第一篇：養(yǎng)生旅游論文摘要翻譯

摘要：養(yǎng)生旅游是一種養(yǎng)生的方式，以追求身體、感情、精神、靈魂平衡和諧為目的的旅游活動。隨著人民生活水平的提高，養(yǎng)生之道日益被人們所重視，健康旅游、養(yǎng)生旅游已逐漸成為中老年人的時尚概念，人們更加渴望到美麗、山清水秀、空氣新鮮、服務(wù)配套設(shè)施齊全的鄉(xiāng)村旅游和度假。論文以諸暨趙家鎮(zhèn)為研究對象，對當(dāng)?shù)卣?、管理部門，以及對游客、居民進行了隨機抽樣問卷調(diào)查和訪談?wù){(diào)查，收集、整理了諸暨趙家鎮(zhèn)中老年游客養(yǎng)生旅游需求的第一手資料。在調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上，提出趙家鎮(zhèn)養(yǎng)生旅游多元化整合開發(fā)為手段，形成集養(yǎng)生、游樂、度假、觀光、學(xué)習(xí)教育、文化交流體驗等旅游方式為一體的多功能綜合性旅游區(qū)等開發(fā)對策。

關(guān)鍵字：諸暨趙家鎮(zhèn)養(yǎng)生旅游中老年游客需求開發(fā)

Abstract: The health tourism, a tourism activity, is a way to pursue physical, emotional, spiritual, soul balance and harmony.As people's living standards improve, increasing group of people so extremely emphasizes on the regimen that health tourism or regimen tourism has become fashionable concept in the elderly.People are more eager to beautiful, picturesque scenery, fresh air, services supporting facilities of rural tourism and vacation.The thesis chooses the Zhuji Zhao Town as the research object, investigating the local government authorities, tourists and residents through random sample survey questionnaires and interviews.From it, the firsthand data of health tourism demand of middle-aged tourists in Zhuji Zhao town is collected and collated.Based on the survey, the diversification of health tourism in Zhao town is proposed, and the exploitation plan for the multi-functional integrated tourist area is determined in order to form a set of health, recreation, vacation, tourism, education, cultural exchange experience and other forms.Keywords:Zhuji Zhao town, health tourism, elderly tourists, demand, development

第二篇：如何翻譯論文標題、摘要

如何翻譯論文標題、摘要

題名的結(jié)構(gòu)。英文題名以短語為主要形式，尤以名詞短語(noun phrase)最常見，即題名基本上由1個或幾個名詞加上其前置和(或)后置定語構(gòu)成

例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(賀蘭山常見苔蘚植物)；

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heat-treated Wood(熱處理木材的水分吸著熱力學(xué)特性)。短語型題名要確定好中心詞，再進行前后修飾。各個詞的順序很重要，詞序不當(dāng)，會導(dǎo)致表達不準。

題名一般不應(yīng)是陳述句，因為題名主要起標示作用，而陳述句容易使題名具有判斷式的語義；況且陳述句不夠精練和醒目，重點也不易突出。少數(shù)情況(評述性、綜述性和駁斥性)下可以用疑問句做題名，因為疑問句可有探討性語氣，易引起讀者興趣。

例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(農(nóng)業(yè)機械化能離開石油嗎?)。

標題的翻譯

論文的 “眼睛”: 主題和中心內(nèi)容 準確,簡明扼要,生動醒目,用詞質(zhì)樸

英文題名以短語為主要形式，尤以名詞短語(noun phrase)最常見，即題名基本上由1個或幾個名詞加上其前置和(或)后置定語構(gòu)成

淺析籃球基本功

A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball 基因療法

Gene Therapy 英漢翻譯中的信息轉(zhuǎn)換

Information Shift in English-Chinese Translation

短語型題名要確定好中心詞，再進行前后修飾。各個詞的順序很重要，詞序不當(dāng)，會導(dǎo)致表達不準。電子管收音機和晶體管收音機的優(yōu)缺點

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Vacuum Tube Radios and Transistor Radios 美國高校學(xué)生事物發(fā)展的最新趨勢極其啟示

Current Trends of Students Affairs Development in American Universities and Their Implications 體育賽事觀眾管理的現(xiàn)狀與對策研究

The Status and Strategic Research of Sport Events Spectators 我國退役運動員社會保障體系的現(xiàn)狀、問題及對策

Present Situation, Problems and Counter-measure of the Social Security System for Our Retired Athletes

常見模式

對?的研究探討探索分析綜述述評(A The)research on?..The exploration of..A study of?

