第一篇：G20峰會(huì)宣言是如何出爐的？

G20峰會(huì)宣言是如何出爐的？

2013年09月06日 09:02:32來(lái)源： 北京青年報(bào)

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G20領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)今天將在圣彼得堡落下帷幕。按慣例，各國(guó)元首在為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)“把脈”后，會(huì)發(fā)表一份共同聲明或宣言。怎么能讓利益訴求不盡相同的大國(guó)達(dá)成一致？為何達(dá)成的共識(shí)越來(lái)越難以實(shí)現(xiàn)？

宣言怎么寫(xiě)

輪值主席國(guó)牽頭各國(guó)元首“拍板”

俄羅斯從去年年底到今年7月底，已經(jīng)召集各國(guó)事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)人舉行了四次會(huì)議。在這些協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)上收集到的意見(jiàn)和建議，在峰會(huì)前夕的事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)人會(huì)議上做進(jìn)一步研究，并作為主要內(nèi)容納入宣言。

和聯(lián)合國(guó)等國(guó)際組織相比，G20更像是一個(gè)松散的“俱樂(lè)部”。它沒(méi)有秘書(shū)處之類的機(jī)構(gòu)，所以從峰會(huì)要談什么到宣言怎么寫(xiě)，都需要由當(dāng)年的輪值主席國(guó)牽頭。

G20中有發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家也有發(fā)展中國(guó)家，各國(guó)面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)難題不同，需要的藥方也不同，因此會(huì)出現(xiàn)“各說(shuō)各話”的局面，產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重分歧也是常有的事。輪值主席國(guó)要做的，就是協(xié)調(diào)各方，從矛盾中找到共識(shí)，草擬出宣言草案。

草案出爐后通常會(huì)提前交到與會(huì)各國(guó)代表手中。他們會(huì)反復(fù)斟酌，然后才會(huì)把修訂好的內(nèi)容交給元首們，在峰會(huì)上“拍板”通過(guò)。在2010年的首爾峰會(huì)前夕，各國(guó)副財(cái)長(zhǎng)們?yōu)樾抻喰圆莅杆M(jìn)行的“談判”一直持續(xù)到峰會(huì)閉幕當(dāng)天。

宣言的誕生要經(jīng)歷漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。俄羅斯是今年的輪值主席國(guó)，為了這次峰會(huì)，俄羅斯從去年年底到今年7月底，已經(jīng)召集各國(guó)事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)人舉行了四次會(huì)議。在這些協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)上收集到的意見(jiàn)和建議，將會(huì)在峰會(huì)前夕的事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)人會(huì)議上做進(jìn)一步研究，并作為主要內(nèi)容納人宣言。

尤達(dá)耶娃是俄羅斯G20事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)人，她向媒體透露此次宣言內(nèi)容將涉及宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融、財(cái)政、就業(yè)、國(guó)際金融體系改革等問(wèn)題。

峰會(huì)談什么

東道主有優(yōu)先權(quán)留下主辦國(guó)特色

俄羅斯接任輪值主席國(guó)后不久，就把首要任務(wù)定為制訂刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的措施和創(chuàng)建就業(yè)崗位。此外，還提出用投資促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和就業(yè)、國(guó)家債務(wù)和主權(quán)債務(wù)管理體系現(xiàn)代化這兩項(xiàng)特設(shè)新議題。

對(duì)于峰會(huì)要談些什么，目前的做法是由每年的輪值主席國(guó)來(lái)確定。具體議題由峰會(huì)前召開(kāi)的二十國(guó)財(cái)長(zhǎng)和央行行長(zhǎng)會(huì)議擬定。在財(cái)長(zhǎng)會(huì)議前，還有各國(guó)財(cái)長(zhǎng)助理的兩次準(zhǔn)備會(huì)議和三次專家研討會(huì)。

峰會(huì)上要討論的自然是各成員國(guó)都關(guān)心的話題，但東道國(guó)有一個(gè)便利，就是可以確定優(yōu)先議題，把自己認(rèn)為重要的問(wèn)題納人峰會(huì)中。這也使得每次峰會(huì)在保持延續(xù)性的同時(shí)，也會(huì)留下主辦國(guó)的特色。

俄羅斯在去年12月1日接任輪值主席國(guó)后不久，就公布了自己的承辦構(gòu)想，把首要任務(wù)確定為制訂刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的措施和創(chuàng)建就業(yè)崗位。此外，俄羅斯還提出了兩項(xiàng)特設(shè)的新議題，分別是用投資促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和就業(yè)與國(guó)家債務(wù)和主權(quán)債務(wù)管理體系現(xiàn)代化。

根據(jù)國(guó)際政治形勢(shì)的發(fā)展，峰會(huì)還會(huì)調(diào)整或加人新的議題。比如在7月底結(jié)束的G20財(cái)長(zhǎng)及央行行長(zhǎng)會(huì)上，就結(jié)合美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)宣布退出量化寬松貨幣政策的焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，敦促發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家要向圣彼得堡峰會(huì)提交可信的國(guó)別中期財(cái)政戰(zhàn)略，確保財(cái)政可持續(xù)性。發(fā)布啥內(nèi)容

宣言宏觀意見(jiàn)多具體政策措施少

G20目前沒(méi)有投票表決的環(huán)節(jié)，主要是通過(guò)協(xié)商達(dá)成共識(shí)。這種機(jī)制的難點(diǎn)在于協(xié)調(diào)難度較大，決策效率相對(duì)較低。

從這幾年峰會(huì)看，討論的議題越來(lái)越多，達(dá)成的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人聲明或者宣言往往是一些宏觀戰(zhàn)略性的意見(jiàn)，很少有具體措施。

G20領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)是金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)時(shí)誕生的，危難當(dāng)頭各方容易達(dá)成共識(shí)。但隨著時(shí)間推移，各自有不同的利益訴求，矛盾將會(huì)逐漸顯現(xiàn)。例如發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和新興市場(chǎng)國(guó)家在話語(yǔ)權(quán)方面有分歧，歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家間對(duì)于如何保證經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)復(fù)蘇也有不同看法。這種情況下，宣言中很難有各方都認(rèn)同的具體政策。

在2010年6月的多倫多峰會(huì)前夕，美歐一直為先復(fù)蘇經(jīng)濟(jì)還是先減少赤字激烈爭(zhēng)論，美國(guó)希望增長(zhǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，歐盟希望減少赤字。針對(duì)這兩種截然不同的態(tài)度，峰會(huì)宣言實(shí)際上是達(dá)成了一種妥協(xié)，提出財(cái)政緊縮可能會(huì)影響經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，但如果不進(jìn)行財(cái)政整頓又會(huì)影響經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。

