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      英文詩(shī)歌鑒賞

      時(shí)間:2019-05-13 10:09:59下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡(jiǎn)介:寫寫幫文庫(kù)小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《英文詩(shī)歌鑒賞》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫(kù)還可以找到更多《英文詩(shī)歌鑒賞》。

      第一篇:英文詩(shī)歌鑒賞

      英文詩(shī)歌賞析

      導(dǎo)引

      詩(shī)歌是一種精美的藝術(shù),趣味高一點(diǎn)的人一般都喜歡詩(shī)歌。受過(guò)良好教育的中國(guó)人都會(huì)背誦若干首古詩(shī)。現(xiàn)在人們很重視學(xué)習(xí)英文,學(xué)習(xí)英文,視野也應(yīng)寬闊一些,也應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)英文詩(shī)歌多少有些領(lǐng)略才好。中國(guó)文學(xué)中詩(shī)歌成就極大,英語(yǔ)文學(xué)中,詩(shī)歌也極其豐富多彩。語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)的最高表現(xiàn)形式在詩(shī)歌。如果只是知道實(shí)用性的英文,只學(xué)習(xí)商業(yè)英文、法律英文等英文,對(duì)英語(yǔ)文學(xué)毫無(wú)修養(yǎng),對(duì)英文詩(shī)歌一無(wú)所知,那將是一個(gè)不小的遺憾,將會(huì)影響到審美能力的發(fā)展和提高,學(xué)英文而不懂英文詩(shī)歌,不僅從審美角度看是一個(gè)遺憾,而且從英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)這一角度看,不學(xué)一些英文詩(shī)歌,其英語(yǔ)水平也達(dá)不到很高的層次。詩(shī)歌語(yǔ)言最精煉,語(yǔ)匯最豐富,表達(dá)形式最精美,語(yǔ)言的色調(diào)最細(xì)膩。如果對(duì)詩(shī)歌有一定修養(yǎng),其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力會(huì)大大提高。試想一個(gè)學(xué)漢語(yǔ)的人,如果對(duì)唐詩(shī)宋詞一無(wú)所知,其漢語(yǔ)水平不會(huì)很高。學(xué)英語(yǔ)者也是如此。如果他對(duì)莎士比亞、彌爾頓、華茲華斯、拜倫、雪萊、濟(jì)慈等人的著名詩(shī)篇一竅不通,其英文水平也不會(huì)很高。

      總之,有一定英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)的人不能不更上一層樓,讀一點(diǎn)英文詩(shī)。這不僅有助于提高我們的文學(xué)素養(yǎng),豐富我們的審美能力,也有助于提高我們的英語(yǔ)水平。

      英詩(shī)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

      讀英文詩(shī)歌相當(dāng)不容易。其中的主要原因是詩(shī)歌有其獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式,與散文有明顯區(qū)別。為更好地欣賞英文詩(shī)歌,很有必要了解一些相關(guān)的基本知識(shí)。這方面的知識(shí)極其細(xì)致,以下只介紹一些最基本的。

      一 節(jié)奏

      詩(shī)歌是具有音樂(lè)性的語(yǔ)言。音樂(lè)作品的最大特點(diǎn)之一是音符的流動(dòng)是有節(jié)奏的。所謂節(jié)奏就是強(qiáng)拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起來(lái),有規(guī)律地反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。懂點(diǎn)音樂(lè)的人都知道,音樂(lè)中基本的節(jié)奏有兩種,即強(qiáng)——弱(2/4拍)和強(qiáng)——弱——弱(3/4拍)。舉兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子:

      《東方紅》的節(jié)奏就是強(qiáng)——弱: 56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│

      《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)這首兒歌的節(jié)奏是強(qiáng)——弱——弱: 11 1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│72 1 —│

      中國(guó)古詩(shī)有節(jié)奏。其節(jié)奏主要是通過(guò)漢字特有的聲調(diào)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。傳統(tǒng)漢語(yǔ)中的聲調(diào)有四:平、上、去、入。平聲稱“平聲”,上、去、入三聲統(tǒng)稱仄聲。平聲與仄聲結(jié)合起來(lái)反復(fù)出現(xiàn),就是中國(guó)詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。如一首五言絕句,其最常見(jiàn)的節(jié)奏是:

      仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。

      王之渙《等鸛雀樓》:白日依山盡,黃河入海流。欲窮千里目,更上一層樓。此詩(shī)即是這樣的節(jié)奏。其中“欲”字是仄聲,與格式不合。但根據(jù)格律要求,詩(shī)行中的第一字可平可仄。

      英文詩(shī)歌也有節(jié)奏。英文沒(méi)有平聲、仄聲之分,但有重讀輕讀音節(jié)之分,其節(jié)奏是通過(guò)重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)與一個(gè)或兩個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)按一定的模式搭配起來(lái),有規(guī)律地反復(fù)出現(xiàn)就是英文詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。

      我們知道凡是有兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)的英文單詞,都有重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)之分,在一句話中,根據(jù)語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)意的要求,有些詞也要重讀,有些要輕讀。如he went to town to buy a book..I?m glad to hear the news.英文中有重讀和輕讀之分,重讀的音節(jié)和輕讀的音節(jié),按一定模式配合起來(lái),反復(fù)再現(xiàn),組成詩(shī)句,聽(tīng)起來(lái)起伏跌宕,抑揚(yáng)頓挫,就形成了詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。多音節(jié)單詞有重音和次重音,次重音根據(jù)節(jié)奏既可視為重讀,也可視為輕讀。讀下面這兩句詩(shī):

      Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain, And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.這兩行詩(shī)的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是:輕——重。在每行中再現(xiàn)四次,這樣就形成了這兩行詩(shī)的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相當(dāng)與樂(lè)譜中的“小節(jié)”。一輕一重,就是這兩行詩(shī)的音步。一行詩(shī)中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù),這兩行詩(shī)的音步數(shù)都是四,所以就稱其為四音步詩(shī)。

      二 常見(jiàn)的音步類型

      音步是輕讀與重讀構(gòu)成的。根據(jù)重讀與輕讀搭配的方式的不同,可以劃分出不同的音步類型。音步類型不同,節(jié)奏自然也不同。最常見(jiàn)的音步類型有以下四種:

      (一)抑揚(yáng)格

      如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié),前者為輕,后者為重,則這種音步叫抑揚(yáng)格音步,其專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是(iamb, iambic.)。輕讀是“抑”,重讀是“揚(yáng)”,一輕一重,故稱抑揚(yáng)格。

      英語(yǔ)中有大量的單詞,其發(fā)音都是一輕一重,如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英語(yǔ)寫詩(shī),用抑揚(yáng)格就很便利。也就是說(shuō),抑揚(yáng)格很符合英語(yǔ)的發(fā)音規(guī)律。因此,在英文詩(shī)歌中用得最多的便是抑揚(yáng)格,百分之九十的英文詩(shī)都是用抑揚(yáng)格寫成的。前面的那兩句詩(shī)就是抑揚(yáng)格詩(shī)。

      (二)揚(yáng)抑格

      如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié),前者為重,后者為輕,則這種音步叫揚(yáng)抑格音步,其專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是(trochee, trochaic.)。重讀是“揚(yáng)”,輕讀是“抑”,一重一輕,故稱揚(yáng)抑格。與抑揚(yáng)格恰好相反。

      英語(yǔ)中也有一批其讀音為一重一輕的單詞,如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。寫揚(yáng)抑格的詩(shī),此類詞正好合適。但這類詞在英語(yǔ)中其數(shù)量不及前面的那些多,與英文的語(yǔ)言規(guī)律不十分吻合,所以揚(yáng)抑格詩(shī)不多。舉兩句詩(shī)例:

      Present │mirth has │present │laughter Shakespeare Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew Shelley

      (三)抑抑揚(yáng)格

      抑抑揚(yáng)格含三個(gè)音節(jié),即輕——輕——重,專門術(shù)語(yǔ)是:Anapaest, anapaestic 例詞:

      cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove, indistinct, on the hill.例句:

      拜倫的以下四行詩(shī)是抑抑揚(yáng)格:

      The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold, And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold;And the sheen│ of their spears │was like stars │on the sea, When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee.——Destruction of Sennacherib 這是拜倫寫的描述古代亞述人圍攻耶路撒冷,被瘟疫所襲的詩(shī)的一節(jié)。第四行第二音步中的waves 一詞可輕可重。詩(shī)題中的Sennacherib 是亞述國(guó)王。fold 指羊群,purple and gold 描寫亞述軍隊(duì)的服飾,Galilee,巴勒斯坦北部的加利利湖。cohorts軍團(tuán),sheen,光芒。

      (四)揚(yáng)抑抑格

      重——輕——輕是揚(yáng)抑抑格,專門術(shù)語(yǔ)是:dactyl, dactylic.例詞:

      happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily, properly, accident, quantity.例句:

      Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair.Davies: the villain.英文詩(shī)歌中的音步類型有十幾種之多,常見(jiàn)者即此四種,第一種則最常見(jiàn)。此外詩(shī)句中也常有抑抑格(pyrrhic[/peirik]和揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出現(xiàn)。

      需要說(shuō)明的是,這些音步類型只是理論上的分析,實(shí)際上,一首詩(shī)僅用一種音步類型寫,這種情況極少見(jiàn),大多是以某一種為主,同時(shí)穿插其他類型。如果一首詩(shī)只含有一種音步,就會(huì)顯得非常單調(diào)機(jī)械。一首詩(shī)只要是以某種類型為主的,盡管有其他類型穿插其中,也稱此詩(shī)為某某格。如,以抑揚(yáng)格為主要節(jié)奏寫成的,就稱此詩(shī)為抑揚(yáng)格詩(shī)?,F(xiàn)代興起的一些自由詩(shī)(FREE VERSE),不受這些格律的限制。

      三 詩(shī)行

      (一)一詩(shī)行不一定是一個(gè)完整的句字。

      英文詩(shī)每行的第一個(gè)字母都大寫,但是一詩(shī)行不一定是一個(gè)完整的句子,不一定能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。有時(shí)候,一行詩(shī)正好是一句,有時(shí)兩行甚至許多行才構(gòu)成一個(gè)意思完整的句子。前者叫end-stopped line(結(jié)句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句)。這是英文詩(shī)與中國(guó)詩(shī)的最大區(qū)別之一。中國(guó)詩(shī)歌都是一行表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思??聪旅嬉还?jié)詩(shī):

      I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight.前兩行是end-stopped line,后兩行是run-on line。讀跨行句詩(shī),行末停頓較短。跨行句在英文詩(shī)歌中極其普遍,有時(shí)十來(lái)行才成一完整句子。剛學(xué)英文詩(shī)的人,對(duì)此往往不習(xí)慣。對(duì)此我們需加注意。

      (二)詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)短以音步數(shù)目計(jì)算:

      英文詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)度范圍一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的詩(shī)行也有,但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的詩(shī)。

      (各種長(zhǎng)短詩(shī)行的專門術(shù)語(yǔ):一音步詩(shī):monometer 二音步詩(shī):dimeter三音步詩(shī):trimeter四音步詩(shī):tetrameter 五音步詩(shī):pentameter 六音步詩(shī):hexameter 七音步詩(shī):heptameter八音步詩(shī):octameter.)

      在分析一首詩(shī)的格律時(shí),既要考律此詩(shī)的基本音步類型,也要考律此詩(shī)中詩(shī)行的音步數(shù)目。看下面的一首短詩(shī):

      An EMPTY HOUSE Alexander Pope You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come: Knock as│you please, │there?s no│body│at home.(你拍拍腦袋,以為靈感馬上就來(lái)??扇文阍趺辞么颍矡o(wú)人把門打開(kāi)。pate,腦袋。fancy,動(dòng)詞:以為,想象。)

      此詩(shī)的基本音步類型是抑揚(yáng)格,每行五音步。因此稱此詩(shī)的格律是“抑揚(yáng)格五音步”(iambic pentameter)。一首詩(shī)的音步類型和詩(shī)行所含的音步數(shù)目構(gòu)成此詩(shī)的格律(meter)。

      四 壓韻(rhyme)英文詩(shī)一般都押運(yùn)韻。

      (一)全韻與半韻(full rhyme and half rhyme)。全韻是嚴(yán)格的押韻,其要求是:

      (1)韻要押在重讀音節(jié)上,其元音應(yīng)相同;(2)元音前的輔音應(yīng)不同;(3)如果元音之后有輔音,應(yīng)相同。(4)重讀音節(jié)之后如有輕讀音節(jié),也應(yīng)相同。下面幾對(duì)詞都符合全韻的標(biāo)準(zhǔn): why---sigh;ending---bending.如果僅是元音字母相同,讀音不同,不符合全韻:如: blood----hood;there---here;gone---alone;daughter----laughter.這種情形被稱為“眼韻”(eye rhyme),雖然詩(shī)人有時(shí)用之,但不是真正的押韻。僅是輔音相同或僅是元音相同的屬半韻:

      元音不同,其前后的輔音相同,這叫諧輔韻(consonance)如:black, block;creak, croak;reader, rider;despise, dispose.元音相同,其后的輔音相同者叫諧元韻(assonance),如lake, fate;time, mind.(二)尾韻與行內(nèi)韻(end rhyme and internal rhyme)押在詩(shī)行最后一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)上,叫尾韻。這是英文詩(shī)歌最常見(jiàn)的押韻部位。詩(shī)行中間停頓處的重讀音節(jié)與該行最后一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)押韻者,叫行內(nèi)韻。如:

      Spring, the sweet spring, is the year?s pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,(三)男韻與女韻((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)所押的韻音局限于詩(shī)行中重讀的末尾音節(jié)上,稱男韻,也叫單韻,聽(tīng)起來(lái)強(qiáng)勁有力。如:late, fate;hill, fill;enjoy, destroy.押韻押在兩個(gè)音節(jié)上,后一音節(jié)非重讀音節(jié),稱女韻,也叫雙韻,聽(tīng)起來(lái)或輕快,或幽婉。如:lighting, fighting;motion, ocean;wining, beginning.看下面一節(jié)詩(shī):

      I am coming, little maiden, hate---late;

      fight---delight;

      powers---flowers;

      today---away;With the pleasant sunshine laden;With the honey for the bee, With the blossom for the tree.前兩行押女韻,后兩行押男韻。

      也有不少英文詩(shī)是不押韻的,不押韻的詩(shī)稱無(wú)韻詩(shī)或白體詩(shī)(blank verse)。多用在戲劇和敘事詩(shī)中。莎士比亞的戲劇和彌爾頓的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse寫成的。押韻的詩(shī)叫rhymed verse。無(wú)韻詩(shī)不同與自由詩(shī)。無(wú)韻詩(shī)雖不押韻,但是有固定節(jié)奏,以揚(yáng)抑格五音步最常見(jiàn)。自由詩(shī)節(jié)奏不固定,如同白話。

      詩(shī)選及講解

      A SELECTION OF ENGLISH POETRY FOR AN OPTIONAL COURSE OF THE UNDERGRADUADTES William Shakespeare(1564—1616)作者簡(jiǎn)介:

      劇作家、詩(shī)人。一生創(chuàng)作三十七部戲劇,154首十四行詩(shī)。其十四行詩(shī)大部分是獻(xiàn)給一位貴族青年,有二十余篇?jiǎng)t是獻(xiàn)給一位“黑膚女士”(the dark lady).1 Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summer?s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer?s lease hath all too short a date: Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance, or nature?s changing course, untrimm?d;But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow?st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander?st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow?st.So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.注釋: Compare ···to 把什么比做什么。

      Thou, thee 第二人稱單數(shù)代詞,前者主格,后者賓格?,F(xiàn)已為you 所取代。其所有格是thy,或thine, 即現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的your。

      Art = are.16、17世紀(jì)時(shí)與thou連用。

      Temperate: 來(lái)自拉丁文temperātus,讀時(shí)為符合押韻規(guī)則,可將重音放后。Shake:shake off。

      Lease 租借期限,此處指夏天的長(zhǎng)度。

      Hath 與第三人稱單數(shù)連用,相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的has。Dimmed: clouded.Fair form fair: beautiful thing from beauty.前后fair意義不同。Declines from beauty。Chance:極緣,時(shí)運(yùn),命運(yùn)。