An analysis of?.A brief review of? A commentary on?

國內(nèi)外外語課堂互動研究

A review of the research on foreign language classroom interaction at home and abroad 外語學(xué)習(xí)主體多元化評價的效應(yīng)研究

A Study of the Effects of Multi-valuator Evaluation on Foreign Language learning

美國大學(xué)生職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃服務(wù)質(zhì)量研究

Research on the Quality of American College Students Career Services On the Quality of American College Students Career Services 試論比較教育中的實地調(diào)查

On the “Field Work” in Comparative Education Research 大阪大學(xué)通識教育實踐模式研究

On Practice Mode of General Education at Osaka University 教學(xué)行為研究在閱讀教學(xué)中的作用

Action Research in the Teaching of Reading 俄羅斯社會轉(zhuǎn)型時期流浪兒童成長問題探析

An Analysis of the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia On the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia On Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia 動賓型標題: 譯成動名詞短語 淺析國內(nèi)英語測試研究現(xiàn)狀

Analyzing English Test Research in Our Country 談 “紅色勛章”中的印象主義和自然主義 Talking on the Impressionism and Naturalism In the Red Bandage of Courage 利用波浪能量淡化海水 Utilizing Wave Energy for Seawater Desalting 探討大學(xué)英語教材中的語用問題

Exploring Pragmatic Knowledge in College English Textbook 陳述句標題: 譯成句子或短語

從世界多體化英語教學(xué)理論看我國英語教學(xué)

World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading 疑問句標題: 疑問詞+不定式,句子 比較教育,研究什么? Comparative Education Research: What to Study? 淺談加強青少年傳球技術(shù)的訓(xùn)練方法

shallow to talk strengthening a teenager spreads the ball technical training method Strengthening Teenagers’ Spreading Skill 足球運動中的心理訓(xùn)練

The player's psychological training of soccer Psychological Training in Soccer 足球運動對中學(xué)生余暇體育的特殊影響

Football movement to middle-school student-odd free time sports special influence Football’ Impact on High School Students’ Leisure-time Sports 淺析籃球基本功

A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball sport Basic skills in basketball 淺析如何提高搶籃板球技術(shù)

Discussion on How to Improve Rebound Technology

國際標準組織規(guī)定, 論文標題一般不要超過15個英文單詞, 美國醫(yī)學(xué)會規(guī)定題名不超過2行，每行不超過42個印刷符號和空格；美國國立癌癥研究所雜志J Nat Cancer Inst要求題名不超過14個詞；英國數(shù)學(xué)會要求題名不超過12個詞。這些規(guī)定可供我們參考。

總的原則是，題名應(yīng)確切、簡練、醒目，在能準確反映論文特定內(nèi)容的前提下，題名詞數(shù)越少越好

中英文題名的一致性。同一篇論文，其英文題名與中文題名內(nèi)容上應(yīng)一致，但不等于說詞語要一一對應(yīng): 從世界多體化英語教學(xué)理論看我國英語教學(xué)

World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading 與中文題名相比較，二者用詞雖有差別，但內(nèi)容上是一致的。

凡可用可不用的冠詞均可不用。例如：The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality．其中兩處的冠詞the 均可不用。

題名字母的大小寫有以下3種格式。

1.全部字母大寫。例如：OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE 2.每個詞的首字母大寫，但3個或4個字母以下的冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫。例如：The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects 3.題名第1個詞的首字母大寫，其余字母均小寫。例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities． 目前2.格式用得最多，而3.格式的使用有增多的趨勢。

題名中的縮略詞語。已得到整個科技界或本行業(yè)科技人員公認的縮略詞語，才可用于題名中，否則不要輕易使用。WTO, FIFA，GSU(Guangzhou Sport University)

作者與作者單位的英譯

1)作者:

中國人名按漢語拼音拼寫；其他非英語國家人名按作者自己提供的羅馬字母拼法拼寫。Hu Hansan，George Bush 2)單位: 單位名稱要寫全(由小到大)，并附地址和郵政編碼，確保聯(lián)系方便。另外，單位英譯一定要采用本單位統(tǒng)一的譯法(即本單位標準譯法)，切不可另起爐灶。廣州體育學(xué)院 Guangzhou Sport University 中山大學(xué) Zhongshan University Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 湖南師范大學(xué) Hunan Normal University

