第一篇：教學(xué)論文4—參考文獻(xiàn)

1.淺析大學(xué)生考試作弊的原因及對(duì)策

2.加強(qiáng)考試管理 促進(jìn)學(xué)風(fēng)建設(shè)

3.改革考試模式促進(jìn)學(xué)風(fēng)建設(shè)

4.以考試為中心，改善管理，改進(jìn)學(xué)風(fēng)，提高質(zhì)量

5.基于考試管理視角的獨(dú)立學(xué)院學(xué)風(fēng)建設(shè)

6.大學(xué)生考試作弊情況調(diào)查分析及其遏制對(duì)策探討

7.大學(xué)生考試作弊成因及防止對(duì)策（西南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版)）8.大學(xué)生考試作弊以后的心理活動(dòng)分析及對(duì)策

9.考試改革促進(jìn)學(xué)風(fēng)建設(shè)的探索與實(shí)踐

10.新形勢(shì)下加強(qiáng)考試建設(shè)的重要性及措施

11.新時(shí)期大學(xué)生考試舞弊方式及對(duì)策研究

12.透過《公關(guān)與交際藝術(shù)》課程考試改革看高職教育中考風(fēng)、學(xué)風(fēng)建設(shè) 13.新形勢(shì)下加強(qiáng)考試管理的基本措施

14.一位大學(xué)教師的憂慮——析大學(xué)生考試作弊現(xiàn)象

15.現(xiàn)行教育考試作弊成因及對(duì)策研究（碩士論文）

16.大學(xué)物理期末考試成績(jī)的特點(diǎn)與思考

17.提高考試管理水平促進(jìn)學(xué)風(fēng)根本好轉(zhuǎn)

18.更新考試形式 提高教育學(xué)教學(xué)質(zhì)量

19.《高等數(shù)學(xué)》考試結(jié)果影響因素的實(shí)證分析

20.大學(xué)高等數(shù)學(xué)考試分?jǐn)?shù)成因之我見

21.情感在教學(xué)過程中的作用

第二篇：4畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯范文

黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

模糊控制理論

摘自 維基百科 2011年11月20日

概述

模糊邏輯廣泛適用于機(jī)械控制。這個(gè)詞本身激發(fā)一個(gè)一定的懷疑,試探相當(dāng)于“倉促的邏輯”或“虛假的邏輯”,但“模糊”不是指一個(gè)部分缺乏嚴(yán)格性的方法,而這樣的事實(shí),即邏輯涉及能處理的概念,不能被表達(dá)為“對(duì)”或“否”,而是因?yàn)椤安糠终鎸?shí)”。雖然遺傳算法和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以執(zhí)行一樣模糊邏輯在很多情況下,模糊邏輯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是解決這個(gè)問題的方法,能夠被鑄造方面接線員能了解,以便他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn),可用于設(shè)計(jì)的控制器。這讓它更容易完成機(jī)械化已成功由人執(zhí)行。

歷史以及應(yīng)用

模糊邏輯首先被提出是有Lotfi在加州大學(xué)伯克利分校在1965年的一篇論文。他闡述了他的觀點(diǎn)在1973年的一篇論文的概念,介紹了語言變量”,在這篇文章中相當(dāng)于一個(gè)變量定義為一個(gè)模糊集合。其他研究打亂了,第二次工業(yè)應(yīng)用中,水泥窯建在丹麥,即將到來的在線1975。

模糊系統(tǒng)在很大程度上在美國(guó)被忽略了,因?yàn)樗麄兏嚓P(guān)注的是人工智能，一個(gè)被過分吹噓的領(lǐng)域，尤其是在1980年中期年代,導(dǎo)致在誠(chéng)信缺失的商業(yè)領(lǐng)域。

然而日本人對(duì)這個(gè)卻沒有偏見和忽略，模糊系統(tǒng)引發(fā)日立的Seiji Yasunobu和Soji Yasunobu Miyamoto的興趣。,他于1985年的模擬,證明了模糊控制系統(tǒng)對(duì)仙臺(tái)鐵路的控制的優(yōu)越性。他們的想法是被接受了,并將模糊系統(tǒng)用來控制加速、制動(dòng)、和停車，當(dāng)線于1987年開業(yè)。

1987年另一項(xiàng)促進(jìn)模糊系統(tǒng)的興趣。在一個(gè)國(guó)際會(huì)議在東京的模糊研究那一年,Yamakawa論證<使用模糊控制,通過一系列簡(jiǎn)單的專用模糊邏輯芯片,在一個(gè)“倒立擺“實(shí)驗(yàn)。這是一個(gè)經(jīng)典的控制問題,在這一過程中,車輛努力保持桿安裝在頂部用鉸鏈正直來回移動(dòng)。

這次展示給觀察者家們留下了深刻的印象,以及后來的實(shí)驗(yàn),他登上一Yamakawa酒杯包含水或甚至一只活老鼠的頂部的鐘擺。該系統(tǒng)在兩種情況下,保持穩(wěn)定。Yamakawa最終繼續(xù)組織自己的fuzzy-systems研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室?guī)椭米约旱膶＠谔锏乩锏臅r(shí)候。

黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

展示之后,日本工程師開發(fā)出了大范圍的模糊系統(tǒng)用于工業(yè)領(lǐng)域和消費(fèi)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。1988年,日本建立了國(guó)際模糊工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,建立合作安排48公司進(jìn)行模糊控制的研究。

松下吸塵器使用微控制器運(yùn)行模糊算法去控制傳感器和調(diào)整吸塵力。日立洗衣機(jī)用模糊控制器Load-Weight,Fabric-Mix和塵土傳感器及自動(dòng)設(shè)定洗滌周期來最佳利用電能、水和洗滌劑。

佳能研制出的一種上相機(jī)使用電荷耦合器件(CCD)測(cè)量中的圖像清晰的六個(gè)區(qū)域其視野和使用提供的信息來決定是否這個(gè)影像在焦點(diǎn)上(清晰)。它也可以追蹤變化的速率在鏡頭運(yùn)動(dòng)的重點(diǎn),以及它的速度以防止控制超調(diào)。相機(jī)的模糊控制系統(tǒng)采用12輸入,6個(gè)輸入了解解現(xiàn)行清晰所提供的數(shù)據(jù)和其他6個(gè)輸入測(cè)量CCD鏡頭的變化率的運(yùn)動(dòng)。輸出的位置是鏡頭。模糊控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用13條規(guī)則,需要1.1 千字節(jié)記憶信息。

另外一個(gè)例子是,三菱工業(yè)空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)采用25加熱規(guī)則和25冷卻規(guī)則。溫度傳感器提供輸入,輸出一個(gè)控制逆變器,一個(gè)壓縮機(jī)氣閥,風(fēng)扇電機(jī)。和以前的設(shè)計(jì)相比,新設(shè)計(jì)的模糊控制器增加五次加熱冷卻速度,降低能耗24%,增加溫度穩(wěn)定性的一個(gè)因素兩個(gè),使用較少的傳感器。

日本人對(duì)模糊邏輯的人情是反映在很廣泛的應(yīng)用范圍上,他們一直在研究或?qū)崿F(xiàn):例如個(gè)性和筆跡識(shí)別光學(xué)模糊系統(tǒng),機(jī)器人,聲控機(jī)器人直升飛機(jī)。

模糊系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)研究工作也在美國(guó)和歐洲進(jìn)行著。美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署分析了模糊控制節(jié)能電動(dòng)機(jī),美國(guó)國(guó)家航空和宇宙航行局研究了模糊控制自動(dòng)太空對(duì)接。仿真結(jié)果表明,模糊控制系統(tǒng)可大大降低燃料消耗。如波音公司、通用汽車、艾倫-布拉德利、克萊斯勒、伊頓,和漩渦了模糊邏輯用于低功率冰箱、改善汽車變速箱。在1995年美泰克公司推出的一個(gè)“聰明” 基于模糊控制器洗碗機(jī)，“一站式感應(yīng)模塊”包括熱敏電阻器,用來溫度測(cè)量;電導(dǎo)率傳感器,用來測(cè)量離子洗滌劑水平存在于洗;分散和濁度傳感器用來檢測(cè)透射光測(cè)量失禁的洗滌,以及一個(gè)磁致伸縮傳感器來讀取旋轉(zhuǎn)速率。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)確定最優(yōu)洗周期任何載荷,獲得最佳的結(jié)果用最少的能源、洗滌劑、和水。