      And every fair from fair sometimes declines,/By chance, or nature?s changing course, untrimm?d:每一個(gè)美人總要失去美貌,即使沒(méi)有突發(fā)的以外事件,也逃不過(guò)自然界生老病死的變遷。Sometimes: 有的版本作“sometime”: at some unspecified time.Untrimm?d: untrimmed.本意為剝?nèi)ッ烙^的衣服等,此處隱喻奪去美貌等。

      Fair thou ow?st: beauty you own.莎士比亞時(shí)代,owe與own通用。古英語(yǔ)第二人稱單數(shù)后加-st或-est His shade:shadow of death.“Nor shall Death brag thou wander?st in his shade”:“死神無(wú)從夸口,說(shuō)你在他的陰影里徘徊”。

      To time thou grow?st: you grow as long as time lasts.與時(shí)間同壽。Grow to = be incorporated with.內(nèi)容解析:

      此詩(shī)的發(fā)展變化:以人比夏天開(kāi)始,以人勝自然終結(jié)。前四行說(shuō)明人比夏天更美更溫和;中四行發(fā)展了這個(gè)意思,引到駐顏無(wú)術(shù)的感慨;第三組則新意突起,推翻前言,終于于勝利的末兩行作結(jié)。此詩(shī)表達(dá)了這樣一種思想:美麗的事物可以依靠文學(xué)的力量而永遠(yuǎn)不朽;文學(xué)是人所創(chuàng)造的,因此這有宣告了人的不朽。因此此詩(shī)不是一般的愛(ài)情詩(shī)。

      形式解析:

      sonnet:十四行詩(shī),即“商籟體”詩(shī)。此詩(shī)體起源不明,最早的例子出現(xiàn)于13世紀(jì),16世紀(jì)在英國(guó)出現(xiàn)。主要有意大利式和英國(guó)式兩種變體。意大利詩(shī)人Petrarch [/petra:k]用此詩(shī)體最精熟,故意大利式又稱Petrarchan sonnet。英國(guó)式由莎士比亞創(chuàng)立,又稱 Shakespearean sonnet.意大利式分前八行、后六行。韻尾是abba, abba;cde, dcd.。莎士比亞式十四行詩(shī),層次上分前四行,中四行,后四行和結(jié)尾兩行。韻尾為:abab, cdcd, efef, gg。格律是抑揚(yáng)格五音步。

      Shall I│compare│ thee to │a sum│mer?s day?(a)Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate-:(b)Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May,(a)And sum│mer?s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date:(b)Sometimes │too hot│ the eye │of hea│ven shines,(c)And of│ten is │his gold │comple│xion dimmed;(d)And eve│ry fair │from fair │sometimes │declines,(c)By chance, │or na│ture?s chan│ging course, │ untrimm?d;(d)But thy │eter│nal sum│mer shall │not fade,(e)Nor lose│ posses│sion of │that fair│ thou ow?st;(f)Nor shall│ Death brag │thou wan│der?st in│ his shade,(e)When in │eter│nal lines │to time│ thou grow?st.(f)So long│ as men │can breathe │or eyes │can see,(g)So long │lives this, │ and this │gives life│ to thee.(g)參考譯文:

      能不能讓我把你比擬作夏日? 你可是更加溫和,更加可愛(ài): 狂風(fēng)會(huì)吹落五月的好花兒,夏季的生命又未免結(jié)束得太快: 有時(shí)候蒼天的巨眼照得太灼熱,他那金彩的臉色也會(huì)被遮暗; 每一樣美呀,總會(huì)離開(kāi)美而凋落,被時(shí)機(jī)或者自然的代謝所摧殘; 但是你永久的夏天決不會(huì)凋枯,你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)失去你美的儀態(tài); 死神夸不著你在他影子里躑躅,你將在不朽的詩(shī)中與時(shí)間同在; 只要人類在呼吸,眼睛看得見(jiàn),我這詩(shī)就活著,使你的生命綿延。(屠岸)2 Spring When daisies pied and violets blue And lady-smocks all silver-white And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight, The cuckoo then, on every three, Mocks married men;for thus sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, cuckoo!Oh word of fear Unpleasing to a married ear!When shepherds pipe on oaten straws, And merry larks are ploughmen?s clocks, When turtles tread, and rooks, and daws, And maidens bleach their summer smocks, The cuckoo then, on every three, Mocks married men;for thus sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, cuckoo!Oh word of fear Unpleasing to a married ear!------Comedy: Love?s Labour Lost 劇情:拿伐Navarre [n /va: ]國(guó)王與其幾位朝臣立誓三年之內(nèi)摒棄一切世俗的快樂(lè),致力于研究學(xué)問(wèn)。其中的一條是:三年之中不可與女子交談一次。不久法國(guó)公主攜幾名侍女來(lái)辦理國(guó)務(wù),國(guó)王和朝臣門守不住自己的誓言,愛(ài)上了這幾個(gè)女子。最后公主的父親去世,公主要持戒三年,國(guó)王和朝臣們的求愛(ài)也化為泡影。此詩(shī)在此劇之結(jié)尾處。

      注釋:

      daisies pied:雜色的雛菊。

      lady-smock:也作lady?s-smock 花名:布谷鳥剪秋羅。Smock:〈古〉女襯衣,罩衣。cuckoo-buds of yellow hue:黃色的杜鵑花。hue:顏色。

      Cuckoo:[/kuku:] 布谷鳥的叫聲,與/cuckold(奸婦的丈夫)一詞諧音。shepherds [/ ep d] pipe on oaten straws:拿燕麥桿吹哨子。

      turtles tread:斑鳩交配。Turtle:〈古〉斑鳩,=turtledove。Tread:(雄鳥)與(雌鳥)交配。

      rooks and daws:白嘴鴉和穴鳥。內(nèi)容解析:

      春天里百花爭(zhēng)艷,萬(wàn)象更新,情人們沉醉于甜蜜的愛(ài)情之中。但樹(shù)梢上布谷鳥的叫聲卻似乎在不斷提醒人們:愛(ài)情并不可考。此詩(shī)有反諷意味,與劇情一致。英國(guó)詩(shī)人甘貝爾(Thomas Campbell,1777—1844)在 Freedom and Love一詩(shī)中說(shuō):“Love has bliss, but love has ruining/ Other smiles may make you fickle/ Tears for other charm may trickle?!?/p>

      形式解析:抑揚(yáng)格四音步,韻式:abab cc d ee;fgfg hh d ee When dai│sies pied │and vio│lets blue And la│dy-smocks│ all sil│ver-white And cu│ckoo-buds │of ye│llow hue Do paint │he mea│dows with│ delight, The cu│ckoo then, │on eve│ry three, Mocks mar│ried men;│for thus │sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, │cuckoo!│Oh word│ of fear Unplea│sing to│ a mar│ried ear!When she│pherds pipe │on oa│ten straws, And mer│ry larks│ are plough │men?s clocks, When turt│les tread, │ and rooks, │and daws, And mai│dens bleach │their sum│mer socks, The cu│ckoo then, │on eve│ry three, Mocks mar│ried men;│for thus │sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, │cuckoo!│Oh word │of fear Unplea│sing to│ a mar│ried ear!參考譯文: 當(dāng)雜色的雛菊開(kāi)遍牧場(chǎng),藍(lán)的紫羅藍(lán),白的美人衫,還有那杜鵑花吐蕾嬌黃,描出了一片廣大的欣歡; 聽(tīng)杜鵑在每一株樹(shù)上叫,把那娶了妻的男人譏笑: 咯咕!

      咯咕!咯咕!啊,可怕的聲音!害得做丈夫的肉跳心驚。當(dāng)無(wú)愁的牧童口吹麥笛,清晨的云雀驚醒了農(nóng)人,斑鳩烏鴉都在覓侶求匹,女郎們漂洗夏季的衣群; 聽(tīng)杜鵑在每一株樹(shù)上叫,把那娶了妻的男人譏笑: 咯咕!