國(guó)務(wù)院對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)研究部副研究員方晉撰文稱，G20目前沒(méi)有投票表決的環(huán)節(jié)，主要是通過(guò)協(xié)商達(dá)成共識(shí)。這種機(jī)制的難點(diǎn)在于協(xié)調(diào)難度較大，決策效率相對(duì)較低。

落實(shí)得如何

憑成員自覺(jué)執(zhí)行違背決議不受罰

G20峰會(huì)是一個(gè)論壇，它不是談判場(chǎng)所，更像一個(gè)“議事堂”，大家在這里把想說(shuō)的話說(shuō)出來(lái)，因此會(huì)出現(xiàn)宣言中談到的問(wèn)題無(wú)法落實(shí)的情況。

G20沒(méi)有組織章程和法律制度，峰會(huì)的成果也沒(méi)有法律效力。這也就是說(shuō)，宣言通過(guò)后全憑成員自覺(jué)執(zhí)行，即使違背決議也不會(huì)受到任何懲罰。

中國(guó)現(xiàn)代國(guó)際關(guān)系研究院世界經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所所長(zhǎng)陳鳳英在接受北京青年報(bào)記者采訪時(shí)說(shuō)，G20峰會(huì)是一個(gè)論壇，它不是談判場(chǎng)所，不像國(guó)際貨幣基金組織是一個(gè)決策機(jī)構(gòu)，它更像一個(gè)“議事堂”，大家在這里把想說(shuō)的話說(shuō)出來(lái)，因此會(huì)出現(xiàn)宣言中談到的問(wèn)題無(wú)法落實(shí)的情況。

例如，2009年匹茲堡峰會(huì)決定增加新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體在IMF中至少5%的投票權(quán)，在世界銀行中至少3%的投票權(quán)。但是如何落實(shí)這一決定，比如說(shuō)增加哪些國(guó)家多少份額、哪些國(guó)家需要減少份額都沒(méi)有具體說(shuō)明。

觀察人士認(rèn)為，危機(jī)期間發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家需要借助新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的力量走出困境，因此在一些重大問(wèn)題上有所讓步。但隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的好轉(zhuǎn)，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的立場(chǎng)可能發(fā)生變化。因此應(yīng)該建立執(zhí)行和落實(shí)決策的手段。（劉一 沙楠）

第二篇：G20峰會(huì)宣言全文(中英文)

G20峰會(huì)宣言全文（中英文）2009-04-12 15:351、在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融市場(chǎng)遭遇嚴(yán)重挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，我們即二十國(guó)集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人于2008年11月15日在美國(guó)華盛頓舉行了一次初步會(huì)議。我們決定增強(qiáng)相互合作，努力恢復(fù)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)全球金融體系的必要改革。

2、在過(guò)去幾個(gè)月，我們各國(guó)采取了緊急和特別措施以支撐全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和穩(wěn)定金融市場(chǎng)。這些努力必須要繼續(xù)下去。同時(shí)，我們必須推進(jìn)改革以確保全球性的危機(jī)比如這次危機(jī)不再發(fā)生。我們的工作將遵循一個(gè)共同信念，即市場(chǎng)原則、開(kāi)放的貿(mào)易和投資體制、受到有效監(jiān)管的金融市場(chǎng)，將培養(yǎng)活力、創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神，這些是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、就業(yè)和減少貧困所不可缺少的基本因素。

目前危機(jī)根源

3、在經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)時(shí)期，資本流動(dòng)性日益增長(zhǎng)并且此前十年保持著長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定性，市場(chǎng)參與者過(guò)度追逐高收益，缺乏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和未能履行相應(yīng)責(zé)任。同時(shí)，脆弱的保險(xiǎn)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、不健全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理行為、日益復(fù)雜和不透明的金融產(chǎn)品以及由此引發(fā)的過(guò)度影響，最終產(chǎn)生了體系的脆弱性。在一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，決策者、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和管理者沒(méi)有充分地意識(shí)到并且采取措施應(yīng)對(duì)金融市場(chǎng)正在擴(kuò)大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，未能及時(shí)實(shí)施金融革新或者未能考慮本國(guó)監(jiān)管不力所產(chǎn)生的后果。

4、除了其它原因以外，導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前形勢(shì)主要因素是不一致和不夠協(xié)調(diào)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策、不充分的結(jié)構(gòu)改革，這阻礙了全球宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，導(dǎo)致風(fēng)險(xiǎn)過(guò)度，最終引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的市場(chǎng)混亂。

采取和需要采取的措施

5、截止目前為止，我們已經(jīng)采取了強(qiáng)有力的重要措施，以刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)，提供流動(dòng)性，增強(qiáng)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的資本，保護(hù)儲(chǔ)蓄存款，彌補(bǔ)監(jiān)管不力，解凍信貸市場(chǎng)。我們正在努力確保國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)能夠向全球經(jīng)濟(jì)提供重要的支持。

6、為了穩(wěn)定金融市場(chǎng)和支持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，還有更多的工作需要做。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展勢(shì)頭在主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體正在大幅度地減弱，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展預(yù)期下滑。過(guò)去十年對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)的許多新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體，當(dāng)前盡管享受著良好的增長(zhǎng)，但是正在日益受到全球經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑所帶來(lái)的不利影響。

7、面對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)惡化形勢(shì)，我們同意在緊密的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)合作基礎(chǔ)上采取廣泛而必要的應(yīng)對(duì)政策，以恢復(fù)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，避免消極后果，支持新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體和發(fā)展中國(guó)際。作為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)和應(yīng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)期挑戰(zhàn)而立即采取的措施，我們將繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)努力并且實(shí)施任何必要的更進(jìn)一步的行動(dòng)，以穩(wěn)定金融體系。

認(rèn)可貨幣政策支持的重要性，就同在本國(guó)所認(rèn)可的一樣。

在保持有助于金融可持續(xù)性發(fā)展政策架構(gòu)同時(shí)，利用財(cái)政措施刺激國(guó)內(nèi)需求。幫助新興市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)體在當(dāng)前金融困難時(shí)期獲得資金支持，其中包括流動(dòng)性能力和項(xiàng)目支持。我們強(qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)際貨幣基金組織（IMF）在應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)方面的重要作用，歡迎它的短期流動(dòng)性支持，推進(jìn)正在進(jìn)行的對(duì)其設(shè)施和支持的評(píng)審，以確保靈活性。