研究和開發(fā)還繼續(xù)模糊應(yīng)用軟件,作為反對(duì)固件設(shè)計(jì),包括模糊專家系統(tǒng)模糊邏輯與整合神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和所謂的自適應(yīng)遺傳軟件系統(tǒng),其最終目的是建立“自主學(xué)習(xí)”模糊控制系統(tǒng)。

黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

模糊集

輸入變量在一個(gè)模糊控制系統(tǒng)是集映射到一般由類似的隸屬度函數(shù),稱為“模糊集”。轉(zhuǎn)換的過程中,一個(gè)干脆利落的輸入值模糊值稱為“模糊化”。

一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)也有各種不同的類型開關(guān)或“開關(guān)”,連同它的模擬輸入輸入,而這樣的開關(guān)輸入當(dāng)然總有一個(gè)真實(shí)的價(jià)值等于要么1或0,但該方案能對(duì)付他們,簡(jiǎn)單的模糊函數(shù),要么發(fā)生一個(gè)值或另一個(gè)。

賦予了“映射輸入變量的隸屬函數(shù)和進(jìn)入真理價(jià)值,單片機(jī)然后做出決定為采取何種行動(dòng)基于一套“規(guī)則”,每一組的形式。

在一個(gè)例子里,有兩個(gè)輸入變量是“剎車溫度”和“速度”,定義為模糊集值。輸出變量,“制動(dòng)壓力” ,也定義為一個(gè)模糊集,有價(jià)值觀像“靜”、“稍微增大” “略微下降”,等等。

這條規(guī)則本身很莫名其妙,因?yàn)樗雌饋砗孟窨梢允褂?，?huì)干擾到與模糊,但要記住,這個(gè)決定是基于一套規(guī)則。

所有的規(guī)則都調(diào)用申請(qǐng),使用模糊隸屬度函數(shù)和誠(chéng)實(shí)得到輸入值,確定結(jié)果的規(guī)則。這個(gè)結(jié)果將被映射成一個(gè)隸屬函數(shù)和控制輸出變量的真值。

這些結(jié)果相結(jié)合,給出了具體的(“脆”)的答案,實(shí)際的制動(dòng)壓力,一個(gè)過程被稱為解模糊化，結(jié)合了模糊操作規(guī)則 “推理“描述”模糊專家系統(tǒng)”。

傳統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)是基于數(shù)學(xué)模型的控制系統(tǒng),描述了使用一個(gè)或更多微分方程確定系統(tǒng)回應(yīng)其輸入。這類系統(tǒng)通常被作為“PID控制器”他們是產(chǎn)品的數(shù)十年的發(fā)展建設(shè)和理論分析,是非常有效的。

如果PID和其他傳統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)是如此的先進(jìn),何必還要模糊控制嗎?它有一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在許多情況下,數(shù)學(xué)模型的控制過程可能不存在,或太“貴”的認(rèn)識(shí)論的計(jì)算機(jī)處理能力和內(nèi)存,與系統(tǒng)的基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)規(guī)則可能更有效。

此外,模糊邏輯都適合低成本實(shí)現(xiàn)基于廉價(jià)的傳感器、低分辨率模擬/數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器,或8位單片機(jī)芯片one-chip 4比特。這種系統(tǒng)可以很容易地通過增加新的規(guī)則升級(jí)來提高性能或添加新功能。在許多情況下,模糊控制可以用來改善現(xiàn)有的傳統(tǒng)控制器系統(tǒng)通過增加了額外的情報(bào)電流控制方法。

模糊控的細(xì)節(jié)

模糊控制器是很簡(jiǎn)單的理念上。它們是由一個(gè)輸入階段,一個(gè)處理階段,一個(gè)輸

黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

出階段。地圖傳感器輸入級(jí)或其他輸入,比如開關(guān)等等,到合適的隸屬函數(shù)和真理的價(jià)值。每一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)募庸るA段調(diào)用規(guī)則和產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果對(duì)每個(gè)人來說,然后結(jié)合結(jié)果的規(guī)則。最后,將結(jié)果輸出階段相結(jié)合的具體控制輸出回他的價(jià)值。

最常見的形狀是三角形的隸屬度函數(shù),盡管梯形和貝爾曲線也使用,但其形狀通常比數(shù)量更重要曲線及其位置。從三人至七人通常是適當(dāng)?shù)母采w曲線所需要的范圍的一個(gè)輸入值,或“宇宙的話語“在模糊術(shù)語。

作為討論之前,加工階段是基于規(guī)則的集合的形式邏輯IFThen規(guī)則。作為一個(gè)例子,解釋一個(gè)規(guī)則,因?yàn)槿绻?溫度是“冷”),那么(加熱器是“高”)由第一階表達(dá)式冷(x)→高(y)和假設(shè)r是一個(gè)輸入這樣冷(r)是假的。然后公式冷(r)→高(t)是適用于任何一個(gè)師,因此任何不正確的控制提供了一種給r。很明顯,如果我們考慮系統(tǒng)的先例的規(guī)則類定義一個(gè)分區(qū)這樣一個(gè)自相矛盾的現(xiàn)象不會(huì)出現(xiàn)。在任何情況下它有時(shí)是不考慮兩個(gè)變量x和y在一條規(guī)則沒有某種功能的依賴。嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嬚?dāng)化中給出的模糊控制Hajek的書,被描繪成一個(gè)模糊控制理論的基本Hajek邏輯。在2005 Gerla模糊控制邏輯方法,提出了一種基于以下的想法。f模糊函數(shù)表示的系統(tǒng)與模糊控制相結(jié)合,即:給定輸入r,s(y)?f(r,y)是模糊集合可能的輸出。然后給出一個(gè)可能的輸出的t,我們把f(r,t)為真理程度的表示。更多的是任何系統(tǒng)的If-Then規(guī)則可轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)模糊的程序,在這種情況下模糊函數(shù)f模糊謂詞的解釋很好(x,y)在相關(guān)的最小模糊Herbrand

模型。以這樣一種方式成為一個(gè)章模糊控制的模糊邏輯編程。學(xué)習(xí)過程成為一個(gè)問題屬于歸納邏輯理論。

黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

Fuzzy Control From Wikipedia November 2011

Overview

Fuzzy logic is widely used in machine control.The term itself inspires a certain skepticism, sounding equivalent to ”half-baked logic“ or ”bogus logic“, but the ”fuzzy“ part does not refer to a lack of rigour in the method, rather to the fact that the logic involved can deal with concepts that cannot be expressed as ”true“ or ”false“ but rather as ”partially true“.Although genetic algorithms and neural networks can perform just as well as fuzzy logic in many cases, fuzzy logic has the advantage that the solution to the problem can be cast in terms that human operators can understand, so that their experience can be used in the design of the controller.This makes it easier to mechanize tasks that are already successfully performed by humans.History and applications

Fuzzy logic was first proposed by Lotfi A.Zadeh of the University of California at Berkeley in a 1965 paper.He elaborated on his ideas in a 1973 paper that introduced the concept of ”linguistic variables“, which in this article equates to a variable defined as a fuzzy set.Other research followed, with the first industrial application, a cement kiln built in Denmark, coming on line in 1975.Fuzzy systems were largely ignored in the U.S.because they were associated with artificial intelligence, a field that periodically oversells itself, especially in the mid-1980s, resulting in a lack of credibility within the commercial domain.The Japanese did not have this prejudice.Interest in fuzzy systems was sparked by Seiji Yasunobu and Soji Miyamoto of Hitachi, who in 1985 provided simulations that demonstrated the superiority of fuzzy control systems for the Sendai railway.Their ideas were adopted, and fuzzy systems were used to control accelerating, braking, and stopping when the line opened in 1987.Another event in 1987 helped promote interest in fuzzy systems.During an international meeting of fuzzy researchers in Tokyo that year, Takeshi Yamakawa demonstrated the use of fuzzy control, through a set of simple dedicated fuzzy logic chips, in an ”inverted pendulum“ experiment.This is a classic control problem, in which a vehicle tries to keep a pole mounted on its top by a hinge upright by moving back and forth.Observers were impressed with this demonstration, as well as later experiments by Yamakawa in which he mounted a wine glass containing water or even a live mouse to the top of the pendulum.The system maintained stability in both cases.Yamakawa eventually went on to organize his own fuzzy-systems research lab to help exploit his patents in the field.Following such demonstrations, Japanese engineers developed a wide range of fuzzy systems for both industrial and consumer applications.In 1988 Japan established

黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

the Laboratory for International Fuzzy Engineering(LIFE), a cooperative arrangement between 48 companies to pursue fuzzy research.Matsushita vacuum cleaners use micro controllers running fuzzy algorithms to interrogate dust sensors and adjust suction power accordingly.Hitachi washing machines use fuzzy controllers to load-weight, fabric-mix, and dirt sensors and automatically set the wash cycle for the best use of power, water, and detergent.Canon developed an autofocusing camera that uses a charge-coupled device(CCD)to measure the clarity of the image in six regions of its field of view and use the information provided to determine if the image is in focus.It also tracks the rate of change of lens movement during focusing, and controls its speed to prevent overshoot.The camera's fuzzy control system uses 12 inputs: 6 to obtain the current clarity data provided by the CCD and 6 to measure the rate of change of lens movement.The output is the position of the lens.The fuzzy control system uses 13 rules and requires 1.1 kilobytes of memory.As another example of a practical system, an industrial air conditioner designed by Mitsubishi uses 25 heating rules and 25 cooling rules.A temperature sensor provides input, with control outputs fed to an inverter, a compressor valve, and a fan motor.Compared to the previous design, the fuzzy controller heats and cools five times faster, reduces power consumption by 24%, increases temperature stability by a factor of two, and uses fewer sensors.The enthusiasm of the Japanese for fuzzy logic is reflected in the wide range of other applications they have investigated or implemented: character and handwriting recognition;optical fuzzy systems;robots, voice-controlled robot helicopters Work on fuzzy systems is also proceeding in the US and Europe.The US Environmental Protection Agency has investigated fuzzy control for energy-efficient motors, and NASA has studied fuzzy control for automated space docking: simulations show that a fuzzy control system can greatly reduce fuel consumption.Firms such as Boeing, General Motors, Allen-Bradley, Chrysler, Eaton, and Whirlpool have worked on fuzzy logic for use in low-power refrigerators, improved automotive transmissions, and energy-efficient electric motors.In 1995 Maytag introduced an ”intelligent“ dishwasher based on a fuzzy controller and a ”one-stop sensing module“ that combines a thermistor, for temperature measurement;a conductivity sensor, to measure detergent level from the ions present in the wash;a turbidity sensor that measures scattered and transmitted light to measure the soiling of the wash;and a magnetostrictive sensor to read spin rate.The system determines the optimum wash cycle for any load to obtain the best results with the least amount of energy, detergent, and water.Research and development is also continuing on fuzzy applications in software, as opposed to firmware, design, including fuzzy expert systems and integration of fuzzy logic with neural-network and so-called adaptive ”genetic“ software systems, with the ultimate goal of building ”self-learning“ fuzzy control systems.黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

Fuzzy sets

The input variables in a fuzzy control system are in general mapped into by sets of membership functions similar to this, known as ”fuzzy sets“.The process of converting a crisp input value to a fuzzy value is called ”fuzzification“.A control system may also have various types of switch, or ”O(jiān)N-OFF“, inputs along with its analog inputs, and such switch inputs of course will always have a truth value equal to either 1 or 0, but the scheme can deal with them as simplified fuzzy functions that happen to be either one value or another.Given ”mappings“ of input variables into membership functions and truth values, the microcontroller then makes decisions for what action to take based on a set of ”rules“, each of the form.In one example, the two input variables are ”brake temperature“ and ”speed“ that have values defined as fuzzy sets.The output variable, ”brake pressure“, is also defined by a fuzzy set that can have values like ”static“, ”slightly increased“, ”slightly decreased“, and so on.This rule by itself is very puzzling since it looks like it could be used without bothering with fuzzy logic, but remember that the decision is based on a set of rules:

All the rules that apply are invoked, using the membership functions and truth values obtained from the inputs, to determine the result of the rule.This result in turn will be mapped into a membership function and truth value controlling the output variable.These results are combined to give a specific(”crisp“)answer, the actual brake pressure, a procedure known as ”defuzzification“.This combination of fuzzy operations and rule-based ”inference“ describes a ”fuzzy expert system“.Traditional control systems are based on mathematical models in which the control system is described using one or more differential equations that define the system response to its inputs.Such systems are often implemented as ”PID controllers“(proportional-integral-derivative controllers).They are the products of decades of development and theoretical analysis, and are highly effective.If PID and other traditional control systems are so well-developed, why bother with fuzzy control? It has some advantages.In many cases, the mathematical model of the control process may not exist, or may be too ”expensive“ in terms of computer processing power and memory, and a system based on empirical rules may be more effective.Furthermore, fuzzy logic is well suited to low-cost implementations based on cheap sensors, low-resolution analog-to-digital converters, and 4-bit or 8-bit one-chip microcontroller chips.Such systems can be easily upgraded by adding new rules to improve performance or add new features.In many cases, fuzzy control can be used to improve existing traditional controller systems by adding an extra layer of intelligence to the current control method.黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

Fuzzy control in detail

Fuzzy controllers are very simple conceptually.They consist of an input stage, a processing stage, and an output stage.The input stage maps sensor or other inputs, such as switches, thumbwheels, and so on, to the appropriate membership functions and truth values.The processing stage invokes each appropriate rule and generates a result for each, then combines the results of the rules.Finally, the output stage converts the combined result back into a specific control output value.The most common shape of membership functions is triangular, although trapezoidal and bell curves are also used, but the shape is generally less important than the number of curves and their placement.From three to seven curves are generally appropriate to cover the required range of an input value, or the ”universe of discourse“ in fuzzy jargon.As discussed earlier, the processing stage is based on a collection of logic rules in the form of IF-THEN statements, where the IF part is called the ”antecedent“ and the THEN part is called the ”consequent“.This rule uses the truth value of the ”temperature“ input, which is some truth value of ”cold“, to generate a result in the fuzzy set for the ”heater“ output, which is some value of ”high“.This result is used with the results of other rules to finally generate the crisp composite output.Obviously, the greater the truth value of ”cold“, the higher the truth value of ”high“, though this does not necessarily mean that the output itself will be set to ”high“ since this is only one rule among many.In some cases, the membership functions can be modified by ”hedges“ that are equivalent to adjectives.Common hedges include ”about“, ”near“, ”close to“, ”approximately“, ”very“, ”slightly“, ”too“, ”extremely“, and ”somewhat“.These operations may have precise definitions, though the definitions can vary considerably between different implementations.”Very“, for one example, squares membership functions;since the membership values are always less than 1, this narrows the membership function.”Extremely“ cubes the values to give greater narrowing, while ”somewhat“ broadens the function by taking the square root.In practice, the fuzzy rule sets usually have several antecedents that are combined using fuzzy operators, such as AND, OR, and NOT, though again the definitions tend to vary: AND, in one popular definition, simply uses the minimum weight of all the antecedents, while OR uses the maximum value.There is also a NOT operator that subtracts a membership function from 1 to give the ”complementary“ function.There are several ways to define the result of a rule, but one of the most common and simplest is the ”max-min“ inference method, in which the output membership function is given the truth value generated by the premise.Rules can be solved in parallel in hardware, or sequentially in software.The results of all the rules that have fired are ”defuzzified“ to a crisp value by one of several methods.There are dozens in theory, each with various advantages and drawbacks.The ”centroid“ method is very popular, in which the ”center of mass“ of the result provides the crisp value.Another approach is the ”height“ method, which takes the value of the biggest contributor.The centroid method favors the rule with the output of

黃石理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

greatest area, while the height method obviously favors the rule with the greatest output value.The diagram below demonstrates max-min inferring and centroid defuzzification for a system with input variables ”x“, ”y“, and ”z“ and an output variable ”n“.Note that ”mu“ is standard fuzzy-logic nomenclature for ”truth value“:

Fuzzy control system design is based on empirical methods, basically a methodical approach to trial-and-error.The general process is as follows:

1.Document the system's operational specifications and inputs and outputs.2.Document the fuzzy sets for the inputs.3.Document the rule set.4.Determine the defuzzification method.5.Run through test suite to validate system, adjust details as required.6.Complete document and release to production.Logical interpretation of fuzzy control In spite of the appearance there are several difficulties to give a rigorous logical interpretation of the IF-THEN rules.As an example, interpret a rule as IF(temperature is ”cold“)THEN(heater is ”high“)by the first order formula Cold(x)→High(y)and assume that r is an input such that Cold(r)is false.Then the formula Cold(r)→High(t)is true for any t and therefore any t gives a correct control given r.Obviously, if we consider systems of rules in which the class antecedent define a partition such a paradoxical phenomenon does not arise.In any case it is sometimes unsatisfactory to consider two variables x and y in a rule without some kind of functional dependence.A rigorous logical justification of fuzzy control is given in Hájek's book ,where fuzzy control is represented as a theory of Hájek's basic logic.Also in Gerla 2005 a logical approach to fuzzy control is proposed based on the following idea.Denote by f the fuzzy function associated with the fuzzy control system, i.e., given the input r, s(y)= f(r,y)is the fuzzy set of possible outputs.Then given a possible output 't', we interpret f(r,t)as the truth degree of the claim ”t is a good answer given r".More formally, any system of IF-THEN rules can be translate into a fuzzy program in such a way that the fuzzy function f is the interpretation of a vague predicate Good(x,y)in the associated least fuzzy Herbrand model.In such a way fuzzy control becomes a chapter of fuzzy logic programming.The learning process becomes a question belonging to inductive logic theory.

