted friendly exchanges and pragmatic cooperation with the rest of the world, actively participated in efforts by the international community to deal with the global financial crisis, climate change, and nuclear safety, and made further contributions to world peace and development.在這里，我謹(jǐn)代表中國政府和人民，向今年以來在各方面給予我們大力支持的各國政府和人民，表示衷心的感謝!

Here on behalf of the Chinese government and people, I would like to express the most sincere thanks to the governments and people of all the countries that have supported us in the past year!

2011年是中國進(jìn)入“十二五”時(shí)期的開局之年。在新的一年里，中國人民將繼續(xù)高舉中國特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟，以鄧小平理論和“三個(gè)代表” 重要思想為指導(dǎo)，深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，以科學(xué)發(fā)展為主題，以加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式為主線，實(shí)施積極的財(cái)政政策和穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策，加快推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，著力保障和改善民生，不斷深化改革開放，保持經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展，促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定。我們將堅(jiān)持“一國兩制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、高度自治的方針，緊緊依靠廣大香港同胞、澳門同胞，努力保持香港、澳門長(zhǎng)期繁榮穩(wěn)定。我們將堅(jiān)持“和平統(tǒng)一、一國兩制”的方針，牢牢把握兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展主題，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)兩岸交流合作，不斷造福兩岸同胞。

The year 2011 marks the beginning of China's implementation of the 12th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development.In the upcoming year, we will unswervingly uphold the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, deepen the implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, pursue a path of scientific development, accelerate the change of development mode and structural adjustment, and maintain a proactive fiscal and stable monetary policy.We will pay more attention to deepening the reform and opening up and further improving people's welfare.We will make overall plans to guarantee a stable and relatively fast economic growth and social harmony and stability.We will uphold the principles of “one country, two systems”, “Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong” and “Macao people governing Macao” with a high degree of autonomy.We will work together with our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao to maintain long-term prosperity and stability in the two Special Administrative Regions.We will adhere to the Principles of “peaceful reunification and one country, two systems”,4 /

5and firmly grasp the theme of cross-Straits relations and peaceful development, strengthen the cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation, and bring continuous well-being to compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.當(dāng)前，世界多極化、經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化深入發(fā)展，科技創(chuàng)新孕育新突破，但世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇進(jìn)程仍將艱難曲折，氣候變化、能源資源安全、糧食安全、公共衛(wèi)生安全等全球性問題更加突出，國際和地區(qū)熱點(diǎn)問題此起彼伏，世界和平與發(fā)展面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)都前所未有。加強(qiáng)國際合作，攜手應(yīng)對(duì)人類共同面臨的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，符合各國人民共同利益。借此機(jī)會(huì)，我愿重申，中國將繼續(xù)高舉和平、發(fā)展、合作旗幟，堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策，始終不渝走和平發(fā)展道路，始終不渝奉行互利共贏的開放戰(zhàn)略，在和平共處五項(xiàng)原則的基礎(chǔ)上積極發(fā)展同各國的友好交往和互利合作，積極參與應(yīng)對(duì)全球性問題的國際合作，繼續(xù)同各國人民一道推動(dòng)建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。

At present, the world is moving further towards multi-polarity and globalization while the innovation of science an technology is brewing new breakthroughs.But, at the same time, the recovery of world economy is still facing many hardships;global issues such as climate change, energy, resources, food and public sanitary security are prominent;and international and regional hot spots are popping up.World peace and development face grave challenges.To strengthen global cooperation and meet the challenges in a joint way is to the best interest of the people of all countries.I would like to take this opportunity to reaffirm that China will uphold the banner of peace, development and cooperation and adhere to an independent and peaceful foreign policy.We will unswervingly take the road of peaceful development and implement a strategy of opening up for mutual benefit and win-win situation, actively develop friendly cooperation with all countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, actively participate in efforts by the international community to deal with the global issues, and strive to build a harmonious world with lasting peace and common prosperity.此時(shí)此刻，世界上還有不少民眾經(jīng)受著戰(zhàn)火、貧困、疾病、自然災(zāi)害等帶來的苦難。中國人民對(duì)他們的不幸遭遇抱著深深的同情，衷心希望他們?cè)缛諗[脫困境。中國人民將一如既往向他們提供力所能及的幫助。我相信，只要各國人民攜手努力，世界發(fā)展前景一定會(huì)更加美好，各國人民福祉一定會(huì)不斷增進(jìn)。

At this moment on this planet we inhabit, there are still people who are suffering the effects of war, poverty, sickness and natural disasters.The Chinese people have great sympathy for their pain, and are always willing to do all we can to help them overcome the difficulties.I believe, with sustained efforts of people of all countries, the world is sure to progress, and humanity's well-being is certain to improve.最后，我從北京祝大家在新的一年里幸福安康!

Finally, from here in Beijing, I would like to wish you all happiness, peace and health in the New Year!5 / 5

第二篇：常用國家中英文對(duì)照

常用國家中英文對(duì)照

申根國家錄入格式：法國, 申根協(xié)議國家/ FRANCE, SCHENGEN STATES

申根協(xié)議國家：SCHENGEN STATES

法國 FRANCE德國 GERMANY 意大利 ITALY荷蘭 THENETHERLANDS 西班牙 SPAIN奧地利 AUSTRIA葡萄牙 PORTUGAL瑞典 SWEDEN挪威 NORWAY芬蘭 FINLAND捷克 CZECH REPUBLIC波蘭 POLAND愛沙尼亞 ESTONIA盧森堡 LUXEMBURG拉脫維亞 LATVIA

非申根國家錄入格式：美國/USA 常用非申根協(xié)議國家

美國 USA加拿大 CANADA日本 JAPAN馬來西亞 MALAYSIA比利時(shí) BELGIUM希臘 GREECE匈牙利 PORTUGAL瑞士 SWITZERLAND丹麥 DENMARK冰島 ICELAND斯洛伐克 SLOVAKIA 斯洛文尼亞 SLOVENIA立陶宛 LITHUANIA馬爾他 MALTA

列支敦士登 LIECHTENSTEIN英國 UK

澳大利亞AUSTRALIA韓國KOREA南非 SOUTH AFRICA

第三篇：中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日(中英文對(duì)照)[模版]

中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日

（中英文對(duì)照簡(jiǎn)介）

目 錄

The Spring Festival（春節(jié)）Lantern Festival（元宵節(jié)）Qingming Festival（清明節(jié)）Dragon Boat Festival（端午節(jié)）Double Seventh Festival（七夕）Mid-Autumn Festival（中秋節(jié)）Double Ninth Festival（重陽節(jié)）Winter Solstice Festival（冬至）

The Spring Festival（春節(jié)）

The first day of the first lunar month is the New Year in the Chinese lunar calendar.Among the traditional Chinese festivals, this is the most important and the most bustling.Since it occurs at the end of winter and the beginning of spring, people also call it the Spring Festival.Chinese have many traditional customs relating to the Spring Festival.Since the 23rd day of the 12th lunar montha, people start to prepare for the event.Every family will undertake thorough cleaning, do their Spring Festival shopping, create paper-cuts for window decoration, put up New Year picturesb, write Spring Festival coupletsc, make New Year cakesd, and also prepare all kinds of food to bid farewell to the old and usher in the new.New Year's Eve is the time for a happy reunion of all family members, when they sit around the table to have a sumptuous New Year's Eve dinner, talking and laughing, until daybreak, which is called “staying up to see the year out”.When the bell tolls midnight on New Year's Eve, people eat dumplings.In ancient times, midnight was called zishi(a period of the day from 11 p.m.to 1 a.m.).Dumplings(jiaozi)are eaten because it sounds the same as “change of the year and the day” in Chinese.From the first day of the lunar year, people pay New Year calls on relatives and friends, which is an important custom for the Spring Festival.Setting off firecrackers is the favorite activity of children in the Spring Festival.According to legend, this could drive off evil spirits.The continuous sound of firecrackers can be heard everywhere, adding to the atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity.Many places hold temple fairs.The wonderful dragon lantern dance and the lion dance performances, along with various handicraft articles and local snacks attract thousands of people.With the development of the times, some changes have taken place in the customs of spending the Spring Festival.For example, to prevent environmental pollution, many cities have banned firecrackers.But this does not have an impact on the happy atmosphere of the festival.On New Year's Eve, family members get together to have dinner while watching TV programs.For Chinese at home and abroad, the Spring Festival is always the most important festival.農(nóng)歷的正(zheng)月初一，是中國的農(nóng)歷新年。在中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中，這是一個(gè)最重要、最熱鬧的節(jié)日。因?yàn)檫^農(nóng)歷新年的時(shí)候，正是冬末春初，所以人們也把這個(gè)節(jié)日叫“春節(jié)”。

中國人過春節(jié)有很多傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗。從臘月二十三起，人們就開始準(zhǔn)備過年了。在這段時(shí)間里，家家戶戶要大掃除，買年貨，貼窗花，掛年畫，寫春聯(lián)，蒸年糕，做好各種食品，準(zhǔn)備辭舊迎新。

春節(jié)的前夜叫“除夕”。除夕之夜，是家人團(tuán)聚的時(shí)候。一家人圍坐在一起，吃一頓豐盛的年夜飯，說說笑笑，直到天亮，這叫守歲。除夕零點(diǎn)的鐘聲一響，人們還要吃餃子。古時(shí)候叫零點(diǎn)為“子時(shí)”，除夕的子時(shí)正是新舊年交替的時(shí)候，人們?cè)谶@時(shí)吃餃子，是取“更歲交子”的意思。這也是“餃子”名稱的由來。

