第一篇:英語(yǔ)演講選修教案16speech making
Lesson 16 Speech Making
Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
Introduction What is public speaking? ? Public speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making your ideas public – of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people.A Brief Introduction to public speaking I.How to Prepare a Speech ? Stating Your Objectives:
◇inform ◇train ◇persuade ◇sell ? Analyzing Your Audience
What to learn about the audience?
Their opinions and levels of prior knowledge of your subject;their likely bias, both personal and professional
how do you learn it?
Ask the person who has invited you to speak.Find out what the occasion is and if there is a program theme.? Choosing a Speech Topic and the Speech Theme
Six Criteria
1.The topic should be interesting to you.2.It should be interesting to your audience or at least be capable of being made interesting to them.3.It should be appropriate to the situation.4.It should be appropriate to the time available.5.It should be manageable.6.It should be worthwhile.Don't waste your audience’s time.? Gathering and Selecting Appropriate Materials
convincing materials
seven major types of materials: descriptions and explanations, statistics, examples, testimony, comparison and contrast, repetition and restatement, and visuals.guidelines ? Outlining Your Speech
guidelines:
1.Write and label your specific purpose at the top of your outline.2.Indicate main ideas, points, sub-points, and supporting materials properly.3.Use at least two subdivisions, if any, for each point.Using subdivisions helps you give attention to all the points you want to say.4.Label the introduction, main body and conclusion.II.How to Write a Great Speech ? Organizing the Body of the Speech A.The Introduction A.It should introduce the topic.providing background information, definitions explanations, etc.B.Generally it should contain the thesis statement.C.It should be interesting enough to make the listener want to continue listening.Anecdotes, shocking statistics, quotes, and rhetorical questions
D.It should indicate how your topic will be developed.E.tell your listeners WHY they should listen to you;such as how they will benefit.F.include the method of organization that you will follow.This helps the listener prepare for what you are going to say and help them organize the information.An effective introduction ? Creates a favorable first impression with the audience ? Boosts a speaker’s self-confidence Gaining attention ? relate the topic to the audience ? State the importance of the topic ? Startle the audience ? Arouse the curiosity of the audience ? Question the audience ? Begin with quotation ? Tell a story ? Using visual aids ? …
Reveal the topic ? Clearly states the speech topic ? Establish the credibility and goodwill of the speaker Preview the body ? ? ? Tells audience what to listen for in the rest Provide a smooth lead-in Present special information B.Main Body a.Each main point discusses one aspect of the thesis.b.The main points should be linked with clear transitions so as to give the body coherence and unity.C.Conclusion
A conclusion can restate the thesis.A conclusion can restate the main points.A conclusion can call for some sort of action(particularly in a persuasive piece)A conclusion can highlight areas for further research.A conclusion can suggest results or consequences.A conclusion can remind the audience of the importance of the information presented.The speaker can thank the audience for their attention.A conclusion should NEVER bring up a new topic.A speaker should NEVER apologize for their information.The last thing you want to happen is for the audience to question your credibility.2 functions of conclusion ? Signal the end of the speech ? Reinforce the audience’s understanding of the speech
? Using Speech Language A.Using Language Accurately B.Use Language Clearly C.Use language Vividly
III.How to Deliver a Great Speech ? Physical Delivery 1.posture A public speaker should look comfortable, confident and prepared to speak.In posture, the two extremes to avoid are rigidity and sloppiness.2.facial expressions Your facial expression must match what you are saying.3.movement a.Never turn your back on the audience while you are speaking.b.If you move about on the stage, make your movements purposeful.c.Be aware of all potential obstacles on the stage.4.gestures 5.Eye contact Let your gaze move over each member of the audience don’t choose one person and look fixedly at him or her.avoid the temptation to look over the heads of your audience or to hold your notes in front of your face.6.Appearance The way you dress and present yourself Dress appropriately to the audience ? Vocal Delivery
Vocal delivery refers to the use of your voice to convey your message.1.rate Rate is the speed
not too slowly or too quickly.Varying your rate can be critical.2.pause temporary stops pause before and after a major point.You can use pauses to illustrate that you are changing from one point to another.You can use pauses for emphasis 3.volume Volume refers to how loud one speaks Speak too soft Speak too loud
changing the volume at certain points
emphasize important ideas.Raising your voice lowering your voice 4.pitch Pitch refers to the high or low quality of your voice.Volume is measured in terms of loudness.The pitch of your voice in public speaking refers to the “excitement” or “enthusiasm” level in your voice.pitch can be raised and lowered for emphasis.vary your pitch.5.Pronunciation 6.articulation : not slur, speak clearly
IV.How to Analyze and Evaluate Speech ? three “M”s: matter, manner and method.Speaking to Persuade I.Persuasion: a Psychological process ? A.Persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging.?
(controversial topics, involving values and beliefs;listeners’ own ideas)? B.Listeners: mental give-and-take ?(listeners: assessment on speakers)II.The Target Audience ? The part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his message.Agree and disagree audience ?
Adapt the speech to the values and concerns of the TA ?
Do not exclude other listeners III.Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
? Monroe's motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action.? Alan H.Monroe(Purdue University)1930s ? what creates makes a motivational speech actually motivating.? a 5-step method for organizing motivational speeches.1.Attention Get the attention of your audience using a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quotations, etc.E.g.Hey!Listen to me, I have a PROBLEM!2.Need Show that the problem about which you are speaking exists, that it is significant, and that it won't go away by itself.Use statistics, examples, etc.Convince your audience that there is a need for action to be taken.E.g.Let me EXPLAIN the problem.3.Satisfy.You present your plan and show how it will work.Be sure to offer enough details about the plan.E.g.But, I have a SOLUTION!4.Visualization Tell the audience what will happen if the solution is implemented or does not take place.Be visual and detailed.E.g.If we IMPLEMENT my solution, this is what will happen.5.Action.Tell the audience what action they can take personally to solve the problem.Say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it.E.g.You can help me in this specific way.Are YOU willing to help me? Advantage of MMS ? It emphasizes what the audience can do.Monroe's motivated sequence emphasizes the action the audience can take.? Sample Speech:The Ultimate Gift IV.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact ? A.seek to persuade audience to accept the speaker’s view of the facts on a particular issue.E.g.Will the economy be better or worse next year? ? B.different from an informative speech IS: give information as impartially as possible ≠ argue for a point of view
PS: persuade the audience to accept the speaker’s view about the information
e.g.In a trial lawyer jury guilt / innocent defendant V.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value ? A.Judgments based on a person’s beliefs about what’s right or wrong ? B.2 steps:
1.define the standards for value judgments
2.judge the subject of the speech against the standards.VI.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy ? A.deal with specific courses of action: involve questions of fact and value;go beyond that ?
B.2 types:
1.gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary & practical
2.motivate the audience to take immediate action ?