第三篇：4畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文

Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to fire detection and monitoring system

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

Indexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants.The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line.The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed.A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure.The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations.It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g.by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Introduction Regulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building.Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc.A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :(a)The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b)An extra path of communication between the central station and all local controllers(c)Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d)Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e)Availability of emergency power supply.The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire.The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions.These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture.When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes.In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate.First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS.Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level.At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two.These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM, IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip.At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible.The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control.The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance.In terms of fire detection and

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements.A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation.This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design.This implementation was not possible with old technology.Most of fire detection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology.In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel.Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devices A basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation.An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detecting the byproduct of a combustion.Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices.When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increases from the pA to the mA range(say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA)in the active mode.Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as those

given in Table 1.The more sensitive the detector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique

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can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T.The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected;smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems.In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants.Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labour Our control philosophy is implemented hierarchically.Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making.There is no communication between equipment on the same level.Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands.This is shown in Fig.1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker(when not in manual mode).At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations.At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers.Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer.Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards.Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level.This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a)When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b)The decisions have uncertainty(c)It will isolate local decisions(e.g.locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardware I :Fig.2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms.The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel.This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible.However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling.In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking different

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

routes throughout the system may be connected in parallel.Fig.3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus.This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

3.1 Central control task

A central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the system

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

activities.In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i)It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii)It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii)It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu)It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u)It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stations The local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs.In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g.the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level;the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented.The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer.This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations.The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a)It is CMOS technology;this reduces power consumption.(b)It has a UART on board;this facilitates serial communication.(e)It has an a/d converter on board;this eliminates an external A/D.(d)It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer;this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 System implementation The local station: Fig.3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig.4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form.It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller.The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator.In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open-and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions.More information can be found in Reference 9.Main loop

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 Conclusion This paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers.The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making.This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making.Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so.It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations.A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10].The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor(MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

monitor called Tutor.The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor.The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References 1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng., ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

譯

文

基于單片機(jī)的火災(zāi)探測(cè)和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

關(guān)鍵詞：危險(xiǎn)，設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)備狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)

摘要：火災(zāi)探測(cè)及報(bào)警監(jiān)控已成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜而完整的體系。該系統(tǒng)采用多個(gè)單芯片架構(gòu)到一條主線上。該控制算法是基于兩級(jí)決策層次，因此分配了復(fù)雜性。一個(gè)完整的電路原理圖，給出了主、分控制器所需的軟件的結(jié)構(gòu)要求。設(shè)計(jì)延續(xù)一般形式，這樣可以適應(yīng)于多種系統(tǒng)的配置。尤其顯示出新的技術(shù)發(fā)展，特別是CMOS單芯片器件，在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的使用，以減少整體硬件的復(fù)雜性，例如，通過分解系統(tǒng)，這樣的層次較低水平的控制器能夠有一些決策自主權(quán)，用簡(jiǎn)單的分布式的方法解決了復(fù)雜的決策。

1、引言

大多數(shù)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地區(qū)和建筑物的管理要求安裝火災(zāi)探測(cè)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)。多數(shù)國(guó)家消防規(guī)范的要求監(jiān)測(cè)和控制具體的是危險(xiǎn)場(chǎng)合或建筑物，如化工廠，石油類，核電廠，住宅高樓等這些場(chǎng)合的一般性質(zhì)可以指定為下列要求 ：

（一）所有探測(cè)器信號(hào)源信號(hào)能被主處理器準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別。

（二）主從控制器有另外的溝通路徑。

（三）檢測(cè)報(bào)警和主控制設(shè)備由控制中心控制。

（四）火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)和控制中心的通訊。

（五）提供的應(yīng)急電源。

它也被用來應(yīng)對(duì)特殊情況和進(jìn)行深被檢測(cè)。

火災(zāi)探測(cè)及報(bào)警系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)旨在信號(hào)，在一旦發(fā)生火警報(bào)警裝置的組合。該系統(tǒng)也可實(shí)現(xiàn)風(fēng)扇控制，防火門關(guān)閉或釋放，電梯鎖定，應(yīng)急照明控制和其他

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

緊急任務(wù)。這些額外的功能補(bǔ)充由檢測(cè)和報(bào)警裝置和中央控制單元組成。

技術(shù)對(duì)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)有很深的影響。當(dāng)技術(shù)的變革，該架構(gòu)必須修訂，以利用這些新的功能變化。近年來，超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)已經(jīng)大大進(jìn)步。第一，NMOS在過去的一年或兩年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆積密度擁有更多的門和更低的功耗。當(dāng)然這種技術(shù)的變化必然影響在芯片和系統(tǒng)級(jí)我們的硬件設(shè)計(jì)。在芯片級(jí)，單芯片現(xiàn)在正在制作的是只相當(dāng)于上一年或兩年的水平。這些芯片有微處理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存儲(chǔ)器串行和并行，A / D轉(zhuǎn)換定時(shí)器，和其他功能的芯片。在系統(tǒng)級(jí)，新的芯片做出新的結(jié)構(gòu)成為可能。本文的目的是體現(xiàn)技術(shù)如何影響消防控制領(lǐng)域的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。新的高密度的單芯片微控制器納入一個(gè)大系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，但我們可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系統(tǒng)。在火災(zāi)探測(cè)和報(bào)警監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中，這是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因?yàn)榈靥幤h(yuǎn)和電源的要求。一個(gè)完整的分控制站可以圍繞著一個(gè)帶電源的CMOS芯片設(shè)計(jì)。這種方法降低了成本和設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜性，方便實(shí)施和維護(hù)，并提供易于擴(kuò)展和便攜式設(shè)計(jì)。這是舊技術(shù)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。大部分火災(zāi)檢測(cè)/監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)提供特定的應(yīng)用程序，缺乏對(duì)CMOS超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。在這項(xiàng)研究中，我們開發(fā)了火災(zāi)檢測(cè)/監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)，常規(guī)設(shè)計(jì)，易于執(zhí)行的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)火警。在這里，我們提出一個(gè)中央控制和分發(fā)控制/檢測(cè)/充分的溝通，如果使用的單芯片微控制器在分控制站，從而提高可控性和可觀性的監(jiān)測(cè)過程。

2、檢測(cè)和報(bào)警裝置

一個(gè)基本的火災(zāi)探測(cè)系統(tǒng)由兩部分組成，檢測(cè)和報(bào)警。自動(dòng)檢測(cè)設(shè)備有比如熱，煙霧或火焰檢測(cè)器，紫外線或紅外線探測(cè)器或火焰閃爍，是基于檢測(cè) 一個(gè)燃燒的副產(chǎn)品。煙霧探測(cè)器都電離和光類型，是最常用的檢測(cè)設(shè)備。當(dāng)這種類型的典型探測(cè)器進(jìn)入報(bào)警狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生的電流信號(hào)會(huì)從PA變成MA（比如，從單純的15pA在休眠模式下為60毫安）在主動(dòng)模式。在許多探測(cè)器的檢測(cè)器輸出電壓明確在各種運(yùn)行條件，例如見表1。越是敏感的檢測(cè)器，它更容易受到虛假警報(bào)。為了控制探測(cè)器的精確，可使用下列方法：過濾技術(shù)，這樣的邏輯電路成為活躍僅當(dāng)x警報(bào)的時(shí)間內(nèi)檢測(cè)周期T。檢測(cè)技術(shù)在很大程度上取決于地點(diǎn)和植物受到保護(hù)，煙霧探測(cè)器是睡覺的地方，紅外線和紫外線輻射探