過了除夕就是大年初一。從初一開始，人們要走親戚、看朋友，互相拜年。拜年，是春節(jié)的重要習(xí)俗。拜年時(shí)，大家都要說一些祝愿幸福、健康的吉祥話。

放爆竹是春節(jié)期間孩子們最喜歡的活動(dòng)。傳說燃放爆竹可以驅(qū)妖除魔，所以每年從除夕之夜起，到處就響起了接連不斷的爆竹聲。陣陣煙花，聲聲爆竹，給節(jié)日增添了喜慶的氣氛。

春節(jié)期間，很多地方還要舉辦廟會(huì)。廟會(huì)上精彩的舞龍舞獅表演，各式各樣的工藝品和地方小吃，吸引千千萬萬歡度佳節(jié)的人們。

隨時(shí)代的發(fā)展，過春節(jié)的習(xí)俗也有了一些變化。比如，為防止環(huán)境污染，很多城市已禁止燃放煙花爆竹。但這并不影響節(jié)日的熱鬧氣氛。除夕之夜，家家戶戶仍然要團(tuán)聚在一起，一邊吃年夜飯，一邊看精彩的電視節(jié)目，直到大年初一的清晨。

在中國和世界各地華夏子孫的心中，春節(jié)永遠(yuǎn)是最重要的節(jié)日。

Lantern Festival（元宵節(jié)）

The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, usually in February or March in the Gregorian calendar.As early as the Western Han Dynasty(206 3

BC-AD 25), it had become a festival with great significance.This day's important activity is watching lanterns.Throughout the Han Dynasty(206 BC-AD 220), Buddhism flourished in China.One emperor heard that Buddhist monks would watch sarira, or remains from the cremation of Buddha's body, and light lanterns to worship Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, so he ordered to light lanterns in the imperial palace and temples to show respect to Buddha on this day.Later, the Buddhist rite developed into a grand festival among common people and its influence expanded from the Central Plains to the whole of China.Till today, the lantern festival is still held each year around the country.Lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors.Children will hold self-made or bought lanterns to stroll with on the streets, extremely excited.“Guessing lantern riddles”is an essential part of the Festival.Lantern owners write riddles on a piece of paper and post them on the lanterns.If visitors have solutions to the riddles, they can pull the paper out and go to the lantern owners to check their answer.If they are right, they will get a little gift.The activity emerged during people's enjoyment of lanterns in the Song Dynasty(960-1279).As riddle guessing is interesting and full of wisdom, it has become popular among all social strata.People will eat yuanxiao, or rice dumplings, on this day, so it is also called the “Yuanxiao Festival.”Yuanxiao also has another name, tangyuan.It is small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour with rose petals, sesame, bean paste, jujube paste, walnut meat, dried fruit, sugar and edible oil as filling.Tangyuan can be boiled, fried or steamed.It tastes sweet and delicious.What's more, tangyuan in Chinese has a similar pronunciation with “tuanyuan”, meaning reunion.So people eat them to denote union, harmony and happiness for the family.In the daytime of the Festival, performances such as a dragon lantern dance, a lion dance, a land boat dance, a yangge dance, walking on stilts and beating drums while dancing will be staged.On the night, except for magnificent lanterns, fireworks form a beautiful scene.Most families spare some fireworks from the Spring Festival and let them off in the Lantern Festival.Some local governments will even organize a fireworks party.On the night when the first full moon enters the New Year, people become really intoxicated by the imposing fireworks and bright moon in the sky.每年農(nóng)歷的正月十五日，春節(jié)剛過，迎來的就是中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日--元宵節(jié)。

元宵主要的活動(dòng)就是看燈。東漢明帝時(shí)期，明帝提倡佛教，聽說佛教有正月十五日僧人觀佛舍利，點(diǎn)燈敬佛的做法，就命令這一天夜晚在皇宮和寺廟里點(diǎn)燈敬佛，令士族庶民都掛燈。以后這種佛教禮儀節(jié)日逐漸形成民間盛大的節(jié)日。該節(jié)經(jīng)歷了由宮廷到民間，由中原到全國的發(fā)展過程。

直到今天，元宵點(diǎn)燈的習(xí)俗仍然在中國的各地流傳的，各式各樣美麗的花燈在這一天都會(huì)點(diǎn)亮，孩子們提著自制的燈籠走街串巷，非常高興。

猜燈謎也是元宵節(jié)的一項(xiàng)重要活動(dòng)，花燈的主人會(huì)將謎面寫在燈籠上，掛在門口，如果有人可以猜中，就能得到小小的禮物。這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)最早起源于宋朝，因?yàn)橹i語能啟迪智慧又饒有興趣，所以流傳過程中深受社會(huì)各階層的歡迎。

民間過元宵節(jié)吃元宵的習(xí)俗。元宵由糯米制成，或?qū)嵭?，或帶餡。餡有豆沙、白糖、山楂、各類果料等，食用時(shí)煮、煎、蒸、炸皆可。起初，人們把這種食物叫“浮圓子”，后來又叫“湯團(tuán)”或“湯圓”，這些名稱“團(tuán)圓”字音相近，取團(tuán)圓之意，象征全家人團(tuán)團(tuán)圓圓，和睦幸福，人們也以此懷念離別的親人,寄托了對(duì)未來生活的美好愿望。

隨著時(shí)間的推移，元宵節(jié)的活動(dòng)越來越多，白天有耍龍燈、耍獅子、踩高蹺、劃旱船扭秧歌、打太平鼓等傳統(tǒng)民俗表演。到了夜晚，除了五顏六色的美花燈之外，還有艷麗多姿的煙火。大多數(shù)家庭會(huì)在春節(jié)時(shí)留下一些煙花等到元宵節(jié)這天燃放，而一些地方政府也會(huì)舉辦煙花大會(huì)，當(dāng)新年的第一個(gè)月圓之夜在盛大的煙火表演中來臨時(shí)，人們都陶醉在這令人難忘了煙花與皎潔的明月中。

Qingming Festival（清明節(jié)）

The Qingming(Pure Brightness)Festival is one of the 24 seasonal division points in China, falling on April 4-6 each year.After the festival, the temperature will rise up and rainfall increases.It is the high time for spring plowing and sowing.But the Qingming Festival is not only a seasonal point to guide farm work, it is more a festival of commemoration.The Qingming Festival sees a combination of sadness and happiness.This is the most important day of sacrifice.Both the Han and minority ethnic groups at this time offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep the tombs of the diseased.Also, they will not cook on this day and only cold food is served.The Hanshi(Cold Food)Festival was usually one day before the Qingming Festival.As our ancestors often extended the day to the Qingming, they were later combined.On each Qingming Festival, all cemeteries are crowded with people who came to sweep tombs and offer sacrifices.Traffic on the way to the cemeteries becomes extremely jammed.The customs have been greatly simplified today.After slightly sweeping the tombs, people offer food, flowers and favorites of the dead, then burn incense and paper money and bow before the memorial tablet.In contrast to the sadness of the tomb sweepers, people also enjoy hope of Spring on this day.The Qingming Festival is a time when the sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become green and nature is again lively.Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Spring outings.At this time tourists are everywhere.People love to fly kites during the Qingming Festival.Kite flying is actually not limited to the Qingming Festival.Its uniqueness lies in that people fly kites not during the day, but also at night.A string of little lanterns tied onto the kite or the thread look like shining stars, and therefore, are called ”god's lanterns.“ The Qingming Festival is also a time to plant trees, for the survival rate of saplings is high and trees grow fast later.In the past, the Qingming Festival was called ”Arbor Day“.But since 1979, ”Arbor Day“ was settled as March 12 according to the Gregorian calendar.清明是我國的二十四節(jié)氣之一。由于二十四節(jié)氣比較客觀地反映了一年四季氣溫、降雨、物候等方面的變化，所以古代勞動(dòng)人民用它安排農(nóng)事活動(dòng)。但是，清明作為節(jié)日，與純粹的節(jié)氣又有所不同。節(jié)氣是我國物候變化、時(shí)令順序的標(biāo)志，而節(jié)日則包含著一定的風(fēng)俗活動(dòng)和某種紀(jì)念意義。因此，這個(gè)節(jié)日中既有祭掃新墳生別死離的悲酸淚，又有踏青游玩的歡笑聲，是一個(gè)富有特色的節(jié)日。

清明節(jié)是我國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，也是最重要的祭祀節(jié)日，是祭祖和掃墓的日子。掃墓俗稱上墳，祭祀死者的一種活動(dòng)。漢族和一些少數(shù)民族大多都是在清明節(jié)掃墓。由于清明與寒食的日子接近，而寒食是民間禁火掃墓的日子，漸漸的，寒食與清明就合二為一了，而寒食既成為清明的別稱，也變成為清明時(shí)節(jié)的一個(gè)習(xí)俗，清明之日不動(dòng)煙火，只吃涼的食品。

按照舊的習(xí)俗，掃墓時(shí)，人們要攜帶酒食果品、紙錢等物品到墓地，將食物供祭在親人墓前，再將紙錢焚化，為墳?zāi)古嗌闲峦?，折幾枝嫩綠的新枝插在墳上，然后叩頭行禮祭拜，最后吃掉酒食回家。

與清明節(jié)掃墓的悲哀相反，人們?cè)谶@個(gè)春光明媚的日子里，也一樣是可以享受生活的。

放風(fēng)箏也是清明時(shí)節(jié)人們所喜愛的活動(dòng)。每逢清明時(shí)節(jié)，人們不僅白天放，夜間也放。夜里在風(fēng)箏下或風(fēng)穩(wěn)拉線上掛上一串串彩色的小燈籠，象閃爍的明星，被稱為“神燈”。

