第一篇：室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)在環(huán)境上可持續(xù)的實(shí)踐

摘要：本文旨在探討在現(xiàn)代室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則未保障環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的前提下，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師如何運(yùn)用促使環(huán)境可持續(xù)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方案。為了給可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的教育戰(zhàn)略提供基礎(chǔ)，本文研究環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐。

關(guān)鍵詞：可持續(xù)發(fā)展；可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)；室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐

1引言

目前，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，開始著手解決環(huán)境問題。盡管一些室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師在設(shè)計(jì)中采用環(huán)保的解決方案，但研究、探討在還未完成它的可持續(xù)發(fā)展設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則時(shí)這些方案如何作為設(shè)計(jì)組件而適用。這一實(shí)踐將為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)教育戰(zhàn)略提供基礎(chǔ)。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)教育工作者會(huì)鑒別不常用的可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)元件，發(fā)展提高對(duì)具體元件認(rèn)識(shí)的教學(xué)方法，同時(shí)繼續(xù)教育課程也可開發(fā)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)者。因此，本研究探討環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐。

1．1環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)

室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)已被定義為創(chuàng)造性問題的解決過程：一個(gè)具有創(chuàng)造性、建設(shè)性行為的過程。它是一種有意識(shí)的思考過程，將學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)與想象力結(jié)合在一起。其設(shè)計(jì)過程可以被看作是一系列的步驟或階段順序，既有傳統(tǒng)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方法，也包括利用規(guī)劃、原理圖設(shè)計(jì)、設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)、合同文件和合同管理等可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，在設(shè)計(jì)完成之前，我們需要在各階段都花心思。在傳統(tǒng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則中，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師創(chuàng)造、發(fā)展、交流那些具有功能性和審美情趣的室內(nèi)環(huán)境解決方案。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師通過這個(gè)過程以求達(dá)到功能性質(zhì)量的室內(nèi)空間，并為人類的感官提供美學(xué)感受。在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)工程中，成本是做決定時(shí)另一重要的方面。然而，環(huán)境問題和支持環(huán)境可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的需求已經(jīng)納入了傳統(tǒng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的范圍內(nèi)。

研究表明在傳統(tǒng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則中，裝潢材料主要根據(jù)客戶的喜好、需求、美學(xué)和成本二選擇，材料對(duì)環(huán)境的影響并未視為像其他選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同等重要。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師在選擇材料是往往根據(jù)制造商的銷售資料而很少尋找相互矛盾的信息。許多室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)材料性能影響環(huán)境的知識(shí)只有有限認(rèn)識(shí)。對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展，環(huán)境問題在室內(nèi)材料和產(chǎn)品的選擇和說明中是尤為重要的。

能否實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展, 重視創(chuàng)造環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等因素是十分重要的，但這并不意味著可以忽視其他傳統(tǒng)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)必須長期彼此保持平衡，可持續(xù)發(fā)展。盡管就像Firey所說，是什么構(gòu)筑了可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)沒有單方面的定義，但在環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)中存在連續(xù)的權(quán)衡和談判。因此，本文旨在將可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)定義為一種將所有系統(tǒng)和材料與整體效果相結(jié)合的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，以求減少對(duì)環(huán)境和居住者的負(fù)面影響，增加建筑物對(duì)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的積極作用。但是需指出目前環(huán)境問題在設(shè)計(jì)過程階段還為有

重要影響。

2材料和方法

2．1研究和樣本

通過一個(gè)以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為基礎(chǔ)、全國范圍的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員調(diào)查，來檢查國家環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐。本研究是針對(duì)專業(yè)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)即美國室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員。美國室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所是全球室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師及室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)的領(lǐng)先專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)。美國室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所擁有超過四萬名會(huì)員，由2萬名室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師、學(xué)生和產(chǎn)業(yè)的合作伙伴組成。本研究樣品從美國室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師（特別是其電子郵件地址是可行的設(shè)計(jì)師）中抽選。美國室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所中大約65%的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師使用電子郵件。會(huì)員郵件列表并未包含個(gè)人或?qū)I(yè)信息，考慮到反應(yīng)率而確定樣本的取樣，此樣本隨機(jī)選擇。

2．2調(diào)查內(nèi)容

此次調(diào)查信息來自于同一時(shí)段，問卷共提出了35個(gè)問題，包括設(shè)計(jì)師的信息、環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐等。為了減低問卷的模糊率，初稿事先測(cè)試了20名室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員，并根據(jù)結(jié)果修改問卷，同時(shí)最后結(jié)果將事先的統(tǒng)計(jì)排除在外。

調(diào)查問卷的格式采用封閉式的問題，也就是些眾所周知的問題，要求受訪者在研究員提供的方案中選擇形式和尺度。問卷的開頭是說明，下面分為兩個(gè)部分。

第一部分是真實(shí)的多項(xiàng)選擇題了解被訪者的個(gè)人信息和專業(yè)證書。個(gè)人信息包括就業(yè)和實(shí)踐的地區(qū)。第二部分集中在環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。這一部分的問題以能源、環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層(LEED)綠色建筑等級(jí)系統(tǒng)和明尼蘇達(dá)州的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑方針而發(fā)展。

2．3環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)

在建筑物使用期限內(nèi)，最大限度地減少室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)在環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的消極影響，增大其積極作用。

2．4室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量

提供一個(gè)生理和心理健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境。

2．5室內(nèi)材料

利用室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)材料，減少資源浪費(fèi)及其對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量報(bào)表包括九項(xiàng)特征，包括四項(xiàng)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量特征和五項(xiàng)人類幸福特征。

2.5.1室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量

滿足室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量的最低要求；避免房屋使用者產(chǎn)生環(huán)境煙霧；防止在建設(shè)和改造過程中產(chǎn)生室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量問題；指定環(huán)保的材料和家具。

2.5.2人類幸福

提供一個(gè)高水平的對(duì)制熱、通風(fēng)和照明的獨(dú)立控制；提供適當(dāng)?shù)闹茻釛l件；通過引入陽光和景觀，將室內(nèi)空間和外部環(huán)境聯(lián)系起來；提供適當(dāng)?shù)恼彰鳁l件，并將這些條件通過節(jié)能的方法控制起來；提供適當(dāng)?shù)穆晫W(xué)條件。

室內(nèi)材料具有十四項(xiàng)基于生命周期的特征，包括三項(xiàng)減少輸入、四項(xiàng)管理輸出和七項(xiàng)生命周期設(shè)計(jì)的特征。

2.5.2.1減少輸入

盡可能減少材料使用的數(shù)量；促進(jìn)材料分解，以便循環(huán)和重復(fù)使用；詳細(xì)說明新舊材料。

2.5.2.2管理輸出

發(fā)展和執(zhí)行一個(gè)管理廢舊材料的計(jì)劃；減少并循環(huán)利用廢舊包裹；提供一個(gè)方便材料分類、收集和儲(chǔ)存的區(qū)域。

2.5.2.3生命周期設(shè)計(jì)

詳細(xì)說明循環(huán)利用的材料；詳細(xì)說明當(dāng)?shù)刂圃斓牟牧?；詳?xì)說明可快速再生的材料；詳細(xì)說明木質(zhì)材料，以便對(duì)森林管理負(fù)責(zé)；詳細(xì)說明持久、耐用的材料；詳細(xì)說明可重復(fù)使用、循環(huán)利用和生物降解的材料；詳細(xì)說明低生命周期影響的室內(nèi)材料。

為了每份報(bào)表，要求受訪者根據(jù)當(dāng)前的規(guī)模把它評(píng)價(jià)為三大類，分類根據(jù)運(yùn)用的頻率，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)師以及設(shè)計(jì)師所在公司起作用。