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

測(cè)器，檢測(cè)易燃液體燃燒，熱探測(cè)器用于滅火和滅火系統(tǒng)。一般來說，生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)有不同的做法。報(bào)警裝置，從通常的聲響或視覺報(bào)警外，還可以采用固態(tài)的聲音再現(xiàn)和緊急話音通信或打印機(jī)，記錄時(shí)間，日期，地點(diǎn)和其他資料。Heavisid [4] 擁有一支優(yōu)秀的審查探測(cè)器和滅火器的各種制度。

2.1控制理念和分工

我們的理念是實(shí)施控制等級(jí)。三個(gè)層次的系統(tǒng)級(jí)的實(shí)施，兩個(gè)級(jí)別的決策。之間沒有設(shè)備，在同一層次的溝通。交互各級(jí)之間發(fā)生了向上的信息傳輸有關(guān)的子系統(tǒng)和向下狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移的命令。這是圖所示。1，其中第1級(jí)是中央控制站，是微機(jī)最終（在不手動(dòng)模式）決策者。第2級(jí)是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂破鳎⒃诋?dāng)?shù)氐恼?。?級(jí)是實(shí)際檢測(cè)器和驅(qū)動(dòng)器。在各級(jí)提供手操作模式。所有探測(cè)器的數(shù)據(jù)和分處理器是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂频幕A(chǔ)。他們將信息濃縮，并轉(zhuǎn)交中央處理器。信息傳遞的地位始終是單向及以上。命令傳輸是單向的總是向下，并在擴(kuò)大局部控制的水平。這種方法保留了層次的準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測(cè)檢測(cè)和嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的核電站警報(bào)系統(tǒng)。兩個(gè)控制層的分類是基于決策層。

（一）在屆時(shí)的決定，提出和決定的執(zhí)行情況不能再拖延

（二）決定的不確定性

（三）將隔離當(dāng)?shù)氐臎Q定（例如，我們可能會(huì)在當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)警，但有可能有故障系統(tǒng)）

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

3、硬件

圖.2描繪了我們的設(shè)計(jì)最簡(jiǎn)單的形式。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)采用四個(gè)導(dǎo)體開放的路線，在所有遠(yuǎn)程共享一個(gè)循環(huán)電纜設(shè)備和控制面板。這種方法簡(jiǎn)單，經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行。但是，一個(gè)主要缺點(diǎn)是對(duì)一個(gè)單一的電力和信號(hào)電纜的依賴。在重要環(huán)境下，可靠性是極其重要的。固可采用兩個(gè)甚至三個(gè)電纜采取不同的線路連接，可并行連接。圖.3是驅(qū)動(dòng)電路必須得一個(gè)擴(kuò)展總線。采用這種設(shè)計(jì)在單片機(jī)技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)減少與中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。

3.1中央控制任務(wù)

中央站點(diǎn)提供了一個(gè)集中點(diǎn)，以監(jiān)測(cè)和控制系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)。在該系統(tǒng)介紹了中央控制單元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警鐘及其他輸出設(shè)備。

（二）它提示在系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)的操作。

（三）它提供了一個(gè)全面系統(tǒng)的手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)控制。

（四），它提供了中央和分站的系統(tǒng)測(cè)試點(diǎn)。

（五）它提供了一個(gè)中心點(diǎn)觀察，學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)。

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

3.2 分控制站

分控制站的決定可以控制處理當(dāng)?shù)氐男畔?。這種技術(shù)我們就依靠負(fù)載型協(xié)調(diào)下級(jí)單位，承認(rèn)在同一水平上的其他決定單位的存在;中央或高層提供了一個(gè)較低的單位模型之間的行動(dòng)和系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)的關(guān)系。很明顯，一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的機(jī)器，需要在這個(gè)階段，使所有需要的功能得到有效執(zhí)行。該芯片的新一代供應(yīng)使得該體系結(jié)構(gòu)的解決變得可行。

單片機(jī)被選中了離散的數(shù)字和模擬設(shè)備接口，到外地設(shè)備和中央微機(jī)。這是最主要的原因，以前這種做法是不可行的。該芯片的選擇的，包含要求的模擬和數(shù)字接口所需的端口和CMOS技術(shù)的運(yùn)用，由于地處偏僻的分控制站最一體化。這個(gè)選擇是摩托羅拉68HC11A4，理由如下：

（1）它是CMOS技術(shù)，這可減少電力消耗。

（2）它有一個(gè)UART，這有利于串行通信。

（3）它有一個(gè)A / D轉(zhuǎn)換器上，這消除了外部A / D轉(zhuǎn)換

（4）它有一個(gè)4K的ROM，256 K內(nèi)存，512K EERROM字節(jié)40個(gè)I/O端口的線路和一個(gè)16位定時(shí)器;符合分控制站所有的內(nèi)存和1 / 0的要求。

4、系統(tǒng)實(shí)施

分控制站：圖.3 是用于一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程火災(zāi)報(bào)警MC68HCllA4電路框圖

檢測(cè)電路：圖.4這是前一個(gè)電路的擴(kuò)展形式。可以看出單片機(jī)可用于監(jiān)控多個(gè)探測(cè)器，從而降低了系統(tǒng)成本。

回路電源，通常在26到28V之間，通常五伏一百毫安單片低功耗電壓調(diào)節(jié)器供電的微控制器。板載振蕩器，是一個(gè)2.4576 MHz的外部晶體結(jié)合，提供時(shí)間信號(hào)，它被分為4個(gè)內(nèi)部收益率為614.4千赫，這是一個(gè)更多的RS 232 [7]波特率發(fā)生器的處理器頻率微控制器。

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

5、主循環(huán)

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

6、結(jié)論

本文描述了一個(gè)大規(guī)模的火災(zāi)探測(cè)及報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，使用多的發(fā)展，單芯片微型計(jì)算機(jī)。該架構(gòu)是采用兩個(gè)層次的決策層次。這種架構(gòu)是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在數(shù)據(jù)處理功能強(qiáng)大的高堆積密度和決策。每個(gè)地方控制站可以自主作出的決定如果上級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)，允許它這樣做。一般格式化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，因此它可以適應(yīng)不同的情況。所描述的系統(tǒng)原型已經(jīng)建成并測(cè)試。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC 68000微處理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托羅拉），它有一個(gè)內(nèi)置的顯示器稱為導(dǎo)師。該應(yīng)用程序都是使用這個(gè)顯示器提供的特性。本地基站控制器的設(shè)計(jì)采用了MC68705R3單片機(jī)。

7、參考文獻(xiàn) ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings,4, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specif: Eng., 6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical

湖北理工學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

第四篇：教學(xué)論文例4

教學(xué)論文例文

體育教學(xué)論文

體育課堂教學(xué)幾種常用教學(xué)手段

定安思源實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校 廖至松

一.游戲教學(xué)法

運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲，也稱為體育游戲，是由基礎(chǔ)運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)作組成的、具有情節(jié)的體育手段。是一項(xiàng)古老的、至今仍充滿活力的活動(dòng)。運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲具有基礎(chǔ)性、簡(jiǎn)易性、情節(jié)性、趣味性、教育性、適應(yīng)性、開放性、娛樂性等。孩子在幼兒園接受過的體育教育也恰恰正是這種運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲，為了使小、幼體育教育自然過渡，使孩子能很快適應(yīng)正規(guī)的體育，在一年級(jí)第一學(xué)期仍應(yīng)多采用這種游戲教學(xué)方法。雖然教學(xué)以游戲?yàn)橹鳎怯螒蚰康膽?yīng)更加明確，這一階段主要是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的課堂常規(guī)，因此游戲的設(shè)計(jì)要有很強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性。

1.課堂常規(guī)方面的游戲設(shè)計(jì)。常規(guī)教學(xué)中的隊(duì)列訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生不僅會(huì)感到特別枯燥而且不容易作對(duì)、作好。站隊(duì)時(shí)，應(yīng)給每人編上號(hào)，然后通過“找找火車頭”“找找小伙伴”和“快快集合”的游戲，幫助學(xué)生很快記住自己在隊(duì)伍里所處的位置，井能很迅速站好隊(duì)。