      咯咕!咯咕!啊,可怕的聲音!害得做丈夫的肉跳心驚。(朱生豪)3 To Be or Not To Be To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ?tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die—to sleep— No more;and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to.?tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished.To die—to sleep.To sleep—perchance to dream: ay, there?s the rub!For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause.There?s the respect That makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor?s wrong, the proud man? contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law?s delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death— The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveller returns—puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ill we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o?er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pith and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action.劇情:

      哈娒萊特》是莎士比亞重要?jiǎng)∽髦?,寫?601年。劇中的主人公是丹麥王子Hamlit。哈姆萊特的父親,即丹麥國(guó)王,被哈姆萊特的叔父Claudius秘密害死,不到兩個(gè)月,又與哈姆萊特的母親,即王后,結(jié)婚。還竊取了王位。哈姆萊特的叔父Caudius是個(gè)壞透頂了的人。哈姆萊特則是一位有理想、有道德的人,他決心要為父親報(bào)仇。為了不被看出來(lái),他裝成瘋子。哈姆萊特要為父親報(bào)仇,但中間有其母親穿插其間,這使他心情極其復(fù)雜,于是整日心情抑郁,產(chǎn)生了厭世情緒。于是真的有點(diǎn)瘋瘋顛顛了。劇情很曲折,大家可在課外找有關(guān)資料讀。推薦讀讀英漢對(duì)照本《莎士比亞戲劇故事》(Tales from Shakespeare, by Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb, 蕭乾、文潔若翻譯。商務(wù)印書館1984年出版。)

      這段獨(dú)白就是哈姆萊特在極度困惑、不知所措的心情下道出的,談到了生與死、思考與行動(dòng)、報(bào)復(fù)與寬容等等人生中的永恒矛盾,批判了現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的黑暗,富有深刻的哲理意味。出現(xiàn)在原劇第三幕第一場(chǎng)。

      注釋: slings and arrows of outrageous fortune: 狂暴命運(yùn)的矢石交攻。sling: 投石器,彈 弓;投擲,打擊一擊.To die—to sleep—No more:死就是睡眠,如此而已。

      by a sleep to say we end/The heartache:to say(that)by a sleep we end the heartache the thousand natural shocks/That flesh is heir to: 無(wú)數(shù)要承受的皮肉之苦,與“heartache”相對(duì)。Be heir to: 要繼承或承受的。

      ?tis a consummation/Devoutly to be wished.那正是求之不得的完美結(jié)局。Consummation:final settlement of everything.To sleep—perchance to dream: ay, there?s the rub!睡眠也許要做夢(mèng),嗨,那就成問(wèn)題了。Perchance:perhaps.Rub: 摩擦,障礙。

      For in that sleep of death what dreams may come/When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,/Must give us pause.“what dreams may come” 這一名詞從句是主語(yǔ),give 是謂語(yǔ)。Shuffled off:擺脫,脫去。mortal coil:earthly turmoil.人世的紛擾。

      There?s the respect /That makes calamity of so long life.這一顧慮使漫長(zhǎng)歲月成了災(zāi)難。Respect: attention, consideration.顧慮,考慮。”without respect to the results”不顧后果。

      the whips and scorns of time: 人世的鞭撻和嘲弄。Time: the times, 時(shí)世

      The oppressor?s wrong, the proud man? contumely: 壓迫者的凌辱,傲慢者的冷眼。do sb.Wrong, do wrong to sb.Contumely [/k ] insolent treatment.無(wú)禮對(duì)待。

      The pangs of despised love:失戀的痛苦。Pang:痛苦。Despised 之重音在第一音節(jié)。the spurns/That patient merit of the unworthy takes:忍讓的有德才者從小人那里受到的排擠。Of: from;spurn: contemptuous rejection,一腳踢開(kāi);the unworthy: 小人。

      Quietus [kai/i:t s]: acquittance, release, 卸去(義務(wù)、責(zé)任)A bare bodkin: a mere poniard.短劍,匕首。Fardels: bundles, burdens.Grunt: groan, 哼,呻吟.Bourn: 領(lǐng)域

      Conscience: 思考,顧慮,良心。sicklied o?er:sickly: 使出現(xiàn)病態(tài)

      the pale cast of thought: 慘白的一層思慮的病容。Cast:tinge, shade of color.Thought: 思慮,顧慮,melancholy, despondency.pith and moment:vigour and importance.Pith: 體力、氣力、精力,(文章的)力。1604年版本中pith作pitch: height with this regard: on this account 內(nèi)容分析:這斷獨(dú)白是傾訴人生的根本苦悶和基本矛盾。受到壓迫了,應(yīng)該反抗,但往往結(jié)果是適得其反。事事忍讓,卻又心中不能平衡。干事業(yè)需果斷有魄力,但也得深思熟慮,三思而行。但是顧慮太多,縮手縮腳又會(huì)疲軟,行動(dòng)不起來(lái)。人生在世,煩惱苦難不一而足,但死后的世界未比此岸世界好(古代人一般相信有彼岸世界 “a life in the world to come is taken for granted.” New Concept English, vol.4, lesson, 60.)。人生就是這樣充滿了各種矛盾和無(wú)奈。

      形式分析:

      這是莎士比亞戲劇最著名獨(dú)白(soliloquy),用的是抑揚(yáng)格五音步“白體詩(shī)”(BLANK VERSES)。

      To be, │or not │to be: │that is │the ques│tion: Whether│ ?tis nob│ler in │the mind │to suf│fer The slings │and ar│rows of│ outra│geous for│tune(以上三行多一音節(jié),其到遲疑、沉思的效果。)Or to│ take arms│against │a sea │of troubles, And by op│posing │end them? │To die—│to sleep— No more;│and by│ a sleep │to say │we end The heart│ache, and│the thou│sand na│tural shocks That flesh│ is heir │to.?tis│ a con│summa│tion Devout│ly to│ be wished.│ To die│—to sleep.To sleep│—perchance │to dream: │ay, there?s │the rub!For in │that sleep │of death│what dreams │may come When we│ have shuffled │off this│ mortal │coil, Must give│ us pause.│ There?s the │respect That makes │cala│mity │of so │long life.For who │would bear│ the whips│ and scorns │of time, The oppres│sor?s wrong, │the proud│ man? con│tumely, The pangs │of des│pised love, │the law?s │delay, The in│solence │of of│fice, and │the spurns That pa│tient me│rit of the │unwor│thy takes, When he│ himself │might his │quie│tus make With a│ bare bod│kin? Who │would far│dels bear, To grunt │and sweat │under│ a wea│ry life, But that│ the dread │of some│thing af│ter death— The un│disco│vered coun│try, from │whose bourn No travel│ler re│turns—│puzzles │the will, And makes │us ra│ther bear │those ill │we have Than fly│ to oth│ers that │we know │not of? Thus con│science does│ make co│wards of │us all, And thus │the na│tive hue │of re│solu│tion Is sick│lied o?er │with the │pale cast │of thought, And en│terprises │of great │pith and│ moment With this│ regard │their cur│rents turn│ awry And lose │the name │of ac│tion.參考譯文:

      “活下去還是不活:這是個(gè)問(wèn)題” 活下去還是不活,這是個(gè)問(wèn)題; 要做到高貴,究竟該忍氣吞聲 來(lái)容受狂暴的命運(yùn)矢石交攻擊呢,還是該挺身反抗無(wú)邊的苦惱,掃它個(gè)干凈?死,就是睡眠—— 就這樣;而如果睡眠就等于了結(jié)了 心痛以及千百種身體要擔(dān)受的 皮痛肉痛,那該是天大的好事,正求之不得??!死,就是睡眠; 睡眠也許要做夢(mèng),這就麻煩了!我們一旦擺脫了塵世的牽纏 在死的睡眠里還會(huì)做些什么夢(mèng),一想到就不能不躊躇。這一點(diǎn)顧慮 正好使災(zāi)難變成了長(zhǎng)期的折磨。誰(shuí)甘心忍受人世的鞭撻和嘲弄,忍受壓迫者虐待、傲慢者凌辱,忍受失戀的痛苦、法庭的拖延、衙門的橫暴、做埋頭苦干的大才 受座位的小人一腳踢出去,如果他只消自己來(lái)使一下尖刀 就可以得到解脫???誰(shuí)甘心挑擔(dān)子,拖著疲累的生命,呻吟,流汗,要不是怕一死就去了沒(méi)有人回來(lái)的 那個(gè)從未發(fā)現(xiàn)的國(guó)土,怕那邊 還不知會(huì)怎樣,因此意志動(dòng)搖了,因此就寧愿忍受目前的災(zāi)殃,` 而不愿投奔另一些未知的苦難? 這樣子,顧慮使我們都成了懦夫,也就這樣了,決斷決行的本色 蒙上了慘白的一層思慮的病容; 本可以轟轟烈烈的大作大為,由于這一點(diǎn)想不通,就出了別扭,失去了行動(dòng)的名份。(卞之琳)Thomas Nash(1567—1601)作者簡(jiǎn)介:劇作家、詩(shī)人,小說(shuō)家,諷刺作家。4 Spring Spring, the sweet spring, is the year?s pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing, Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!The palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes our ears do greet, Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!注釋: 注釋:

      the year?s pleasant king:一年四季中以春天為最歡樂(lè)的時(shí)期。King 即比喻歡樂(lè)之最,也兼指一歲之首。

      Cold doth not sting:doth:古英語(yǔ)do 的第三人稱現(xiàn)在事態(tài)形式。the pretty birds do thing:do 是為了韻律的需要而加進(jìn)去的。

      Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo: Cuckoo, 布谷鳥的叫聲; jug-jug, 夜鶯(nightingale)的叫聲,pu-we, 田鳧(pewit)的叫聲,to-witta-woo,泛指各種鳥鳴。

      Palm: 棕櫚。其枝葉常作為勝利的象征。May:山楂花。因在五月盛開(kāi),故名 may。

      And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay:aye:古英語(yǔ)副詞,always,ever。Tune:動(dòng)詞:唱。Lay 歌曲。

      old wives a-sunning sit:sit是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。a-sunning:曬太陽(yáng),作狀語(yǔ)。a-作為特殊介詞,后跟動(dòng)名詞,表示在進(jìn)行什么活動(dòng)。如 He went a-fishing.現(xiàn)代說(shuō)法是:He went fishing.these tunes our ears do greet:these tunes do greet our ears.內(nèi)容解析:此詩(shī)節(jié)奏明快,旋律強(qiáng)烈,生動(dòng)地描繪出了一幅春回大地,生機(jī)昂然的畫面。形式解析:主要是揚(yáng)抑格五音步,韻式是aaab, cccb, dddb.三節(jié)最后一行是疊句(refrain);每節(jié)除末一行外,其他三行都用行內(nèi)韻(internal rhyme),即第二音步的第二個(gè)詞同第五音步末尾的詞諧韻。疊句(refrain): a phrase, line or lines repeated at the end of a stanza.Spring, the│ sweet spring, │ is the │year?s plea│sant king;Then blooms │each thing, │ then maids│ dance in│ a ring, Cold doth│ not sting, │the pret│ty birds │do thing, Cuckoo, │ jug-jug, │ pu-we, │to-wi│tta-woo!The palm│ and may│ make coun│try hou│ses gay, Lambs frisk │and play, │the she│pherds pipe │all day, And we│ hear aye│ birds tune │this mer│ry lay, Cuckoo, │jug-jug, │pu-we, │to-wi│tta-woo!The fields │breathe sweet, │the dai│sies kiss │our feet, Young lo│vers meet, │ old wives │a-sun│ning sit, In eve│ry street │these tunes │our ears│ do greet, Cuckoo, │ jug-jug, │pu-we, │ to-wi│tta-woo!Spring!The │sweet spring!Spring!The sweet spring!參考譯文:(略。郭沫若有譯文,意譯,參考價(jià)值不不大。)John Milton(1608—1674)作者簡(jiǎn)介:英國(guó)詩(shī)人,思想家、政論家。從小好學(xué),經(jīng)常開(kāi)夜車,四十余歲失明。晚年在失明的情況下,寫成了偉大史詩(shī)《失樂(lè)園》(PARADISE LOST)。其內(nèi)容是演述《圣經(jīng)》故事??膳c荷馬的《伊利亞特》(Homer's Iliad)、但丁的《神曲》(Dante's Divine Comedy)相媲美。《五月晨歌》是早期作品,成于二十一歲時(shí),格調(diào)十分清新。Song On May Morning Now the bright morning star, Day?s harbinger, Comes dancing from the east, and leads with her The flowery May, who from her green lap throws The yellow cowslip and the pale primrose.Hail, bounteous May, that dost inspire Mirth, and youth, and warm desire!Woods and groves are of thy dressing;Hill and dale doth boast thy blessing.Thus we salute thee with our early song And welcome thee, and wish thee long.注釋:

      morning star: 啟明星、太白星、長(zhǎng)庚星等。早晨在東方出現(xiàn)。晚上在西方出現(xiàn),叫長(zhǎng)庚,英文作“evening star”.。同是一顆星,即Venus。

      harbinger [/ha: bind ]先導(dǎo),先兆 primrose [/primroz] 櫻草花,報(bào)春花。Bounteous [/baunti s] 慷慨的

      of thy dressing:dressed in thy fashion Dost:第二人稱現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)。即do Doth: 一般用于第三人稱單數(shù),但彌爾頓也常常用于復(fù)數(shù)。在他的作品中很常見(jiàn)。著名英語(yǔ)專家陸佩弦總結(jié)彌爾頓的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn),其中一條就是 “singular verb for plural subject”。此種情況在莎士比亞的作品中也不時(shí)能遇見(jiàn)。

      Long: long life.形式分析:抑揚(yáng)格穿插揚(yáng)抑格(7、8兩行是揚(yáng)抑格,女韻,顯得十分輕快)。韻式為aa,bb,cc,dd,ee。

      Now the │bright mor│ning star, │ Day?s har│binger, Comes dan│cing from │the east, │ and leads │with her The flowe│ry May, │who from │her green │lap throws The ye│llow cow│slip and │the pale│ primrose.Hail, boun│teous May, │that dost │inspire Mirth, │ and youth, │and warm │desire!Woods and │groves are │of thy │dressing;Hill and │dale doth│boast thy │blessing.Thus we│ salute │thee with │our ear│ly song And wel│come thee, │and wish │thee long.參考譯文:

      晶瑩的晨星,白日的先驅(qū),她舞蹈著從東方帶來(lái)嬌侶,百花的五月,從綠色的懷中撒下 金黃色的九輪花和淡紅的櫻草花。歡迎,富麗的五月啊,你激揚(yáng) 歡樂(lè)、青春和熱情的希望; 林木、樹(shù)叢是你的裝束,山陵、溪谷夸說(shuō)你的幸福。我們也用清晨的歌曲向你禮贊,歡迎你,并且祝福你永恒無(wú)邊!Alexander Pope(1688—1744)作者簡(jiǎn)介:蒲伯是18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最重要的詩(shī)人。作品很多。他還用英雄雙行體詩(shī)翻譯了荷馬史詩(shī)。文學(xué)上崇尚精雕細(xì)琢,是新古典主義的大師。身體不好,終身未婚。他的父母是天主教徒,當(dāng)時(shí)天主教徒是受迫害的。一生基本上過(guò)的是隱居日子。《獨(dú)處誦》是其早期作品。自稱寫于12歲時(shí)。6 Solitude Happy the man, whose wish and care A few paternal acres bound,(acres[/eik ])Content to breathe his native air In his own ground.Whose herds with milk, whose fields with bread, Whose flocks supply him with attire;Whose trees in summer yield him shade, In winter fire.Blest, who can unconcern?dly find Hours, days, and years slide soft away In health of body, peace of mind, Quiet by day, Sound sleep by night;study and ease Together mix?d;sweet creation;And innocence, which most does please With meditation.Thus let me live, unseen, unknown;Thus unlamented let me die;Steal from the world, and not a stone Tell where I lie.注釋: the first stanza can be rewritten like this: the man is happy, whose wish and care are bound by a few paternal acres, and who is content to breathe his native air in his own ground.其意思相當(dāng)于《中庸》上所說(shuō)的“君子素位而行,不愿乎其外。”Jude The Obscure 中有一句話說(shuō):a contented mind is a continual feast.(Jude the Obscure.P378)Whose herds with milk, /whose fields with bread,/Whose flocks supply him with attire;前兩行省略了“supply him with”。Attire:服裝。

      unconcern?dly,即unconcernedly:漫不經(jīng)心,無(wú)憂無(wú)慮,悠然自得。第三節(jié)可以改寫成:Blest is the man who can unconcern?dly find Hours, days, and years slide soft away In health of body and in peace of mind 相當(dāng)于“ I see him leave.”這樣的句子。

      study and ease /Together mix?d;sweet creation;/And innocence, which most does please/With meditation.他勞逸結(jié)合,有令人歡喜的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng),還有天真的性情。這天真的性情與沉思結(jié)合起來(lái),最使他高興。