鼓勵(lì)世界銀行（World Bank）和其他多邊開(kāi)發(fā)銀行（MDB）全力支持開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃，我們對(duì)世界銀行最近在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和貿(mào)易融資領(lǐng)域所推出的新措施。

確保國(guó)際貨幣基金組織、世界銀行和其它多邊開(kāi)發(fā)銀行，具有充分的資源在克服危機(jī)中繼續(xù)扮演重要角色。

金融市場(chǎng)改革的共同原則

8、除采取上述措施以外，我們將實(shí)施改革。這些改革將加強(qiáng)金融市場(chǎng)和監(jiān)管體系，以避免危機(jī)再次發(fā)生。管理是各國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)防御市場(chǎng)動(dòng)蕩的首要職責(zé)，我們的金融市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)全球一體化，因此增強(qiáng)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的國(guó)際合作，強(qiáng)化必須的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并且予以切實(shí)執(zhí)行顯得非常必要，這樣才能防止不利的跨邊境、跨地區(qū)和全球性的影響全球發(fā)展的國(guó)際性金融混亂的出現(xiàn)。監(jiān)管者必須確保他們的行動(dòng)支持市場(chǎng)原則，避免對(duì)其它國(guó)家產(chǎn)生可能的不利影響，其中包括監(jiān)管套利行為和支持市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、活力和創(chuàng)新。金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)混亂也必須承擔(dān)責(zé)任，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡自己職責(zé)克服現(xiàn)狀，包括承擔(dān)虧損，改善透明性，加強(qiáng)自己管理和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。

9、我們承諾執(zhí)行與以下改革共同原則相關(guān)的政策。

·增強(qiáng)透明性和責(zé)任性。我們將增強(qiáng)金融市場(chǎng)透明度，其中包括提高復(fù)雜的金融產(chǎn)品必須的透明性，確保公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況完全和準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的公開(kāi)。其目的是防范官員過(guò)度冒險(xiǎn)。

·增強(qiáng)有效管理。我們承諾加強(qiáng)我們的監(jiān)管體系，謹(jǐn)慎監(jiān)督和強(qiáng)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理，確保所有金融市場(chǎng)、產(chǎn)品和參與者受到管理或者接受監(jiān)督。我們將強(qiáng)化對(duì)信用評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管，加強(qiáng)對(duì)國(guó)際行為準(zhǔn)則的執(zhí)行。在確保監(jiān)管有效的同時(shí)，我們還將使監(jiān)管體系在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展周期中更加有效率，確保創(chuàng)新并且刺激金融產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)中交易的擴(kuò)展。我們承諾我們國(guó)家監(jiān)管體系評(píng)估透明。

·促進(jìn)金融市場(chǎng)誠(chéng)信。我們承諾，通過(guò)對(duì)投資者和消費(fèi)者保護(hù)給予支持、避免損害公眾利益行為發(fā)生、預(yù)防非法的操縱市場(chǎng)行為和欺騙以及權(quán)力濫用行為，保護(hù)合法的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我們還將促進(jìn)信息共享，其中包括尚未承諾實(shí)施關(guān)于銀行保密性和透明度國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地區(qū)。

·加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作。我們呼吁，我們的國(guó)家和區(qū)域性監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)在遵循一致性原則基礎(chǔ)上制定規(guī)章以及其他措施。監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)將加強(qiáng)他們同金融市場(chǎng)所有層面的協(xié)調(diào)和合作，其中包括跨國(guó)境的資本流動(dòng)。作為首先要做的事情，監(jiān)管者和其它相關(guān)當(dāng)局應(yīng)當(dāng)在防范危機(jī)、加強(qiáng)管理和應(yīng)對(duì)措施上加強(qiáng)合作。

·改革國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)。我們承諾，推進(jìn)布雷頓森林機(jī)構(gòu)(Bretton Woods Institutions)改革，以便他們?cè)谌蚪?jīng)濟(jì)中能夠更加充分地反映不斷變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)數(shù)，提高其正確性和有效性。在這方面，新興市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)體，其中包括最貧窮國(guó)家，將有更多的話語(yǔ)權(quán)和代表權(quán)。金融穩(wěn)定論壇(Financial Stability Forum，F(xiàn)SF)成員急需向新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體擴(kuò)展，其它主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定機(jī)構(gòu)必須迅速重新審定他們的會(huì)員組成。國(guó)際貨幣基金組織要同F(xiàn)SF及其它機(jī)構(gòu)合作，更好地認(rèn)識(shí)脆弱，預(yù)測(cè)潛在壓力，迅速采取行動(dòng)在應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)中發(fā)揮重要作用。

部長(zhǎng)和專家的任務(wù)

10、我們承諾，迅速行動(dòng)貫徹這些原則。我們將要求我們的財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)啟動(dòng)程序并且排出行動(dòng)時(shí)間表。一份具體措施的最初目錄將以附件“行動(dòng)計(jì)劃”形式推出，其中包括要在2009年3月31日之前先要完成的行動(dòng)。

經(jīng)與其它經(jīng)濟(jì)體和現(xiàn)有機(jī)構(gòu)磋商并且吸取知名獨(dú)立專家的建議，我們將要求我們的財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)拿出更多的意見(jiàn)，其中包括以下具體方面：

·有利于緩解周期性波動(dòng)的調(diào)控政策；

·評(píng)估和修訂全球會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；

·增強(qiáng)信用衍生產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)彈性和透明度，減少系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，其中包括通過(guò)改善場(chǎng)外交易市場(chǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；

·評(píng)估獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)措施，這涉及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)生激勵(lì)和創(chuàng)新；

·評(píng)估國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)授權(quán)、管理和資源要求；

·界定系統(tǒng)性的重要性機(jī)構(gòu)范圍，決定他們適當(dāng)?shù)墓芾砗捅O(jiān)督。

11、為了解我們?cè)诮鹑谙到y(tǒng)改革中發(fā)揮的作用，我們將于2009年5月之前再次召開(kāi)會(huì)議，檢查今天同意的這些原則和決定的執(zhí)行情況。

承諾全球經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)放

12、如果致力于推動(dòng)自由市場(chǎng)原則，這些原則包括法制、尊重私有財(cái)產(chǎn)、開(kāi)放的貿(mào)易和投資、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)和受到有效監(jiān)管并且有效率的金融系統(tǒng)，我們覺(jué)得這些改革只能成功。這些原則對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和繁榮是必須的，并且已經(jīng)消除了數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的貧窮，而且也提高了全球生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。鑒于改善全球金融業(yè)管理的必要性，我們必須過(guò)度管理，否則將損害經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)并且加深資本流動(dòng)性緊縮，這其中包括對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。