清明前后，春陽照臨，春陽照臨，春雨飛灑，種植樹苗成活率高，成長(zhǎng)快。因此，自古以來，我國就有清明植樹的習(xí)慣。有人還把清明節(jié)叫作“植樹節(jié)”。植樹風(fēng)俗一直流傳至今。1979年，人大常委會(huì)規(guī)定，每年三月十二日為我國植樹節(jié)。這對(duì)動(dòng)員全國各族人民積極開展綠化祖國活動(dòng)，有著十分重要的意義。

Dragon Boat Festival（端午節(jié)）

The Dragon Boat Festival, the 5th day of the 5th lunar month, has had a history of more than 2,000 years.It is usually in June in the Gregorian calendar.There are many legends about the evolution of the festival, the most popular of which is in commemoration of Qu Yuan(340-278 BC).Qu Yuan was minister of the State of Chu and one of China's earliest poets.In face of great pressure from the powerful Qin State, he advocated enriching the country and strengthening its military forces so as to fight against the Qin.However, he was opposed by aristocrats headed by Zi Lan, and later deposed and exiled by King Huai.In his exiled days, he still cared much for his country and people and composed immortal poems including Li Sao(The Lament), Tian Wen(Heavenly Questions)and Jiu Ge(Nine Songs), which had far-reaching influences.In 278 BC, he heard the news that Qin troops had finally conquered Chu's capital, so he finished his last piece Huai Sha(Embracing Sand)and plunged himself into the Miluo River, clasping his arms to a large stone.The day happened to be the 5th of the 5th month in the Chinese lunar calendar.After his death, the people of Chu crowded to the bank of the river to pay their respects to him.The fishermen sailed their boats up and down the river to look for his body.People threw into the water zongzi(pyramid-shaped glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves)and eggs to divert possible fish or shrimp from attacking his body.An old doctor poured a jug of reaglar wine(Chinese liquor seasoned with realgar)into the water，hoping to turn all aquatic beasts drunk.That's why people later followed the customs such as dragon boat racing, eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day.Dragon boat racing is an indispensable part of the festival, held all over the country.As the gun is fired, people will see racers in dragon-shaped canoes pulling the oars harmoniously and hurriedly, accompanied by rapid drums, speeding toward their destination.Folk tales say the game originates from the activities of seeking Qu Yuan's body, but experts, after painstaking and meticulous research, conclude that dragon boat racing is a semi-religious, semi-entertaining program from the Warring States Period(475-221 BC).In the following thousands of years, the game spread to Japan, Vietnam and Britain as well as China's Taiwan and Hong Kong.Now dragon boat racing has developed into an aquatic sports item which features both Chinese tradition and modern sporting spirit.In 1980, it was listed into the state sports competition programs and has since been held every year.The award is called ”Qu Yuan Cup.“ Zongzi is an essential food of the Dragon Boat Festival.It is said that people ate them in the Spring and Autumn Period(770-476 BC).In early times, it was only glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or other plant leaves and tied with colored thread, but now the fillings are more diversified, including jujube and bean paste, fresh meat, and ham and egg yolk.If time permits, people will soak glutinous rice, wash reed leaves and wrap up zongzi themselves.Otherwise, they will go to shops to buy whatever stuff they want.The custom of eating zongzi is now popular in North and South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian nations.On Dragon Boat Festival, parents also need to dress their children up with a perfume pouch.They first sew little bags with colorful silk cloth, then fill the bags with perfumes or herbal medicines, and finally string them with silk threads.The perfume pouch will be hung around the neck or tied to the front of a garment as an ornament.They are said to be able to ward off evil.端午節(jié)是古老的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，始于中國的春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，至今已有2000多年歷史。

據(jù)《史記》“屈原賈生列傳”記載，屈原，是春秋時(shí)期楚懷王的大臣。他倡導(dǎo)舉賢授能，富國強(qiáng)兵，力主聯(lián)齊抗秦，遭到貴族子蘭等人的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，屈原遭饞去職，被趕出都城，流放到沅、湘流域。他在流放中，寫下了憂國憂民的《離 8

騷》、《天問》、《九歌》等不朽詩篇，獨(dú)具風(fēng)貌，影響深遠(yuǎn)（因而，端午節(jié)也稱詩人節(jié)）。公元前278年，秦軍攻破楚國京都。屈原眼看自己的祖國被侵略，心如刀割，但是始終不忍舍棄自己的祖國，于五月五日，在寫下了絕筆作《懷沙》之后，抱石投汨羅江身死，以自己的生命譜寫了一曲壯麗的愛國主義樂章。

傳說屈原死后，楚國百姓哀痛異常，紛紛涌到汨羅江邊去憑吊屈原。漁夫們劃起船只，在江上來回打撈他的真身。有位漁夫拿出為屈原準(zhǔn)備的飯團(tuán)、雞蛋等食物，“撲通、撲通”地丟進(jìn)江里，說是讓魚龍蝦蟹吃飽了，就不會(huì)去咬屈大夫的身體了。人們見后紛紛仿效。一位老醫(yī)師則拿來一壇雄黃酒倒進(jìn)江里，說是要藥暈蛟龍水獸，以免傷害屈大夫。后來為怕飯團(tuán)為蛟龍所食，人們想出用楝樹葉包飯，外纏彩絲，發(fā)展成棕子。

賽龍舟，是端午節(jié)的主要習(xí)俗。相傳起源于古時(shí)楚國人因舍不得賢臣屈原投江死去，許多人劃船追趕拯救。他們爭(zhēng)先恐后，追至洞庭湖時(shí)不見蹤跡。之后每年五月五日劃龍舟以紀(jì)念之。借劃龍舟驅(qū)散江中之魚，以免魚吃掉屈原的身體。競(jìng)渡之習(xí)，盛行于吳、越、楚。

其實(shí)，“龍舟競(jìng)渡”早在戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代就有了。在急鼓聲中劃刻成龍形的獨(dú)木舟，做競(jìng)渡游戲，以娛神與樂人，是祭儀中半宗教性、半娛樂性的節(jié)目。后來，賽龍舟除紀(jì)念屈原之外，在各地人們還付予了不同的寓意。此外，劃龍舟也先后傳入鄰國日本、越南等及英國。1980年，賽龍舟被列入中國國家體育比賽項(xiàng)目，并每年舉行“屈原杯”龍舟賽。

端午節(jié)吃粽子，這是中國人民的又一傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗。粽子，又叫“角黍”、“筒粽”。其由來已久，花樣繁多。

據(jù)記載，早在春秋時(shí)期，用菰葉（茭白葉）包黍米成牛角狀，稱“角黍”；用竹筒裝米密封烤熟，稱“筒粽”。一直到今天，每年五月初，中國百姓家家都要浸糯米、洗粽葉、包粽子，其花色品種更為繁多。從餡料看，北方多包小棗的北京棗粽；南方則有豆沙、鮮肉、火腿、蛋黃等多種餡料，其中以浙江嘉興粽子為代表。吃粽子的風(fēng)俗，千百年來，在中國盛行不衰，而且流傳到朝鮮、日本及東南亞諸國。

端午節(jié)小孩佩香囊，傳說有避邪驅(qū)瘟之意，實(shí)際是用于襟頭點(diǎn)綴裝飾。香囊內(nèi)有朱砂、雄黃、香藥，外包以絲布，清香四溢，再以五色絲線弦扣成索，作各種不同形狀，結(jié)成一串，形形色色，玲瓏可愛。

Double Seventh Festival（七夕）

The Double Seventh Festival, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, is a traditional festival full of romance.It often goes into August in the Gregorian calendar.This festival is in mid-summer when the weather is warm and the grass and trees reveal their luxurious greens.At night when the sky is dotted with stars, and people can see the Milky Way spanning from the north to the south.On each bank of it is a bright star, which see each other from afar.They are the Cowherd and Weaver Maid, and about them there is a beautiful love story passed down from generation to generation.Long, long ago, there was an honest and kind-hearted fellow named Niu Lang(Cowhand).His parents died when he was a child.Later he was driven out of his home by his sister-in-law.So he lived by himself herding cattle and farming.One day, a fairy from heaven Zhi Nu(Weaver Maid)fell in love with him and came down secretly to earth and married him.The cowhand farmed in the field and the Weaver Maid wove at home.They lived a happy life and gave birth to a boy and a girl.Unfortunately, the God of Heaven soon found out the fact and ordered the Queen Mother of the Western Heavens to bring the Weaver Maid back.With the help of celestial cattle, the Cowhand flew to heaven with his son and daughter.At the time when he was about to catch up with his wife, the Queen Mother took off one of her gold hairpins and made a stroke.One billowy river appeared in front of the Cowhand.The Cowhand and Weaver Maid were separated on the two banks forever and could only feel their tears.Their loyalty to love touched magpies, so tens of thousands of magpies came to build a bridge for the Cowhand and Weaver Maid to meet each other.The Queen Mother was eventually moved and allowed them to meet each year on the 7th of the 7th lunar month.Hence their meeting date has been called ”Qi Xi“(Double Seventh).Scholars have shown the Double Seventh Festival originated from the Han Dynasty(206 BC-AD220).Historical documents from the Eastern Jin Dynasty(AD371-420)mention the festival, while records from the Tang Dynasty(618-907)depict the grand evening banquet of Emperor Taizong and his concubines.By the Song(960-1279)and Yuan(1279-1368)dynasties, special articles for the ”Qi Xi“ were seen being sold on markets in the capital.The bustling markets demonstrated the significance of the

festival.Today some traditional customs are still observed in rural areas of China, but have been weakened or diluted in urban cities.However, the legend of the Cowhand and Weaver Maid has taken root in the hearts of the people.In recent years, in particular, urban youths have celebrated it as Valentine's Day in China.As a result, owners of flower shops, bars and stores are full of joy as they sell more commodities for love.在我國，農(nóng)歷七月初七的夜晚，天氣溫暖，草木飄香，這就是人們俗稱的七夕節(jié)，也有人稱之為“乞巧節(jié)”或“女兒節(jié)”，這是中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中最具浪漫色彩的一個(gè)節(jié)日，也是過去姑娘們最為重視的日子。