2．6 數(shù)據(jù)收集及分析

使用郵件或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)調(diào)查是為了迅速覆蓋更多的區(qū)域，他們通過可靠的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理工具回答管理報(bào)告。這個(gè)研究的電子郵件通過發(fā)放樣品，再讓他們到指定的網(wǎng)站來完成調(diào)查。為了獲得高的反應(yīng)率，將有三封郵件，一封初始郵件，兩周時(shí)候?qū)⒂械诙忄]件，第三封郵件將作為提示完成問卷進(jìn)行發(fā)送，最后使用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)分析研究。此次統(tǒng)計(jì)分布在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師的特點(diǎn)和環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的中心趨向的頻率和比例上。

3討論

室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師認(rèn)為環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)是重要的，但并不總是把它付諸實(shí)踐。環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)將不被運(yùn)用于室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)工程中是有不同原因的。需要努力獲取知識(shí)并將環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用于工程中將是很浪費(fèi)時(shí)間和壓力的項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師可能會(huì)認(rèn)為可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)需要額外的室內(nèi)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)及材質(zhì)，為此將會(huì)付出更高的代價(jià)。但是，如果顧客不要求或不熟悉這樣的方法，結(jié)果將會(huì)不同，顧客將會(huì)被鼓勵(lì)使用環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)解決方案。

這次調(diào)查研究顯示，可持續(xù)室內(nèi)材料在環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)組件上的運(yùn)用比在室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量上運(yùn)用的更少。它同樣表明室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師還未意識(shí)到環(huán)境問題已經(jīng)關(guān)系到室內(nèi)材料的整個(gè)生命周期。因此，提高對(duì)可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)重要性以及室內(nèi)材料對(duì)整個(gè)生命周期影響的意識(shí)的教學(xué)方法對(duì)裝潢材料類本科生和在繼續(xù)教育課程的實(shí)踐者都是十分必要的。

此次研究將會(huì)成為激勵(lì)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)者去進(jìn)行環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的決定因素。研究表明，雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師認(rèn)為環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)十分重要，但是他在室內(nèi)工程中的運(yùn)用卻沒有達(dá)到認(rèn)知的同等水平。決定為什么室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師有將環(huán)境特征運(yùn)用到他們的設(shè)計(jì)世界的動(dòng)

機(jī)的原因?qū)?huì)直接促進(jìn)環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐。雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師已經(jīng)意識(shí)到環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，但是考慮到可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的花費(fèi)又使他們氣餒。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究被設(shè)計(jì)成環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)研究可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的統(tǒng)一體?？沙掷m(xù)裝潢材料，是一種不常見的環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用組件，通過綠色項(xiàng)目裝潢材料的實(shí)例才能進(jìn)行。如果這種實(shí)踐的優(yōu)勢(shì)更加明顯，環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的特征也許才能更廣泛地應(yīng)用。這項(xiàng)研究工程被設(shè)計(jì)成用來考察和分析那些表明使用環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方法底線的數(shù)據(jù)。

4結(jié)論

雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師承認(rèn)環(huán)境可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，但它在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)工程中的應(yīng)用并沒有達(dá)到它重要性認(rèn)知的同等水平?？沙掷m(xù)裝飾材料在環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)組件上的運(yùn)用比在室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量和人類幸福上運(yùn)用的更少。在室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量、環(huán)境煙草上的控制是最常見的應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)，而低揮發(fā)材料的使用是最少的。隨著系統(tǒng)可控性越來越少被使用，相對(duì)地，在人類幸福、獲得日光和景觀、有效的照明、適當(dāng)?shù)穆晫W(xué)控制和熱舒適性方面的應(yīng)用越來越常見。在減少輸入方面，減少材料的使用是最常見的應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)；在管理輸出方面，減少和處置危險(xiǎn)廢物是最常見的；在生命周期設(shè)計(jì)中，常見的是堅(jiān)固耐用、本地材料。然而，建筑廢物管理、低生命周期影響的材料是可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)最不常見的應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)。

更多有關(guān)環(huán)境型、經(jīng)濟(jì)型和社會(huì)型可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的研究，有助于進(jìn)一步改良可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的知識(shí)主體。了解國家環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)是十分重要的，這項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)為此作出一份貢獻(xiàn)。

第二篇：室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯【適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯】

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文資料翻譯

Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design

課題名稱

院（系）專 業(yè) 姓 名 學(xué) 號(hào) 起訖日期 指導(dǎo)教師

2011 年 02 月 20 日

Interior Design

Susan Yelavich

Interior design embraces not only the decoration and furnishing of space, but also considerations of space planning, lighting, and programmatic issues pertaining to user behaviors, ranging from specific issues of accessibility to the nature of the activities to be conducted in the space.The hallmark of interior design today is a new elasticity in typologies, seen most dramatically in the domestication of commercial and public spaces.Interior design encompasses both the programmatic planning and physical treatment of interior space: the projection of its use and the nature of its furnishings and surfaces, that is, walls, floors, and ceilings.Interior design is distinguished from interior decoration in the scope of its purview.Decorators are primarily concerned with the selection of furnishings, while designers integrate the discrete elements of décor into programmatic concerns of space and use.Interior designers generally practice collaboratively with architects on the interiors of spaces built from the ground up, but they also work independently, particularly in the case of renovations.There is also a strong history of architect-designed interiors, rooted in the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, the total work of art, that came out of the Arts & Crafts movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.It is no accident that its strongest proponents(from Frank Lloyd Wright to Mies van der Rohe)extended their practices to include the realm of interiors during the nascency of the interior-design profession.Indeed, it was a defensive measure taken by architects who viewed formal intervention by an interior decorator or designer as a threat to the integrity of their aesthetic.Today, apart from strict modernists like Richard Meier who place a premium on homogeneity, architects who take on the role of interior designer(and their numbers are growing)are more likely to be eclectic in philosophy and practice, paralleling the twenty-first century's valorization of plurality.Nonetheless, the bias against interior designers and the realm