摘要 abstract 要寫好科技論文的英文摘要, 首先要寫好中文摘要, 再在此基礎(chǔ)上譯成英文。要按照英語習(xí)慣進行翻譯, 切不可依照中文摘要的語序逐字逐句地直譯。

一般而言, 英文摘要是中文摘要的轉(zhuǎn)譯, 所以應(yīng)按照英文的語言習(xí)慣準確地譯出中文摘要的內(nèi)容, 字數(shù)沒有硬性規(guī)定, 但普遍認為150~ 180 個單詞為宜。

規(guī)范的英文摘要一般包括目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論, 總體要求重點突出、表達確切、簡明扼要。切忌將中文摘要逐字逐句直譯, 或按照中文句式的思維模式來寫英文, 否則英文摘要將會顯得羅嗦、不流暢, 有時甚至詞不達意或成為中式英文。

摘要 abstract

應(yīng)該用簡潔、明確的語言將論文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“過程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“結(jié)果(Results)”和得出的重要“結(jié)論(Conclusions)”表達清楚。如有可能，還應(yīng)盡量提一句論文結(jié)果和結(jié)論的應(yīng)用范圍和應(yīng)用情況。也就是說，要寫好摘要，作者必須回答好以下幾個問題： 1)本文的目的或要解決的問題(What I want to do?)2)解決問題的方法及過程(How I did it?)3)主要結(jié)果及結(jié)論(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4)本文的創(chuàng)新、獨到之處(What is new and original in this paper?)英漢語的思維模式存在差異, 有時甚至大相徑庭, 翻譯時需注意邏輯思維上的差異, 用英語的思維 方式地道轉(zhuǎn)達內(nèi)涵, 不可照漢語方式字字對譯。

照字面譯, 常不合英語習(xí)慣, 有時還令人困惑不解。令讀者感到頭痛，反之,若按漢語方式照搬, 漢化的英文, 外國同行也勢必難以理解, 因此, 翻譯時決不可生搬硬套或囿于原文字詞的語法和字面意義, 必須改變中文的模式, 才不會出現(xiàn)漢語式英語(Chinglish)。病人牙痛得歷害。

The patient’ s teeth pained seriously.(錯誤)。The patient had a terrible toothache.(正確)。1.這是為什么呢? 谷歌版：This is why?

山寨版：This is why what？

學(xué)院版：Why is this? 2.走別人的路，讓別人無路可走!谷歌版：Take someone else’s road, to let others no way!

山寨版：Walk other man’s road, allow other man no way can go!學(xué)院版：Follow others’ footprint, leave them no way to go.3.我也是有身份證的人。

谷歌版：Me too have the ID card people.山寨版：I also am have body card people.學(xué)院版：I am also somebody with an ID card.熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：盡管英文的句型種類繁多，豐富多彩，但摘要的常用句型卻很有限，而且形成了一定的規(guī)律:

1.主題句: 本文介紹討論詳細論述提出?.This paperarticle describes introduces discusses elaborates focuses on raises proposes?..?..is studied discussed presented introduced proposed analyzed explained in this article paper.2.本文的目的是: The purpose object of this article is to explain describe discuss?..The primary goal of this research is?

The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of? A new computer-aided design method is presented(in this paper).This paper is a brief introduction of the major findings and development in the field of? 2.發(fā)展句: 實例實驗顯示表明證實: Examples experiments demonstrate confirm show? 提出驗證引自?.?.is given verified derived from?.The formula is derived from? The method is based on?

The test equipment which was used consisted of?

3.結(jié)論句: 結(jié)果表明

Results examples show demonstrate indicate? The results?are given presented This concludes that?.PISA在中國: 教育評價新探索

PISA in China: Exploration in Educational Assessment and Evaluation 本文通過對當(dāng)前國際上頗具影響力的大規(guī)模教育評價項目----“學(xué)生能力國際評價”(PISA)的評價理念和技術(shù)的分析,結(jié)合教育部考試中心開展PISA2006中國試測研究實踐收獲的啟示,闡述了作者對我國教育評價研究與發(fā)展的思考和建議 This article reviews the most prestigious large-scale international education assessment projects-----the Program for International Student Assessment(PISA), and discusses what the national Education Examinations Authority has learned from conducting PISA2006 China trial study.Based on the above, this paper describes author’s reflections and suggestions for improving China education assessment reform.時態(tài)

英文摘要的時態(tài)運用也以簡練為佳, 常用一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時, 進行時態(tài)和其他復(fù)合時態(tài)基本不用。

一般現(xiàn)在時主要用于陳述性、資料性摘要中,用于說明研究目的、敘述研究內(nèi)容、描述結(jié)果、得出結(jié)論、提出建議或討等。This study(investigation)is conducted,(undertaken)The result shows(reveals)?，It is found that?;

The conclusions are?