六、七歲孩子的空間知覺很差，對(duì)事物的形狀、大小、特別是方位認(rèn)識(shí)模糊。但可以通過“咕嚕，咕嚕捶”“請(qǐng)你向我這樣做”“吹泡泡”“圖形跑”和“無聲操”等游戲，使學(xué)生的空間知覺得到較快提高。

2.教材部分的游戲設(shè)計(jì)。小學(xué)體育教材與幼兒園的體育教材不同，它不單純是由游戲構(gòu)成，它還包括走、跑、跳、投、技巧、攀爬等技術(shù)性項(xiàng)目。在教學(xué)時(shí)這些技術(shù)不僅要教會(huì)學(xué)生，而且還要讓他們興趣十足。因此游戲要設(shè)計(jì)的巧妙，既不能喧賓奪主又不能使學(xué)生感到枯燥乏味，如走步教材，它主要是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生走步能力，是跑步教材的過渡性教材。在教學(xué)中，有些教師把這一教材單純理解為“齊步走”，只片面的強(qiáng)調(diào)整齊，而忽略了走步教材的真正目的。成人化、軍事化的訓(xùn)練更是使孩子產(chǎn)生了畏難情緒。這類教材應(yīng)多采用學(xué)生喜聞樂見的游戲，如“月月花”、“擊響走”“模仿人物走、模仿動(dòng)物走”“螞蟻搬家”、“兩人三足走”“穿大板鞋走”“滑雪橇走”等等。跑步是孩子喜歡的項(xiàng)目，但教學(xué)的組織形式毫無變化，孩子也會(huì)很快失去興趣。在教學(xué)中加一些游戲，如“老狼老狼幾點(diǎn)了”、“郵遞員送信”、“抓尾巴”、“小動(dòng)物賽跑——圓周跑”、“迎面接力”等，這樣孩子們就會(huì)自發(fā)的在教師的引導(dǎo)下玩著、奔跑著，歡笑著。

3.放松部分的游戲設(shè)計(jì)。放松的方法多種多樣，但其目的都是一樣，都是使身心放松、愉悅。游戲方法較其它方法更加簡(jiǎn)便易行。如游戲“抓舌頭”、“給球打氣”、“參觀自然保護(hù)區(qū)——模仿各種小動(dòng)物”、“風(fēng)吹雪花飄”等，這些游戲具有簡(jiǎn)單，有趣，運(yùn)動(dòng)量小的特點(diǎn)。能夠起到很好的放松作用。

4.過渡性游戲的設(shè)計(jì)。游戲不僅可以作為主要教材出現(xiàn)，它還可以作為過渡性教材出現(xiàn)。其目的是使課中所有教材銜接緊湊，過渡自然。如在籃球和實(shí)心球教材中，拿球、放球的小游戲就要精心設(shè)計(jì)?！邦^上胯下傳球”、“腰部左右傳球”、“傳地滾球”、“雙腳夾球跳去跳回”等等。通過這些游戲，不僅使孩子人手一球，更重要的是活躍了課堂氣氛。

二.情境教學(xué)法

情境法是融言、行、情為一體的教學(xué)方法，它是利用創(chuàng)設(shè)情境來激發(fā)學(xué)生參與的情緒，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)技能的理解和掌握，啟發(fā)學(xué)生思維的積極性，培養(yǎng)情感意識(shí)，達(dá)到師生信息交流的方法。情境法的運(yùn)用，通常體現(xiàn)在以下方面：

1.作為處理教材的手段。可以根據(jù)一堂課的幾項(xiàng)（通常為兩項(xiàng)）基本教材，創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)連貫的情境；如創(chuàng)設(shè)以“勞動(dòng)教育”為主題的情境，整節(jié)課以田間勞動(dòng)（勞動(dòng)模仿操）為主題如打害蟲——撿麥穗，顆粒歸倉（游戲）——慶豐收（放松小舞蹈）用一條勞動(dòng)的主線貫穿起來。這樣的教育內(nèi)容更加現(xiàn)實(shí)化、形象化，學(xué)生易于接受。

2.作為課堂導(dǎo)入的一種手段。如學(xué)習(xí)立定跳遠(yuǎn)，可以從童話故事“小蝌蚪找媽媽”導(dǎo)入課堂。教師用語言描繪法描述故事情節(jié)的同時(shí)，師生共同進(jìn)入角色，模仿小蝌蚪尋找媽媽時(shí)遇見的各種小動(dòng)物，如小貓、大公雞、小鴨子、大象、小猴子、小兔子、最后找到了青蛙媽媽。于是引出青蛙媽媽教本領(lǐng)，這個(gè)本領(lǐng)就是立定跳遠(yuǎn)。

3.作為開始準(zhǔn)備、整理活動(dòng)的手段。通過模仿各種動(dòng)物形態(tài)、各種人物狀態(tài)，以及各種事物如小汽車、大火車、馬車、大氣球等等，達(dá)到身體由相對(duì)安靜狀態(tài)向運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)過渡或由運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)向相對(duì)安靜狀態(tài)過渡的目的。如將四隊(duì)學(xué)生分別模仿開四輛不同的大汽車，然后做搭橋、鉆橋的游戲，最后四隊(duì)接成一列長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的火車。這個(gè)情境的設(shè)計(jì)，主要目的是進(jìn)行主要教材之前的熱身運(yùn)動(dòng)，通過改變慢跑形式提高學(xué)生的興趣。

4.作為組織教學(xué)的手段。要求學(xué)生（小組或個(gè)人）以最快速度，到達(dá)指定的場(chǎng)地位置，或站成規(guī)定的隊(duì)形，或完成布置場(chǎng)地、器材的任務(wù)而創(chuàng)設(shè)的情境活動(dòng)。如將梯形隊(duì)調(diào)成半圓形隊(duì)時(shí)，可以讓學(xué)生模仿小燕子飛過去、螞蟻搬家的游戲走過去、或者是四隊(duì)可分別模仿開大汽車、開拖拉機(jī)、趕馬車、推著小推車，跑到教師指定的地點(diǎn)。

5.作為滲透思想教學(xué)的重要任務(wù)之一。在設(shè)制模仿人物形象的情境時(shí)，應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從人物形象的模仿逐步轉(zhuǎn)化到人物行為的學(xué)習(xí)上來。如一位教師設(shè)計(jì)了“紅軍不怕遠(yuǎn)征難”的模仿紅軍叔叔的情境，在模仿紅軍爬雪山、過草地、過鐵索橋的過程中，不失時(shí)機(jī)地向?qū)W生進(jìn)行了愛國(guó)主義、集體主義教育，以及學(xué)習(xí)解放軍叔叔那種聽從指揮、遵守紀(jì)律、在困難面前頑強(qiáng)、勇敢、不屈不撓的精神。

三.唱游教學(xué)法

唱游教學(xué)法是低年級(jí)學(xué)生喜聞樂見的一種教學(xué)方法。它通過形象的模仿活動(dòng)和具有簡(jiǎn)單情節(jié)的表現(xiàn)活動(dòng)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生節(jié)奏感、協(xié)調(diào)性以及審美能力。運(yùn)用唱游教學(xué)法的時(shí)機(jī)分別為：

1.一年級(jí)新生入學(xué)前兩周的學(xué)前教育期間。一年級(jí)新生在入學(xué)前，通常要經(jīng)過兩周的常規(guī)教育，體育也不例外。如果一上來就教學(xué)生稍息、立正、隊(duì)列等課堂常規(guī)，學(xué)生會(huì)感到枯燥且不適應(yīng)。通過唱游教學(xué)法，可以引起學(xué)生對(duì)體育的興趣，使學(xué)生覺得“上學(xué)、上課”并不是一件可怕的事情，打消學(xué)生對(duì)老師的恐懼心理，促使師生情感和諧融洽。

2.經(jīng)常作為準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)的手段。準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)總是做一種徒手操，學(xué)生會(huì)感到很枯燥很厭煩。如果結(jié)合教材經(jīng)常變換一些新操，如“小動(dòng)物模仿操”、“勞動(dòng)模仿操”、“墊上操”、“圈操”、“球操”、“繩操”等，學(xué)生在優(yōu)美的樂聲中即鍛煉了身體又陶冶了情操。