of the interior itself continues to persist.Critical discussions of the interior have been hampered by its popular perception as a container of ephemera.Furthermore, conventional views of the interior have been fraught with biases: class biases related to centuries-old associations with tradesmen and gender biases related to the depiction of the decorating profession as primarily the domain of women and gay men.As a result, the credibility of the interior as an expression of cultural values has been seriously impaired.However, the conditions and the light in which culture-at-large is understood are changing under the impact of globalization.The distinctions between “high” culture and “l(fā)ow” culture are dissipating in a more tolerant climate that encourages the cross-fertilization between the two poles.Likewise, there are more frequent instances of productive borrowings among architecture, design, and decoration, once considered exclusive domains.And while the fields of architecture, interior design, and interior decoration still have different educational protocols and different concentrations of emphasis, they are showing a greater mutuality of interest.Another way to think of this emergent synthesis is to substitute the triad of “architecture, interior design, and decoration” with “modernity, technology, and history.” One of the hallmarks of the postmodern era is a heightened awareness of the role of the past in shaping the present.In the interior, this manifests itself in a renewed interest in ornament, in evidence of craft and materiality, and in spatial complexities, all running parallel to the ongoing project of modernity.Even more significantly, there is a new elasticity in typologies.Today, the traditional typologies of the interior—house, loft, office, restaurant, and so on—strain to control their borders.Evidence of programmatic convergences can clearly be seen in public and commercial spaces that aspire to be both more user-friendly and consumer-conscious.Growing numbers of private hospitals(in competition for patients)employ amenities and form languages inspired by luxury spas;at the same time, many gyms and health clubs are adopting the clinical mien of medical facilities to convince their clients of the value of their services.The same relaxation of interior protocols can be seen in offices that co-opt the informal, live-work ethic of the artist's loft, and in hotels that use the language(and contents)of galleries.Similarly, increasing numbers of grocery stores and bookstores include spaces and furniture for eating and socializing.Likewise, there is a new comfort with stylistic convergences in interiors that appropriate and recombine disparate quotations from design history.These are exemplified in spaces such as Rem Koolhaas' Casa da Musica(2005)in Porto, Portugal(with its inventive use of traditional Portuguese tiles), and Herzog & de Meuron's Walker Art Center(2005)in Minneapolis, Minnesota(where stylized acanthus-leaf patterns are used to mark gallery entrances).These interiors make an art out of hybridism.They do not simply mix and match period furnishings and styles, but refilter them through a contemporary lens.Another hallmark of the contemporary interior is the overt incorporation of narrative.Tightly themed environments persist in retail spaces such as Ralph Lauren's clothing stores and in entertainment spaces like Las Vegas casinos.However, a more playful and less linear approach to narrative is increasingly common.Of all the typologies of the interior, the residence has been least affected by change, apart from ephemeral trends such as outdoor kitchens and palatial bathrooms.However, the narrative of the residence dominates interior design at large.It has become the catalyst for rethinking a host of spaces once firmly isolated from it, ranging from the secretary's cubicle, to the nurse's station, to the librarian's reading room.Considerations such as the accommodation of personal accessories in the work space, the use of color in hospitals, and the provision of couches in libraries are increasingly common, to cite just three examples.The domestication of such environments(with curtains and wallpaper, among other residential elements)provides more comfort, more reassurance, and more pleasure to domains formerly defined by institutional prohibitions and social exclusions.Unquestionably, these changes in public and commercial spaces are indebted to the liberation movements of the late 1960s.The battles fought against barriers of race, class, gender, and physical ability laid the groundwork for a larger climate of hospitality and accommodation.It is also possible to detect a wholly other agenda in the popularity of the residential model.The introduction of domestic amenities into commercial spaces, such as recreation spaces in office interiors, can also be construed as part of a wider attempt to put a more acceptable face on the workings of free-market capitalism.In this view, interior design dons the mask of entertainment.There is nothing new about the charade.Every interior is fundamentally a stage set.Nor is it particularly insidious—as long as the conceit is transparent.Danger surfaces，however, when illusion becomes delusion—when design overcompensates for the realities of illness with patronizing sentiment, or when offices become surrogate apartments because of the relentless demands of a round-the-clock economy.In these instances, design relinquishes its potential to transform daily life in favor of what amounts to little more than a facile re-branding of space.Another force is driving the domestication of the interior and that is the enlarged public awareness of design and designers.There is a growing popular demand for design as amenity and status symbol, stimulated by the proliferation of shelter magazines, television shows devoted to home decorating, and the advertising campaigns of commercial entities such as Target and Ikea.In the Western world, prosperity, combined with the appetite of the media, has all but fetishized the interior, yielding yet another reflection of the narcissism of a consumer-driven society.On the one hand, there are positive, democratic outcomes of the growing public profile of design that can be seen in the rise of do-it-yourself web sites and enterprises like Home Depot that emphasize self-reliance.It can also be argued, more generally, that the reconsideration of beauty implicit in the valorization of design is an ameliorating social phenomenon by virtue of its propensity to inspire improvement.On the other hand, the popularization of interior design through personas such as Philippe Starck, Martha Stewart, and Barbara Barry has encouraged a superficial understanding of the interior that is more focused on objects than it is on behaviors and interactions among objects.For all the recent explosion of interest in interior design, it remains, however, a fundamentally conservative arena of design, rooted as it is in notions of enclosure, security, and comfort.This perception has been exacerbated by the growth of specialized practices focused, for example, on healthcare and hospitality.While such firms offer deep knowledge of the psychology, mechanics, and economies of particular environments, they also perpetuate distinctions that hinder a more integral approach to the interior as an extension of architecture and even the landscape outside.One notable exception is the growth of design and architecture firms accruing expertise in sustainable materials and their applications to the interior.At the same time that design firms are identifying themselves with sustainability and promoting themselves as environmentalists, a movement is building to incorporate environmental responsibility within normative practice.Over the past four decades, efforts have intensified to professionalize the field of interior design and to accord it a status equal to that of architecture.In the US and Canada the Council for Interior Design Accreditation, formerly known as FIDER, reviews interior design education programs at colleges and universities to regulate standards of practice.Furthermore, the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design(ICSID)embraces interior design within its purview, defining it as part of “intellectual profession, and not simply a trade or a service for enterprises.”

Yet, the education of interior designers remains tremendously variable, with no uniformity of pedagogy.Hence, interior design continues to be perceived as an arena open to the specialist and the amateur.This perception is indicative of both the relatively short history of the profession itself and the broader cultural forces of inclusion and interactivity that mark a global society.原文來源：

Board of International Research in Design，Design Dictionary Perspectives on Design Terminology，Birkh?user Verlag AG 2008

第三篇：外文翻譯

當(dāng)今時(shí)代是一個(gè)自動(dòng)化時(shí)代，交通燈控制等很多行業(yè)的設(shè)備都與計(jì)算機(jī)密切相關(guān)。因此，一個(gè)好的交通燈控制系統(tǒng)，將給道路擁擠，違章控制等方面給予技術(shù)革新。隨著大規(guī)模集成電路及計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，以及人工智能在控制技術(shù)方面的廣泛運(yùn)用，智能設(shè)備有了很大的發(fā)展，是現(xiàn)代科技發(fā)展的主流方向。本文介紹了一個(gè)智能交通的系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。該智能交通燈控制系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能有：對(duì)某市區(qū)的四個(gè)主要交通路口進(jìn)行控制：個(gè)路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路擁擠時(shí)中控制中心能改變其周期：對(duì)路口違章的機(jī)動(dòng)車能夠即時(shí)拍照，并提取車牌號(hào)。在世界范圍內(nèi)，一個(gè)以微電子技術(shù)，計(jì)算機(jī)和通信技術(shù)為先導(dǎo)的，一信息技術(shù)和信息產(chǎn)業(yè)為中心的信息革命方興未艾。而計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)怎樣 與實(shí)際應(yīng)用更有效的結(jié)合并有效的發(fā)揮其作用是科學(xué)界最熱門的話題，也是當(dāng)今計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用中空前活躍的領(lǐng)域。本文主要從單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用上來實(shí)現(xiàn)十字路口交通燈智能化的管理，用以控制過往車輛的正常運(yùn)作。

研究交通的目的是為了優(yōu)化運(yùn)輸，人流以及貨流。由于道路使用者的不斷增加，現(xiàn)有資源和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施有限，智能交通控制將成為一個(gè)非常重要的課題。但是，智能交通控制的應(yīng)用還存在局限性。例如避免交通擁堵被認(rèn)為是對(duì)環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)都有利的，但改善交通流也可能導(dǎo)致需求增加。交通仿真有幾個(gè)不同的模型。在研究中，我們著重于微觀模型，該模型能模仿單獨(dú)車輛的行為，從而模仿動(dòng)態(tài)的車輛組。

由于低效率的交通控制，汽車在城市交通中都經(jīng)歷過長時(shí)間的行進(jìn)。采用先進(jìn)的傳感器和智能優(yōu)化算法來優(yōu)化交通燈控制系統(tǒng)，將會(huì)是非常有益的。優(yōu)化交通燈開關(guān)，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信號(hào)燈控制是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的優(yōu)化問題和幾種智能算法的融合，如模糊邏輯，進(jìn)化算法，和聚類算法已經(jīng)在使用，試圖解決這一問題，本文提出一種基于多代理聚類算法控制交通信號(hào)燈。