在晴朗的夏秋之夜，天上繁星閃耀，一道白茫茫的銀河橫貫?zāi)媳?，?zhēng)河的東西兩岸，各有一顆閃亮的星星，隔河相望，遙遙相對(duì)，那就是牽牛星和織女星。

相傳在很早以前，南陽城西牛家莊里有個(gè)聰明．忠厚的小伙子，父母早亡，只好跟著哥哥嫂子度日，嫂子馬氏為人狠毒，經(jīng)常虐待他，逼他干很多的活，一天，天上的織女和諸仙女一起下凡游戲，在河里洗澡，牛郎在老牛的幫助下認(rèn)識(shí)了織女，二人互生情意，后來織女便偷偷下凡，來到人間，做了牛郎的妻子。男耕女織，情深意重，他們生了一男一女兩個(gè)孩子，一家人生活得很幸福。但是好景不長(zhǎng)，這事很快便讓天帝知道，王母娘娘親自下凡來，強(qiáng)行把織女帶回天上，恩愛夫妻被拆散。

牛郎上天無路，還是老牛告訴牛郎，在它死后，可以用它的皮做成鞋，穿著就可以上天。牛郎按照老牛的話做了，穿上牛皮做的鞋，拉著自己的兒女，一起騰云駕霧上天去追織女，眼見就要追到了，豈知王母娘娘拔下頭上的金簪一揮，一道波濤洶涌的天河就出現(xiàn)了，牛郎和織女被隔在兩岸，只能相對(duì)哭泣流淚。他們的忠貞愛情感動(dòng)了喜鵲，千萬只喜鵲飛來，搭成鵲橋，讓牛郎織女走上鵲橋相會(huì)，王母娘娘對(duì)此也無奈，只好允許兩人在每年七月七日于鵲橋相會(huì)。

七夕乞巧，這個(gè)節(jié)日起源于漢代，東晉葛洪的《西京雜記》有“漢彩女常以七月七日穿七孔針于開襟樓，人俱習(xí)之”的記載，這便是我們于古代文獻(xiàn)中所見到的最早的關(guān)于乞巧的記載。后來的唐宋詩詞中，婦女乞巧也被屢屢提及，唐朝王建有詩說“闌珊星斗綴珠光，七夕宮娥乞巧忙”。據(jù)《開元天寶遺事》載：唐太宗與妃子每逢七夕在清宮夜宴，宮女們各自乞巧，這一習(xí)俗在民間也經(jīng)久不衰，代代延續(xù)。

直到今日，七夕仍是一個(gè)富有浪漫色彩傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。但不少習(xí)俗活動(dòng)已弱化或消失，惟有象征忠貞愛情的牛郎織女的傳說，一直流傳民間。

Mid-Autumn Festival（中秋節(jié)）

The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month, usually in October in Gregorian calendar.The festival has a long history.In ancient China, emperors followed the rite of offering sacrifices to the sun in spring and to the moon in autumn.Historical books of the Zhou Dynasty had had the word ”Mid-Autumn“.Later aristocrats and literary figures helped expand the ceremony to common people.They enjoyed the full, bright moon on that day, worshipped it and expressed their thoughts and feelings under it.By the Tang Dynasty(618-907), the Mid-Autumn Festival had been fixed, which became even grander in the Song Dynasty(960-1279).In the Ming(1368-1644)and Qing(1644-1911)dynasties, it grew to be a major festival of China.Folklore about the origin of the festival go like this: In remote antiquity, there were ten suns rising in the sky, which scorched all crops and drove people into dire poverty.A hero named Hou Yi was much worried about this, he ascended to the top of the Kunlun Mountain and, directing his superhuman strength to full extent, drew his extraordinary bow and shot down the nine superfluous suns one after another.He also ordered the last sun to rise and set according to time.For this reason, he was respected and loved by the people and lots of people of ideals and integrity came to him to learn martial arts from him.A person named Peng Meng lurked in them.Hou Yi had a beautiful and kindhearted wife named Chang E.One day on his way to the Kunlun Mountain to call on friends, he ran upon the Empress of Heaven Wangmu who was passing by.Empress Wangmu presented to him a parcel of elixir, by taking which, it was said, one would ascend immediately to heaven and become a celestial being.Hou Yi, however, hated to part with his wife.So he gave the elixir to Chang E to treasure for the time being.Chang E hid the parcel in a treasure box at her dressing table when, unexpectedly, it was seen by Peng Meng.One day when Hou Yi led his disciples to go hunting, Peng Meng, sword in hand, rushed into the inner chamber and forced Chang E to hand over the elixir.Aware that she was unable to defeat Peng Meng, Chang E made a prompt decision at that critical moment.She turned round to open her treasure box, took up the elixir and swallowed

it in one gulp.As soon as she swallowed the elixir her body floated off the ground, dashed out of the window and flew towards heaven.Peng Meng escaped.When Hou Yi returned home at dark, he knew from the maidservants what had happened.Overcome with grief, Hou Yi looked up into the night sky and called out the name of his beloved wife when, to his surprise, he found that the moon was especially clear and bight and on it there was a swaying shadow that was exactly like his wife.He tried his best to chase after the moon.But as he ran, the moon retreated;as he withdrew, the moon came back.He could not get to the moon at all.Thinking of his wife day and night, Hou Yi then had an incense table arranged in the back garden that Chang E loved.Putting on the table sweetmeats and fresh fruits Chang E enjoyed most, Hou Yi held at a distance a memorial ceremony for Chang E who was sentimentally attached to him in the palace of the moon.When people heard of the story that Chang E had turned into a celestial being, they arranged the incense table in the moonlight one after another and prayed kindhearted Chang E for good fortune and peace.From then on the custom of worshiping the moon spread among the people.People in different places follow various customs, but all show their love and longing for a better life.Today people will enjoy the full moon and eat moon cakes on that day.The moon looks extremely round, big and bright on the 15th day of each lunar month.People selected the August 15 to celebrate because it is a season when crops and fruits are all ripe and weather pleasant.On the Mid-Autumn Festival, all family members or friends meet outside, putting food on tables and looking up at the sky while talking about life.How splendid a moment it is!每年農(nóng)歷八月十五日，是傳統(tǒng)的中秋佳節(jié)。這時(shí)是一年秋季的中期，所以被稱為中秋。

中秋節(jié)有悠久的歷史，和其它傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日一樣，也是慢慢發(fā)展形成的，古代帝王有春天祭日，秋天祭月的禮制，早在《周禮》一書中，已有“中秋”一詞的記載。后來貴族和文人學(xué)士也仿效起來，在中秋時(shí)節(jié)，對(duì)著天上又亮又圓一輪皓月，觀賞祭拜，寄托情懷，這種習(xí)俗就這樣傳到民間，形成一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)，一直到了唐代，這種祭月的風(fēng)俗更為人們重視，中秋節(jié)才成為固定的節(jié)日，《唐書·太宗記》記載有“八月十五中秋節(jié)”，這個(gè)節(jié)日盛行于宋朝，至明清時(shí)，已與元旦齊名，成

為我國的主要節(jié)日之一。

相傳，遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)候天上有十日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，曬得莊稼枯死，民不聊生，一個(gè)名叫后羿的英雄，力大無窮，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆侖山頂，運(yùn)足神力，拉開神弓，一氣射下九個(gè)多太陽，并嚴(yán)令最后一個(gè)太陽按時(shí)起落，為民造福。后羿因此受到百姓的尊敬和愛戴，不少志士慕名前來投師學(xué)藝，心術(shù)不正的蓬蒙也混了進(jìn)來。

后羿有一個(gè)美麗的妻子叫“嫦娥”。一天，后羿到昆侖山訪友求道，巧遇由此經(jīng)過的王母娘娘，便向王母求得一包不死藥。據(jù)說，服下此藥，能即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暫時(shí)把不死藥交給嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥將藥藏進(jìn)梳妝臺(tái)的百寶匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看見了。

一天，率眾徒外出狩獵，蓬蒙手持寶劍闖入內(nèi)宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死藥。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的對(duì)手，危急之時(shí)她當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，轉(zhuǎn)身打開百寶匣，拿出不死藥一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下藥，身子立時(shí)飄離地面、沖出窗口，向天上飛去。蓬蒙便借機(jī)逃走了。

傍晚，后羿回到家，侍女們哭訴了白天發(fā)生的事。后羿氣得捶胸頓足，悲痛欲絕，仰望著夜空呼喚愛妻的名字，這時(shí)他驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，今天的月亮格外皎潔明亮，而且有個(gè)晃動(dòng)的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步，他退三步，月亮進(jìn)三步，無論怎樣也追不到跟前。

后羿無可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜愛的后花園里，擺上香案，放上她平時(shí)最愛吃的蜜食鮮果，遙祭在月宮里眷戀著自己的嫦娥。百姓們聞知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，紛紛在月下擺設(shè)香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。

中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗很多，形式也各不相同，但都寄托著人們對(duì)生活無限的熱愛和對(duì)美好生活的向往。