13、我們強(qiáng)調(diào)，在金融不穩(wěn)定時(shí)期反對(duì)保護(hù)主義至關(guān)重要。未來(lái)12個(gè)月，我們將反對(duì)抬高投資或貨物及服務(wù)貿(mào)易新壁壘，反對(duì)設(shè)置出口新限定或?qū)嵤┯羞`世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定的措施來(lái)刺激出口。另外，我們將努力在今年達(dá)成協(xié)議，使得世界貿(mào)易組織多哈發(fā)展議程(Doha Development Agenda)有一個(gè)圓滿結(jié)果。我們將指示我們的貿(mào)易部長(zhǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，推進(jìn)最終協(xié)議的達(dá)成。

14、我們關(guān)注著當(dāng)前危機(jī)對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家產(chǎn)生的影響，特別是關(guān)注最易受損害的國(guó)家。我們重申千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)的重要性，這是我們已經(jīng)實(shí)施的發(fā)展援助承諾。我們將力促發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體都來(lái)承擔(dān)與自己能力和在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中扮演角色相適應(yīng)的義務(wù)。在這點(diǎn)上，我們重申2002年在墨西哥蒙特雷舉行的聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)展籌資問(wèn)題會(huì)議上達(dá)成的發(fā)展原則，這一原則強(qiáng)調(diào)了國(guó)家所有權(quán)并且動(dòng)員了發(fā)展籌資的所有資源。

15、我們將繼續(xù)致力于解決其它重要的挑戰(zhàn)，如能源安全和氣候變化、糧食安全、法治、反恐、貧困和疾病。

16、隨著向前發(fā)展，我們相信通過(guò)持續(xù)的伙伴關(guān)系、合作和多邊主義，我們將戰(zhàn)勝挑戰(zhàn)，恢復(fù)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定與繁榮。

英文全文（來(lái)源：21世紀(jì)網(wǎng)）

DECLARATION ：SUMMIT ON FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

1.We, the Leaders of the Group of Twenty, held an initial meeting in Washington on November 15, 2008, amid serious challenges to the world economy and financial markets.We are determined to enhance our cooperation and work together to restore global growth and achieve needed reforms in the world’s financial systems.2.Over the past months our countries have taken urgent and exceptional measures to support the global economy and stabilize financial markets.These efforts must continue.At the same time, we must lay the foundation for reform to help to ensure that a global crisis, such as this one, does not happen again.Our work will be guided by a shared belief that market principles, open trade and investment regimes, and effectively regulated financial markets foster the dynamism, innovation, and entrepreneurship that are essential for economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction.Root Causes of the Current Crisis

3.During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence.At the same time, weak underwriting standards, unsound risk management practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system.Policy-makers, regulators and supervisors, in some advanced countries, did not adequately appreciate and address the risks building up in financial markets, keep pace with financial innovation, or take into account the systemic ramifications of domestic regulatory actions.4.Major underlying factors to the current situation were, among others, inconsistent and insufficiently coordinated macroeconomic policies, inadequate structural reforms, which led to unsustainable global macroeconomic outcomes.These developments, together, contributed to excesses and ultimately resulted in severe market disruption.Actions Taken and to Be Taken 5.We have taken strong and significant actions to date to stimulate our economies, provide liquidity, strengthen the capital of financial institutions, protect savings and deposits, address regulatory deficiencies, unfreeze credit markets, and are working to ensure that international financial institutions(IFIs)can provide critical support for the global economy.6.But more needs to be done to stabilize financial markets and support economic growth.Economic momentum is slowing substantially in major economies and the global outlook has weakened.Many emerging market economies, which helped sustain the world economy this decade, are still experiencing good growth but increasingly are being adversely impacted by the worldwide slowdown.7.Against this background of deteriorating economic conditions worldwide, we agreed that a broader policy response is needed, based on closer macroeconomic cooperation, to restore growth, avoid negative spillovers and support emerging market economies and developing countries.As immediate steps to achieve these objectives, as well as to address longer-term challenges, we will:

Continue our vigorous efforts and take whatever further actions are necessary to stabilize the financial system.Recognize the importance of monetary policy support, as deemed appropriate to domestic conditions.Use fiscal measures to stimulate domestic demand to rapid effect, as appropriate, while maintaining a policy framework conducive to fiscal sustainability.Help emerging and developing economies gain access to finance in current difficult financial conditions, including through liquidity facilities and program support.We stress the International Monetary Fund’s(IMF)important role in crisis response , welcome its new short-term liquidity facility, and urge the ongoing review of its instruments and facilities to ensure flexibility.Encourage the World Bank and other multilateral development banks(MDBs)to use their full capacity in support of their development agenda, and we welcome the recent introduction of new facilities by the World Bank in the areas of infrastructure and trade finance.Ensure that the IMF, World Bank and other MDBs have sufficient resources to continue playing their role in overcoming the crisis.Common Principles for Reform of Financial Markets

8.In addition to the actions taken above, we will implement reforms that will strengthen financial markets and regulatory regimes so as to avoid future crises.Regulation is first and foremost the responsibility of national regulators who constitute the first line of defense against market instability.However, our financial markets are global in scope, therefore, intensified international cooperation among regulators and strengthening of international standards, where necessary, and their consistent implementation is necessary to protect against adverse cross-border, regional and global developments affecting international financial stability.Regulators must ensure that their actions support market discipline, avoid potentially adverse impacts on other countries, including regulatory arbitrage, and support competition, dynamism and innovation in the marketplace.Financial institutions must also bear their responsibility for the turmoil and should do their part to overcome it including by recognizing losses, improving disclosure and strengthening their governance and risk management practices.9.We commit to implementing policies consistent with the following common principles for reform.Strengthening Transparency and Accountability: We will strengthen financial market transparency, including by enhancing required disclosure on complex financial products and ensuring complete and accurate disclosure by firms of their financial conditions.Incentives should be aligned to avoid excessive risk-taking.Enhancing Sound Regulation: We pledge to strengthen our regulatory regimes, prudential oversight, and risk management, and ensure that all financial markets, products and participants are regulated or subject to oversight, as appropriate to their circumstances.We will exercise strong oversight over credit rating agencies, consistent with the agreed and strengthened international code of conduct.We will also make regulatory regimes more effective over the economic cycle, while ensuring that regulation is efficient, does not stifle innovation, and encourages expanded trade in financial products and services.We commit to transparent assessments of our national regulatory systems.Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets: We commit to protect the integrity of the world’s financial markets by bolstering investor and consumer protection, avoiding conflicts of interest, preventing illegal market manipulation, fraudulent activities and abuse, and protecting against illicit finance risks arising from non-cooperative jurisdictions.We will also promote information sharing, including with respect to jurisdictions that have yet to commit to international standards with respect to bank secrecy and transparency.Reinforcing International Cooperation: We call upon our national and regional regulators to formulate their regulations and other measures in a consistent manner.Regulators should enhance their coordination and cooperation across all segments of financial markets, including with respect to cross-border capital flows.Regulators and other relevant authorities as a matter of priority should strengthen cooperation on crisis prevention, management, and resolution.Reforming International Financial Institutions: We are committed to advancing the reform of the Bretton Woods Institutions so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy in order to increase their legitimacy and effectiveness.In this respect, emerging and developing economies, including the poorest countries, should have greater voice and representation.The Financial Stability Forum(FSF)must expand urgently to a broader membership of emerging economies, and other major standard setting bodies should promptly review their membership.The IMF, in collaboration with the expanded FSF and other bodies, should work to better identify vulnerabilities, anticipate potential stresses, and act swiftly to play a key role in crisis response.Tasking of Ministers and Experts