本文的目的在于突出放療的重要性。

The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of radiation therapy.一般過去時

一般過去時主要用于說明某一具體項目的發(fā)展情況, 介紹技術(shù)研究項目的具體資料, 而且對研究對程中所進行的活動進行描述時也用一般過去時。用于敘述過去某一時刻(時段)的發(fā)現(xiàn)、某一研究過程(實驗、觀察、調(diào)查、醫(yī)療等過程)。

分析了89例早期肝癌的治療結(jié)果。

The results of treatment of early liver cancer were analyzed in 89 patients

現(xiàn)在完成時

現(xiàn)在完成時是把過去發(fā)生的或過去已完成的事情與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來, 說明研究的發(fā)展背景, 介紹已結(jié)束的研究項目.從發(fā)病時起, 對病人隨訪了三年。

The patients have been followed for 3 years since the beginning of their disease.全療程未發(fā)現(xiàn)中毒反應(yīng)。

No toxic effects of this total course have been noted.被動語態(tài)

英漢相比, 英語多用被動語態(tài), 在科技英語中被動語態(tài)使用得尤其廣泛, 翻譯摘要時, 往往采用被動語態(tài)，這樣可避免提及有關(guān)的執(zhí)行者, 句子的容量增加, 重心后移, 表達更具有英語味, 行文也更顯得客觀, 使讀者的注意力集中在描述的事物、現(xiàn)象或過程上, 而且被動語態(tài)在結(jié)構(gòu)上有較大的調(diào)節(jié)余地, 利于采用必要的修辭手段和突出重要的概念、問題、事實、結(jié)論等內(nèi)容, 利于擴展名詞短語, 擴大句子的信息量。

兒童比成年人更易罹病, 在學(xué)校或團體?？梢姶瞬×餍?。

Children are more often afflicted than adults, and epidemics in schools and institutions are commonly observed

不過, 在某些特殊情況下, 采用主動語態(tài)比被動語態(tài)在結(jié)構(gòu)上更簡練, 表達更直接有力.現(xiàn)在主張摘要中謂語動詞盡量采用主動語態(tài)的越來越多，因其有助于文字清晰、簡潔及表達有力。

The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically語感要強。

英文摘要的人稱。原來摘要的首句多用第三人稱This paper?等開頭，現(xiàn)在傾向于采用更簡潔的被動語態(tài)或原形動詞開頭。

例如：To describe?，To study?，To investigate?，To assess?，To determine?，行文時最好不用第一人稱，以方便文摘刊物的編輯刊用。

提高英文摘要的文字效能

1)Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只談新的信息)。

２）strive for brevity(盡量使摘要簡潔)。就目前來看，由于大多數(shù)作者在英文寫作方面都比較欠缺，因此，由作者所寫的英文摘要離要求相距甚遠。有的作者寫出很長的英文摘要，但文字效能很低，多余的字、句很多；有的作者寫的英文摘要很短，但也存在多余的字句。總而言之，就是文字的信息含量少。幾點具體要求:

a)use short sentences（盡量用短句)。

b)描述作者的工作一般用過去時態(tài)(因為工作是在過去做的)，但在陳述由這些工作所得出的結(jié)論時，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。c)熟悉英文摘要的常用句型

奧運會籃球比賽是世界最高水平的籃球賽事，2008年北京奧運會美國男子籃球隊再次集結(jié)了NBA最頂尖的職業(yè)選手參賽，以及中國籃壇驕傲--姚明的參賽，使男子籃球比賽成為本屆奧運會上最引人注目的賽事。

Basketball games in the Olympic Games are the highest level game in the world.The American men’s basketball team built up by a group of top professional players participating in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and Ming Yao—the pride of Chinese basketball, his participation, brought the men’s basketball game to the spotlight of this Olympic Games.Basketball in the Olympic Games are the highest level in the world.The American men’s basketball team participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games with a group of top professional players , including Ming Yao—the pride of Chinese basketball, which constituted the most spectacular part in this Olympic Games.淺談籃球比賽中的攻守轉(zhuǎn)換