在今天，中秋節(jié)的時(shí)候，人們都會(huì)吃月餅。月下游玩的習(xí)俗，已遠(yuǎn)沒有舊時(shí)盛行。但設(shè)宴賞月仍很盛行，人們把酒問月，慶賀美好的生活，或祝遠(yuǎn)方的親人健康快樂，和家人“千里共嬋娟”。

Double Ninth Festival（重陽節(jié)）

The 9th day of the 9th lunar month is the traditional Chongyang Festival, or Double

Ninth Festival.It usually falls in October in the Gregorian calendar.In an ancient and mysterious book Yi Jing, or The Book of Changes, number ”6“ was thought to be of Yin character, meaning feminine or negative, while number ”9“ was thought to be Yang, meaning masculine or positive.So the number nine in both month and day create the Double Ninth Festival, or Chongyang Festival.Chong in Chinese means ”double.“ Also, as double ninth was pronounced the same as the word to signify ”forever“, both are ”Jiu Jiu,“ the Chinese ancestors considered it an auspicious day worth celebration.That's why ancient Chinese began to celebrate this festival long time ago.The custom of ascending a height to avoid epidemics was passed down from long time ago.Therefore, the Double Ninth Festival is also called ”Height Ascending Festival“.The height people will reach is usually a mountain or a tower.Ancient literary figures have left many poems depicting the activity.Even today, people still swarm to famous or little known mountains on this day.On this day, people will eat Double Ninth Gao(or Cake).In Chinese, gao(cake)has the same pronunciation with gao(height).People do so just to hope progress in everything they are engaged in.There is no fixed ways for the Double Ninth Cake, but super cakes will have as many as nine layers, looking like a tower.The Double Ninth Festival is also a time when chrysanthemum blooms.China boasts diversified species of chrysanthemum and people have loved them since ancient times.So enjoying the flourishing chrysanthemum also becomes a key activity on this festival.Also, people will drink chrysanthemum wine.Women used to stick such a flower into their hair or hang its branches on windows or doors to avoid evilness.In 1989, the Chinese government decided the Double Ninth Festival as Seniors' Day.Since then, all government units, organizations and streets communities will organize an autumn trip each year for those who have retired from their posts.At the waterside or on the mountains, the seniors will find themselves merged into nature.Younger generations will bring elder ones to suburban areas or send gifts to them on this day.農(nóng)歷九月九日，為傳統(tǒng)的重陽節(jié)。因?yàn)楣爬系摹兑捉?jīng)》中把“六”定為陰數(shù)，把“九”定為陽數(shù)，九月九日，日月并陽，兩九相重，故而叫重陽，也叫重九，古人認(rèn)為是個(gè)值得慶賀的吉利日子，并且從很早就開始過此節(jié)日。

在古代，民間在重陽有登高的風(fēng)俗，故重陽節(jié)又叫“登高節(jié)”。相傳此風(fēng)俗始

于東漢。唐代文人所寫的登高詩很多，大多是寫重陽節(jié)的習(xí)俗；杜甫的七律《登高》，就是寫重陽登高的名篇。登高所到之處，沒有劃一的規(guī)定，一般是登高山、登高塔。

在這一天，人們還有吃“重陽糕”的習(xí)俗。在漢語里，“糕”與“高”同音，”，人們會(huì)用“吃糕”代替“登高”，祝愿百事俱高。重陽糕又稱花糕、菊糕、五色糕，制無定法，較為隨意。最高的有九層，像一個(gè)塔。

重陽節(jié)正是一年的金秋時(shí)節(jié)，菊花盛開，民間還把農(nóng)歷九月稱為“菊月”，在菊花傲霜怒放的重陽節(jié)里，觀賞菊花成了節(jié)日的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容，當(dāng)然，人們也會(huì)喝一些菊花酒。女人會(huì)把茱萸插在頭上或掛在門口，可以避難消災(zāi)。

今天的重陽節(jié)，被賦予了新的含義，在1989年，我國把每年的九月九日定為老人節(jié)，傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代巧妙地結(jié)合，成為尊老、敬老、愛老、助老的老年人的節(jié)日。全國各機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、街道，往往都在此時(shí)組織從工作崗位上退下來的老人們秋游賞景，或臨水玩樂，或登山健體，讓身心都沐浴在大自然的懷抱里；不少家庭的晚輩也會(huì)攙扶著年老的長(zhǎng)輩到郊外活動(dòng)或?yàn)槔先藴?zhǔn)備一些可口的飲食。

Winter Solstice（冬至）

As early as 2,500 years ago, about the Spring and Autumn Period(770-476 BC), China had determined the point of Winter Solstice by observing movements of the sun with a sundial.It is the earliest of the 24 seasonal division points.The time will be each December 22 or 23 according to the Gregorian calendar.The Northern hemisphere on this day experiences the shortest daytime and longest nighttime.After the Winter Solstice, days will become longer and longer.As ancient Chinese thought, the yang, or muscular, positive things will become stronger and stronger after this day, so it should be celebrated.The Winter Solstice became a festival during the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220 AD)and thrived in the Tang and Song dynasties(618-1279).The Han people regarded Winter Solstice as a ”Winter Festival“, so officials would organize celebrating activities.On this day, both officials and common people would have a rest.The army was stationed in, frontier fortresses closed and business and traveling stopped.Relatives and friends presented to each other delicious food.In the Tang and Song dynasties, the Winter Solstice was a day to offer scarifies to Heaven and ancestors.Emperors would go to

suburbs to worship the Heaven;while common people offered sacrifices to their deceased parents or other relatives.The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)even had the record that ”Winter Solstice is as formal as the Spring Festival," showing the great importance attached to this day.In some parts of Northern China, people eat dumpling soup on this day;while residents of some other places eat dumplings, saying doing so will keep them from frost in the upcoming winter.But in parts of South China, the whole family will get together to have a meal made of red-bean and glutinous rice to drive away ghosts and other evil things.In other places, people also eat tangyuan, a kind of stuffed small dumpling ball made of glutinous rice flour.The Winter Solstice rice dumplings could be used as sacrifices to ancestors, or gifts for friends and relatives.The Taiwan people even keep the custom of offering nine-layer cakes to their ancestors.They make cakes in the shape of chicken, duck, tortoise, pig, cow or sheep with glutinous rice flour and steam them on different layers of a pot.These animals all signify auspiciousness in Chinese tradition.People of the same surname or family clan gather at their ancestral temples to worship their ancestors in age order.After the sacrificial ceremony, there is always a grand banquet.冬至，是我國農(nóng)歷中一個(gè)非常重要的節(jié)氣，也是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，至今仍有不少地方有過冬至節(jié)的習(xí)俗。冬至俗稱“冬節(jié)”、“長(zhǎng)至節(jié)”、“亞歲”等。早在二千五百多年前的春秋時(shí)代，我國已經(jīng)用土圭觀測(cè)太陽測(cè)定出冬至來了，它是二十四節(jié)氣中最早制訂出的一個(gè)。時(shí)間在每年的陽歷12月22日或者23日之間。

冬至是北半球全年中白天最短、黑夜最長(zhǎng)的一天，過了冬至，白天就會(huì)一天天變長(zhǎng)。古人對(duì)冬至的說法是：陰極之至，陽氣始生，日南至，日短之至，日影長(zhǎng)之至，故曰“冬至”。冬至過后，各地氣候都進(jìn)入一個(gè)最寒冷的階段，也就是人們常說的“進(jìn)九”，我國民間有“冷在三九，熱在三伏”的說法?，F(xiàn)代天文科學(xué)測(cè)定，冬至日太陽直射南回歸線，陽光對(duì)北半球最傾斜，北半球白天最短，黑夜最長(zhǎng)，這天之后，太陽又逐漸北移。

在我國古代對(duì)冬至很重視，冬至被當(dāng)作一個(gè)較大節(jié)日，曾有“冬至大如年”的說法，而且有慶賀冬至的習(xí)俗?！稘h書》中說：“冬至陽氣起，君道長(zhǎng)，故賀?！比藗冋J(rèn)為：過了冬至，白晝一天比一天長(zhǎng)，陽氣回升，是一個(gè)節(jié)氣循環(huán)的開始，也是一個(gè)吉日，應(yīng)該慶賀。《晉書》上記載有“魏晉冬至日受萬國及百僚稱賀……其儀亞于正旦?！闭f明古代對(duì)冬至日的重視。

現(xiàn)在，一些地方還把冬至作為一個(gè)節(jié)日來過。北方地區(qū)有冬至宰羊，吃餃子、吃餛飩的習(xí)俗，南方地區(qū)在這一天則有吃冬至米團(tuán)、冬至長(zhǎng)線面的習(xí)慣。各個(gè)地區(qū)在冬至這一天還有祭天祭祖的習(xí)俗。

第四篇：中國行政機(jī)關(guān)中英文對(duì)照

市委常委會(huì)Standing Committee of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委辦公廳General Office of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委督察室Superintendent Office of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委群眾工作協(xié)調(diào)辦公室Mass Work Coordination Office of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委臺(tái)灣工作辦公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委研究室Policy Research Office of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委黨史研究室Party History Research Office of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委組織部Organizational Department of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委宣傳部Publicity Department of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委對(duì)外宣傳局International Communication Bureau of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)部United Front Work Department of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委保密局Secrets Bureau of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委機(jī)要局Confidential Affairs Bureau of the CPC Handan Committee 市委直屬機(jī)關(guān)工作委員會(huì)Work Commission for Offices Directly Under the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委農(nóng)村工作委員會(huì)Rural Affairs Commission of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委政法委Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)Commission for Discipline and Inspection of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委老干部局Bureau for Retired Professionals of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委機(jī)關(guān)事務(wù)管理局Logistics Management Bureau of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee 市委黨校Party School of the CPC Handan Municipal Committee