C.3 basic issues – need, plan & practicality
1.need:(no)need for a change
2.a specific plan: solve the need
3.practicality: Plan: workable, solve the need without creating new problems
VII.Methods of Persuasion A.Building credibility – 1.Credibility affected by: competence & character
competence: speaker’s intelligence, expertise & knowledge of the subject
character: speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness
–
2.3 types of credibility: initial credibility;derived credibility;terminal ~ –
3.3 strategies to ↑c(diǎn)redibility:
a.explaining their competence b.establishing common ground with the audience c.delivering speeches fluently, expressively and with conviction
B.Using Evidence – 1.examples, statistics, testimony – 2.4 tips to use evidence effectively: use specific evidence;novel ~;use ~ from credible sources;make clear the point of the ~
C.Reasoning – Reasoning: the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence – use reasoning from specific instances – use reasoning from principle – use analogical reasoning, ×casual reasoning
D.Emotions Appeals – 1.Emotions Appeals(motivational appeals): make listeners feel sad, happy, angry, fearful, etc.– 2.3 ways: with emotionally charged language;with vivid examples;speak with sincerity and conviction 6
第二篇:《英語(yǔ)演講》教案
Introduction What is public speaking? ? Public speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making your ideas public – of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people.A Brief Introduction to public speaking I.How to Prepare a Speech ? Stating Your Objectives:
◇inform ◇train ◇persuade ◇sell ? Analyzing Your Audience
What to learn about the audience?
Their opinions and levels of prior knowledge of your subject;their likely bias, both personal and professional
how do you learn it?
Ask the person who has invited you to speak.Find out what the occasion is and if there is a program theme.? Choosing a Speech Topic and the Speech Theme
Six Criteria
1.The topic should be interesting to you.2.It should be interesting to your audience or at least be capable of being made interesting to them.3.It should be appropriate to the situation.4.It should be appropriate to the time available.5.It should be manageable.6.It should be worthwhile.Don't waste your audience’s time.? Gathering and Selecting Appropriate Materials
convincing materials
seven major types of materials: descriptions and explanations, statistics, examples, testimony, comparison and contrast, repetition and restatement, and visuals.guidelines ? Outlining Your Speech
guidelines: 1.Write and label your specific purpose at the top of your outline.2.Indicate main ideas, points, sub-points, and supporting materials properly.3.Use at least two subdivisions, if any, for each point.Using subdivisions helps you give attention to all the points you want to say.4.Label the introduction, main body and conclusion.II.How to Write a Great Speech ? Organizing the Body of the Speech A.The Introduction A.It should introduce the topic.providing background information, definitions explanations, etc.B.Generally it should contain the thesis statement.C.It should be interesting enough to make the listener want to continue listening.Anecdotes, shocking statistics, quotes, and rhetorical questions
D.It should indicate how your topic will be developed.E.tell your listeners WHY they should listen to you;such as how they will benefit.F.include the method of organization that you will follow.This helps the listener prepare for what you are going to say and help them organize the information.An effective introduction ? ? Creates a favorable first impression with the audience Boosts a speaker’s self-confidence Gaining attention ? ?
relate the topic to the audience State the importance of the topic ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Startle the audience Arouse the curiosity of the audience Question the audience Begin with quotation Tell a story Using visual aids …
Reveal the topic ? ? Clearly states the speech topic Establish the credibility and goodwill of the speaker Preview the body ? ? ? Tells audience what to listen for in the rest Provide a smooth lead-in Present special information B.Main Body a.Each main point discusses one aspect of the thesis.b.The main points should be linked with clear transitions so as to give the body coherence and unity.C.Conclusion
A conclusion can restate the thesis.A conclusion can restate the main points.A conclusion can call for some sort of action(particularly in a persuasive piece)A conclusion can highlight areas for further research.A conclusion can suggest results or consequences.A conclusion can remind the audience of the importance of the information presented.The speaker can thank the audience for their attention.A conclusion should NEVER bring up a new topic.A speaker should NEVER apologize for their information.The last thing you want to happen is for the audience to question your credibility.2 functions of conclusion ? ? Signal the end of the speech Reinforce the audience’s understanding of the speech
? Using Speech Language A.Using Language Accurately B.Use Language Clearly C.Use language Vividly
III.How to Deliver a Great Speech ? Physical Delivery 1.posture A public speaker should look comfortable, confident and prepared to speak.In posture, the two extremes to avoid are rigidity and sloppiness.2.facial expressions Your facial expression must match what you are saying.3.movement a.Never turn your back on the audience while you are speaking.b.If you move about on the stage, make your movements purposeful.c.Be aware of all potential obstacles on the stage.4.gestures 5.Eye contact Let your gaze move over each member of the audience don’t choose one person and look fixedly at him or her.avoid the temptation to look over the heads of your audience or to hold your notes in front of your face.6.Appearance The way you dress and present yourself Dress appropriately to the audience ? Vocal Delivery
Vocal delivery refers to the use of your voice to convey your message.1.rate Rate is the speed
not too slowly or too quickly.Varying your rate can be critical.2.pause temporary stops pause before and after a major point.You can use pauses to illustrate that you are changing from one point to another.You can use pauses for emphasis 3.volume Volume refers to how loud one speaks Speak too soft Speak too loud
changing the volume at certain points
emphasize important ideas.Raising your voice lowering your voice 4.pitch Pitch refers to the high or low quality of your voice.Volume is measured in terms of loudness.The pitch of your voice in public speaking refers to the “excitement” or “enthusiasm” level in your voice.pitch can be raised and lowered for emphasis.vary your pitch.5.Pronunciation 6.articulation : not slur, speak clearly
IV.How to Analyze and Evaluate Speech ? three “M”s: matter, manner and method.Speaking to Persuade I.Persuasion: a Psychological process ? A.Persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging.?
(controversial topics, involving values and beliefs;listeners’ own ideas)? B.Listeners: mental give-and-take ?(listeners: assessment on speakers)II.The Target Audience ? The part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his message.Agree and disagree audience ?
Adapt the speech to the values and concerns of the TA ?
Do not exclude other listeners III.Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
? Monroe's motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action.? Alan H.Monroe(Purdue University)1930s ? what creates makes a motivational speech actually motivating.? a 5-step method for organizing motivational speeches.1.Attention Get the attention of your audience using a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quotations, etc.E.g.Hey!Listen to me, I have a PROBLEM!2.Need Show that the problem about which you are speaking exists, that it is significant, and that it won't go away by itself.Use statistics, examples, etc.Convince your audience that there is a need for action to be taken.E.g.Let me EXPLAIN the problem.3.Satisfy.You present your plan and show how it will work.Be sure to offer enough details about the plan.E.g.But, I have a SOLUTION!4.Visualization Tell the audience what will happen if the solution is implemented or does not take place.Be visual and detailed.E.g.If we IMPLEMENT my solution, this is what will happen.5.Action.Tell the audience what action they can take personally to solve the problem.Say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it.E.g.You can help me in this specific way.Are YOU willing to help me? Advantage of MMS ? It emphasizes what the audience can do.Monroe's motivated sequence emphasizes the action the audience can take.? Sample Speech:The Ultimate Gift IV.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact ? A.seek to persuade audience to accept the speaker’s view of the facts on a particular issue.E.g.Will the economy be better or worse next year? ? B.different from an informative speech IS: give information as impartially as possible ≠ argue for a point of view PS: persuade the audience to accept the speaker’s view about the information
e.g.In a trial lawyer jury guilt / innocent defendant V.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value ? A.Judgments based on a person’s beliefs about what’s right or wrong ? B.2 steps:
1.define the standards for value judgments
2.judge the subject of the speech against the standards.VI.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy ? A.deal with specific courses of action: involve questions of fact and value;go beyond that ?
B.2 types:
1.gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary & practical
2.motivate the audience to take immediate action ?