3.作為整理活動(dòng)的手段。整理活動(dòng)是體育教學(xué)過程中的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)，也是鞏固教學(xué)質(zhì)量與教學(xué)效果的重要途徑。運(yùn)用唱游教學(xué)法，可以克服整理活動(dòng)中教學(xué)呆板、單調(diào)的現(xiàn)象，增加娛樂性、實(shí)效性，提高學(xué)生參與練習(xí)的興趣，消除學(xué)生的心理及生理疲勞。唱游教學(xué)法，切實(shí)可行地為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造了良好的教學(xué)環(huán)境，使學(xué)生在身心負(fù)荷較寬松的歡樂氣氛中，接受體育的啟蒙教育。

四.兒歌教學(xué)法

教師的語言修養(yǎng)，是體育教育藝術(shù)的體現(xiàn)之一。體育運(yùn)動(dòng)生活氣息很濃，從客觀上給體育教學(xué)的講解提供了內(nèi)容豐富、生動(dòng)形象的語言環(huán)境，以簡(jiǎn)練的語言講清動(dòng)作的概念和要領(lǐng)，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。兒歌教學(xué)法正是如此。它語言簡(jiǎn)練、通俗易懂、便于理解記憶，深受學(xué)生喜愛。如齊步走的兒歌：挺胸抬頭，擺臂有力，橫排對(duì)齊，豎行對(duì)正，自視前方，先邁左腳。前滾翻兒歌：下蹲低頭手撐墊，蹬地提臀向前翻，肩背著墊抱小腿，蹬地團(tuán)身是關(guān)鍵。

第五篇：論文 文獻(xiàn)綜述

廣告英語語言特色探析

摘要：廣告英語作文一種應(yīng)用語言，已經(jīng)逐漸從普通英語語言中獨(dú)立出來，發(fā)展為一種具有創(chuàng)新、精煉、生動(dòng)、活潑等風(fēng)格的非規(guī)范化的專用語言，它不僅在詞語的運(yùn)用‘句型的謀劃上巧妙精細(xì)，在修辭的運(yùn)用上也頗為講究，從而產(chǎn)生獨(dú)特的宣傳效果，有效地影響受眾對(duì)產(chǎn)品的態(tài)度，以達(dá)到推銷產(chǎn)品的目的。關(guān)鍵詞：廣告英語；詞匯特色；句法特征；修辭手法

廣告即“廣而告之”，它是廣告主有計(jì)劃的通過各種形式的媒體向公眾傳播信息，以推銷商品、勞務(wù)、宣傳各種啟事或觀念的信息傳播手段。廣告除了有幫助消費(fèi)者認(rèn)識(shí)商品的作用外，還有誘發(fā)消費(fèi)者感情，引起購買欲望、促進(jìn)消費(fèi)行動(dòng)的心理功能，并能給消費(fèi)者以美感享受的美學(xué)功能。

中國(guó)加入WTO后，中西方貿(mào)易的日益頻繁，大量的外國(guó)商品涌入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)，同時(shí)大量的中國(guó)商品也出口到國(guó)外市場(chǎng)，市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使廣告的使用更加頻繁，廣告大戰(zhàn)幾乎趨于白熱化，憂郁英語是世界上使用最廣泛的語言，因而成了許多國(guó)家推銷商品的廣告語言，形成了廣告英語這一比較特殊的英語文體，它也成為一種具有很高商業(yè)價(jià)值的實(shí)用文體。廣告英語作為這種應(yīng)用語言，受多門學(xué)科的諸多影響，使其具有獨(dú)特的語言特征，從英語語言學(xué)角度究其原因則是因?yàn)樗谶x詞撒會(huì)難過具有獨(dú)特的特點(diǎn)，主要表現(xiàn)在詞匯、句法和修辭手法三個(gè)方面，這些語言特點(diǎn)使廣告詞豐富多彩，引人入勝，說服力強(qiáng)。修辭手法的運(yùn)用也別具一格，如語意雙關(guān)、文字游戲等，使人感到幽默中見智慧，平淡中顯新奇。廣告語言在形式上極具鮮明特點(diǎn)，或行文平整，對(duì)仗押韻，或節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)，朗朗上口，或一鳴驚人、耳目一新，有耐人尋味、久久不忘之效。廣告是一門濃縮的、綜合的、商業(yè)性的藝術(shù)。做為一種應(yīng)用語言，廣告英語已成為一種獨(dú)立的語體，廣告英語作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立體系已成為一個(gè)語言表達(dá)的重要方面，引起人們?cè)絹碓蕉嗟年P(guān)注。因此，研究廣告英語的語言特色具有十分重要的意義。

本人通過收集大量的有關(guān)廣告英語方面的文獻(xiàn)資料，在探析英語語言在廣告詞中的有關(guān)資料中，通過本人的總結(jié)得出：多數(shù)資料主要從廣告英語的詞匯特色，句法特征和修辭手法的運(yùn)用這三個(gè)方面闡述了廣告英語作為一種應(yīng)用語言與普通英語的區(qū)別，并慎重對(duì)待英漢廣告語在遣詞造句方面存在的差別。對(duì)此問題的研究是具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的：首先，一則絕妙的廣告是設(shè)計(jì)者匠心獨(dú)運(yùn)，精心雕琢的心血之作，它簡(jiǎn)明扼要，通俗易懂，一字傳神。它在有限的空間、時(shí)間、篇幅內(nèi)

傳播信息，建立形象，刺激消費(fèi)。因此，閱讀和欣賞精彩的廣告，了解其語言特色，對(duì)我們提高語言的能力，拓寬知識(shí)面，培養(yǎng)對(duì)英語語言的審美意識(shí)。其次一則成功的廣告可以吸引人們對(duì)商品的興趣，便于消費(fèi)者根據(jù)廣告提供的信息及時(shí)找到自己需要購買的商品，豐富、活躍人們的精神文化生活，改變?nèi)藗兊南M(fèi)觀念，引導(dǎo)人們的消費(fèi)潮流。最后，廣告作為爭(zhēng)奪市場(chǎng)的策略，能夠幫助企業(yè)拓寬國(guó)內(nèi)、國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，有效地宣傳企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品，增加廠商的利潤(rùn)。

正是在這種背景和研究意義之下，本人在數(shù)據(jù)搜索中，主要在中國(guó)知網(wǎng)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫，在搜索過程中，本人主要采取輸入“題名”為主要的搜索方式，如需要廣告英語方面相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)、論文及觀點(diǎn)，本人就會(huì)在“檢索詞”里輸入“boby language”，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索和圖書館查閱者兩種途徑，本人就可以獲得756篇有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料，但實(shí)際上課提供本人實(shí)際需要的可能最多只有50篇。

在所借鑒參考的文獻(xiàn)幾書目中，本人根據(jù)需要方面對(duì)它們進(jìn)行了細(xì)分，對(duì)此主要將它們分為以下幾方面分別進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)述：

<一> 論證廣告英語語言的詞匯特色方面的文獻(xiàn)、論文及相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)介 這一部分涉及的文獻(xiàn)主要是為了研究廣告用語的詞匯方面具有的特征，為了尋求強(qiáng)有力的實(shí)例支持，相關(guān)主要文獻(xiàn)有：

1.Leech.Geoffrey N.：《Advertising in English》

在本書中英國(guó)語言學(xué)家G.H.Leech（1966）對(duì)廣告英語中的形容詞和動(dòng)詞分別做了研究，其中動(dòng)詞按其頻率高低依次排列，前二十個(gè)分別是：make, get, give, have, see, buy, come, go, know,keep, look, need, love, use, feel, like, choose, take, start, taste。這些高頻動(dòng)詞均為單音節(jié)詞（monosyllable）。這些單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞在人們的日常生活中經(jīng)常使用，可以說是英語中的核心詞匯，易讀易懂、意義明確。易于為人接受。同時(shí)讓受眾一目了然、印象深刻，很容易引起受眾的注意合興趣，又有助于強(qiáng)調(diào)廣告的主題