邯鄲市人民代表大會(huì)

Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大常委會(huì)Standing Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress 市人大常委會(huì)辦公廳General Office of the Standing Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大常委會(huì)機(jī)關(guān)黨委Party Committee for the Organs of the Standing Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大法制委員會(huì)LegislativeCommittee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress 市人大常委會(huì)法制工作委員會(huì)Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大內(nèi)務(wù)司法委員會(huì)Internal and Judicial Affairs Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)Finance and Economic Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)Rural Economic Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護(hù)委員會(huì)Committee for Urban and Rural Constructionand Environmental Protection of Handan Municipal People’s Congress 市人大教育科學(xué)文化衛(wèi)生委員會(huì)Committee for Education, Science, Culture and Public Health of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大民族華僑外事委員會(huì)Committee for Ethnic, Overseas Chinese and Foreign Affairs of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大常委會(huì)研究室Legislative Research Office of the Standing Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress 市人大常委會(huì)選舉任免代表工作委員會(huì)Committee for Elections, Appointments, Removals and Deputies Affairs of the Standing Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

市人大常委會(huì)培訓(xùn)中心Training Center of the Standing Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Congress

邯鄲市人民政府及省垂直管理機(jī)構(gòu) Handan Municipal People’s Government and

the Units Managed directly by the Departments of Hebei Provincial

Government in Handan City 市政府辦公廳 General Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government 市人民政府督促檢查辦公室Superintendent Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government

市人民政府新聞辦公室 Information Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government 市政府研究室Research Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government 市人民政府法制辦公室Legislative Affairs Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government

市人民政府外事僑務(wù)辦公室Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government

市優(yōu)化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展環(huán)境辦公室Handan Municipal Office for Promoting Socio-economic Development 市人民政府行政審批綜合服務(wù)中心Multiple Service Center for Administrative Approvaland Examinations of Handan Municipal People’s Government 市行政審批制度改革工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組Handan Municipal Leading Group for Reforming in Administrative Examinations and Approval Systems 市發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Commission for Development and Reform 邯鄲市信息化工作辦公室Handan Municipal Informatization Office 邯鄲市信息產(chǎn)業(yè)局Handan Municipal Information Industry Bureau 邯鄲市信息中心Handan Municipal Information Center 市人口和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Commission for Population and Family Planning 市愛國衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Committee for Patriotic Sanitation Campaign 市政府國有資產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理委員會(huì)Commission for Supervision and Management of State Property of Handan Municipal People’s Government

市人民政府機(jī)關(guān)事務(wù)管理局Government Supply Bureau of Handan Municipal People’s Government

市財(cái)政局Handan Municipal Finance Bureau 市信訪局Handan Municipal Bureau for Complaints 市勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)保障局Handan Municipal Labor and Social Security Bureau 市整頓和規(guī)范市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室Handan Municipal Leading Group Office for Market Economy Rectification and Regulation 市企業(yè)兼并破產(chǎn)和職工再就業(yè)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組Handan Municipal Leading Group for the Amalgamations and Bankrupt Enterprises and the Re-employment of Laid-off Workers 市中小企業(yè)局Handan Municipal Medium and Small Enterprises Bureau 市工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)促進(jìn)局Handan Municipal Bureau for the Promotion of the Industrial Economy 市物價(jià)局Handan Municipal Prices Bureau 市公用事業(yè)管理局Handan Municipal Public Affairs Administrative Bureau 市糧食局Handan Municipal Grain Bureau 市檔案局Handan Municipal Archives Bureau 市衛(wèi)生局Handan Municipal Public Health Bureau 市文化局Handan Municipal Cultural Bureau 市人事局Handan Municipal Personnel Bureau 市機(jī)構(gòu)編制委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Commission for Public Service Structure and Establishment Administration 市民族宗教事務(wù)局Handan Municipal Ethnic and Religious Affairs Bureau 市國土資源局Handan Municipal Land and Resources Bureau 市統(tǒng)計(jì)局Handan Municipal Statistics Bureau 市民政局Handan Municipal Civil Affairs Bureau 市商務(wù)局Handan Municipal Commercial Affairs Bureau 市廣播電視局 Handan Municipal Radio and Television Bureau 市環(huán)境保護(hù)局Handan Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau 市地震局Handan Municipal Seismological Bureau 市氣象局Handan Municipal Meteorological Bureau 市審計(jì)局Handan Municipal Auditing Bureau 市房產(chǎn)管理局Handan Municipal Realty Administrative Bureau 市旅游局Handan Municipal Tourism Bureau 市農(nóng)業(yè)局Handan Municipal Agriculture Bureau 市林業(yè)局Handan Municipal Forestry Bureau 市畜牧水產(chǎn)局Handan Municipal Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Bureau 市交通局Handan Municipal Communications Bureau 市文物事業(yè)管理局Handan Municipal Cultural Relics Administrative Bureau 市城市管理局Handan Municipal Bureau for Urban Administration 市水利局Handan Municipal Water Resources Bureau 市規(guī)劃局Handan MunicipalBureau for Urban Planning 市建設(shè)局Handan Municipal Construction Bureau 市安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理局Handan Municipal SupervisoryBureau for Work Safety 市食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局Handan Municipal Supervisory Bureau for Food and Drugs 市科學(xué)技術(shù)局Handan Municipal Science and Technology Bureau 市教育局Handan Municipal Education Bureau 市體育局Handan Municipal SportsBureau 市公安局Handan Municipal Bureau for Public Security 市國家安全局Handan Municipal Bureau for State Security 市司法局Handan Municipal Justice Bureau 市人防辦公室Handan Municipal Office for Air Defenses 市機(jī)場(chǎng)指揮部Handan Municipal Airport Construction Headquarters 市政府采購中心Handan Municipal Government Procurement Center 市政府蔬菜辦公室Vegetables Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government 市農(nóng)業(yè)資源區(qū)劃辦公室Handan Municipal Office for Agricultural Resource Division 市農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā)辦公室Handan Municipal Agricultural Development Office 市金融辦公室Handan Municipal Financing Office 市建筑業(yè)管理辦公室Handan Municipal Administrative Office for ConstructionIndustry 市政府糾正行業(yè)不正之風(fēng)辦公室Anti-corruption Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government

市政府軍隊(duì)轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)干部安置工作辦公室Work Office for Placement of Ex-Military Officers of Handan Municipal People’s Government 市政府口岸辦公室Port Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government 市散裝水泥辦公室Handan Municipal Office for Bulk Cement 市新能源辦公室Handan Municipal Office for New Energy Sources 市扶貧辦公室Handan MunicipalOffice for Poverty Relief 市扶貧開發(fā)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組Handan Municipal Leading Group for the Poverty Relief and Development 市語言文字工作委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Language Affairs Committee 市商業(yè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)建設(shè)管理辦公室Handan Municipal Office for the Construction and Management of Commercial Networks 市綠化委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Afforestation Committee 市防汛抗旱指揮部Handan Municipal Headquarters for Flood and Drought Control 市政府婦女兒童工作委員會(huì)Women and Children Services Committee of Handan Municipal People’s Government

市老齡工作委員會(huì)Handan Municipal CommitteeforAging People Services 市政府駐北京辦事處Representative Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government in Beijing 市政府駐天津辦事處Representative Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government in Tianjin 市政府駐深圳辦事處Representative Office of Handan Municipal People’s Government in Shenzhen 市國家稅務(wù)局Handan Municipal State Taxation Bureau 市地方稅務(wù)局Handan Municipal Local Taxation Bureau 市工商行政管理局Handan Municipal Administrative Bureau forIndustry and Commerce 市質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局Handan Municipal Bureau for Quality and Technical Supervision 邯鄲無線電管理委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Commission for Radio Management 邯鄲仲裁委員會(huì)Handan Arbitratral Commission 邯鄲煙草專賣局Handan Tobacco Monopoly Bureau 石家莊海關(guān)駐邯鄲辦事處Shijiazhuang Customs Office in Handan City 邯邢冶金礦山管理局Handan-Xingtai Administrative Bureau for Metallurgy and Mine 市郵政局Handan Municipal Post Office 中國人民銀行邯鄲市分行People’s Bank of China Handan Branch

邯鄲出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局Handan Municipal Bureau for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine 市世界銀行貸款城市環(huán)境項(xiàng)目管理辦公室Handan Municipal Administrative Office for World Bank Loans to Urban Environmental Projects 市南水北調(diào)工程建設(shè)委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Construction Committee for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project 邯鄲日?qǐng)?bào)Handan Daily 邯鄲晚報(bào)Handan Evening Newspaper 中原商報(bào)Zhongyuan Commercial Newspaper

中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議邯鄲市委員會(huì)

Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference（CPPCC）

Handan Municipal Committee

市政協(xié)常務(wù)委員會(huì)Standing Committee of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)辦公廳General Office of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)研究室Research Office of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)提案委員會(huì)Committee for Handling Proposals of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)Finance and Economic Committee of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)人口資源環(huán)境委員會(huì)Committee for Population, Resources and Environment of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)教科文衛(wèi)體委員會(huì)Committee for Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)社會(huì)法制和民族宗教委員會(huì)Committee for Social，Legal，Ethnic and Religious Affairs of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)港澳臺(tái)僑和外事委員會(huì)Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Overseas Chinese and Foreign Affairs of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)文史資料委員會(huì)Committee of Cultural and Historical Data of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee 市政協(xié)機(jī)關(guān)黨委Party Committee for Organs of the CPPCC Handan Municipal Committee

法院和檢察院 Court and Procuratorate

市中級(jí)人民法院Handan Municipal Intermediate People’s Court 市人民檢察院Handan Municipal People’s Procuratorate