C.3 basic issues – need, plan & practicality
1.need:(no)need for a change
2.a specific plan: solve the need
3.practicality: Plan: workable, solve the need without creating new problems
VII.Methods of Persuasion A.Building credibility – 1.Credibility affected by: competence & character
competence: speaker’s intelligence, expertise & knowledge of the subject
character: speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness
–
2.3 types of credibility: initial credibility;derived credibility;terminal ~ –
3.3 strategies to ↑c(diǎn)redibility:
a.explaining their competence b.establishing common ground with the audience c.delivering speeches fluently, expressively and with conviction
B.Using Evidence – 1.examples, statistics, testimony – 2.4 tips to use evidence effectively: use specific evidence;novel ~;use ~ from credible sources;make clear the point of the ~
C.Reasoning – Reasoning: the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence – use reasoning from specific instances – use reasoning from principle
– use analogical reasoning, ×casual reasoning
D.Emotions Appeals – 1.Emotions Appeals(motivational appeals): make listeners feel sad, happy, angry, fearful, etc.– 2.3 ways: with emotionally charged language;with vivid examples;speak with sincerity and conviction 8
第三篇:選修2教案
第3課 法國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共和制度的最終確教案 2012.4
一、教學(xué)目標(biāo):
1、理解法國(guó)共個(gè)制的最終確立是一個(gè)曲折復(fù)雜的過(guò)程
2、通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)法國(guó)大革命額內(nèi)容掌握法國(guó)作為一個(gè)工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家,在兩次工業(yè)革命期間,也是以犧牲環(huán)境為代價(jià),對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行環(huán)保教育
3、對(duì)1875年憲法進(jìn)行深刻的評(píng)價(jià)
二、重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn) 重點(diǎn):1875年憲法
難點(diǎn):對(duì)共和制最終確立的評(píng)價(jià)。
三、教材分析
本節(jié)課主要講述的是法國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共和制的最終確立。教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生梳理法國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共和制最終確立的過(guò)程,提煉過(guò)程的特點(diǎn),形成自己的認(rèn)識(shí)。需要讓學(xué)生掌握的主要概念有法蘭西第二帝國(guó)、1875年憲法。
本節(jié)內(nèi)容歷史名詞較多,而且容易混淆。建議教師在教學(xué)過(guò)程中,對(duì)這些名詞進(jìn)行專(zhuān)門(mén)講解。
四、教學(xué)方法
自主探究 合作學(xué)習(xí)
五、教學(xué)用具
多媒體課件
六、課時(shí)安排:1課時(shí)
七、教學(xué)過(guò)程: 導(dǎo)入新課
從1789年法國(guó)大革命開(kāi)始到1848年,法國(guó)圍繞共和制與君主制,政權(quán)發(fā)生了哪些變化?
學(xué)生回顧思考回答:
法蘭西第一共和國(guó)(1792年9月至1804年)法蘭西第一帝國(guó)(1804年至1814年)波旁王朝復(fù)辟(1815年至1830年)七月王朝(1830年至1848年)
法蘭西第二共和國(guó)(1848年至1852年)
教師指出:雖然歷經(jīng)磨難,在1848年法國(guó)再次成立了共和國(guó),但是這樣的磨難并沒(méi)有結(jié)束,路易·波拿巴繼承了拿破侖的衣缽,使這樣的歷史繼續(xù)著。今天我們來(lái)了解這一段歷史?!局v授新課】
一、法蘭西第二帝國(guó)的建立
思考:路易?波拿巴為什么能夠成為總統(tǒng)并最終成為皇帝?法蘭西第二帝國(guó)是怎樣建立?
學(xué)生閱讀教材,歸納總結(jié)回答。教師指出:
1、原因:
1).人們懷念拿破侖,波拿巴利用了其伯父的威望,得到廣大農(nóng)民的支持; 2).社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩不安,人們渴望秩序恢復(fù);3).新成立的共和國(guó)不得人心;4).波拿巴通過(guò)種種手段打擊政敵:利用政黨,發(fā)動(dòng)政變,把民主作為工具等;
2、法蘭西第二帝國(guó)建立的過(guò)程
(1)第一步:路易.波拿巴當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng)。(標(biāo)志資產(chǎn)階級(jí)保守派取代共和派執(zhí)政)(2)第二步:利用秩序黨排擠共和派。(標(biāo)志著保守派組閣控制議會(huì))(3)第三步:發(fā)動(dòng)政變,打擊秩序黨。(標(biāo)志著開(kāi)始個(gè)人軍事獨(dú)裁)
他上臺(tái)后,組織了“秩序黨”內(nèi)閣,并解散了共和派的制憲議會(huì)。1849年,秩序黨在立法議會(huì)選舉中大獲全勝,資產(chǎn)階級(jí)保守派主宰了議會(huì)。但保守派內(nèi)部斗爭(zhēng)異常激烈,路易·波拿巴一心想恢復(fù)帝制,自己當(dāng)皇帝。他首先支持秩序黨排擠小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和派;接著在1851年底發(fā)動(dòng)政變,解散立法議會(huì),逮捕秩序黨和共和派的領(lǐng)袖人物并鎮(zhèn)壓共和派的反抗。波拿巴由此開(kāi)始了個(gè)人獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治。
(4)第四步:頒布新憲法,總統(tǒng)獨(dú)攬大權(quán)。(標(biāo)志著總統(tǒng)獨(dú)攬一切大權(quán))1852年初,路·波拿巴頒布了一部新憲法。根據(jù)新憲法,總統(tǒng)作為國(guó)家元首任期十年,獨(dú)攬一切權(quán)力,普選產(chǎn)生的議會(huì)只是個(gè)裝飾品。
(5)第五步:1852年強(qiáng)迫人民投票恢復(fù)帝制。(標(biāo)志著拿破侖第二帝國(guó)的建立)1852年11月,波拿巴強(qiáng)迫人民投票贊成恢復(fù)帝制的決議。不久,他登基稱(chēng)帝,號(hào)稱(chēng)拿破侖三世。法蘭西第二帝國(guó)的統(tǒng)治正式建立,曇花一現(xiàn)的第二共和國(guó)壽終正寢?!咎骄垦由臁磕闷苼黾捌渲蹲硬冒投甲隽嘶实?。這是歷史的倒退嗎?請(qǐng)談?wù)勀愕恼J(rèn)識(shí)。
從歷史的演變來(lái)看,兩者恢復(fù)帝制都是歷史的倒退。但歷史是否倒退還要看它實(shí)行統(tǒng)治的結(jié)果和作用。兩位皇帝都適應(yīng)了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和廣大群眾的需要,實(shí)現(xiàn)了政局穩(wěn)定;同時(shí)頒布了一系列有利于資本主義發(fā)展的法律與措施,如《拿破侖法典》,從這一點(diǎn)看他們是順應(yīng)歷史潮流的。從作用上看,兩者都不同程度地推動(dòng)了資本主義的發(fā)展,就在法蘭西第二帝國(guó)時(shí)代,法國(guó)完成了工業(yè)革命。從作用看兩者也是進(jìn)步的。
總而言之.政體上的倒退是明顯的,但對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)步的推動(dòng)作用更為巨大。我們應(yīng)該全面評(píng)價(jià)拿破侖與波拿巴的統(tǒng)治。
二、法蘭西第三共和國(guó)的建立
【問(wèn)題探究】法蘭西第三共和國(guó)是在怎樣的背景下如何建立起來(lái)的? 1.背景:法蘭西第二帝國(guó)的滅亡
滅亡原因:
①拿破侖三世的獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)政策,激化階級(jí)矛盾。②普法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)失敗,人民發(fā)動(dòng)起義。2.建立
1870年9月.資產(chǎn)階級(jí)宣布廢除帝制,恢復(fù)共和國(guó),史稱(chēng)法蘭西第三共和國(guó)。
三、法國(guó)共和制的最終確立 法國(guó)共和制度是如何確立的? 1.背景
第二帝國(guó)覆滅后,在法國(guó)到底實(shí)行君主制還是共和制的問(wèn)題上,在新選出的國(guó)民議會(huì)內(nèi)展開(kāi)了激烈斗爭(zhēng)。無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的巴黎公社被鎮(zhèn)壓后,保衛(wèi)共和制的力量遭到削弱。君主派乘機(jī)把復(fù)辟活動(dòng)推向高潮。但是,在共和派的努力下,法國(guó)政局很快發(fā)生不利于君主派的變化,共和派力量不斷加強(qiáng),君主派因內(nèi)江力量削弱。2.過(guò)程
(1)1875年初,國(guó)民議會(huì)通過(guò)憲法修正案,確認(rèn)實(shí)行共和制。
(2)1875年通過(guò)的憲法修正案和后來(lái)通過(guò)的一系列法律合稱(chēng)1875年憲法,又稱(chēng)第三共和國(guó)憲法。
(3)1879年初,共和派贏得法國(guó)總統(tǒng)選舉。
3.意義
共和制度的確立,標(biāo)志著法國(guó)人民反封建斗爭(zhēng)任務(wù)的完成,為法國(guó)資本主義的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。
【問(wèn)題探究】1875年憲法的內(nèi)容和意義是什么?