2.陳贇贇： 《廣告英語的高頻動(dòng)詞及其詞組的研究》

作者指出，動(dòng)詞是增加廣告語言表現(xiàn)力的一種有效手段。該文試圖探究廣告英語中高頻動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)以及動(dòng)詞詞組的相關(guān)特征。該項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果試圖為兩個(gè)問題提供實(shí)證依據(jù)：（1）廣告英語中最常見的動(dòng)詞有何特點(diǎn)？（2）為什么廣告英語中的動(dòng)詞詞組多以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和主動(dòng)語態(tài)出現(xiàn)？這一分析結(jié)果不僅可以給英語廣告的創(chuàng)作者以及英語學(xué)習(xí)者增進(jìn)知識(shí)水平，而且也有助于增強(qiáng)對(duì)語言的認(rèn)知和運(yùn)

用能力。

3.郭貴龍 ：廣告英語中造新詞的時(shí)效、方法及漢譯

筆者對(duì)如何體現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代廣告英語中生造新詞的時(shí)效性；如何生造新詞，翻譯生造新詞要注意哪些問題等提出了自己的見解，作者概況了廣告英語模擬新造詞的幾種方法：簡(jiǎn)化拼寫創(chuàng)造廣告英語新詞、巧用錯(cuò)拼創(chuàng)造英語新詞、使用前綴和后綴生造廣告英語新詞、合理組合創(chuàng)新廣告英語新詞組、虛構(gòu)復(fù)合前置修飾語創(chuàng)新詞、借用外來語創(chuàng)造生詞。拼湊廣告生造詞增強(qiáng)了廣告的“記性價(jià)值”、“審美價(jià)值”及“情感價(jià)值”。

<二> 論證廣告英語語言的句法特色方面的文獻(xiàn)、論文及相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)介

1.韓禮德，哈桑 ：：《英語的銜接》

廣告英語語篇的構(gòu)成機(jī)制不同于其他語篇的構(gòu)成機(jī)制廣告的形式和內(nèi)容必須引人注目,通俗易懂,并且要使人讀后印象深刻。正是這些需要使廣告語篇的銜接機(jī)制不完全等同于一般語篇的銜接機(jī)制,而是形成了自己的銜接風(fēng)格。禮德把銜接分為語法銜接(grammatical cohesion)和詞匯銜接(lexical cohesion)兩種。語法銜接又分為四種:照應(yīng)(reference)、省略(ellipsis)、替代(substitution)和連接(conjunction)。詞匯銜接也分四種:重復(fù)(repetition)、同義P反義(synonymyPantonymy)、上下義P局部—整體關(guān)系(hyponymy meronymy)和搭配(collocation)。,王小芳 ：《廣告英語標(biāo)題的句法探析》

本文旨在從句法層次方面對(duì)英語廣告標(biāo)題的特征作出分析探討，在句型方面作者具體表現(xiàn)在簡(jiǎn)單句、主動(dòng)態(tài)、祈使句、陳述句、省略句及感嘆句等運(yùn)用，使廣告英語具有文字簡(jiǎn)潔別致、措辭獨(dú)特新穎，句式精彩紛呈。

3.古玉芳、雷云 ：《廣告英語主題句的簡(jiǎn)約原則》

作者認(rèn)為廣告主需要承擔(dān)廣告費(fèi)用，因而簡(jiǎn)約就成為經(jīng)濟(jì)原則在廣告業(yè)中具體體現(xiàn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)原則是人類行為的一條根本性原則，對(duì)于語言而言，主要是盡量使用較少的、省力的語言單位來盡可能多的傳遞信息在此原則的指導(dǎo)下，廣告語言的常用手段之一就是省略。本文從詞匯、句法及文化語境方面進(jìn)行了省略句式的分析，在簡(jiǎn)約原則指導(dǎo)下的省略，是英語廣告主題句中非常常見且值得重視的現(xiàn)象。

<三> 論證廣告英語語言的修辭手法方面的文獻(xiàn)、論文及相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)介

1.布占廷 ：《廣告英語口號(hào)中頭韻修辭探微》

作者指出，為達(dá)到最佳宣傳效果，廣告口號(hào)中大量運(yùn)用頭韻的修辭手法。文中把頭韻修辭細(xì)分為詞首輔音的重復(fù)、詞首輔音連綴的重復(fù)、詞首元音的重復(fù)、詞首音節(jié)的重復(fù)、詞首字母的重復(fù)、詞首字母重復(fù)但是發(fā)音不同、相近發(fā)音的重復(fù)、非重讀音節(jié)中或音節(jié)的中間或末尾。同時(shí)還闡述了構(gòu)成頭韻多用力量強(qiáng)的爆破音、摩擦音等，具有一定的語音象征性。本文結(jié)合大量的語料，就廣告英語口號(hào)中頭韻的種類幾押韻輔音的分布特點(diǎn)展開討論。

2.劉曉霞 ：《論廣告英語雙關(guān)語語用功能與技巧》

作者認(rèn)為在眾多修辭手法中, 最受歡迎并且引起廣大學(xué)者與研究者注意的的是雙關(guān)語，作者把雙關(guān)分為一詞多義雙關(guān)、同音異義雙關(guān)、仿擬雙關(guān)、語法雙關(guān)等。雙關(guān)語的運(yùn)用, 能打動(dòng)人心, 激發(fā)人們的購買欲望。但從語用學(xué)的角度去分析雙關(guān)語,它違背了Grice提出的合作原則中的第四種, 即說話人公然不執(zhí)行某一準(zhǔn)則。運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)碾p關(guān)語能產(chǎn)生幽默、風(fēng)趣、經(jīng)濟(jì)和警告的作用, 使人享受語言的美。

3.周結(jié)：《廣告英語中的修辭特色》

廣告英語中修辭手法運(yùn)用頻繁，本文著重探討了廣告英語中比喻、仿擬、雙關(guān)押韻夸張排比設(shè)問等修辭手法的特色。廣告英語的詞法和句法以多種不同形式表現(xiàn)，構(gòu)成了廣告英語語言濃縮精煉簡(jiǎn)潔扼要?jiǎng)?chuàng)意新穎生動(dòng)別致富于幽默韻律優(yōu)美等他的，使廣告語言成為人類社會(huì)展現(xiàn)語言藝術(shù)的重要方面。

以上是本論文作者研究撰寫論文時(shí)一些參閱借鑒的書籍專著、相關(guān)文章及學(xué)術(shù)期刊，這些資料主要是與廣告英語相關(guān)的一些知識(shí)，與本論文研究廣告英語語言特色的內(nèi)容密切相關(guān)，而且這些資料大部分涉及到具體的廣告英語并提供了許多的實(shí)例。本人對(duì)廣告英語語言特色不得不參閱和綜合這些專業(yè)大家的文獻(xiàn)資料，需要指出的是這些資料多是專業(yè)人士或行業(yè)權(quán)威的成功論著，也是眾多相關(guān)課題研究的主要參閱借鑒對(duì)象，其權(quán)威性不容置疑。在這些資料中，相關(guān)到廣告英語細(xì)致而深入的研究，包括詞匯特色、句法特征和修辭手法都對(duì)本論文以后極大的參閱價(jià)值。廣告英語作為傳播信息的手段，其研究范圍和角度都很寬。就目前來說，無論是專業(yè)人士或行業(yè)權(quán)威對(duì)廣告英語的研究都全面且深刻，但是廣告英語復(fù)雜且多變，對(duì)其研究空間還是相當(dāng)大。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[ 1] 陳贇贇.廣告英語的高頻動(dòng)詞及其詞組的研究[J].安徽。安徽文學(xué)。2009

[ 2] Leech G N.Advertising in English [ M].Lond on: Longman ,1966.[ 3]郭貴龍.告英語中造新詞的時(shí)效、方法及漢譯[J]培正商學(xué)院報(bào).2004

[ 4] 趙靜.廣告英語[ M ] 北京: 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 1993.[ 5]韓禮德，哈桑英語的銜接[M]外遇教學(xué)與研究出版社2007

[ 6] 布占廷 廣告英語口號(hào)中頭韻修辭探微[J]東方論壇 2010

[ 7]古玉芳、雷云 廣告英語標(biāo)題句的簡(jiǎn)約原則[J]網(wǎng)絡(luò)財(cái)富 2010

[8]周結(jié) 廣告英語中的修辭特色[J]咸寧學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) 2010

[9]劉曉霞 論廣告英語雙關(guān)語用功能與技巧[J]山東理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào) 2010

[10]王小芳 廣告英語標(biāo)題的句法探析[J]牡丹江教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) 2007

[11]孫曉麗 廣告英語與實(shí)例[M]中國(guó)廣播電視出版社 1995