在我們的方法中，聚類算法與道路使用者的價(jià)值函數(shù)是用來確定每個(gè)交通燈的最優(yōu)決策的，這項(xiàng)決定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累積投票，通過估計(jì)每輛車的好處(或收益)來確定綠燈時(shí)間增益值與總時(shí)間是有差異的，它希望在它往返的時(shí)候等待，如果燈是紅色，或者燈是綠色。等待，直到車輛到達(dá)目的地，通過有聚類算法的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，最后經(jīng)過監(jiān)測(cè)車的監(jiān)測(cè)。

我們對(duì)自己的聚類算法模型和其它使用綠燈模擬器的系統(tǒng)做了比較。綠燈模擬器是一個(gè)交通模擬器，監(jiān)控交通流量統(tǒng)計(jì)，如平均等待時(shí)間，并測(cè)試不同的交通燈控制器。結(jié)果表明，在擁擠的交通條件下，聚類控制器性能優(yōu)于其它所有測(cè)試的非自適應(yīng)控制器，我們也測(cè)試?yán)碚撋系钠骄却龝r(shí)間，用以選擇車輛通過市區(qū)的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作學(xué)習(xí)的方法可避免交通瓶頸。

本文安排如下：第2部分?jǐn)⑹鋈绾谓⒔煌Ｐ?，預(yù)測(cè)交通情況和控制交通。第3部分是就相關(guān)問題得出結(jié)論。第4部分說明了現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)一步研究的事實(shí)，并介紹了我們的新思想。

The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has：The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.

第四篇：外文翻譯

設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)位于十字路口的智能交通燈控制系統(tǒng)

摘要：本文模型使用模糊本體的交通燈控制域，并把它應(yīng)用到控制孤立十字路口。本文最重要的目的之一是提出一個(gè)獨(dú)立的可重復(fù)使用的交通燈控制模塊。通過這種方式，增加軟件的獨(dú)立性和為其他的軟件開發(fā)活動(dòng)如測(cè)試和維護(hù)，提供了便利。專家對(duì)本體論進(jìn)行手動(dòng)的開發(fā)和評(píng)估。此外，交通數(shù)據(jù)提取和分類路口使用的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的圖像處理算法。根據(jù)預(yù)定義的XML架構(gòu)，這種信息轉(zhuǎn)化為XML實(shí)例映射到適合使用模糊推理引擎的模糊規(guī)則的模糊本體。把本系統(tǒng)的性能與其他類似的系統(tǒng)性能進(jìn)行比較。比較結(jié)果顯示：在所有的交通條件下，在每個(gè)周期中，對(duì)每輛車它有低得多的平均延遲時(shí)間與其他的控制系統(tǒng)相比。

關(guān)鍵詞:模糊本體,智能代理,智能交通系統(tǒng)(ITS),交通信號(hào)燈控制(TLC),孤立的十字路口,圖像處理,人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

1.引言

作為城市交通增加的結(jié)果,道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的能力有限和發(fā)展交通工具和方法的技術(shù)方面，許多實(shí)體，關(guān)系，情況和規(guī)則已經(jīng)進(jìn)入交通燈控制域和轉(zhuǎn)化成為一個(gè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域。這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的建模知識(shí)幫助交通代理和應(yīng)用有效地管理關(guān)于實(shí)時(shí)條件下的交通。全面知識(shí)建模領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)最合適的方法是使用本體概念。“本體論是一個(gè)正式的、明確的一個(gè)共享的概念化的規(guī)范。以前的模型是基本的本體建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)，為下列建立一個(gè)共享的語義豐富的知識(shí)域。除了本體作為概念化的形式主義的重要性，它有可能超過所代表的數(shù)據(jù)。這種能力將提高有關(guān)性能的決定和其他非智能系統(tǒng)的功能特點(diǎn)。在近年來，本體論上的研究正成為一個(gè)新的熱點(diǎn)話題在不同的活動(dòng)，如人工智能，知識(shí)管理，語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)，電子商務(wù)和幾個(gè)其他應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。這些領(lǐng)域之一是智能交通系統(tǒng)。一些努力已制成這個(gè)通過展示和使用本體檢測(cè)交通領(lǐng)域擁塞，管理非城市道路氣象事件，駕駛阿德?！骼锵到y(tǒng)，共享和整合一個(gè)智能交通系統(tǒng)。本文的目的是介紹一個(gè)紅綠燈有效控制孤立交叉口這方面的知識(shí)重用的控制本體。這種新的辦法適用于智能代理使用知識(shí)決策模糊。該系統(tǒng)采用的圖像來自安裝了監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)拍攝的路口。這些圖像處理利用圖像處理算法和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方法，然后發(fā)送到一個(gè)智能代理。第2節(jié)中，我們將簡要地解釋了在這項(xiàng)工作中運(yùn)用的技術(shù)包括seman-TIC網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，智能代理技術(shù)和交通的回地面光控制方法。在第3節(jié)，新的系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)是基于分層語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)。第4節(jié)介紹交通燈控制的模糊本體的建設(shè)。第五節(jié)從路口提取的圖像信息解釋。在第6節(jié)，智能系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作被完整描述，最后在第7節(jié)對(duì)所提出的方法進(jìn)行評(píng)估，對(duì)結(jié)論進(jìn)行闡述。

2.背景

本節(jié)說明在這項(xiàng)工作中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)包括語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，特別本體和模糊本體。此外，國家的交通燈控制的藝術(shù)方法是簡要介紹。2.1.語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)

語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)被定義為當(dāng)前Wed的延伸，這些網(wǎng)站的信息都給出明確的含義;使電腦與人更好的合作。有幾層語義Web的建議源自伯納斯滯后階段。在此類別中的所有規(guī)則如表1所示。圖.4顯示輸出模式的示意圖。本次評(píng)選有助于智能系統(tǒng)，以確定下一步的階段測(cè)序。

另一種模糊的規(guī)則類別涉及估計(jì)優(yōu)化周期時(shí)間。這些規(guī)則的模糊變量是天氣條件，時(shí)間，每天平均車輛擁堵情況。出于這個(gè)原因，60個(gè)模糊規(guī)則被定義了。從氣象研究所取得氣象條件。日期和時(shí)間也是在交通專家的知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上以模糊變量形式預(yù)先定義的。圖5顯示日期，時(shí)間和周期時(shí)間的隸屬函數(shù)。當(dāng)天的參數(shù)是在日歷基礎(chǔ)上基于假期和正常的一天與周期時(shí)間量的關(guān)系預(yù)定義的。例如，假期期間的周期時(shí)間是較平日少。因此，平日的隸屬度比假期多。

例如一個(gè)階段選型的模糊規(guī)則如下所述：“如果一個(gè)路口的類型是四的方式，平均車輛擁堵低，平均行人擁堵是中等，然后相類型是簡單的兩階段”。此外，為周期時(shí)間估計(jì)的模糊規(guī)則表示如下：“如果天氣條件是晴天，時(shí)間是早晨，天是正常的，平均車輛擁堵是低，則周期時(shí)間短”。在此類別中的所有規(guī)則都列在附錄A。