憲法規(guī)定法國(guó)為議會(huì)制共和國(guó);議會(huì)實(shí)行兩院制,下議院由公民直接選舉產(chǎn)生,上議院實(shí)行間接選舉;總統(tǒng)由兩院聯(lián)席會(huì)議共同選出,擁有統(tǒng)率軍隊(duì)、任命文武官員、宣布特赦等大權(quán);內(nèi)閣對(duì)議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé),內(nèi)閣總理由總統(tǒng)任命在議會(huì)兩院獲得多數(shù)支持的政黨領(lǐng)袖擔(dān)任,由總理組織內(nèi)閣。
這部憲法雖然是共和派與君主派妥協(xié)的產(chǎn)物,但它畢竟為共和國(guó)的存在提供了法律依據(jù),限制了此后君主派的復(fù)辟活動(dòng)。
4、法國(guó)帝制與共和制斗爭(zhēng)的實(shí)質(zhì)
帝制與共和制的斗爭(zhēng)反映了傳統(tǒng)力量與民主力量的斗爭(zhēng),但不能認(rèn)為是封建力量與資本主義力量的斗爭(zhēng)。無(wú)論是共和制還是帝制都是代表資產(chǎn)階級(jí)利益的,其斗爭(zhēng)也是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)內(nèi)部就何種政體的斗爭(zhēng)?!咎骄垦由扉喿x下列材料:
直到1877年,君主派依然不甘心,對(duì)共和派進(jìn)行反撲,共和派遭到重大打擊。君主派的一家報(bào)紙得意地叫囂:“我們要把共和國(guó)和共和派搞成連狗都不吃的爛泥槳?!?/p>
請(qǐng)回答:材料反映了什么問(wèn)題?結(jié)果如何?
答:材料直接體現(xiàn)了帝制與共和制斗爭(zhēng)的激烈,共和制的確立經(jīng)歷了艱難的歷程。結(jié)果經(jīng)過(guò)堅(jiān)持不懈的斗爭(zhēng),共和制得以鞏固?!菊n堂小結(jié)】法國(guó)共和政體是怎樣確立的? 帝制與共和制歷經(jīng)反復(fù)斗爭(zhēng),最終共和制確立: 1791年建立君主立憲政體,1792年建立法蘭西第一共和國(guó)。1804年拿破侖建立法蘭西第一帝國(guó)。1848年二月革命建立法蘭西第二共和國(guó)。1852年波拿巴建立法蘭西第二帝國(guó)。1870年成立法蘭西第三共和國(guó)。
1875年頒布法蘭西第三共和國(guó)憲法,共和制由此確立。
八、教學(xué)反思:本課的教學(xué)主要難點(diǎn)在于理清思緒,因此在教學(xué)備課中應(yīng)該更加的細(xì)致,通過(guò)對(duì)法國(guó)大革命帝制與共和制的反復(fù)較量過(guò)程,理解一種新的制度代替舊的制度是一個(gè)曲折反復(fù)的過(guò)程。
第四篇:《拿來(lái)主義》教案 - 選修
《拿來(lái)主義》教案
【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】
1、了解和學(xué)習(xí)魯迅先生對(duì)待中外文化遺產(chǎn)的正確態(tài)度與方法,發(fā)揚(yáng)拿來(lái)主義精神,在閱讀中外作品時(shí)注意吸取精華,剔除糟粕。
2、理解本文語(yǔ)言犀利,幽默的特點(diǎn);學(xué)習(xí)本文運(yùn)用比喻進(jìn)行論證說(shuō)理的方法,正確理解本文各比喻的含義。
【教學(xué)重點(diǎn),難點(diǎn)】
1、總體理解文意
2、揣摩詞語(yǔ)的諷刺意味 【教學(xué)設(shè)想】
1、學(xué)習(xí)本文可以從理解文章的觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)入手。
2、對(duì)語(yǔ)言的揣摩要結(jié)合魯迅雜文善于運(yùn)用形象說(shuō)理的特點(diǎn),注意引導(dǎo)學(xué)生透過(guò)表面現(xiàn)象的詞句,分析所用形象的深刻內(nèi)涵,可通過(guò)練習(xí)一中的1、2、3題進(jìn)行。(詳見(jiàn)《教師教學(xué)用書(shū)》P10“教學(xué)建議”部分)
3、多用啟發(fā)性的提問(wèn),注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維分析的能力?!窘虒W(xué)時(shí)間】?jī)烧n時(shí) 【教學(xué)過(guò)程】
第一課時(shí)
一、教學(xué)重點(diǎn):
總體理解文意,先弄清“送去主義”的實(shí)質(zhì)與危害。初步體會(huì)文中一些幽默諷刺的語(yǔ)言在批判錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)時(shí)顯現(xiàn)的表現(xiàn)力。
二、教學(xué)內(nèi)容和步驟:
1、題解導(dǎo)入:
“主義”是指重大的原則或主張。“拿來(lái)主義”這個(gè)提法是魯迅先生的獨(dú)創(chuàng),它的題旨是針對(duì)國(guó)民黨政府媚外賣(mài)國(guó)的政策和有些人的“全盤(pán)西化”的主張,也針對(duì)革命文化陣營(yíng)內(nèi)部的拒絕借鑒,盲目排斥的錯(cuò)誤態(tài)度,魯迅提出既要大膽吸收借鑒外國(guó)文化(也包括本國(guó)的文化遺產(chǎn)),又要認(rèn)真的分析精華與糟粕,加以批判吸收,以期改造民族素質(zhì),創(chuàng)造民族新文化。
2、講讀課文的前半部分(1-4節(jié))(第5五節(jié)為過(guò)渡節(jié),也可到第5節(jié))(1)學(xué)生閱讀這部分課文,思考以下問(wèn)題:
魯迅先生在提出“拿來(lái)主義”主張之前,先批判了那些主義?重點(diǎn)在揭露和批判什么主義? 明確:
批判“閉關(guān)主義”和“送去主義”,重點(diǎn)在后者。(運(yùn)用學(xué)生粗知的鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、八國(guó)聯(lián)軍等歷史知識(shí),加深對(duì)“又碰了一串釘子”的理解)。
課文開(kāi)頭兩句話從追述清政府的閉關(guān)鎖國(guó)政策入手,非常概括地說(shuō)明中國(guó)近百年來(lái)從盲目排外到一味媚外,從“閉關(guān)主義”一變而成“送去主義”,接著舉出事實(shí)(送古董;送古畫(huà)、新畫(huà);送梅蘭芳),從歷史,社會(huì)根源揭示“送去主義”的本質(zhì)--媚外賣(mài)國(guó)
(2)細(xì)讀第3節(jié),要求找出只送去不拿來(lái)的后果的關(guān)鍵詞句,思考魯迅先生用怎樣的筆法來(lái)論述這個(gè)問(wèn)題的?