10.We are committed to taking rapid action to implement these principles.We instruct our Finance Ministers, as coordinated by their 2009 G-20 leadership(Brazil, UK, Republic of Korea), to initiate processes and a timeline to do so.An initial list of specific measures is set forth in the attached Action Plan, including high priority actions to be completed prior to March 31, 2009.In consultation with other economies and existing bodies, drawing upon the recommendations of such eminent independent experts as they may appoint, we request our Finance Ministers to formulate additional recommendations, including in the following specific areas:

Mitigating against pro-cyclicality in regulatory policy;

Reviewing and aligning global accounting standards, particularly for complex securities in times of stress;

Strengthening the resilience and transparency of credit derivatives markets and reducing their systemic risks, including by improving the infrastructure of over-the-counter markets;

Reviewing compensation practices as they relate to incentives for risk taking and innovation;

Reviewing the mandates, governance, and resource requirements of the IFIs;and

Defining the scope of systemically important institutions and determining their appropriate regulation or oversight.11.In view of the role of the G-20 in financial systems reform, we will meet again by April 30, 2009, to review the implementation of the principles and decisions agreed today.Commitment to an Open Global Economy

12.We recognize that these reforms will only be successful if grounded in a commitment to free market principles, including the rule of law, respect for private property, open trade and investment, competitive markets, and efficient, effectively regulated financial systems.These principles are essential to economic growth and prosperity and have lifted millions out of poverty, and have significantly raised the global standard of living.Recognizing the necessity to improve financial sector regulation, we must avoid over-regulation that would hamper economic growth and exacerbate the contraction of capital flows, including to developing countries.13.We underscore the critical importance of rejecting protectionism and not turning inward in times of financial uncertainty.In this regard, within the next 12 months, we will refrain from raising new barriers to investment or to trade in goods and services, imposing new export restrictions, or implementing World Trade Organization(WTO)inconsistent measures to stimulate exports.Further, we shall strive to reach agreement this year on modalities that leads to a successful conclusion to the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda with an ambitious and balanced outcome.We instruct our Trade Ministers to achieve this objective and stand ready to assist directly, as necessary.We also agree that our countries have the largest stake in the global trading system and therefore each must make the positive contributions necessary to achieve such an outcome.14.We are mindful of the impact of the current crisis on developing countries, particularly the most vulnerable.We reaffirm the importance of the Millennium Development Goals, the development assistance commitments we have made, and urge both developed and emerging economies to undertake commitments consistent with their capacities and roles in the global economy.In this regard, we reaffirm the development principles agreed at the 2002 United Nations Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico, which emphasized country ownership and mobilizing all sources of financing for development.15.We remain committed to addressing other critical challenges such as energy security and climate change, food security, the rule of law, and the fight against terrorism, poverty and disease.16.As we move forward, we are confident that through continued partnership, cooperation, and multilateralism, we will overcome the challenges before us and restore stability and prosperity to the world economy.Action Plan to Implement Principles for Reform

This Action Plan sets forth a comprehensive work plan to implement the five agreed principles for reform.Our finance ministers will work to ensure that the taskings set forth in this Action Plan are fully and vigorously implemented.They are responsible for the development and implementation of these recommendations drawing on the ongoing work of relevant bodies, including the International Monetary Fund(IMF), an expanded Financial Stability Forum(FSF), and standard setting bodies.Strengthening Transparency and Accountability

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The key global accounting standards bodies should work to enhance guidance for valuation of securities, also taking into account the valuation of complex, illiquid products, especially during times of stress.Accounting standard setters should significantly advance their work to address weaknesses in accounting and disclosure standards for off-balance sheet vehicles.Regulators and accounting standard setters should enhance the required disclosure of complex financial instruments by firms to market participants.With a view toward promoting financial stability, the governance of the international accounting standard setting body should be further enhanced, including by undertaking a review of its membership, in particular in order to ensure transparency, accountability, and an appropriate relationship between this independent body and the relevant authorities.Private sector bodies that have already developed best practices for private pools of capital and/or hedge funds should bring forward proposals for a set of unified best practices.Finance Ministers should assess the adequacy of these proposals, drawing upon the analysis of regulators, the expanded FSF, and other relevant bodies.Medium-term actions

The key global accounting standards bodies should work intensively toward the objective of creating a single high-quality global standard.Regulators, supervisors, and accounting standard setters, as appropriate, should work with each other and the private sector on an ongoing basis to ensure consistent application and enforcement of high-quality accounting standards.Financial institutions should provide enhanced risk disclosures in their reporting and disclose all losses on an ongoing basis, consistent with international best practice, as appropriate.Regulators should work to ensure that a financial institution’ financial statements include a complete, accurate, and timely picture of the firm’s activities(including off-balance sheet activities)and are reported on a consistent and regular basis.Enhancing Sound Regulation Regulatory Regimes

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The IMF, expanded FSF, and other regulators and bodies should develop recommendations to mitigate pro-cyclicality, including the review of how valuation and leverage, bank capital, executive compensation, and provisioning practices may exacerbate cyclical trends.Medium-term actions