在此步驟結(jié)束時(shí)，應(yīng)該對(duì)交通燈邏輯控制的項(xiàng)目的有效性進(jìn)行評(píng)估。此功能是使用專家的意見。評(píng)價(jià)過程的主要目的是顯示發(fā)展的本體和其相關(guān)的軟件環(huán)境的用處。雖然所有的信息，尤其是交通燈控制規(guī)則已提取國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和科學(xué)交通文學(xué)，專家的知識(shí)優(yōu)勢(shì)是他們最后的正確性驗(yàn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所有模糊規(guī)則，包括優(yōu)化周期時(shí)間和相位類型的規(guī)則，在這個(gè)過程中，準(zhǔn)備以調(diào)查問卷形式和展現(xiàn)給一些專家包括從德黑蘭警察局交通上校和兩名來自德黑蘭的交通組織工程師。由于德爾菲專家的意見，約有84％的淘汰型規(guī)則和優(yōu)化周期時(shí)間的87％被接受。此外，所有交通邏輯控制的元素包括概念，關(guān)系，屬性和公理都被這些專家進(jìn)行了評(píng)估和驗(yàn)證。我們?cè)u(píng)估邏輯交通控制是基于理論知識(shí)的。在這個(gè)過程中進(jìn)行了兩項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，包括檢查的要求和能力的問題，并在目標(biāo)應(yīng)用環(huán)境測(cè)試本體。由于邏輯交通控制已建成的基礎(chǔ)上，如指定要求優(yōu)化循環(huán)時(shí)間，逐步淘汰型，交通的移動(dòng)和優(yōu)化綠燈時(shí)間，每個(gè)階段的序列中，第一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)是最好的結(jié)果。邏輯交通控制滿足所有的交通燈控制的需求，并能回答的能力問題?？冃гu(píng)估機(jī)制，可以支持這種說法。在部分實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果我們驗(yàn)證了這一過程。

第五篇：外文翻譯

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)

原文出處：傳感器文摘 布拉福德：1993年第13頁

摘要：超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)技校在工業(yè)場(chǎng)車輛導(dǎo)航水聲工程等領(lǐng)域都具有了廣泛的應(yīng)用價(jià)值，目前已應(yīng)用于物理測(cè)量，機(jī)器人自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航以及空氣中與水下的目標(biāo)探測(cè)、識(shí)別定位等場(chǎng)合，因此，深入研究超聲的探測(cè)理論和方法具有重要的實(shí)踐意義，為了進(jìn)一步提高測(cè)量的精確度，滿足工程人員對(duì)測(cè)量精度測(cè)距量程和測(cè)距儀使用的要求，本文研制了一套基于單片機(jī)的使拱式超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)。關(guān)鍵詞：超聲波 測(cè)距儀 單片機(jī)

1、前言

隨著科技的發(fā)展，人們生活水平的提高，城市發(fā)展建設(shè)加快，城市給排水系統(tǒng)也有較大發(fā)展，其狀況不斷改善，但是，由于歷史原因合成時(shí)間性的許多不可預(yù)見因素，城市給排水系統(tǒng)，特別是排水系統(tǒng)往往落后于城市建設(shè)，因此，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)開挖已經(jīng)建設(shè)好的建筑設(shè)施來改造排水系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)象。城市污水給人們帶來的困擾，因此箱的排污疏通對(duì)大城市給排水系統(tǒng)污水理，人們生活舒適顯得非常重要。而設(shè)計(jì)研制箱涵排水疏通移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)，保證機(jī)器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱涵排水系統(tǒng)疏通機(jī)器人的設(shè)計(jì)研制的核心部分，控制系統(tǒng)核心部分就是超聲波測(cè)儀的研制。因此，設(shè)計(jì)好的超聲波測(cè)距儀就顯得非常重要了。

1.1課題背景

隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展與汽車科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，公路交通呈現(xiàn)出行駛高速化、車流密集化和駕駛員非職業(yè)化的趨勢(shì)。同時(shí)，隨著汽車工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展，汽車的產(chǎn)量和保有量都在急劇增加。但公路發(fā)展、交通管理卻相對(duì)落后，導(dǎo)致了交通事故與日劇增，城市里尤其突出。智能交通系統(tǒng)ITS是目前世界上交通運(yùn)輸科學(xué)技術(shù)的前沿技術(shù)，它在充分發(fā)揮現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的潛力，提高運(yùn)輸效率，保障交通安全，緩解交通賭塞，改善城市環(huán)境等方面的卓越效能，已得到各國政府的廣泛關(guān)注。中國政府也高度重視智能交通系統(tǒng)的研究開發(fā)與推廣應(yīng)用。汽車防撞系統(tǒng)作為ITS 發(fā)展的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)，它的成功與否對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)有著很大的作用。從傳統(tǒng)上說，汽車的安全可以分為兩個(gè)主要研究方向:一是主動(dòng)式安全技術(shù)，即防止事故的發(fā)生，該種方式是目前汽車安全研究的最終目的;二是被動(dòng)式安全技術(shù)，即事故發(fā)生后的乘員保護(hù)。目前汽車安全領(lǐng)域被動(dòng)安全研究較多，主要從安全氣囊、ABS(防抱死系統(tǒng))和懸架等方面著手，以保證駕乘人員的安全。從經(jīng)濟(jì)性和安全性兩方面來說，中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

這些被動(dòng)安全措施是在事故發(fā)生時(shí)刻對(duì)車輛和人員進(jìn)行保護(hù)，有很大的局限性，因而車輛的主動(dòng)安全研究尤為重要，引出了本文研究的基于單片機(jī)的超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是一種可向司機(jī)預(yù)先發(fā)出視聽語音信號(hào)的探測(cè)裝置。它安裝在汽車上，能探測(cè)企圖接近車身的行人、車輛或周圍障礙物;能向司機(jī)及乘員提前發(fā)出即將發(fā)生撞車危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)，促使司機(jī)采取應(yīng)急措施來應(yīng)付特殊險(xiǎn)情，避免損失。

1.2 課題設(shè)計(jì)的意義

隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)工業(yè)化程的發(fā)展，汽車這一交通工具正為越來越多的人所用，但是隨之而來的問題也顯而易見，那就是隨著車輛的增多，交通事故的頻繁發(fā)生，由此導(dǎo)致的人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失數(shù)目驚人。對(duì)于公路交通事故的分析表明，80%以上的車禍?zhǔn)掠捎隈{駛員反應(yīng)不及所引起的，超過65%的車輛相撞屬于追尾相撞，其余則屬于側(cè)面相撞。奔馳汽車公司對(duì)各類交通事故的研究表明：若駕駛員能夠提早1S 意識(shí)到有事故危險(xiǎn)并采取相應(yīng)的正確措施，則絕大多數(shù)的交通事故都可以避免。因此，大力研究開發(fā)如汽車防撞裝置等主動(dòng)式汽車輔助安全裝置，減少駕駛員的負(fù)擔(dān)和判斷錯(cuò)誤，對(duì)于提高交通安全將起到重要的作用。顯然，此類產(chǎn)品的研究開發(fā)具有極大的實(shí)現(xiàn)意義和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

1.3超聲波測(cè)距在汽車上應(yīng)用的介紹

超聲波倒車測(cè)距儀(俗稱電子眼)是汽車倒車防撞安全輔助裝置，能以聲音或者更為直觀的數(shù)字形式動(dòng)態(tài)顯示周圍障礙物的情況。其較早的產(chǎn)品是用蜂鳴器報(bào)警，蜂鳴聲越急，表示車輛離障礙物越近。后繼的產(chǎn)品可以顯示車后障礙物離車體的距離。其大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品探測(cè)范圍在0.4～1.5m，有的產(chǎn)品能達(dá)到0.35～2.5m，并有距離顯示、聲響報(bào)警、區(qū)域警示和方位指示，有些產(chǎn)品還具備開機(jī)自檢功能。目前市場(chǎng)上還出現(xiàn)了具有語音報(bào)警功能的產(chǎn)品。這些產(chǎn)品存在的主要問題是測(cè)量盲區(qū)大，報(bào)警滯后，未考慮汽車制動(dòng)時(shí)的慣性因素，使駕駛者制動(dòng)滯后，抗干擾能力不強(qiáng)，誤報(bào)也較多。汽車防撞雷達(dá)之所以能實(shí)現(xiàn)防撞報(bào)警功能，主要有超聲波這把無形尺子, 它測(cè)量最近障礙物的距離, 并告訴給車主。其實(shí)超聲測(cè)距原理簡單: 它發(fā)射超聲波并接收反射回波, 通過單片機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)器獲得兩者時(shí)間差t, 利用公式S=Ct/2計(jì)算距離, 其中S為汽車與障礙物之間的距離, C為聲波在介質(zhì)中的傳播速度。