      內(nèi)容解析:避開(kāi)塵世的煩擾,與世無(wú)爭(zhēng),潛心學(xué)術(shù),并悠然自得地享受田園生活,這是最幸福的。與《莊子》“恬淡寂寞,虛無(wú)無(wú)為”(《刻意》)之說(shuō)有相似之處。陶淵明有幾句詩(shī)可以與此詩(shī)相參:“息交游閑業(yè),臥起弄書琴。園蔬有余滋(生長(zhǎng)得很多。滋:生長(zhǎng)),舊谷猶儲(chǔ)今。營(yíng)己良有極,過(guò)足非所欽。舂秫作美酒,酒熟吾自斟。弱子戲我側(cè),學(xué)語(yǔ)未成吟。此事真復(fù)樂(lè),聊用忘華簪(比喻高官厚祿)?!保ā逗凸鞅 菲湟唬?/p>

      形式解析:此詩(shī)五節(jié),每節(jié)四行。韻尾是abab。節(jié)奏主要是四音步抑揚(yáng)格(i/ambic te/trameter),每節(jié)四音步:

      Happy │the man, │ whose wish │and care A few │pater│nal a│cres bound, Content│ to breathe │his na│tive air In his │own ground.Whose herds │with milk, │whose fields │with bread, Whose flocks │supply │him with│ attire;Whose trees│ in sum│mer yield│ him shade, In win│ter fire.Blest, who │can un│concern?d│ly find Hours, days, │and years │slide soft│ away In health│ of bo│dy, peace│ of mind, Quiet │by day, Sound sleep│ by night;│ study│ and ease Toge│ther mix?d;│ sweet cre│ation;And in│nocence, │ which most │does please With me│ditation.Thus let │me live, │unseen, │unknown;Thus un│lamen│ted let│ me die;Steal from │the world, │ and not│ a stone Tell where │I lie.參考譯文: 人生如何方為樂(lè),唯有知足不貪心。只守祖上數(shù)畝田,但吸故園氣清新。綿羊產(chǎn)毛制衫袍,乳牛耕地供食飲。夏來(lái)密葉乘濃蔭,冬至疏枝做柴薪。一任歲月輕輕去,那堪憂思處處尋。白日閑逸夜安眠,一身強(qiáng)健心氣平。讀書勞逸相結(jié)合,娛樂(lè)甜美悅?cè)诵?。最佳勝景有冥思,極樂(lè)世界屬天真。死后不受世哀悼,生時(shí)豈令人見(jiàn)聞。幽幽偷辭濁世去,不銘何處葬我身。(石瓃)Robert Burns(1759—1796)羅伯特·彭斯,蘇格蘭詩(shī)人。出身于偏僻鄉(xiāng)村。他的詩(shī)歌充分吸收了蘇格蘭民歌成分,熱情奔放,優(yōu)美動(dòng)聽(tīng),被譽(yù)為偉大的蘇格蘭民族詩(shī)人。19世紀(jì)英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)歌運(yùn)動(dòng)的先驅(qū)。他的一些詩(shī)歌被譜寫成歌曲,廣為流傳。如《友誼地久天長(zhǎng)》(Auld[o:ld] Lang Syne[sain]: old long then: long ago.)、《我的心在高原》(My heart's in the high lands)等。A Red, Red Rose O, my Luve?s like a red, red rose, That?s newly sprung in June.O, my Luve?s like the melodie, That?s sweetly play?d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in Luve am I, And I will love thee still, my dear, Till a? the seas gang dry!Till a? the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi? the sun!And I will love thee still, my dear, While the sands o? life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only Luve!And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my Luve, Tho? it were ten thousand mile!注釋:

      Luve?s = Love is melodie = melody,甜蜜的歌曲

      play?d in tune = played in tune。唱得合拍。

      As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,/ So deep in Luve am I: Bonnie: beautiful.Lass[laes]: girl, maiden.可改寫為:as you are fair, my bonnie lass, so I am deep in love.你那么美,我也那么愛(ài)你。我愛(ài)你的程度與你美的程度成正比。So 的意思是“in the same proportion“, ”in like manner“, ”in the same way“.Another example: As you treat me, so I will treat you.I will love thee still = I will always love thee.Till a? the seas gang dry: a? = all.gang = go.wi? = with.While the sands? o? life shall run: 只要我生命不息。o?= of。sands o? life:沙漏。古代人們?cè)跁r(shí)鐘發(fā)明前,用玻璃器皿盛沙,使沙從小孔中漏過(guò),以此計(jì)時(shí)。因此詩(shī)人常用沙漏中的沙比喻人生。

      fare thee weel:goodbye.。Weel[wi:l] = well.Farewell: ”proceed happily“.Goodbye: 本來(lái)是”God be wy ye“(God be with you), 后縮寫成”God-bye“, 后來(lái)為與”good day“、“good night” 一致, “God bye” 又改成了“goodbye”.Tho? = though 內(nèi)容解析: 這是彭斯最有名的愛(ài)情詩(shī),節(jié)奏強(qiáng)烈,激情澎湃,很有感染力。但是此詩(shī)所表達(dá)的感情似乎不太深刻,其愛(ài)情似乎純粹是建立在容美貌的礎(chǔ)上的。容貌一衰退,很難保證海枯石爛不變心。另一英國(guó)詩(shī)人賈魯(Thomas Carew, 1594---1640)有一首名The True Beauty的詩(shī),可拿來(lái)對(duì)彭斯的這首詩(shī)作注腳:

      He that loves a rosy cheek Or a coral lip admires, Or from star-like eyes doth seek Fuel to maintain his fires;As old Time makes these decay, So his flames must waste away.But a smooth and steadfast mind, Gentle thoughts, and calm desires, Hearts with equal love combined, Kindle never-dying fires:----Where these are not, I despise Lovely cheeks or lips or eyes.(smooth and steadfast mind:性情溫和、意志堅(jiān)定。Hearts with equal love combined:正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篽earts combined with equal love.能一視同仁的心靈。)

      彭斯說(shuō)他的愛(ài)人如同玫瑰花一樣美,他的愛(ài)與其愛(ài)人的美麗成正比,賈魯反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō),誰(shuí)追求玫瑰花一樣的容貌,誰(shuí)的愛(ài)情的衰退程度與就容貌衰老的程度成正比。賈魯講的雖然有道理,他的態(tài)度也很可取,但是世上的人像賈魯那樣的很少,相彭斯這樣的人則多不勝數(shù)。(彭斯是個(gè)沉溺于美酒、詩(shī)歌和愛(ài)情的人)。人的感情往往能沖破理智的說(shuō)教,即使這種愛(ài)情不一定能長(zhǎng)久,人們往往也要追求它。所以不能以說(shuō)教的心態(tài)否定詩(shī)歌的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。形式分析:基本上是抑揚(yáng)格,每節(jié)二、四兩行押韻。O, my │Luve?s like │a red, │red rose, That?s new│ly sprung │in June.O, my │Luve?s like│ the me│lodie, That?s sweet│ly play?d │in tune.As fair│ art thou, │my bon│nie lass, So deep│ in Luve│ am I, And I │will love │thee still, │my dear, Till a? │the seas │gang dry!Till a? │ the seas │gang dry, │my dear, And the rocks │melt wi? │the sun!And I│ will love │thee still, │my dear, While the sands│ o? life │shall run.And fare│ thee weel, │my on│ly Luve!And fare│ thee weel, │ a while!And I│ will come │again, │ my Luve, Tho? it were │ten thous│and mile!William Wordsworth(1770—1850)華茲華斯(渥滋渥斯),英國(guó)浪漫主義時(shí)期的大詩(shī)人,湖泮詩(shī)人(LAKE POETS)之首。1843年榮獲桂冠詩(shī)人稱號(hào)(Poet Laureate)。湖畔詩(shī)人是十九世紀(jì)英國(guó)的一個(gè)詩(shī)歌流派,這些人在英格蘭西北部的湖區(qū)(Lake district)居住、寫作。其主要成員除華茲華斯外,尚有柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)。華茲華斯對(duì)大自然情有獨(dú)鐘,經(jīng)常去各地旅行漫游,對(duì)自然風(fēng)光和田園生活有獨(dú)特的感受。他的詩(shī)的特點(diǎn)是通過(guò)描寫日常生活中的平凡場(chǎng)景激發(fā)心靈深處的感受,表現(xiàn)人性中真善美。素材多為自然風(fēng)光、田園生活和素樸的農(nóng)民。語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)明,情真意切。讀之能使人產(chǎn)生無(wú)盡的遐思、精神上能受到有力的陶冶。