摘要：籃球比賽中的攻守轉(zhuǎn)換是籃球比賽的重要組成部分，在現(xiàn)代籃球運動中起著越來越重要的作用。因此，運用文獻資料法、專家訪談法和綜合分析法對籃球比賽中的攻守轉(zhuǎn)換的幾個關(guān)鍵問題進行分析探討，以期給廣大的籃球愛好者提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：籃球；比賽；攻守轉(zhuǎn)換

On the Change of Basketball Match Abstract：Change of the game of basketball is an important part of the basketball competition.In modern basketball playing an increasingly important role.Therefore, the method of documentation, expert interviews and comprehensive analysis of the game of basketball and defending the key issues discussed.to provide information to the vast number of basketball fans.因此，運用文獻資料法、專家訪談法和綜合分析法對籃球比賽中的攻守轉(zhuǎn)換的幾個關(guān)鍵問題進行分析探討，以期給廣大的籃球愛好者提供參考。

Some key issues in transition(or change-over)of basketball is discussed in this article by means of documentary review, experts interview and comprehensive analysis), to provide reference for basketball fans.Key words : basketball;competition;change Students’ work 優(yōu)秀男子足球守門員年齡、身高、體重的比較研究

摘要：運動數(shù)理統(tǒng)計法、資料分析法，對參加2006賽季我國中超足球聯(lián)賽守門員，2005-2006賽季意大利甲級足球聯(lián)賽守門員和第17屆世界杯前四名隊伍守門員的年齡、身高、體重等指標進行比較研究，揭示我國足球守門員的年齡、身高和體重特征，為足球選材、訓(xùn)練提供參考依據(jù)。關(guān)鍵詞：足球守門員；年齡；身高；體重

優(yōu)秀男子足球守門員年齡、身高、體重的比較研究

The Compared Research on Outstanding Man –soccer Goalkeeper’s Age, Height, Weight 運動數(shù)理統(tǒng)計法、資料分析法，對參加2006賽季我國中超足球聯(lián)賽守門員，2005-2006賽季意大利甲級足球聯(lián)賽守門員和第17屆世界杯前四名隊伍守門員的年齡、身高、體重等指標進行比較研究，揭示我國足球守門員的年齡、身高和體重特征，為足球選材、訓(xùn)練提供參考依據(jù)。

Abstract: Using the mathematical and the material method, to analysis the goalkeeper’s age, height, body weight of our Superior Football League Game in 2006 season and Italy A-grade Football League Game in 2005-2006 season and the first four teams of the 17th session of World Cup and so on.Carry on the study of our soccer–goalkeeper's age, the height and the body weight characteristic to provide the reference for the soccer selection and the training.Key words: Goalkeepers;Age;Height;Weight

對高校開展五人制足球教學(xué)比賽的研究

中文摘要: 調(diào)查研究表明:在高校開展五人制足球比賽,不但有利于提高大學(xué)生的體育興趣,推動高校大學(xué)生的全民健身運動，促進高校大學(xué)生健身運動的廣泛開展，對緩解高校體育活動場所供需矛盾,而且不允許有任何沖憧和鏟斷球,可以杜絕或減少運動傷病的發(fā)生,是發(fā)展學(xué)生身體素質(zhì)的最佳方式。關(guān)鍵詞：高校；五人制足球；教

Research on the Five Teaching Soccer Match in College Abstract: Research shows that: the five teaching soccer match not only will help improving students interested in sports and promote the college students nationwide fitness campaign to promote college students in a wide range of fitness exercise, to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of college sports venues, but also not allow any conflict , you can eliminate or reduce the incidence of sports injuries, it is the best way to develop physical fitness.Key words: College;Five Teaching Soccer Match;teach

淺析高科技在足球比賽中的應(yīng)用

Reflection on high technology using in the soccer game 中文摘要：高科技在現(xiàn)代足球比賽上的應(yīng)用越來越多，特別是在2006年德國世界杯新技術(shù)手段和成果應(yīng)用更加廣泛，進一步體現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代足球發(fā)展方向和特點。