To the extent countries or regions have not already done so, each country or region pledges to review and report on the structure and principles of its regulatory system to ensure it is compatible with a modern and increasingly globalized financial system.To this end, all G-20 members commit to undertake a Financial Sector Assessment Program(FSAP)report and support the transparent assessments of countries’ national regulatory systems.The appropriate bodies should review the differentiated nature of regulation in the banking, securities, and insurance sectors and provide a report outlining the issue and making recommendations on needed improvements.A review of the scope of financial regulation, with a special emphasis on institutions, instruments, and markets that are currently unregulated, along with ensuring that all systemically-important institutions are appropriately regulated, should also be undertaken.National and regional authorities should review resolution regimes and bankruptcy laws in light of recent experience to ensure that they permit an orderly wind-down of large complex cross-border financial institutions.Definitions of capital should be harmonized in order to achieve consistent measures of capital and capital adequacy.Prudential Oversight

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Regulators should take steps to ensure that credit rating agencies meet the highest standards of the international organization of securities regulators and that they avoid conflicts of interest, provide greater disclosure to investors and to issuers, and differentiate ratings for complex products.This will help ensure that credit rating agencies have the right incentives and appropriate oversight to enable them to perform their important role in providing unbiased information and assessments to markets.The international organization of securities regulators should review credit rating agencies’ adoption of the standards and mechanisms for monitoring compliance.Authorities should ensure that financial institutions maintain adequate capital in amounts necessary to sustain confidence.International standard setters should set out strengthened capital requirements for banks’ structured credit and securitization activities.Supervisors and regulators, building on the imminent launch of central counterparty services for credit default swaps(CDS)in some countries, should: speed efforts to reduce the systemic risks of CDS and over-the-counter(OTC)derivatives transactions;insist that market participants support exchange traded or electronic trading platforms for CDS contracts;expand OTC derivatives market transparency;and ensure that the infrastructure for OTC derivatives can support growing volumes.Medium-term actions

Credit Ratings Agencies that provide public ratings should be registered.Supervisors and central banks should develop robust and internationally consistent approaches for liquidity supervision of, and central bank liquidity operations for, cross-border banks.Risk Management

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Regulators should develop enhanced guidance to strengthen banks’ risk management practices, in line with international best practices, and should encourage financial firms to reexamine their internal controls and implement strengthened policies for sound risk management.Regulators should develop and implement procedures to ensure that financial firms implement policies to better manage liquidity risk, including by creating strong liquidity cushions.Supervisors should ensure that financial firms develop processes that provide for timely and comprehensive measurement of risk concentrations and large counterparty risk positions across products and geographies.Firms should reassess their risk management models to guard against stress and report to supervisors on their efforts.The Basel Committee should study the need for and help develop firms’ new stress testing models, as appropriate.Financial institutions should have clear internal incentives to promote stability, and action needs to be taken, through voluntary effort or regulatory action, to avoid compensation schemes which reward excessive short-term returns or risk taking.Banks should exercise effective risk management and due diligence over structured products and securitization.Medium-term actions

International standard setting bodies, working with a broad range of economies and other appropriate bodies, should ensure that regulatory policy makers are aware and able to respond rapidly to evolution and innovation in financial markets and products.Authorities should monitor substantial changes in asset prices and their implications for the macroeconomy and the financial system.Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Our national and regional authorities should work together to enhance regulatory cooperation between jurisdictions on a regional and international level.National and regional authorities should work to promote information sharing about domestic and cross-border threats to market stability and ensure that national(or regional, where applicable)legal provisions are adequate to address these threats.National and regional authorities should also review business conduct rules to protect markets and investors, especially against market manipulation and fraud and strengthen their cross-border cooperation to protect the international financial system from illicit actors.In case of misconduct, there should be an appropriate sanctions regime.Medium-term actions

National and regional authorities should implement national and international measures that protect the global financial system from uncooperative and non-transparent jurisdictions that pose risks of illicit financial activity.The Financial Action Task Force should continue its important work against money laundering and terrorist financing, and we support the efforts of the World Bank-UN Stolen Asset Recovery(StAR)Initiative.Tax authorities, drawing upon the work of relevant bodies such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD), should continue efforts to promote tax information exchange.Lack of transparency and a failure to exchange tax information should be vigorously addressed.Reinforcing International Cooperation

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Supervisors should collaborate to establish supervisory colleges for all major cross-border financial institutions, as part of efforts to strengthen the surveillance of cross-border firms.Major global banks should meet regularly with their supervisory college for comprehensive discussions of the firm’s activities and assessment of the risks it faces.Regulators should take all steps necessary to strengthen cross-border crisis management arrangements, including on cooperation and communication with each other and with appropriate authorities, and develop comprehensive contact lists and conduct simulation exercises, as appropriate.Medium-term actions

Authorities, drawing especially on the work of regulators, should collect information on areas where convergence in regulatory practices such as accounting standards, auditing, and deposit insurance is making progress, is in need of accelerated progress, or where there may be potential for progress.Authorities should ensure that temporary measures to restore stability and confidence have minimal distortions and are unwound in a timely, well-sequenced and coordinated manner.Reforming International Financial Institutions

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The FSF should expand to a broader membership of emerging economies.The IMF, with its focus on surveillance, and the expanded FSF, with its focus on standard setting, should strengthen their collaboration, enhancing efforts to better integrate regulatory and supervisory responses into the macro-prudential policy framework and conduct early warning exercises.The IMF, given its universal membership and core macro-financial expertise, should, in close coordination with the FSF and others, take a leading role in drawing lessons from the current crisis, consistent with its mandate.We should review the adequacy of the resources of the IMF, the World Bank Group and other multilateral development banks and stand ready to increase them where necessary.The IFIs should also continue to review and adapt their lending instruments to adequately meet their members’ needs and revise their lending role in the light of the ongoing financial crisis.We should explore ways to restore emerging and developing countries’ access to credit and resume private capital flows which are critical for sustainable growth and development, including ongoing infrastructure investment.In cases where severe market disruptions have limited access to the necessary financing for counter-cyclical fiscal policies, multilateral development banks must ensure arrangements are in place to support, as needed, those countries with a good track record and sound policies.Medium-term actions

We underscored that the Bretton Woods Institutions must be comprehensively reformed so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy and be more responsive to future challenges.Emerging and developing economies should have greater voice and representation in these institutions.The IMF should conduct vigorous and even-handed surveillance reviews of all countries, as well as giving greater attention to their financial sectors and better integrating the reviews with the joint IMF/World Bank financial sector assessment programs.On this basis, the role of the IMF in providing macro-financial policy advice would be strengthened.Advanced economies, the IMF, and other international organizations should provide capacity-building programs for emerging market economies and developing countries on the formulation and the implementation of new major regulations, consistent with international standards.