      英國(guó)浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間介于1790-1830,最重要的代表人物有六:William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats.作品特點(diǎn):形式比較自由,想象豐富,傾向描寫孤獨(dú)的個(gè)人的精神世界和大自然。'Poery is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings'----Wordsworth.8 I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud(The Daffodils)I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o?er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay In such a jocund company: I gazed — and gazed — but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasures fills, And dances with the daffodils.注釋:o'er: over.Pronounced as [/o ], counted as one syllable.The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: 雖然浪花也在起舞,但是水仙花的歡樂(lè)超過(guò)了浪花的歡樂(lè)。in glee, 就歡樂(lè)而言,在歡樂(lè)上。in 有as to, as regards 這樣的用法, 表示'在···方面'。如:weak in judgment;they are equal in length.有人注解此詩(shī),認(rèn)為in glee是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾waves 的,這樣也通,但不如視為狀語(yǔ)修飾全句為好。

      Sprightly: 輕快地,活潑地。

      Could not but: but: other than, except.But 用在否定詞后,構(gòu)成雙重否定。如:there is no one but hopes rich.(沒(méi)有不想發(fā)財(cái)?shù)娜耍㏕here is no one but knows that.(那件事無(wú)人不知。)

      Jocund: lit.& poet: merry, cheerful.Couch:睡椅,床。

      And then my heart with pleasures fills:my heart fills with pleasures.Fill 可用為不及物動(dòng)詞,意思是“滿”。如the house fills(with children).They flash upon that inward eye | Which is the bliss of solitude:湛然的心靈是幽居才能有的福分。因?yàn)樾撵`回歸其自我是一種高級(jí)的精神享受,所以如此說(shuō)。

      內(nèi)容:此詩(shī)是詩(shī)人1804年回憶兩年前在英格蘭湖區(qū)漫游時(shí)看到一大片水仙的情景時(shí)寫成的。后經(jīng)多此修該,到1815年才最終定型。當(dāng)時(shí)的情景深深地因在了他心靈深處,幽居獨(dú)處時(shí),就在心中顯現(xiàn)出來(lái),給他帶來(lái)慰籍??梢?jiàn)詩(shī)人對(duì)自然的向往。我們讀之,猶如進(jìn)入了空明潔凈的世界。

      形式:全詩(shī)四節(jié),每節(jié)的韻式是ababcc。韻律基本上是抑揚(yáng)格四音步。I wan|dered lone|ly as| a cloud That floats |on high |o?er vales |and hills, When all |at once |I saw| a crowd, A host, |of gold|en da|ffodils;Beside |the lake, |beneath| the trees, Fluttering |and dancing |in the breeze.Conti|nuous as |the stars |that shine And twink|le on |the mil|ky way, They stretched |in ne|ver-en|ding line Along |the mar|gin of| a bay: Ten thou|sand saw |I at| a glance, Tossing |their heads |in spright|ly dance.The waves| beside| them danced, |but they Out-did |the spark|ling waves |in glee: A po|et could |not but |be gay In such |a jo|cund com|pany: I gazed —|and gazed |— but litt|le thought What wealth |the show |to me |had brought: For oft, | when on |my couch |I lie In va|cant or |in pen|sive mood, They flash |upon| that in|ward eye Which is| the bliss |of so|litude;And then| my heart| with plea|sures fills, And dan|ces with |the da|ffodils.9 The Solitary Reaper Behold her, single in the field, Yon solitary Highland lass!Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain;O listen!for the Vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.No Nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt, Among Arabian sands;A voice so thrilling ne?er was heard In spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides.Will no one tell me what she sings? — Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow For old, unhappy, far-off things, And battles long ago;Or is it some more humble lay, Familiar matter of to-day? Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain, That has been, and may be again? Whate?er the theme, the Maiden sang As if her song could have no ending;I saw her singing at her work, And o?er the sickle bending;— I listen?d, motionless and still;And, as I mounted up the hill, The music in my heart I bore, Long after it was heard no more.注釋:

      Yon:yonder,那邊的,遠(yuǎn)處的。

      No Nightingale did ever chauntMore welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt,Among Arabian sands;:即使在人際罕至的阿拉伯沙漠的幽暗之處,夜鶯也不曾為疲憊的行人唱過(guò)如此動(dòng)人的歌曲。Chaunt: chant的變體。

      A voice so thrilling ne?er was heardIn spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird,Breaking the silence of the seas: In spring-time , a voice so thrilling was never heard from the Cuckoo-bird, whose song breaks the silence of the seas among the farthest Hebrides.Hebrides[/hebridi:z]赫布里底群島[英國(guó)蘇格蘭西部] Perhaps the plaintive numbers flowFor old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago;Or is it some more humble lay,Familiar matter of to-day?Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,That has been, and may be again? 也許這凄婉的歌聲是詠嘆古老的、遙遠(yuǎn)的悲歡離合,和很久以前的征戰(zhàn),要么是一只平凡的曲子,唱的是今天日常小事,或者是那些曾經(jīng)有過(guò)而且可能繼續(xù)出現(xiàn)的、常見(jiàn)的憂傷、失意和痛苦?

      I saw her singing at her work,And o?er the sickle bending;I saw her singing at her work and when she is bending over the sickle.And, as I mounted up the hill, The music in my heart I bore,Long after it was heard no more.到我登上了山崗時(shí),雖然那歌聲早已聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)了,但還是在我心底回響。Bear: 負(fù)擔(dān),擔(dān)負(fù),帶上。

      內(nèi)容:此詩(shī)寫的是蘇格蘭高原地區(qū)一農(nóng)家少女獨(dú)自在田間勞動(dòng)歌唱的情景。此一情景深深地觸動(dòng)了詩(shī)人的心弦。為了讓這淳樸勤勞的女孩盡情地歌唱、盡情地抒發(fā)她的內(nèi)心的世界,詩(shī)人不忍心驚動(dòng)她,他想,要么就此止步,要么悄悄走開(kāi)。夜鶯、布谷鳥的歌聲是天籟之聲,詩(shī)人說(shuō)割麥女的歌聲比夜鶯、布谷鳥的歌聲還要?jiǎng)尤?,表名其歌聲是純真而自然的。農(nóng)家女孩沒(méi)有受到城市生活的污染,如“清水出芙蓉,天然去雕飾”,獨(dú)自一人在空曠的田野,向大自然傾訴衷情,當(dāng)然會(huì)打動(dòng)向往大自然的詩(shī)人。今天,浮偽之風(fēng)比其一百多年前詩(shī)人所處的那個(gè)時(shí)代,更厲害不知多少倍,因而此詩(shī)所描寫的情景更能引起人們的遐思神往。此詩(shī)的意境空靈飄逸,感情高潔真摯,極富浪漫氣息,沒(méi)有絲毫庸俗情調(diào)。