Abstract: More and more high technology was used in the modern soccer game.Especially, many methods and fruit of new technology was used in the FIFA world of Germany in 2006, in this way, to advance to show the development trends and the characters of modern soccer.key: modern soccer, high technology, use, the FIFA world of Germany in 2006 關(guān)鍵詞：現(xiàn)代足球，高科技，應(yīng)用,2006年德國世界杯

第三篇：幼兒教育論文摘要翻譯

摘要

當(dāng)今社會青少年自殺、犯罪事件頻繁發(fā)生，犯罪率也直線上升，人們將這些事件的根源追溯到幼兒時期感恩教育的缺席。幼兒階段是個性、品德、氣質(zhì)等形成的關(guān)鍵時期，對其進行感恩教育有著十分重要的價值與意義。對幼兒進行感恩教育，不僅能培養(yǎng)幼兒與人為善、樂于助人的美德，而且能促進幼兒健康人格的形成，對幼兒將來步入社會、建立和諧的人際關(guān)系具有重要的意義。

Abstract

In the present society, youth suicide, crime incidents occur frequently and crime rate is skyrocketing, people trace back to the lack of the gratitude education in the early childhood, the root causes of these events.Early childhood stage is a critical period, during which the personality, character, temperament come into being.This period play an important role in gratitude education.Gratitude education for young children, not only can foster children’s virtue such as kindness and helpfulness, but also can promote the formation of healthy personality of young children, playing important role in establishing harmonious interpersonal relationships when young children step into the society in the future.本論文研究的是3-6歲幼兒感恩教育的現(xiàn)狀，通過對幼兒教師、幼兒家長發(fā)放調(diào)查問卷，探明了幼兒感恩教育的現(xiàn)狀，幼兒教師、家長對感恩教育重視度不夠，并找出了幼兒感恩教育存在的問題：重視知識的教育，輕視行為的培養(yǎng)；教育理念落后；開展形式過于單一；家園合作不協(xié)調(diào)等問題。因而提出要改變教育觀念，加強家園合作，拓展感恩教育的途徑等針對性的建議。

【關(guān)鍵詞】感恩；感恩教育；幼兒階段

This thesis focus on the status of gratitude education of children from 3-6 years old children.By providing questionnaires for preschool teachers and parents, the status quo, to which preschool teachers and parents pay insufficient attention, can be found.And the thesis also find existing problems of gratitude education, attaching great importance to the education of knowledge, despise behavior training, the backward education idea,single form of gratitude education,and lack of harmonious cooperation between preschool and family.Therefore the thesis proposed targeted recommendations to change the education ideas,strengthen homeland cooperation and expand means of gratitude education.Keywords: Gratitude;Gratitude Education;Early Childhood Stage

摘要

Abstract

對新入園的幼兒來說，幼兒園和幼兒教師都是完全陌生的，這種陌生感會使兒童產(chǎn)生恐懼和害怕的情緒，甚至有些幼兒還會產(chǎn)生對幼兒園生活的厭惡之情。如若不采取措施，會影響幼兒入園適應(yīng)性的發(fā)展?！坝H其師則信其道，親其生則樂其教”也就是說良好的師生關(guān)系能夠緩解幼兒緊張的情緒，幫助幼兒更好的適應(yīng)幼兒園的生活，因此良好的師生關(guān)系在幼兒入園適應(yīng)性的發(fā)展中占有舉足輕重的地位。For young children just being admitted to preschool, preschool and kindergarten teachers are completely unknown.This strangeness exposes children to fear, and even some children may generate loathing for preschool life.No measure was taken, it will affect the children’s adapting to preschool.There is a sentence “If students like his teacher, he would like to believe in words of his teachers’” that is to say a good teacher-student relationship can ease children’s tension, and help children to adapt to kindergarten life better.Therefore good teacher-student relationship plays an important role in child’s development of suitability for admission.本研究關(guān)注的是良好的師生關(guān)系對幼兒入園適應(yīng)性的影響。在對相關(guān)概念和師生關(guān)系類型進行闡述的基礎(chǔ)上，采用問卷調(diào)查法和觀察法對滕州市幾所私立與公立幼兒園的家長、老師、孩子進行實踐研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)了在幼兒入園適應(yīng)性的發(fā)展中存在家長和老師對幼兒適應(yīng)性的不重視、認識度不高，良好的與不良的師生關(guān)系對適應(yīng)性的影響程度不同等問題，分析了良好的與不良的師生關(guān)系對幼兒入園適應(yīng)性的影響情況，證明了良好的師生關(guān)系在幼兒入園適應(yīng)性發(fā)展中的重要性，并給出了建立良好的師生關(guān)系的建議，以及解決幼兒入園適應(yīng)性問題的方法和措施。