第三篇：G20首爾峰會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人宣言英文版全文

G20首爾峰會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人宣言英文版全文

THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION NOVEMBER 11 – 12, 2010

1.We, the Leaders of the G20, are united in our conviction that by working together we can secure a more prosperous future for the citizens of all countries.2.When we first gathered in November 2008 to address the most severe world recession our generation has ever confronted, we pledged to support and stabilize the global economy, and at the same time, to lay the foundation for reform, to ensure the world would never face such upheaval again.3.Over the past four Summits, we have worked with unprecedented cooperation to break the dramatic fall in the global economy to establish the basis for recovery and renewed growth.4.The concrete steps we have taken will help ensure we are better prepared to prevent and, if necessary, to withstand future crises.We pledge to continue our coordinated efforts and act together to generate strong, sustainable and balanced growth.5.We recognize the importance of addressing the concerns of the most vulnerable.To this end, we are determined to put jobs at the heart of the recovery, to provide social protection, decent work and also to ensure accelerated growth in low income countries(LICs).6.Our relentless and cooperative efforts over the last two years have delivered strong results.However, we must stay vigilant.7.Risks remain.Some of us are experiencing strong growth, while others face high levels of unemployment and sluggish recovery.Uneven growth and widening imbalances are fueling the temptation to diverge from global solutions into uncoordinated actions.However, uncoordinated policy actions will only lead to worse outcomes for all.8.Since 2008, a common view of the challenges of the world economy, the necessary responses and our determination to resist protectionism has enabled us to both address the root causes of the crisis and safeguard the recovery.We are agreed today to develop our common view to meet these new challenges and a path to strong, sustainable and balanced growth beyond the crisis.9.Today, the Seoul Summit delivers: · the Seoul Action Plan composed of comprehensive, cooperative and country-specific policy actions to move closer to our shared objective.The Plan includes our commitment to:implement a range of structural reforms that boost and sustain global demand, foster job creation, and increase the potential for growth;and-enhance the Mutual Assessment Process(MAP)to promote external sustainability.We will strengthen multilateral cooperation to promote external sustainability and pursue the full range of policies conducive to reducing excessive imbalances and maintaining current account imbalances at sustainable levels.Persistently large imbalances, assessed against indicative guidelines to be agreed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, warrant an assessment of their nature and the root causes of impediments to adjustment as part of the MAP, recognizing the need to take into account national or regional circumstances, including large commodity producers.These indicative guidelines composed of a range of indicators would serve as a mechanism to facilitate timely identification of large imbalances that require preventive and corrective actions to be taken.To support our efforts toward meeting these commitments, we call on our Framework Working Group, with technical support from the IMF and other international organizations, to develop these indicative guidelines, with progress to be discussed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in the first half of 2011;and, in Gyeongju, our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors called on the IMF to provide an assessment as part of the MAP on the progress toward external sustainability and the consistency of fiscal, monetary, financial sector, structural, exchange rate and other policies.In light of this, the first such assessment, to be based on the above mentioned indicative guidelines, will be initiated and undertaken in due course under the French Presidency.· a modernized IMF that better reflects the changes in the world economy through greater representation of dynamic emerging markets and developing countries.These comprehensive quota and governance reforms, as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will enhance the IMF’s legitimacy, credibility and effectiveness, making it an even stronger institution for promoting global financial stability and growth.· instruments to strengthen global financial safety nets, which help countries cope with financial volatility by providing them with practical tools to overcome sudden reversals of international capital flows.· core elements of a new financial regulatory framework, including bank capital and liquidity standards, as well as measures to better regulate and effectively resolve systemically important financial institutions, complemented by more effective oversight and supervision.This new framework, complemented by other achievements as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will ensure a more resilient financial system by reining in the past excesses of the financial sector and better serving the needs of our economies.· the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth that sets out our commitment to work in partnership with other developing countries, and LICs in particular, to help them build the capacity to achieve and maximize their growth potential, thereby contributing to global rebalancing.The Seoul Consensus complements our commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)and focuses on concrete measures as summarized in our Multi-Year Action Plan on Development to make a tangible and significant difference in people’s lives, including in particular through the development of infrastructure in developing countries.· the Financial Inclusion Action Plan, the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion and a flexible SME Finance Framework, all of which will significantly contribute to improving access to financial services and expanding opportunities for poor households and small and medium enterprises.· our strong commitment to direct our negotiators to engage in across-the-board negotiations to promptly bring the Doha Development Round to a successful, ambitious, comprehensive, and balanced conclusion consistent with the mandate of the Doha Development Round and built on the progress already achieved.We recognize that 2011 is a critical window of opportunity, albeit narrow, and that engagement among our representatives must intensify and expand.We now need to complete the end game.Once such an outcome is reached, we commit to seek ratification, where necessary, in our respective systems.We are also committed to resisting all forms of protectionist measures.10.We will continue to monitor and assess ongoing implementation of the commitments made today and in the past in a transparent and objective way.We hold ourselves accountable.What we promise, we will deliver.11.Building on our achievements to date, we have agreed to work further on macro-prudential policy frameworks;better reflect the perspective of emerging market economies in financial regulatory reforms;strengthen regulation and oversight of shadow banking;further work on regulation and supervision of commodity derivatives markets;improve market integrity and efficiency;enhance consumer protection;pursue all outstanding governance reform issues at the IMF and World Bank;and build a more stable and resilient international monetary system, including by further strengthening global financial safety nets.We will also expand our MAP based on the indicative guidelines to be agreed.12.To promote resilience, job creation and mitigate risks for development, we will prioritize action under the Seoul Consensus on addressing critical bottlenecks, including infrastructure deficits, food market volatility, and exclusion from financial services.13.To provide broader, forward-looking leadership in the post-crisis economy, we will also continue our work to prevent and tackle corruption through our Anti-Corruption Action Plan;rationalize and phase-out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies;mitigate excessive fossil fuel price volatility;safeguard the global marine environment;and combat the challenges of global climate change.14.We reaffirm our resolute commitment to fight climate change, as reflected in the Leaders' Seoul Summit Document.We appreciate President Felipe Calderón’s briefing on the status of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations, as well as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s briefing on the report of the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing submitted to the UN Secretary-General.We will spare no effort to reach a balanced and successful outcome in Cancun.15.We welcome the Fourth UN LDC Summit in Turkey and the Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Korea, both to be held in 2011.16.Recognizing the importance of private sector-led growth and job creation, we welcome the Seoul G20 Business Summit and look forward to continuing the G20 Business Summit in upcoming Summits.17.The actions agreed today will help to further strengthen the global economy, accelerate job creation, ensure more stable financial markets, narrow the development gap and promote broadly shared growth beyond crisis.18.We look forward to our next meeting in 2011 in France, and subsequent meeting in 2012 in Mexico.19.We thank Korea for its G20 Presidency and for hosting the successful Seoul Summit.20.The Seoul Summit Document, which we have agreed, follows