本文介紹的超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)共有2只超聲波換能器(俗稱探頭),分別布置在汽車的后左、后右2個(gè)位置上。能檢測(cè)前進(jìn)和倒車方向障礙物距離, 通過后視鏡內(nèi)置的

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

顯示單元顯示距離和方位, 發(fā)出一定的聲響, 起到提示和警戒的作用。系統(tǒng)采用一片STC89C52單片機(jī)對(duì)兩路超聲波信號(hào)進(jìn)行循環(huán)采集。超聲波是指頻率高于20HHZ的機(jī)械波。為了以超聲波作為檢測(cè)手段，必須產(chǎn)生超生波和接收超聲波。完成這種功能的裝置就是超聲波傳感器，習(xí)慣上稱為超聲波換能器或超聲波探頭。超聲波傳感器有發(fā)送器和接收器，但一個(gè)超聲波傳感器也可具有發(fā)送和接收聲波的雙重作用。超聲波傳感器是利用壓電效應(yīng)的原理將電能和超聲波相互轉(zhuǎn)化，即在發(fā)射超聲波的時(shí)候，將電能轉(zhuǎn)換，發(fā)射超聲波；而在收到回波的時(shí)候，則將超聲振動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)。超聲波測(cè)距的原理一般采用渡越時(shí)間法。首先測(cè)出超聲波從發(fā)射到遇到障礙物返回所經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間，再乘以超聲波的速度就得到二倍的聲源與障礙物之間的距離。測(cè)量距離的方法有很多種，短距離的可以用尺，遠(yuǎn)距離的有激光測(cè)距等，超聲波測(cè)距適用于高精度的中長距離測(cè)量。因?yàn)槌暡ㄔ跇?biāo)準(zhǔn)空氣中的傳播速度為331.45米/秒，由單片機(jī)負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)時(shí)，單片機(jī)使用12.0M晶振，所以此系統(tǒng)的測(cè)量精度理論上可以達(dá)到毫米級(jí)。由于超聲波指向性強(qiáng)，能量消耗緩慢，在介質(zhì)中傳播距離遠(yuǎn)，因而超聲波可以用于距離的測(cè)量。利用超聲波檢測(cè)距離，設(shè)計(jì)比較方便，計(jì)算處理也較簡單，并且在測(cè)量精度方面也能達(dá)到要求。超聲波發(fā)生器可以分為兩類：一類是用電氣方式產(chǎn)生超聲波，一類是用機(jī)械方式產(chǎn)生超聲波。本設(shè)計(jì)屬于近距離測(cè)量，可以采用常用的壓電式超聲波換能器來實(shí)現(xiàn)觸發(fā)單元。

利用超聲波測(cè)距的工作，就可以根據(jù)測(cè)量發(fā)射波與反射波之間的時(shí)間間隔，從而達(dá)到測(cè)量距離的作用。其主要有三種測(cè)距方法：

（1）相位檢測(cè)法，相位檢測(cè)法雖然精度高，但檢測(cè)范圍有限；

（2）聲波幅值檢測(cè)法，聲波幅值檢測(cè)法易受反射波的影響；

（3）渡越時(shí)間檢測(cè)法，渡越時(shí)間檢測(cè)法的工作方式簡單，直觀，在硬件控制和軟件設(shè)計(jì)上都非常容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。其原理為：檢測(cè)從發(fā)射傳感器發(fā)射超聲波，經(jīng)氣體介質(zhì)傳播到接收傳感器的時(shí)間，這個(gè)時(shí)間就是渡越時(shí)間。本設(shè)計(jì)的超聲波測(cè)距就是使用了渡越時(shí)間檢測(cè)法。在移動(dòng)車輛中應(yīng)用的超聲波傳感器，是利用超聲波在空氣中的定向傳播和固體反射特性（縱波），通過接收自身發(fā)射的超聲波反射信號(hào)，根據(jù)超聲波發(fā)出及回波接收的時(shí)間差和傳播速度，計(jì)算傳播距離，從而得到障礙物到車輛的距離。

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文 超聲波測(cè)距原理

2.1 壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器原理

壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器實(shí)際上是利用壓電晶體的諧振來工作的。超聲波發(fā)生器內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，它有兩個(gè)壓電晶片和一個(gè)共振板。當(dāng)它的兩極外加脈沖信號(hào)，其頻率等于壓電晶片的固有振蕩頻率時(shí)，壓電晶片將會(huì)發(fā)生共振，并帶動(dòng)共振板振動(dòng)，便產(chǎn)生超聲波。反之，如果兩極板間未加電壓，當(dāng)共振板接收到超聲波時(shí)，將壓迫壓電晶片做振動(dòng)，將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換為電信號(hào)，這是它就成為超聲波接收器了。

測(cè)量脈沖到達(dá)時(shí)間的傳統(tǒng)方法是以擁有固定參數(shù)的接收信號(hào)開端為基礎(chǔ)的。這個(gè)信號(hào)恰恰選于噪音水平之上，然而脈沖到達(dá)時(shí)間被定義為脈沖信號(hào)剛好超過界限的第一時(shí)刻。一個(gè)物體的脈沖強(qiáng)度很大程度上取決于這個(gè)物體的自然屬性尺寸還有它與傳感器的距離。進(jìn)一步說，從脈沖起始點(diǎn)到剛好超過界限之間的時(shí)間段隨著脈沖的強(qiáng)度而改變。結(jié)果，一種錯(cuò)誤便出現(xiàn)了——兩個(gè)擁有不同強(qiáng)度的脈沖在不同時(shí)間超過界限卻在同一時(shí)刻到達(dá)。強(qiáng)度較強(qiáng)的脈沖會(huì)比強(qiáng)度較弱的脈沖超過界限的時(shí)間早點(diǎn)，因此我們會(huì)認(rèn)為強(qiáng)度較強(qiáng)的脈沖屬于較近的物體。

2.2 超聲波測(cè)距原理

超聲波發(fā)射器向某一方向發(fā)射超聲波，在發(fā)射時(shí)刻的同時(shí)開始計(jì)時(shí)，超聲波在空氣中傳播，途中碰到障礙物就立即返回來，超聲波接收器收到反射波就立即停止計(jì)時(shí)。超聲波在空氣中的傳播速度為340m/s，根據(jù)計(jì)時(shí)器記錄的時(shí)間t，就可以計(jì)算出發(fā)射點(diǎn)距離障礙物的距離(s)，即：s=340t/2

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

3、超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的電路設(shè)計(jì)

系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是利用單片機(jī)控制超聲波的發(fā)射和超聲波自發(fā)射至接受往返時(shí)間的計(jì)時(shí)，單片機(jī)選用C51，經(jīng)濟(jì)易用，且片內(nèi)有4K的ROM，便于編程。電路的原理如圖1所示。

圖1 電路原理圖

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

3.1 40kHz脈沖的產(chǎn)生與超聲波發(fā)射

測(cè)距系統(tǒng)中的超聲波傳感器采用UCM40的壓電陶瓷，它的工作電壓是40kHz的脈沖信號(hào)，這由單片機(jī)執(zhí)行下面的程序來產(chǎn)生。puzel：mov 14h，#12h

here： cp1.0；

nop；

nop；

nop；

djnz 14h，here；

Ret

前方測(cè)距電路的輸出端接單片機(jī)P1.0端口，單片機(jī)執(zhí)行上面的程序后，在P1.0端口輸出一個(gè)40khz的脈沖信號(hào)，經(jīng)過三極管T放大，驅(qū)動(dòng)超聲波發(fā)射頭UCM40T，發(fā)出40khz的脈沖超聲波，且持續(xù)發(fā)射200ms。右側(cè)合作側(cè)測(cè)距電路的輸入端分別接P1.1和P1.2端口，工作原理和前方測(cè)距電路相同。