學(xué)生找出關(guān)鍵詞句,教師補(bǔ)充: 后果是:我們的子孫,“則當(dāng)佳節(jié)大典之際??,討一點(diǎn)殘羹冷炙作獎(jiǎng)賞”。賣(mài)國(guó)的結(jié)果是使我們的子孫后代無(wú)法立足于世界民族之林?!翱念^賀喜”、“討”等詞語(yǔ)描畫(huà)出所處的地位與神態(tài),描畫(huà)出可悲的亡國(guó)奴景況?!皻埜渲恕?、“獎(jiǎng)賞”等詞感性色彩濃烈,深刻揭露帝國(guó)主義榨取中國(guó)人民脂膏的吸血鬼本質(zhì)和惡劣伎倆,寓強(qiáng)烈的憤怒于幽默諷刺之中。
論述國(guó)民黨政府實(shí)行“送去主義”的嚴(yán)重后果時(shí),作者未直說(shuō),而是先用反語(yǔ)諷刺:“送出去”明明是壞,說(shuō)不算壞事情,以敵人自我解嘲的話鞭韃敵人;“豐富”“大度”不過(guò)是“送去主義”者掩蓋媚外賣(mài)國(guó)實(shí)質(zhì)的遁詞。接著,與尼采自詡為太陽(yáng)作比較,一針見(jiàn)血地指出“只是給予,不想取得”是發(fā)了瘋,吹噓“中國(guó)地大物博,開(kāi)化最早,道德天下第一”的“送去主義”者,勢(shì)必使中國(guó)國(guó)事日弱,文化貧乏,最后完全論為殖民地,最后舉開(kāi)掘地下的煤為例引出“送去主義”的嚴(yán)重后果。
(3)思考第4小節(jié)中“拋來(lái)”和“拋給”有何區(qū)別?作者為什么“在這里不想舉出實(shí)例”? 學(xué)生討論交流,教師明確:
拋來(lái)--指把無(wú)用的東西拋棄掉,或者無(wú)代價(jià)地送人或施舍,一般不懷有什么不良的動(dòng)機(jī)或目的。拋給或“送來(lái)”--指有目的的、帶有惡意的輸出。
“拋給”是貶義,用鄙視的目光給人,而不是出于善心的施舍。
不想舉出實(shí)例,是因?yàn)椤皰伣o”、“送來(lái)”的實(shí)例比比皆是,舉不勝舉,是因?yàn)閲?guó)民黨政府對(duì)這一點(diǎn)諱莫如深,這樣既寫(xiě)出對(duì)賣(mài)國(guó)政府進(jìn)行含蓄銳利的批判,又抒發(fā)了作者的憤慨之情。
3、布置作業(yè):(1)熟讀1-4小節(jié)
(2)預(yù)習(xí)課文后半部分,思考文后練習(xí)一、二、三題。
第二課時(shí)
一、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)
理解“拿來(lái)主義”的主張,領(lǐng)會(huì)運(yùn)用形象的比喻闡明抽象的,深刻的道理的寫(xiě)作方法。
二、教學(xué)內(nèi)容和步驟:
1、檢查字詞: 給加點(diǎn)的字注音:
冠冕(miǎn)堂皇 禮尚(shàng)往來(lái) 自詡(xǚ)殘羹(gēng)冷炙(zhì)孱頭(càn)腦髓(suǐ)蹩進(jìn)(bié)玄虛(xuán)
2、講讀課文后半部分(5-10節(jié))(1)指名朗讀第5-7節(jié)。(2)思考問(wèn)題:
① 作者批判了“閉關(guān)主義”,尤其是批判了“送去主義”之后,是怎樣提出“拿來(lái)主義”主張的?哪些詞語(yǔ)飽含了諷刺的意味?
學(xué)生回答,教師明確:
先用“我在這里也并不想對(duì)于‘送去’再說(shuō)什么,否則太不‘摩登’了”一句 推上文,然后提出自己“拿來(lái)主義”的主張。先破后立?!澳Φ恰敝S刺反動(dòng)文人無(wú)恥地奉行“送去主義”,趨時(shí)逢迎,趕時(shí)髦。用“吝嗇”與上文的“大度”進(jìn)行強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)照,對(duì)“送去主義”者進(jìn)一步諷刺。
②“送來(lái)”和“拿來(lái)”區(qū)別何在?為什么要把“送來(lái)”和“拿來(lái)”加以區(qū)別? 學(xué)生回答,教師明確:
作者用列舉的方法指出“送來(lái)”的實(shí)質(zhì),揭露帝國(guó)主義的罪惡。從經(jīng)濟(jì)到軍事到文化,所謂的“送來(lái)”,就是貪得無(wú)厭的侵略、掠奪?!澳脕?lái)”則不然,是中國(guó)人民根據(jù)自己的需要,主動(dòng)地“運(yùn)用腦髓,放出眼光,自己來(lái)拿”。這里“運(yùn)用腦髓”是指獨(dú)立思考,“放出眼光”是指鑒別精華與糟粕,“自己來(lái)拿”是指獨(dú)立自主的選擇。一“送”一“拿”,本質(zhì)不同,內(nèi)容全異,將二者嚴(yán)格區(qū)別,既可以辨是非,澄清人們“嚇怕”了的模糊思想,又可使所立的論點(diǎn)更加鮮明突出。
(3)齊讀第7節(jié)(4)指導(dǎo)閱讀8、9兩節(jié) 思考問(wèn)題
①作者以什么作比方來(lái)闡明對(duì)待文化遺產(chǎn)的態(tài)度問(wèn)題?批判了哪三種錯(cuò)誤傾向?“拿來(lái)主義”者采取怎樣的態(tài)度?