第四篇：《政府工作報(bào)告》是怎樣出爐的

《政府工作報(bào)告》是怎樣出爐的從起草至通過(guò)，歷時(shí)3個(gè)多月，經(jīng)多次修改中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議后，成立以國(guó)務(wù)院研究室為主，邀請(qǐng)有關(guān)部門(mén)、地方同志和專家參加的起草組。總理對(duì)報(bào)告指導(dǎo)思想、框架結(jié)構(gòu)、重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容和表述方法等提出明確要求。3 起草組深入學(xué)習(xí)中央精神、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話，明確起草思路。經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真分析形勢(shì)、反復(fù)研究討論，報(bào)告逐漸成形。初稿形成后，總理將對(duì)完善報(bào)告提出指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)，直接修改報(bào)告。召開(kāi)國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議，審議《政府工作報(bào)告》討論稿。起草組根據(jù)這次會(huì)議討論意見(jiàn)修改，并報(bào)請(qǐng)國(guó)務(wù)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志審改，形成報(bào)中央政治局常委會(huì)審議的送審稿。中央政治局常委會(huì)審議《政府工作報(bào)告》。此后，根據(jù)常委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志意見(jiàn)，起草組進(jìn)一步修改，形成征求意見(jiàn)稿。國(guó)務(wù)院召開(kāi)全體會(huì)議，討論《政府工作報(bào)告》，決定將《政府工作報(bào)告》征求意見(jiàn)稿發(fā)往各?。▍^(qū)、市）和中央有關(guān)部門(mén)、單位征求意見(jiàn)?？偫碚匍_(kāi)座談會(huì)聽(tīng)取各民主黨派、全國(guó)工商聯(lián)負(fù)責(zé)人和無(wú)黨派人士，專家學(xué)者和企業(yè)界人士，教科文衛(wèi)體和基層群眾代表意見(jiàn)。經(jīng)過(guò)充分征求意見(jiàn)，起草組再修改報(bào)告，形成提交中央政治局審議的送審稿。11 中共中央政治局召開(kāi)會(huì)議，審議《政府工作報(bào)告》稿。全國(guó)兩會(huì)召開(kāi)，總理作《政府工作報(bào)告》，代表、委員對(duì)修改《政府工作報(bào)告》提出具體意見(jiàn)和建議。起草組工作人員到每一個(gè)代表團(tuán)認(rèn)真聽(tīng)取意見(jiàn)。起草組逐條研究代表、委員的意見(jiàn)，在此基礎(chǔ)上，國(guó)務(wù)院進(jìn)一步修改《政府工作報(bào)告》。人大會(huì)議閉幕會(huì)上，代表對(duì)關(guān)于《政府工作報(bào)告》的決議進(jìn)行表決通過(guò)。

第五篇：《宣言：什么是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨干什么》讀后感

《宣言：什么是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨干什么》讀后感

《宣言：什么是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨干什么》中提到，有外國(guó)學(xué)者感慨，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨延續(xù)了中華民族三千年的傳統(tǒng)，就是現(xiàn)代的“士大夫群體”。

“士大夫群體”是什么？一種官職？抑或是一個(gè)階級(jí)？錢(qián)穆在《中國(guó)文化傳統(tǒng)中之士》中指出，中國(guó)文化有與并世其他民族其他社會(huì)絕對(duì)相異之一點(diǎn)，即為中國(guó)社會(huì)有士之一流品，而其他社會(huì)無(wú)之。可見(jiàn)，士大夫并不是特定的群體，而是分散在社會(huì)各個(gè)層面的，無(wú)論是官、是民，只要具備了它的條件，就是士大夫。從脫貧攻堅(jiān)的鄉(xiāng)村田野到風(fēng)雨無(wú)阻的核酸檢測(cè)一線，再到“十年磨一劍”的科研崗位，哪里需要中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，哪里就有中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨。“黨員無(wú)處不在，黨員就在身邊”的鮮明體現(xiàn)無(wú)疑是士之“流品”屬性的當(dāng)今寫(xiě)照。

“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道遠(yuǎn)?！弊鳛椤笆看蠓颉?，首要的條件就是立大志、擔(dān)大任。一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，中國(guó)人民始終有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想——徹底擺脫“仰視世界”的歷史，實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族的偉大復(fù)興。這也是我們黨的雄心壯志、是我們黨的責(zé)任所在?！傲⒅径t圣矣，立志則賢而賢矣。”因?yàn)橛羞@樣的偉大夢(mèng)想、高遠(yuǎn)志向，自中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨誕生以來(lái)，無(wú)數(shù)先輩懷揣“死而后已，不亦遠(yuǎn)乎”的堅(jiān)定信念，帶領(lǐng)中國(guó)人民推翻了“三座大山”，擺脫了“一窮二白”，一步步跑出了“國(guó)家富強(qiáng)，人民幸福”的光明大道。面向未來(lái)，仍然要心懷“國(guó)之大者”，牢記中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是什么、要干什么這個(gè)根本問(wèn)題，將個(gè)人理想融入黨和國(guó)家事業(yè)之中，勇?lián)褡鍙?fù)興的偉大使命。

“士者，事也，任事之稱也。”一個(gè)人只有能干事，而后才能被稱之為“士”。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨沒(méi)有自己的特殊利益，黨要“做的事”就是群眾“盼的事”。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)年代，反侵略、爭(zhēng)民主，為的是人民盼的“解放”；和平年代，搞改革、抓發(fā)展，為的是人民盼的“美好”?！按髧?guó)之大，也有大國(guó)之重。千頭萬(wàn)緒的事，說(shuō)到底是千家萬(wàn)戶的事?！币冀K堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，從最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題入手、從最困難的事情著手、從最現(xiàn)實(shí)的利益抓起，一件一件接著辦，一年一年接著干，以“為民造福是最大政績(jī)”的觀念，全心全意解決好人民群眾的揪心事煩心事操心事，真正做到“利民之事，絲發(fā)必興”。

百年風(fēng)華，接續(xù)奮斗。站在歷史發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)上，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨承繼著“為天地立心，為生民立道，為萬(wàn)世開(kāi)太平”的士大夫精神，攻堅(jiān)拔寨，砥礪前行，必將帶領(lǐng)人民在“一起向未來(lái)”的偉大實(shí)踐中留下更加華麗的篇章！