超聲波發(fā)射持續(xù)200ms 輸出40kHz方波

3.2 超聲波的接收與處理

接收頭采用與發(fā)射頭配對(duì)的UCM40R，將超聲波調(diào)制脈沖變?yōu)殡妷盒盘?hào)，經(jīng)運(yùn)算放大器ic1a和ic1b兩級(jí)放大后加至IC2,。IC2是帶有鎖定環(huán)的音頻譯碼集成塊LM567，內(nèi)部壓控振蕩器的中心頻率f0=1/1.1R8C3，電容C4決定其帶寬。調(diào)節(jié)R8在發(fā)射的載頻上，則LM567輸入信號(hào)大于25mv，輸出端8腳由5由高電平躍變?yōu)榈碗娖?，作為中斷?qǐng)求信號(hào)，送至單片機(jī)處理。

前方測(cè)距電路的輸出端接至單片機(jī)INT0端口，中斷優(yōu)先級(jí)最高，左、右測(cè)距電路的輸出通過與門IC3A的輸出接單片機(jī)的INT1端口，同時(shí)單片機(jī)P1.3和P1.4接到IC3A的輸入端，中斷源的識(shí)別由程序查詢來處理，中斷優(yōu)先級(jí)為先右后左。部分源程序如下： receive1：push psw

push acc

clr ex1；關(guān)中斷源1

jnb p1.1，right;P1.1引腳為0，轉(zhuǎn)至右側(cè)距電路中斷服務(wù)程序

jnb p1.2,left;P1.2 引腳為0，轉(zhuǎn)至左測(cè)距中斷電路服務(wù)程序 returne：SETB EX1；

開外部中斷1

pop acc

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

pop psw

reti right：

...；

右測(cè)距電路中斷服務(wù)程序入口

ajmp return

left：

...；

左測(cè)距電路中斷服務(wù)程序入口

ajmp return

3.3 計(jì)算超聲波傳播時(shí)間

在啟動(dòng)發(fā)射電路的同時(shí)啟動(dòng)單片機(jī)內(nèi)部的定時(shí)器T0，利用定時(shí)器的計(jì)數(shù)功能，記錄超聲波發(fā)射的時(shí)間和受到反射波的時(shí)間。當(dāng)收到超聲波反射波時(shí)，接受電路輸出端產(chǎn)生一個(gè)負(fù)跳變，在INT0或INT1端產(chǎn)生一個(gè)中斷請(qǐng)求信號(hào)，單片機(jī)響應(yīng)外部中斷請(qǐng)求，執(zhí)行外部中斷服務(wù)子程序，讀取時(shí)間差，計(jì)算距離。其部分源程序如下：

RECEIVEO: PUSH PSW

PUSH ACC CLR EX0;

關(guān)外部中斷0 讀取時(shí)間值

MOV R7,TH0;MOV R6,TL0 CLR C MOV A,R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;MOV 31H,A;MOV A,R7 SUBB A,#3CH MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;POP ACC

POP PSW

RETI 對(duì)于一個(gè)平坦的目標(biāo)，測(cè)量距離包括兩個(gè)階段：粗糙的測(cè)量和精細(xì)的測(cè)量。第一步：脈沖的傳送產(chǎn)生一種簡單的超聲波

第二步：根據(jù)公式改變回波放大器的獲得量直到回?fù)鼙粰z測(cè)到。第三步：檢測(cè)兩種回波的振幅與過零時(shí)間。

計(jì)算時(shí)間值 存儲(chǔ)結(jié)果

開外部中斷0

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

第四步：設(shè)置回波放大器的所得規(guī)格輸出，假定是3v。通過脈沖的周期設(shè)置下一個(gè)脈沖。根據(jù)第二部的數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)定時(shí)間窗。

第五步：發(fā)射兩竄脈沖產(chǎn)生干擾波。測(cè)量過零時(shí)間與回波振幅。如果逆向發(fā)生在回波中，決定要不通過在低氣壓插入振幅。

第六步：通過公式計(jì)算距離y。

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

4、超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)

軟件分為倆部分，主程序和中斷服務(wù)程序。主程序完成初始化工作、各路超聲波發(fā)射和接收順序的控制。定時(shí)中斷服務(wù)子程序完成三方向超聲波的輪流發(fā)射，外部中斷服務(wù)子程序主要完成時(shí)間值的讀取、距離計(jì)算、結(jié)果的輸出等工作。

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

5、結(jié)論

對(duì)所要求測(cè)量范圍30cm-200cm內(nèi)的平面物體做了多次測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn)，其最大誤差為1.5cm，且重復(fù)性好?？梢娀趩纹瑱C(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)具有硬件結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、工作可靠、測(cè)量誤差小等特點(diǎn)。因此，它不僅可用于移動(dòng)機(jī)器人，還可以用在其他檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)中。

思考：至于為什么不用接收管做放大電路，因?yàn)榉糯蟊稊?shù)搞不好，集成放大電路，還帶自動(dòng)電平增益控制，放大倍數(shù)為76db，中心頻率是38k到40k，剛好是超聲波傳感器的諧振頻率。

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

參考文獻(xiàn)

1.Fox，J.D.，Khuri-Yakub，B.T.and Kino，G.S.，“High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air”，in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium，October 31-2 November，1983，Atlanta，GA，pp.581-4.2.Martin Abreu，J.M.，Ceres,R.And Freire,T.,“Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy”,Sensor Review, Vol.12 No.1,1992,pp.17-21.3.Parrilla， M., Anaya,J.J and Fritsch C.,‖Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurement:,IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and Measurement.Vol.40 No.4, August 1991,pp.750-63.4.Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., ―A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proxinmity Measurement‖, IEEE Trasaction on Industry Electronics, Vol, IE-29 No.4,1982, pp.336-41.5.Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., ‖Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Themal Correction‖, Sensor Review, Vol, 9 No.3, 1989,pp.153-5.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

Ultrasonic ranging system design Publication title: Sensor Review.Bradford:1993.Vol.13 ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many field, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering.Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification ,location and so on.So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply.To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personal for the precision,the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound r, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor

1.Introductive With the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city.Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving.However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system.In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction.Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon.It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Confort is very important to people’s lives.Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core.Control System is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder.Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.1.1 subject background

With the development of economy and car scientific and technological progress, highway traffic presents driving fast pace, traffic dense is changed and the driver not professional trend.At the same time, along with the rapid development of auto industry, automobile yield and quantities are increased dramatically.But road development，中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

transportation management is relatively backward, leading to a large number of traffic accidents in some cities, especially prominent.Intelligent transportation system in the world, ITS transportation science and technology of advanced technology, ITS exerting existing infrastructure of potential, enhance the transport efficiency, safeguard traffic safety and ease traffic wager plug, improving urban environment aspects of outstanding performance, has received the governments of widespread concern.The Chinese government is also highly intelligent transportation system of the development and popularization applications.The automotive anti-collision system as ITS development of a base, ITS success to the whole system has a very significant role.Traditionally, auto safety said can be divided into two main research direction: first,it is active safety technology, including the prevention of accidents, the way is now automotive safety research ultimate purpose;second, it is passive safety technique, namely the occupant protection after the accident.Now automotive safety field passive safety more research, mainly from the airbag, ABS(antilock brakes)and suspension from the aspects such as to ensure safety of personnel rides.From the economic and safety two ways, these passive safety measures is the accident of vehicle and personnel moments protection, with great limitations, thus vehicle active safety research is particularly important, leads to a of this study is based on single chip ultrasonic ranging system.This system is a kind of can advance to the driver issued audio-visual speech signal detection devices.It is installed in cars that can detect trying to approach the body of a car pedestrians and vehicles or around obstacles, Can send to the driver and crew imminent danger ahead of the signal, prompting a crash drivers take emergency measures to cope with special danger, avoid the loss.1.2 question design significance