民主黨派 Democratic Parties

中國國民黨革命委員會(huì)邯鄲市委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Committee of the Revolution Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 中國民主同盟邯鄲市委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Committee of China Democratic League 中國民主建國邯鄲市委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Committee of China Democratic National Construction Association 中國民主促進(jìn)會(huì)邯鄲市委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Committee of China Association for Promoting Democracy 中國農(nóng)工民主黨邯鄲市委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Committee of Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party 九三學(xué)社邯鄲市委員會(huì)Handan Municipal Committee of Jiu San Society

人民團(tuán)體和社會(huì)團(tuán)體 People’sOrganizations and Public Organizations

市總工會(huì)Handan Municipal Federation of Trade Unions 共青團(tuán)邯鄲市委Handan Municipal Committee of the Communist Youth League of China 市婦女聯(lián)合會(huì)Handan Municipal Women’s Federation

市社會(huì)科學(xué)界聯(lián)合會(huì)Handan Municipal Federation of Social Science Circles 中國國際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會(huì)邯鄲市支會(huì)Handan Municipal Sub-Branch of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade 市農(nóng)業(yè)服務(wù)協(xié)會(huì)總會(huì)Handan Municipal Agricultural Services Federation 市外商投資企業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)Handan Municipal Association of Enterprises with Foreign Investment 市歸國華僑聯(lián)合會(huì)Handan Municipal Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese 市文學(xué)藝術(shù)界聯(lián)合會(huì)Handan Municipal Federation of Literary and Art Circles 市殘疾人聯(lián)合會(huì)Handan Municipal Federation for the Disabled 市工商聯(lián)合會(huì)Handan Municipal Federation of Industry and Commerce 市消費(fèi)者協(xié)會(huì)Handan Municipal Consumers Association 市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)Handan Municipal Association for Science and Technology 市翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)Handan Municipal Translators Association 市新聞工作者協(xié)會(huì)Handan Municipal Journalists Association 市紅十字會(huì)Handan Municipal Red Cross Society 市執(zhí)業(yè)藥師協(xié)會(huì)Handan Municipal Licensed Pharmacists Association

職位 Positions

(市委)書記Party Secretary(市委)副書記Deputy Party Secretary(市委)常委Member of the Standing Committee(市委各部)部長(zhǎng) Departmental Chief(市委各部)副部長(zhǎng)Departmental Deputy Chief（人大）主任 Chairman（人大）副主任Deputy Chairman 市長(zhǎng)Mayor 代市長(zhǎng) Acting Mayor 常務(wù)副市長(zhǎng)First DeputyMayor 副市長(zhǎng)Deputy Mayor 巡視員 Inspector 市長(zhǎng)助理Assistant Mayor 黨組書記 Secretary of the Party Leadership Group（政協(xié)）主席Chairman（政協(xié)）副主席Deputy Chairman 秘書長(zhǎng)Secretary General 副秘書長(zhǎng)Deputy Secretary General 辦公廳主任Director of the General Office 辦公廳副主任Deputy Director of the General Office 邯鄲市人大代表 Deputy to Handan Municipal People's Congress 主任委員 Chairman 委員 Member 縣長(zhǎng)County Chief 代縣長(zhǎng) Acting County Chief 常務(wù)副縣長(zhǎng)First Deputy County Chief 副縣長(zhǎng)Deputy County Chief 辦公室主任Director of the Office 辦公室副主任 Deputy Director of the Office 局長(zhǎng)Director（注：部級(jí)或副部級(jí)局的局長(zhǎng)常用Director General）副局長(zhǎng)Deputy Director（政府的委員會(huì)）主任Chairman of the Commission（政府的委員會(huì)）副主任 Deputy Chairman of the Commission 調(diào)研員Investigator 助理調(diào)研員Associate Investigator 區(qū)長(zhǎng) District Chief 副區(qū)長(zhǎng)Deputy District Chief 處長(zhǎng)（縣級(jí)）Division Chief 副處長(zhǎng)（縣級(jí)）Deputy Division Chief 鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)TownChief 副鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)Deputy TownChief 鄉(xiāng)長(zhǎng)TownshipChief 副鄉(xiāng)長(zhǎng)Deputy TownshipChief 處（科）長(zhǎng)Section Chief 副處（科）長(zhǎng)Deputy Section Chief 科員 Clerk或Officer 大隊(duì)長(zhǎng) Group Leader 站長(zhǎng) Station Chief 副站長(zhǎng) Deputy Station Chief 發(fā)言人 Spokesman 顧問 Adviser（人民法院）院長(zhǎng) President(People’s Courts)（人民法庭）庭長(zhǎng) Chief Judge(People’s Tribunals)審判長(zhǎng) Chief Judge 審判員 Judge 書記員 Clerk of the Court 法醫(yī) Legal Medical Expert 法警 Judicial Policeman（人民檢察院）檢察長(zhǎng) Procurator General(People’s Procuratorate)

說明

1、市委“書記”不能譯作“Secretary”。否則，市委書記會(huì)被誤認(rèn)為是書記員或秘書（抄抄寫寫）。

2、市委各部的“副部長(zhǎng)”應(yīng)當(dāng)譯作“Departmental Deputy Chief”，不可譯作“Deputy Departmental Chief”，更不能譯作Deputy Minister（Minister是國務(wù)院各部的部長(zhǎng)）。這里的“副”也不能譯作vice等。漢語的“副”只有一個(gè)字，但譯成英語時(shí)不可只用一個(gè)單詞。常用的譯法有：副總統(tǒng)vice-president, 副省長(zhǎng)deputy provincial governor, 副廳長(zhǎng)deputy director-general, 副教授associate professor等。

3、有人將“市委”翻譯為“Handan Municipal Committee of the the CPC”盡管也是正確的，但根據(jù)名稱的翻譯“宜短不宜長(zhǎng)”的原則，故采用“the CPC Handan Municipal Committee”這種譯法。

4、協(xié)會(huì)一般譯作Association、Institute、Union等，學(xué)會(huì)一般譯作Society、Academy、College、Institute等。但根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，我國目前普遍將“協(xié)會(huì)”譯作Association，“學(xué)會(huì)”譯作Society，這種譯法也已被國內(nèi)外所接受。

5、上述譯名中個(gè)別單詞英美拼寫有所不同，這里均采用的是美國英語。如果閱讀對(duì)象為使用英國英語的國家，建議使用英國英語的拼寫方式，以示尊重。這種情況只出現(xiàn)在幾個(gè)少數(shù)譯名中，如組織部、勞動(dòng)局、人防辦、各種中心等。在這幾個(gè)及其相關(guān)的英文譯名中，相關(guān)單詞的英國英語拼寫方式分別為Organisational、Centre、Labour、Defences等。除此之外，譯名中其余的單詞英美拼寫方式完全一樣。

6、市消費(fèi)者協(xié)會(huì)、市翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)和市新聞工作者協(xié)會(huì)如果按英國英語翻譯，應(yīng)當(dāng)分別在Consumers、Translators和Journalists后加“’”，即Handan Municipal Consumers’ Association、Handan Municipal Translators’ Association和Handan Municipal Journalists’ Association。其他譯名英美譯法沒有區(qū)別。

7、邯鄲市委、市政府等名稱中的“邯鄲市?”應(yīng)當(dāng)譯為“Handan Municipal?”（這種譯法正在被國內(nèi)外所接受），而不譯為“Handan City?”。

我國的“市”作為行政區(qū)，從上而下有三個(gè)級(jí)別，即省級(jí)（Provincial Level）、地級(jí)（Prefectural Level）和縣級(jí)（County Level）。目前較通行的做法是，直轄市譯為Municipality（直轄市全稱是Municipality directly under the Central Government）, 縣級(jí)市一概譯作City。但地級(jí)市為什么也要譯為Municipality（作定語時(shí)用Municipal）,而不能譯為City。

名詞Municipality在《韋氏辭典》中的釋義是: a city, town or other district possessing corporate existence and usually its own local government。形容詞Municipal在《朗曼當(dāng)代英語詞典》中的釋義是concerning(the parts of)a town, city etc.under its own government。

從上述釋義可以看出，Municipality和Municipal的適用范圍很廣，可大可小，大至我們的直轄市，小至一個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn)。

在世界許多地方，如菲律賓、以色列等國，Municipality 經(jīng)常被用作省一級(jí)或省以下行政區(qū)域名稱。在加拿大，Municipality也作為省下的一級(jí)行政區(qū)域，如在安大略省下就有一個(gè)滑鐵盧地區(qū)市，叫作Regional Municipality of Waterloo，該地區(qū)市下轄8個(gè)自治市。

而City相對(duì)來說更多地特指城市區(qū)域（地理概念），而不作為一個(gè)大范圍的包括農(nóng)村在內(nèi)的一級(jí)行政區(qū)名，如美國和日本，一般都是一個(gè)county（縣）下轄好多cities，而不是city下轄多個(gè)counties。如果將我國的地級(jí)市譯作city，那么這個(gè)“city”就要統(tǒng)轄多個(gè)counties 和縣一級(jí)的cities了。這與國際上的通行用法不太一致（因?yàn)閏ity的原意并不包括農(nóng)村在內(nèi)）。

據(jù)此，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)將行政區(qū)劃意義上的“邯鄲市?”譯為“Handan Municipal?”，而不譯為“Handan City?”（但地理概念上的地址等，如邯鄲市人民東路178號(hào)，則必須將“邯鄲市”譯為“Handan City”。