學(xué)生回答,教師擇要板書(shū): 作者把文化遺產(chǎn)比作一所大宅子
拿來(lái)主義者的態(tài)度--不管三七二十一,拿來(lái) 孱頭--怕、徘徊--害怕繼承(逃避主義者)
錯(cuò)誤的態(tài)度 昏蛋--怒、燒光--拒絕繼承(虛無(wú)主義者)廢物--慕、吸鴉片--全盤(pán)繼承(投降主義者)
② 本來(lái)繼承文化遺產(chǎn),是一個(gè)很深?yuàn)W的理論問(wèn)題,可經(jīng)魯迅先生這么形象地一論述,就使得抽象的問(wèn)題具體化,深?yuàn)W的道理淺顯化。第8小節(jié)最后說(shuō)“拿來(lái)主義”者是全不這樣的,那么“拿來(lái)主義”者究竟是怎樣對(duì)待文化遺產(chǎn)的呢?
學(xué)生回答:他占有,挑選。
教師明確:“占有”是就態(tài)度而言,“挑選”是就方法而言。③“拿來(lái)主義”者占有哪些東西,怎樣進(jìn)行挑選呢? 學(xué)生討論回答,教師擇要板書(shū) “魚(yú)翅”--精華--吃掉(吸收)
“鴉片”--毒品(有益也有害的一類(lèi)事物)--藥用(治?。?/p>
“煙燈煙槍”--舊形式(有害的可做反面教材的一類(lèi)事物)--毀或展覽(教育)“姨太太”--腐朽(供剝削階級(jí)欣賞享用的東西)--走散(消滅)這樣就能夠做到吸取精華,剔除糟粕。
(5)課文第10小節(jié)共5句話,講了哪五個(gè)問(wèn)題? A、怎樣對(duì)待文化遺產(chǎn)?
B、對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)應(yīng)該怎樣區(qū)別對(duì)待? C、正確對(duì)待文化遺產(chǎn)有什么積極意義?
D、要處理好文化遺產(chǎn),我們必須具備哪些條件 ? E、實(shí)行拿來(lái)主義的重要性和迫切性何在 ? 教師小結(jié)8~10小節(jié)的內(nèi)容:
對(duì)待文化遺產(chǎn)“占有”是前提,“挑選”是關(guān)鍵,創(chuàng)新是目的。不管三七二十一“拿來(lái)”,語(yǔ)氣斬釘截鐵,挑選的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在是否于我們“有營(yíng)養(yǎng)”、“有用”,從而區(qū)別對(duì)待,吸取精華,剔除糟粕。只有借鑒吸收文化遺產(chǎn),加以創(chuàng)新,才能為我所用。
3、總結(jié)全文,加深理解。(照應(yīng)前面的教學(xué)目標(biāo)及教學(xué)重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn))(1)因果論證是議論文常用的分析說(shuō)理方法。課文的第七段是一個(gè)醒目的獨(dú)句段(“所以我們要運(yùn)用腦髓,放出眼光,自己來(lái)拿!”)。劈頭一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞“所以”提示注意:前面所論,都屬于“要自己來(lái)拿”的原因。究竟是什么原因呢?
因?yàn)?/p>
第一層:只是送去,有往而無(wú)來(lái)。(有悖于交往原則)第二層:只是送去,必淪為乞丐。(要正視歷史邏輯)第三層:聽(tīng)?wèi){“送來(lái)”,大受其禍害。(應(yīng)重視現(xiàn)實(shí)教訓(xùn))↓
所以“我們要運(yùn)用腦髓,放出眼光,自己來(lái)拿!”(2)文章顯著的特點(diǎn)是使用比喻論證。
(3)魯迅的雜文是“嘻笑怒罵皆成文章”。本文語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)是犀利和幽默。犀利是能夠三言?xún)烧Z(yǔ),甚至只用一句話一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)就深刻揭示了事物或現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)。犀利的語(yǔ)言多用于揭露敵人,鞭笞丑惡,也用于一般的剖析事理,揭示矛盾。如文章的最后一段,只有五句話八十二個(gè)字,集中回答了五個(gè)問(wèn)題,論因果,作選擇,加判斷,都深中肯綮、無(wú)可移易。每一句都是精確、犀利的典范。
幽默,是敏銳、機(jī)智和含蓄、委婉的結(jié)合物,在論辯的文章中還顯示了從容不迫、游刃有余的風(fēng)度。最典型的例子是第九段的那些精當(dāng)而風(fēng)趣的比喻。作者對(duì)于如何占有,怎樣挑選,早已深思熟慮,胸有成竹。題目雖大,道理雖深,卻能以小喻大,深入淺出。既令人信服,也使人受到感染。這就是幽默的力量。魯迅的幽默和風(fēng)趣,顯示了他的非凡的觀察力和一個(gè)成熟的思想戰(zhàn)士的特點(diǎn)?!保ㄕn后練習(xí)三)
4、作業(yè):
⑴、交流課后練習(xí)完成情況。(課后練習(xí)也可在理解課文時(shí)進(jìn)行)⑵、歸納字詞,預(yù)習(xí)新課。
第五篇:(選修)《封鎖》教案
第二單元 中國(guó)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代短篇小說(shuō)
4、《封鎖》 張愛(ài)玲
教學(xué)目標(biāo):
1、通過(guò)閱讀小說(shuō),把握翠遠(yuǎn)和宗楨的情感故事,把握小說(shuō)寫(xiě)作的意圖。
2、理解小說(shuō)隱含的寓意。
3、通過(guò)資料搜索,集體賞讀法,品味張愛(ài)玲新奇的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。教學(xué)重點(diǎn):把握翠遠(yuǎn)和宗楨的情感故事,把握小說(shuō)寫(xiě)作的意圖。教學(xué)難點(diǎn):理解小說(shuō)隱含的寓意。教學(xué)方法:探究法、鑒賞法 教學(xué)媒體:幻燈片 教學(xué)課時(shí):2課時(shí) 教學(xué)過(guò)程:
第一課時(shí)
一、導(dǎo)入
“我是一個(gè)古怪的女孩,從小被目為天才,除了發(fā)展我的天才外別無(wú)生存的目標(biāo)?!?/p>
寫(xiě)出《傳奇》的張愛(ài)玲,本身就是一部凄惋欲絕的傳奇。
二、作者介紹
1、生平介紹
1920年9月30日出生於上海,原名張煐,1930年改名張愛(ài)玲。祖父張佩綸雖是清朝重臣李鴻章的女婿,但到她的父親這一輩,家道已經(jīng)中落。張愛(ài)玲的父親是一個(gè)典型的遺少型人物,母親是西洋化的女性,幾度跨洲越洋去留學(xué),是一個(gè)頗具藝術(shù)天分和修養(yǎng)的音樂(lè)家和畫(huà)家。
她家既有前朝的豪華,而其本人又很早接受了西洋文化,因此曾受到非常完整的教育。但父親抽鴉片,討姨太太,母親憤而離家出走,張愛(ài)玲自幼就失去了正常的家庭溫暖,又耳濡目染了封建大家庭內(nèi)部的爾虞我詐,不僅形成孤獨(dú)、敏感的內(nèi)省個(gè)性,還使她過(guò)早地積累了對(duì)人對(duì)事的否定性情緒,習(xí)慣于以審慎懷疑的態(tài)度注視著周?chē)氖澜纭?/p>
2、年表
1920年9月30日出生于上海,原名張煐。1930年改名張愛(ài)玲。1939年考進(jìn)香港大學(xué);1941年太平洋戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā),投入文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。兩年后,發(fā)表《傾城之戀》和《金鎖記》等作品。
1945年自編《傾城之戀》在上海公演;同年,抗戰(zhàn)勝利。1952年移居香港。
1955年離港赴美,并拜訪胡適。
1973年定居洛杉磯;兩年后,完成英譯清代長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《海上花列傳》。1995年九月逝于洛杉磯公寓,享年七十五歲。
3、代表作品 中短篇小說(shuō):《沉香屑—第一、第二爐香》、《茉莉香片》、《傾城之戀》、《金鎖記》、《心經(jīng)》、《花凋》、《琉璃瓦》、《連環(huán)套》、《紅玫瑰與白玫瑰》 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō):《十八春》
三、檢查預(yù)習(xí)
閱讀課文,找出小說(shuō)的三要素。環(huán)境:被“封鎖”的電車(chē)?yán)?/p>
人物:乘客(主要——呂宗楨、吳翠遠(yuǎn))情節(jié):開(kāi)端——電車(chē)被“封鎖”
發(fā)展——車(chē)上人的不同表現(xiàn)
高潮——呂、吳二人的交談及心理活動(dòng)
結(jié)局——“封鎖”開(kāi)放,大家都回到自己生活的常態(tài)
第二課時(shí)
四、思考探究
1、小說(shuō)開(kāi)頭是如何描寫(xiě)常態(tài)生活的?