【關(guān)鍵詞】良好的師生關(guān)系；幼兒入園適應(yīng)性；影響研究

This study focuses on the effect of a good teacher-student relationship on child adaptability of admission.On the basis of expounding related concepts and type of teacher-student relationship, by means such as questionnaire and observation ,practical research was taken on parents, teachers and children from Tengzhou several private and public kindergarten.The problem was founded that parents and teachers of young children do not pay attention to

young children admission adaptability, and awareness for adaptability of children is not deep enough in child’s development of suitability for admission, and different impact of good and poor teacher-student relationship on young children admission adaptability.The thesis analyzed the impact of good and poor teacher-student relationship on young children admission adaptability, proved the importance of a good teacher-student relationship for the development of young children’s admission adaptability and gave advices on building good teacher-student relationship, as well as methods to solve problem of young children admission adaptabilityKey words: good teacher-student relationship;child admission adaptability;impact study

第四篇：摘要翻譯

要

牽引變電所作為電氣化鐵道的供電電源，是鐵路供電系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，直接影響鐵路行車安全。由于所內(nèi)集中的電氣設(shè)備較多，發(fā)生雷擊時，很容易引起設(shè)備故障，進而影響鐵道供電的安全性和可靠性。因此，可通過將避雷器安裝在理想的位置，以防止雷擊對牽引變電所內(nèi)設(shè)備造成損害，保證牽引供電系統(tǒng)的安全可靠性。

本設(shè)計采用EMTP(The Electromagnetic Transients Program,電磁暫態(tài)分析程序)應(yīng)用軟件，以哈大線牽引變電所為例，建立220kV牽引變電所仿真模型，對其雷電侵入波的特性進行仿真分析，比較雷擊點、桿塔沖擊接地電阻、避雷器安裝位置等不同因素對牽引變電所內(nèi)電氣設(shè)備上過電壓的影響，并根據(jù)分析結(jié)果確定避雷器的最佳安裝點。

根據(jù)基于EMTP的牽引變電所仿真模型，針對不同避雷器設(shè)置方案對雷電侵入波防護效果的模擬和分析結(jié)果，選擇的最佳避雷器安裝方案為：在變壓器和互感器入口處均設(shè)置避雷器。

As the power supply of electrified railway, traction substation is an important part of the railway power supply system, which directly affects the safety of railway traffic.Because of the large amount of centralized equipment in traction substation, it is easy to cause equipment failure by lightning, and then affect the safety and reliability of railway power supply system.Therefore, the a The Electromagnetic Transients Program e equipment in traction substation from lightning strikes and to ensure the safety and reliability of tractive power supply system.This design uses EMTP(The Electromagnetic Transients Program)application software, take the railway traction substation as an example, the establishment of 220kV traction substation simulation model, electromagnetic transient simulation software, to analysis lightning invasion wave of 220 kV traction substation simulation.Effect on the equipment of lightning struck point, the surge ground-resistance and the place arrester ridded are compared, to ensure the right location of arrester.According to the traction substation model, which based on the EMTP, the effect of lightning overvoltage by different installation scheme about arrester is simulated and analysed.According to the simulation results, it is adopted as lightning protection design scheme that arresters should be located near transformer and mutual inductor.

第五篇：摘要翻譯

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), a single official economic forum at first, now has developed into a economic cooperation organization that plays an important role in the world.As the continually expanding of its scale , its original several members now become 21.Its importance for the world has been greatly improved, and its influence for international regional economic cooperation also has rapidly expanded.This paper makes some introduction to APEC, but the emphasis of it is to study APEC’s influence for international trade and the relevant countermeasures analyses.In 2014, APEC is held again in China.China has joined APEC for 25 years, as the opening of APEC meeting, Chinese actual economic change in this 25 years once again becomes the focus of attention for scholars.For this issue, this paper talks about Chinese development process in this 25 years, and the concerned focus and establishment of countermeasures in 2014 APEC meeting, so that the impact that China’s entry into APEC makes for Chinese trade can be grasped as a whole.For the development situation and existing problems of APEC in recent years, this paper offers some relevant suggestions.And according to the meeting content and development situation, this paper also analyzes APEC’s future planning.