8、上述譯名可授權(quán)發(fā)布，未獲授權(quán)請(qǐng)注明出處，載明“選自邯鄲市翻譯協(xié)會(huì)編寫的《邯鄲市國家機(jī)關(guān)人民團(tuán)體等部分機(jī)構(gòu)和職位的英文譯名》”等內(nèi)容。

第五篇：希拉里紐約大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮演講辭(中英文對(duì)照)

Commencement Speech at New York University by Hillary Clinton Thank you.Thank you so much.Thank you.And does it get any better than this, a graduation ceremony for one of the great universities in the world in the home of New York Yankees? Nothing could be better.(Applause.)And thanks to all of you for cheering a visitor.I didn't realize that was permitted in Yankee Stadium.I am honored to receive this degree.And on behalf of the other honorees, I say thank you.Thank you for giving us this singular privilege of being part of this commencement ceremony.As I look out at this huge crowd of graduates, family, and friends, I can only reflect on what an extraordinary moment in history you are receiving your degrees, a moment in time of our country and the world where your talents and your energy, your passion and commitment is more needed than ever.There is no doubt that you are well prepared for a world that seems somewhat uncertain but which will welcome the education that you have received on behalf of not only of yourselves and your families, but your communities and your country.As Secretary of State, I am well aware of the challenges that we face.You, as new graduates, and your generation will be up against those challenges: climate change and hunger, extreme poverty and extreme ideologies, new diseases and nuclear proliferation.But I am absolutely convinced that you and we are up to the task.There is no problem we face here in America or around the world that will not yield to human effort, to cooperation, to positive interdependence that makes clear humanity is going on, our challenges are ones that summon the best of us, and we will make the world better tomorrow than it is today.(Applause.)

Now, I know that it is fashionable in commencement speeches to be idealistic, and that may sound so, but at the root of my conviction is a strong sense of reality.Because you see, I don’t think we have a choice.We can sit on the sidelines, we can wring our hands, we can retreat into cynicism, and we know what the results will be: We will cede the field to those whose ideologies are absolutely anathema to people of conscience and faith all over the world.So our positive interdependence, which is a fact, will prepare us to meet these challenges.But they can no longer be seen just as government-to-government.There is a time and an opportunity, and with the new technologies available, for us to be citizen diplomats, citizen activists, to solve problems one by one that will give in to hard work, patience, and persistence, and will then aggregate to the solutions we seek.Now, I know we cannot send a special envoy to negotiate with a pandemic, or call a summit with carbon dioxide, or sever relations with the global financial crisis.To confront these threats and to seize the opportunities that they also present, we need to build new partnerships from the bottom up, and to use every tool at our disposal.That is the heart of smart power.But smart power requires smart people, people who have gone the distance for their education, who have opened themselves up to this increasingly complex and interconnected world, and this changing global landscape requires us to expand our concept of diplomacy.Now, when I was graduating so many years ago, diplomacy was the domain of privileged men working behind closed doors.Today, our diplomats are not limited, and our diplomacy is no longer confined to the State Department or our embassies.We are laying the foundation for 21st century statecraft.Where? In the classrooms of NYU, in the board rooms of the businesses of this great city, in the halls of academia, in the1

operating rooms of our great hospitals.We are looking for those personal commitments and connections, and that is where all of you come in.The biggest challenges we face today will be solved by the 60 percent of the world’s population under the age of 30.And already, young people, like all of you, are using their talents and ingenuity to help fashion their own brand of service and diplomacy.A few examples: In the nation of Colombia, two young college graduates, fed up with the violence in their country, used Facebook to organize 14 million people into the largest antiterrorism demonstrations in the history of the world.(Applause.)In a few short weeks, their peaceful efforts did as much damage to the terrorist networks as years of military action.I know that one of your graduates spent months on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro searching for sustainable development models to bring to women and families and help them lift themselves out of poverty.Another of your classmates was studying in China last year when the devastating earthquake struck, and that has led to work ever since to deliver supplies and assistance to villagers in remote areas.International students have gone on to fight for human rights in Rwanda, build civil society in the nation of Georgia, run businesses, and lead governments.And many of you, I know, used social networking platforms to make Barack Obama the President of the United States of America.(Applause.)

President Obama and I deeply understand how important it is for the young people of our country, but the young people of every country, to be given the opportunity to translate your beliefs and ideals into service and action, just as John Kennedy did when he created the Peace Corps and as President Bill Clinton did when he created AmeriCorps.This is in the tradition of citizen service.(Applause.)

So we need to figure out ways to prepare all of our institutions of government, including and especially the State Department, to harness the efforts of those who do not enter the Foreign Service but still engage in your own type of foreign service.Our State Department personnel are skilled, dedicated, passionate, and effective.And for those of you still looking for jobs, we are hiring a new generation of diplomats.(Applause.)

I hope many of you will join our ranks in the Foreign Service and the Civil Service, but I know that not all will choose to become professional diplomats, and I also know that the State Department alone cannot tackle these great problems.So my message to you today is this: Be the special envoys of your ideals;use the communication tools at your disposal to advance the interests of our nation and humanity everywhere;be citizen ambassadors using your personal and professional lives to forge global partnerships, build on a common commitment to solving our planet’s common problems.By creating your own networks, you can extend the power of governments to meet the needs of this and future generations.You can help lay the groundwork for the kind of global cooperation that is essential if we wish, in our time, to end hunger and defeat disease, to combat climate change, and to give every child the chance to live up to his or her God-given potential.(Applause.)

This starts with opportunities for educational exchanges, the kind of dorm room and classroom diplomacy that NYU is leading on.I want to commend my friend, your president, the trustees of this great university,for understanding and believing in the importance of educational exchanges.You know, study abroad is like spring training for this century.It helps you develop the fundamentals, the teamwork, and the determination to succeed.And we want more American students to have that opportunity.That’s why we are increasing funding for Gilman scholarships by more than 40 percent.More than 400 New Yorkers have used Gilman scholarships to spend a semester abroad, including nine students from NYU last year.Now, of course, study abroad is a two-way street, and we should bring more qualified students from other countries to study here.NYU provides a prime example of what international students can bring to a campus and how they can benefit themselves and their countries.Over 700,000 international students came to the United States last year, and NYU had the second largest number of any school in the country.(Applause.)

Now, the benefits from such exchanges are so great that I am committed to streamline the visa process –(applause)– particularly for science and technology students so that even more qualified students will come to our campuses in the future.We’re also doing more to marry technology with global service.That’s why today I am pleased to announce that over the next year the State Department will be creating Virtual Student Foreign Service Internships to harness the energy of a rising generation of citizen diplomats.Working from college and university campuses, American students will partner with our embassies abroad to conduct digital diplomacy that reflects the realities of the networked world.And you can learn more about this initiative on the State Department’s website.But I know that you don’t have to wait for us to create a new program.When you go home today, go online and find the website called Kiva, K-i-v-a, where you can help someone like San Ma, a mother in Vietnam who is seeking a microcredit loan to buy rice seed and fertilizer for her family farm;or log on to Heifer International’s site, and for less than the cost of a dinner out, you can donate a flock of geese to a hungry family in Asia or Africa;or help Wangari Mathai’s Green Belt movement in planting trees and offsetting carbon emissions and empowering women in Africa.Now, supporting these projects and others like them doesn't require a lot of time or money.But for the people you help and the planet you protect, your participation can be not just a game changer, but a life changer.Global service also means promoting good governance.We need informed citizens, both here at home and around the world, to hold their governments accountable for getting results and finding solutions.And this is not only directed at the graduates today, but there are a lot of proud mothers and fathers and husbands and wives and grandparents and children and others who have seen you to this day.And this is an offer and a challenge to all of us.In the times that we face, we know we don’t have a person to waste, we don’t have an idea to overlook.In fact, we have to be even more committed to reaching out and crossing the divides that too often separate us.For those who have come to this country to celebrate a child or a friend’s graduation, please take home this message: America more than ever wants your help;in fact, needs your help as we build these new partnerships and as we seek solutions to the global crises that cannot be solved by any one people or one government alone.We need each other.We always have.It’s just so much more apparent today.A flu starting in one country spreads quickly around the world.An extremist ideology starting with a few people explodes across the internet.A global financial crisis affects farmers and small business people in every corner of the globe.That is a new reality.But equally important is that we also now have the tools to work together to forge this common approach to these common threats.So, Class of 2009, you have an historic opportunity.Every class is told that, and to some extent I suppose it is always true.But just in the course of this commencement ceremony, you’ve heard several references to the global economic crisis.The times that you are graduating in are, yes, perhaps more difficult and somewhat more daunting.But that’s when we really rise together.One of the best lines from one of my favorite baseball movies, A League of Their Own –(applause)– said it well, “If it were easy, anybody could do it.”

You know, when the Yankees moved in to their old stadium next door in 1923, there was only person on the roster from west of St.Louis.Their team mostly looked the same, talked the same, and came from the same kind of cities and towns and rural areas across America.Think about the team that plays in this new stadium.It includes players from Mexico, Japan, Taiwan, Panama, four other countries.The Dominican Republic alone is home to seven Yankees.In the same way, NYU has evolved as well.The university was founded to serve the City of New York.Today it serves the world.We know that there is much yet ahead that none of us can predict.There is no way to stop change.Change will come.What is unknown is whether it will bring progress or not.But you have done what you needed to do to get the best insurance policy you could, and that is an NYU education.(Applause.)And so armed with that education, I have every confidence that you will not only succeed by the dint of your own hard work and effort, but you will contribute far beyond your own personal needs.This is your moment.You’ve made it to the big leagues, and you are up to bat.Go out and give us a future worthy of this great university, of this great city, of this great country, and of the world we all wish to create together.Thank you, congratulations, and Godspeed.(Applause.)