“開(kāi)電車(chē)的人開(kāi)電車(chē)”—庸常的生活周而復(fù)始。
電車(chē)軌道像曲蟮,抽長(zhǎng)了,又縮短了……沒(méi)有完,“然而他不發(fā)瘋。”顯示了人們對(duì)日常生活麻木得一無(wú)所知。貧乏的日常生活狀態(tài)封鎖了人們。
2、小說(shuō)結(jié)尾說(shuō):“然而思想畢盡是痛苦的……烏殼蟲(chóng)不見(jiàn)了,爬回窠里去了?!币磺杏只氐匠B(tài)生活中。小說(shuō)這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)法有何用意?
生活容不得浪漫,傳奇、夢(mèng)想像肥皂泡,終究要破滅,并回到庸常的日子。只有日常生活才是真實(shí)、永恒的。
這種“常態(tài)—反常態(tài)—常態(tài)”的情節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程,突顯了主旨。
3、小說(shuō)中人與人之間的敵視、隔膜、不可溝通隨處可見(jiàn),請(qǐng)從文章前半部分找出這類(lèi)描寫(xiě)的語(yǔ)句。
鐵門(mén)里和鐵門(mén)外的人互相懼怕、搓核桃的老頭子、人們對(duì)醫(yī)科學(xué)生所畫(huà)人體骨骼圖的理解評(píng)價(jià)。
4、閱讀“宗楨看報(bào)”,引得周?chē)娜硕紝W(xué)樣的段落,看看哪句話可以概括他們的行為心理。
他們不能不填滿(mǎn)這可怕的空虛。
5、如何理解“思想是痛苦的一件事”?
閑則生事,靜下心來(lái),思考為什么,都只能徒增煩惱,鄭板橋說(shuō),難得糊涂,一思考就陷入窘境,人類(lèi)一思考,上帝就發(fā)笑。就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)生活中太多的不如意。
6、宗楨為什么要和翠遠(yuǎn)搭訕?
直接的原因是要躲避表侄董培芝;報(bào)復(fù)太太。深層原因是在封鎖的非常態(tài)下,孤獨(dú)的宗楨發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的缺乏與需要。
7、宗楨喜歡翠遠(yuǎn)嗎?
一開(kāi)始宗楨并不青睞翠遠(yuǎn),沒(méi)有款式,沒(méi)有特色。他不怎么喜歡身邊這女人,她沒(méi)有足夠特異的地方他引誘他??墒菫榱吮荛_(kāi)培芝,他只得硬著頭皮向翠遠(yuǎn)“調(diào)情”。
8、設(shè)身處地想想,宗楨在培芝走后?為什么繼續(xù)他的調(diào)情?(有點(diǎn)問(wèn)題)
第一是出于禮貌,第二是因?yàn)閻?,無(wú)聊,找個(gè)人聊聊,破悶。
9、小說(shuō)中說(shuō):“他們戀愛(ài)著了”,你覺(jué)得這是真的嗎?或者說(shuō),是否至少有那么一剎那,他們彼此迷戀?他們有沒(méi)有“越軌”的心理基礎(chǔ)?
有。有那么一會(huì)兒,他們經(jīng)由對(duì)方認(rèn)識(shí)到了自己的價(jià)值。發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的魅力,沒(méi)有什么比這個(gè)更讓人歡喜的,沖著這個(gè),那對(duì)面的人兒萬(wàn)分可愛(ài)的了,所以宗楨斷定翠遠(yuǎn)是一個(gè)可愛(ài)的女人。
心理基礎(chǔ):
①宗楨,老實(shí)人。身為家庭的頂梁柱,日夜奔忙,對(duì)工作失去興趣,完全褪化成一個(gè)賺錢(qián)的機(jī)器,他的身份是會(huì)計(jì)師,是父親,是丈夫,是市民,翠遠(yuǎn)喚醒了他男人的意識(shí),他竟然能讓一個(gè)女人臉紅,使她微笑,使她掉過(guò)頭來(lái),原來(lái),他還有一個(gè)男人的魅力。他的妻子不同情他,她脾氣壞,文化低,又不會(huì)牽就他,理解他。而且是包辦的,雖然,曾經(jīng)很美,可是不要說(shuō)是暮去朝來(lái)顏色故,就是仙女看久了也會(huì)出現(xiàn)審美疲勞。
這樣循規(guī)蹈矩的老實(shí)人,生命太沉重了。現(xiàn)在有這樣一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),哪怕是氣氣自己的妻子也好哇,即使不是行為,哪怕是心理上對(duì)跋扈的妻子做出背叛一定也是一個(gè)男人了不起的壯舉,想著就足夠讓人心花怒放的了。
況且,翠遠(yuǎn),是如此的善解人意,“白,稀薄,溫?zé)?,像冬天里你自己嘴里呵出?lái)的一口氣,你不要她,她就悄悄地飄散了。”“她什么都懂,什么都寬宥你?!崩碇牵粫?huì)糾纏,撒潑,愛(ài)她一愛(ài),也沒(méi)有脫不了身的危險(xiǎn)。
②翠遠(yuǎn)呢,其貌不揚(yáng),內(nèi)斂,節(jié)制,莊重,像教會(huì)派的少奶奶,卻還沒(méi)有結(jié)婚,她是一個(gè)好女人,沒(méi)有成就感的壓抑的工作環(huán)境,刻板的虛榮的家庭氛圍,她不快樂(lè),她渴望背叛自己,渴望刺激,渴望被誘惑。(氣氣家里人)。
10、封鎖解除了,宗楨“遙遙坐在他原來(lái)的位子上,??夢(mèng)”。如何理解?