Along with the development of modern society industrialization process, car this traffic tools are used for more and more people, but any problem has obvious that along with the increase in vehicles, traffic accident, which led to the frequent occurrence of casualties and property losses number astonishing.For highway traffic accident analysis showed that more than 80% of the accident due to the driver reaction inferior things, caused more than 65% of vehicle collision, the rest belongs to tracing cauda collided belongs to the side collision.Mercedes-benz Automobile Company for all kinds of traffic accident research shows that: if the driver can early 1S are aware

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

that a accident risk and take the appropriate corrective measures, the overwhelming majority of traffic accidents can be avoided.Therefore, vigorously research and development as the automotive anti-collision device etc active car auxiliary safe device, reduce the burden and misjudgments drivers to improve the traffic safety will play an important role.Obviously, this kind of product research and development has great realize meaning and broad application prospects.1.3 Ultrasonic ranging in automotive applications introduced

Ultrasonic back-draft rangefinder(known as electron optics)automotive anti-collision reversing device, can safe adjunct to sound or more intuitive digital form the dynamic display of around obstacles.Its earlier products is to use buzzer alarm, hum more anxious, and says vehicles from obstructions closer.Subsequent product can display the car from the body after the obstacles distance.Most of its products detection range in 0.4 ~ 1.5 m, some product can achieve 0.35 ~ 2.5 m, and have distance display, sound alarm, area-warning and azimuth instructions, some products also has the boot self-checking function.Still appeared on the market at present with voice alarm function of products.These products are the main problem is big, alarm measuring blind area lags behind, without considering the automobile braking inertial factors and make drivers brake lag, the anti-interference ability is not strong, misstatement or more.The automotive anti-collision radar is able to realize impact-proof alarm functions, basically have ultrasonic this intangible ruler, it recently obstacles distance measurement, and told to the owner.Actually ultrasonic range-finding principle simple: it emit ultrasonic echo, and receive reflected by microcontroller counter obtain both lag using formula S = t, Ct / 2 calculating distances, including S for cars and obstacles, C for the distance between the sound wave propagation in the medium speed.This paper introduces the ultrasonic ranging system only have 2 ultrasonic transducer(known as probe)respectively, decorate in cars left and right after after 2 position.Capable of detecting forward and reverse direction obstacle distance, the rearview mirror built-in display element display distance and direction, issued must be sound, plays the role of hints and alert.System USES a STC89C52 SCM two way ultrasonic signal cyclicly acquisition.Ultrasonic refers to the 20HHZ wave frequency is over.In order to use the ultrasonic detection means, must generate as ultrasonic wave and receiving damnation.Complete the functions of the device is called the

中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

ultrasonic sensor, habit, ultrasonic transducer or ultrasonic probe.Ultrasonic sensors have both transmitters and receivers, but a ultrasonic sensors can also has the sending and receiving the sound waves of the dual role.Ultrasonic sensors is using the principle of piezoelectric effect and ultrasonic energy conversion, be in namely emit ultrasonic, energy conversion, launch ultrasonic, And in the stockades, received echo ultrasonic vibration into electrical signal.Ultrasonic ranging principle generally USES the time method for the crossing.First measured ultrasonic from the launch to meet obstacles returns experience of time, again multiply ultrasonic speed of get twice the distance between the sound source and obstacles.Measuring distance a variety of ways, short can use ruler, long-range laser displacement etc, are suitable for high accuracy of ultrasonic ranging in long distance measurement.Because of ultrasound in standard air of propagation speed 331.45 meters per second, by single-chip microcomputer is responsible for timing, SCM use 12.0 M crystals, so the system of measurement precision theory can achieve mm level.Because of ultrasonic directivity strong, energy consumption is slow, in a medium transmission distance, thus ultrasonic can be used for distance measurement.Using ultrasonic detection distance, the design is more convenient, computing procese also relatively simple, and the measurement precision can also meet the requirements.Ultrasonic generator can be divided into two kinds: one kind is to use electrical means producing ultrasonic, one kind is with mechanical approach to producing ultrasonic.This design belongs to nearly distance measurement, can use commonly used the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer to achieve trigger unit.Using ultrasonic ranging work, can according to measuring launch reflection wave wave and the time interval between the measured distance, so as to achieve the effect.It mainly have three ranging methods:

(1)phase assay, phase assays high precision, but detection though limited range，(2)sound amplitude assay, acoustic amplitude assay vulnerable reflection wave influence;

(3)ferrying more time assay, crossing the time assay way of working is simple, intuitive, in hardware control and software design are very easy to implement.Its principle is: from the launch emit ultrasonic detection sensor, the gas medium spread to receive sensor of time, this time is crossing the more time.This design is the use of ultrasonic ranging the crossing the time assay.In the mobile vehicles of the application 15

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of ultrasonic sensor is the use of ultrasound in air of directional spread and solid reflective characteristics(p-wave)and by receiving their launch ultrasonic reflecting signal, according to the ultrasonic issued and echo receiving the Windows and propagation speed, calculate transmission distance, thus obtains the obstacles to vehicle distance.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

2.A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement

2.1 the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator

Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work.Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate.When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated.Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference.The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold.The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor.Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the different intensities arriving exactly at the same tome will surpass the threshold at different moments.The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurement Ultrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstracles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave wave received by the reveiver immediately stop the clock.Ultrasonic in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is:s=340t/2

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3.Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit Design

System is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751,economic-to –use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 circuit principle diagram

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3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launch

Ranging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.Puzel:mov 14h,# 12h;ultrasonic firing continued 200ms here:cpl pl.0;output 40 kHz square wave

nop;

nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;ret Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulze output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms.Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonic

Used to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2.IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth.R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25Mv, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gete IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source code is as follows: receivel:

push psw

push ace

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cir ex1: related external interrupt 1

jnb p1.1, right;P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service rountine circuit

jnb p1.2, left;P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit

interrupt service routine return:SETB EX1;open external interrupt 1

pop

acc pop

psw reti right:…;right location entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return left:…;left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return

3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation time

When you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time when you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance.Some of its source is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0;related external interrupt 0 MOV R7, TH0;read the time value MOV R6, TL0 CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;calculate the tome difference MOV 31H, A;storage results MOV A, R7 SUBB A,#3CH

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MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;open external interrupt 0 POP ACC POP PAW RETI For a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and, a fine measurement: Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic

Wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation，until the echo is detected.Step 3:detection of te amplitudes anf zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4:setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts.Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes.Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5:sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave.Testing the zero-crossing in the echo,detemine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough.Derive t sub ml and t sub m2.Step6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

4.The ultrasonic ranging system software design

Software is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine.Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Tnterrupt service routines from time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to resd the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

5.Conclusions

Required measuring range of 30cm~200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility.Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error.Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.中原工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文

REFERENCES 1.Fox,J.D.,Khuri-Yakub, B.T.and Kino, G.S., ‖High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air‖, in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium, October 31-2 November, 1983, Atlanta, GA, pp.581-4.2.Martin Abreu,J.M.,Ceres,R.and Freire, T.,‖Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy‖, Sensor Review, Vol.12No.1,1992, pp.17-21.3.Parrilla， M., Anaya,J.J and Fritsch C.,‖Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurement:,IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and Measurement.Vol.40 No.4, August 1991,pp.750-63.4.Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., ―A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proxinmity Measurement‖, IEEE Trasaction on Industry Electronics, Vol, IE-29 No.4,1982, pp.336-41.5.Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., ‖Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Themal Correction‖, Sensor Review, Vol, 9 No.3, 1989,pp.153-5.24