回到原地,是一個(gè)象征,事如春夢(mèng)了無(wú)痕,宗楨這樣的好男人不會(huì)為電車(chē)上的偶然春心萌動(dòng)付出行動(dòng),他不會(huì)付出愛(ài),他只需要解乏,需要放松,而這些完成了,他們的關(guān)系也就完成了。
事后,他甚至已不再記得翠遠(yuǎn)的臉了,對(duì)自己怕創(chuàng)舉卻是歷歷,他欣賞的是自己的冒險(xiǎn)。在宗楨,實(shí)實(shí)在在的那只是一次“調(diào)情”。
(宗楨:好男人。瑣屑平庸,思想簡(jiǎn)單,甚至都不能覺(jué)得自己的缺乏和欲望。翠遠(yuǎn):好女人。其貌不揚(yáng),內(nèi)斂自制,她的欲望就是背叛自己,渴望刺激,渴望誘惑。)
通過(guò)宗楨和翠遠(yuǎn)在封鎖時(shí)的電車(chē)上的短暫情事,讓人們看到庸常眾生的瑣屑無(wú)聊,而又悲哀的一面,沒(méi)有思想,循規(guī)蹈矩,迷失自我。在這里,愛(ài)情不再是鮮亮的旗幟,而是公然調(diào)情破悶的幌子。
五、小結(jié)
1、“封鎖”的寓意
它首先是一個(gè)場(chǎng)景—電車(chē)遭遇封鎖后,車(chē)上的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景。深層次的暗含人與人心靈之間有形無(wú)形的封鎖隔閡,以及個(gè)體思想受人生常態(tài)的壓抑狀態(tài)。有形的“封鎖”
無(wú)形的“封鎖”
《封鎖》隱喻人性與處境的悖逆:人生的常態(tài)對(duì)人實(shí)際是一種封鎖,封鎖因此成為人的處境象征;非常態(tài)中的人性是開(kāi)放的,人的自然欲望能夠得以釋放,并導(dǎo)致激情的突然迸發(fā),產(chǎn)生越軌的萌想,從而構(gòu)成對(duì)日常生活的反封鎖,激情封鎖了平庸。
但張愛(ài)玲是厭棄確定性的作家,其作品的結(jié)尾大多是沒(méi)有歸宿的反高潮?!斗怄i》也不例外,它的寓意“封鎖”不盡,是開(kāi)放似的隨時(shí)等待重新解讀的謎一樣的世界。
2、寫(xiě)作手法
采用“陌生化”敘述手法,制造出“陌生化”的戲劇效果。試圖超越傳統(tǒng)的重現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)的方法,激發(fā)人們克服對(duì)生活的麻木感,改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)。
陌生化不僅表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言層面上,也表現(xiàn)在敘事技巧上。小說(shuō)具有獨(dú)特的敘事視角, 使描寫(xiě)對(duì)象陌生化,即使讀者習(xí)以為常的事物經(jīng)過(guò)藝術(shù)處理,或放大或變形,喚回了讀者對(duì)生活的原初感受,使讀者強(qiáng)烈地感受到事物,進(jìn)而獲得新鮮的審美感受。例如魯迅筆下“狂人”的傾訴、卡夫卡筆下“甲殼蟲(chóng)”的內(nèi)心獨(dú)白、荒誕劇《等待戈多》??
六、張愛(ài)玲小說(shuō)語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)欣賞
1、你最喜歡文中的哪句話或哪幾句話,為什么?(隨手劃出比喻新奇的語(yǔ)句和言深旨遠(yuǎn)的語(yǔ)句。)
例:生命像圣經(jīng),從希伯來(lái)文譯成希臘文,從拉丁文譯成英文,從英文譯成國(guó)語(yǔ)。翠遠(yuǎn)讀它的時(shí)候,國(guó)語(yǔ)又在她腦子里譯成了上海話。那未免有點(diǎn)隔膜。
這句話運(yùn)用比喻聯(lián)想:“生命像圣經(jīng)”,像《圣經(jīng)》經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)種語(yǔ)言最終譯成了上海話一般遙遠(yuǎn),因?yàn)樽g來(lái)譯去的緣故,使人產(chǎn)生“隔膜”。這是翠遠(yuǎn)在不經(jīng)意的閱卷中,靈光一閃的醒悟——自己與真實(shí)生命的隔膜,就像翻譯與原著的隔膜。抽象的感覺(jué),借助形象的聯(lián)想,讓人突然有所感悟。
2、張愛(ài)玲作比喻喜歡用日常生活中司空見(jiàn)慣的事物,本來(lái)沒(méi)有什么特別之處,可由于她善于抓住本體和喻體間最關(guān)鍵的相似點(diǎn),使得本體立即變得生動(dòng)可感。
整個(gè)的花團(tuán)簇錦的大房間是一個(gè)玻璃球,球心有五彩的碎花圖案??腿藗兌际切⌒囊硪眄樦蛎媾佬械纳n蠅,無(wú)法爬進(jìn)去。
《鴻鸞喜》
十一月尾的纖月,僅僅是一鉤白色,像玻璃窗上的霜花。
《傾城之戀》
壽芝直挺挺地躺在床上,擱在肋骨上的兩只手蜷曲著像死去的雞的腳爪。
《金鎖記》
3、張愛(ài)玲還善于以通感的方式將聲音、氣味、色彩、觸覺(jué)貫通,使意象新奇,富有彈性,將具象意義與抽象意義自由轉(zhuǎn)換、穿插,使意象的情感色彩更為立體。
視覺(jué)——她穿著的一件曳地長(zhǎng)袍,是最鮮辣的潮濕的綠色,沾著什么就染綠了。她略略移動(dòng)一步,仿佛她剛才所占有的空氣上便留著個(gè)綠跡子。
《白玫瑰與紅玫瑰》
感覺(jué)——也許每一個(gè)男子全都有過(guò)這樣的兩個(gè)女人,至少兩個(gè)。娶了紅玫瑰,久而久之,紅的變了墻上的一抺蚊子血,白的還是“床前明月光”;娶了白玫瑰,白的便是衣服上沾的一粒飯粘子,紅的卻是心口的一顆朱砂痣。
《白玫瑰與紅玫瑰》
觸覺(jué)——今年冬天我是第一次穿皮襖。晚上坐在火盆邊,那火,也只是灰掩著的一點(diǎn)紅;實(shí)在冷,冷得癟癟縮縮,萬(wàn)念俱息。手插在大襟里,摸著里面的柔滑的 皮,自己覺(jué)得像只狗。偶爾碰著鼻尖,也是涼涼的,像狗。
《氣短情長(zhǎng)及其他》
七、課后作業(yè)
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們課外閱讀張愛(ài)玲的小說(shuō),收集名言美句。如:“笑,全世界便與你同笑,哭,你便獨(dú)自哭?!?/p>
“為愛(ài)而結(jié)婚,等于把白云裝進(jìn)壇子里”
八、結(jié)語(yǔ)
在一切有序的生活軌道上,人與人都保持著恰如其分的“位置”,這個(gè)位置,于生命深處也許有著種種的遺憾,那是對(duì)自己沒(méi)有得到的一切,所懷有的那一些不甘心。電車(chē)上的“封鎖”是人性的一個(gè)出逃機(jī)會(huì)、也是一場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),它引發(fā)了人心蓄積已久的燥動(dòng),讓人從常規(guī)脫韁而出,然而“封鎖”終究是短暫的,而這種短暫又意味著“安全”,讓“封鎖”中的男女有了現(xiàn)實(shí)中的退路?!胺怄i”中的情與愛(ài),終究是一場(chǎng)要謝幕的演出。