      形式:此詩(shī)四節(jié),每節(jié)八行,除第四是三音步外,其余七行都是四音步。抑揚(yáng)格。每節(jié)的韻式為 ababccdd Behold| her, sing|le in |the field, Yon so|lita|ry High|land lass!Reaping |and sing|ing by |herself;Stop here, |or gent|ly pass!Alone |she cuts |and binds| the grain, And sings |a me|lancho|ly strain;O li|sten!for| the Vale |profound Is ov|erflow|ing with| the sound.No Nigh|tingale |did ev|er chaunt More wel|come notes |to wea|ry bands Of travel|lers in |some sha|dy haunt, Among| A/ra|bian sands;A voice| so thril|ling ne?er |was heard In spring|-time from| the Cu|ckoo-bird, Breaking |the si|lence of| the seas Among |the far|thest He|brides.Will no |one tell| me what |she sings? — Perhaps |the plain|tive num|bers flow For old, | unhap|py, far-|off things, And ba|ttles long |ago;Or is |it some| more hum|ble lay, Fami|liar mat|ter of |to-day? Some na|tural sor|row, loss, | or pain, That has |been, and| may be| again? Whate?er |the theme, |the Mai|den sang As if| her song |could have |no ending;I saw| her sing|ing at| her work, And o?er |the sick|le bending;— I li|sten?d, mo|tionless| and still;And, as |I moun|ted up |the hill, The mu|sic in| my heart |I bore, Long af|ter it| was heard |no more.George Gordon Byron [/bai r n](1788—1824)喬治·戈登·拜倫是重要浪漫主義詩(shī)人,但是與華茲華斯為首的湖畔詩(shī)人有不同。拜倫政治上很激進(jìn),反對(duì)傳統(tǒng),主張革命,為人放蕩不羈,是所謂積極浪漫主義者。華茲華斯主張回歸自然,維護(hù)傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值,是所謂消極浪漫主義者。拜倫對(duì)湖畔詩(shī)人進(jìn)行過(guò)攻擊。其實(shí),拜倫只是一個(gè)出色的詩(shī)人,在政治思想上是膚淺的。拜倫的成名作是《恰爾德·哈洛爾德游記》(Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,1809-1818),最有影響的著作是《唐·璜》(Don Juan,1819-1824)。此外還有不少抒情詩(shī)等?!肚柕隆す鍫柕掠斡洝罚钗觚g譯,1959年上海文藝出版社。)是一部敘事長(zhǎng)詩(shī),是描寫作者游歷歐洲各國(guó)的抒情日記,由一個(gè)灰心失望的貴族青年哈羅德將全詩(shī)情節(jié)貫穿起來(lái)?!短畦穂don/d u: n]也是一部敘事長(zhǎng)詩(shī),寫的是歐洲傳說(shuō)中的傳奇人物唐璜浪漫冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷,未完成。關(guān)于唐璜這個(gè)人物,歐洲各國(guó)有很多作品。莫扎特有一部歌劇即名《唐璜》。

      我們所選的這首《滑鐵盧前夜》是《游記》中的片段(Canto III, stanzas 21, 22, 24, 25.),記述的是滑鐵盧之戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夕比利時(shí)首都布魯塞爾(Brussels, Belgium)上層人士盲目歌舞狂歡的場(chǎng)面?;F盧是位于比利時(shí)首都以南約20公里的一個(gè)村莊,1815年英軍在此駐扎。呂希蒙公爵夫人設(shè)宴款待英軍將士,拿破侖乘其不備,于當(dāng)晚突然襲擊。與英軍共同與拿破侖戰(zhàn)斗的還有荷蘭、比利時(shí)、德等國(guó)。最后拿破侖寡不敵眾,失敗。The Eve Of Waterloo There was a sound of revelry by night, And Belgium?s capital had gather?d then Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright The lamps shone o?er fair women and brave men;A thousand hearts beat happily;and when Music arose with its voluptuous swell, Soft eyes look?d love to eyes which spake again, And all went merry as a marriage bell;But hush!hark!a deep sound strikes like a rising knell!Did ye not hear it? —No;?twas but the wind, Or the car rattling o?er the stony street;On with the dance!let joy be unconfined;No sleep till morn, when Youth and Pleasure meet To chase the growing hours with flying feet— But, hark!— that heavy sound breaks in once more, As if the clouds its echo would repeat;And nearer, clearer, deadlier than before!Arm!arm!it is — it is —the cannon?s opening roar!Ah!Then and there was hurrying to and fro, And gathering tears, and tremblings of distress, And cheeks all pale, which but an hour ago Blush?d at the praise of their own loveliness: And there were sudden partings, such as press The life from out young hearts, and choking sighs Which ne?er might be repeated;who could guess If ever more should meet those mutual eyes, Since upon night so sweet such awful morn could rise!And there was mounting in hot haste: the steed, The mustering squadron, and the clattering car, Went pouring forward with impetuous speed, And swiftly forming in the ranks of war;And the deep thunder peal on peal afar;And near, the beat of the alarming drum Roused up the soldier ere the morning star;While throng?d the citizens with terror dumb, Or whispering with white lips —?the foe!they come!they come!? 注釋:

      Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright:布魯塞爾的英雄美人。Her 指Brussels Voluptuous[v /l ptu s ]swell 華麗的音樂(lè)旋律。Swell 本指大浪,此指樂(lè)聲蕩漾。Soft eyes look?d love to eyes which spake again look:溫柔的眼睛與眼睛互相傳情。Look love:Look with love。

      And all went merry as a marriage bell;大家歡欣鼓舞,就像結(jié)婚打鐘。

      a deep sound strikes like a rising knell:一個(gè)沉悶的聲音就像正在敲響的喪鐘一樣傳來(lái)。Youth and Pleasure meetTo chase the growing hours with flying feet: 青春與歡樂(lè)結(jié)伴,用飛快的腳步追逐這煥發(fā)的時(shí)光。growing hours:令人起勁的時(shí)光。

      As if the clouds its echo would repeat;天上的云好像又把它的回聲有重復(fù)了一次:意即聲音很大,會(huì)響很久。

      Arm!arm!it is — it is —the cannon?s opening roar!拿起武器,拿起武器!這是大炮在展開(kāi)咆哮。

      gathering tears:不斷聚集的淚,越來(lái)越多的淚水。

      cheeks all pale, which but an hour ago Blush?d at the praise of their own loveliness: 一小時(shí)以前因受到夸獎(jiǎng)而羞紅的臉蛋兒,現(xiàn)在都發(fā)白了。

      there were sudden partings, such as pressThe life from out young hearts, 使年輕的心靈痛不欲生的突然訣別。

      choking sighs Which ne?er might be repeated;很可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)再有的抽搐嘆息。因?yàn)榭赡苁窃E別,所很可能不會(huì)再有。

      mustering squadron:集合的中隊(duì) swiftly forming in the ranks of war;快速排成作戰(zhàn)隊(duì)形。Rank:隊(duì)列。

      And the deep thunder peal on peal afar;And near, the beat of the alarming drumRoused up the soldier ere [e ]the morning star;遠(yuǎn)處是一陣一陣的沉悶的雷鳴,近處是報(bào)警的鼓聲,不等啟名星出現(xiàn),就把士兵喚醒。

      While throng?d the citizens with terror dumb,市民們則擠在一起,被嚇成了啞巴。此句可改成:the citizens thronged, dumb with terror.或者:The citizens dumb with terror thronged.內(nèi)容:此詩(shī)極其生動(dòng)地描繪了舞會(huì)上的歡樂(lè)場(chǎng)面和大戰(zhàn)來(lái)臨之際的驚慌景象。舞會(huì)上英雄們風(fēng)度翩翩,美人們含情脈脈,婆娑起舞,盡情狂歡。沒(méi)有想到,也不相信戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)會(huì)在此時(shí)爆發(fā)。正在狂歡之際,大炮轟鳴起來(lái)。于是在驚恐和絕望之中告別。士兵門急速集合,市民們驚慌失措。整個(gè)城市亂作一團(tuán)。此詩(shī)的成功之處在于生動(dòng)的場(chǎng)景描寫,極富戲劇性,讀之如身臨其境。英國(guó)小說(shuō)家薩克雷(William Makepeace Thackeray)在起長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《名利場(chǎng)》(Vanity Fair, 1847-48)第29章中對(duì)這場(chǎng)舞會(huì)也有非常出色的描寫。

      形式:

      此詩(shī)屬斯賓塞體(Spenserian stanza),Edmund Spenser(1552?—99繼喬叟之后的最大詩(shī)人。)在The Faerie Queene 中創(chuàng)造了這種形式的詩(shī)節(jié),故名。其形式是每節(jié)九行,前八行為抑揚(yáng)格五音步,第九行為抑揚(yáng)格六音步,韻式是:ababbcbcc.There was |a sound |of re|velry |by night, And Bel|gium?s ca|pital |had ga|ther?d then Her Beau|ty and |her Chi|valry, |and bright The lamps |shone o?er |fair wo|men and |brave men;A thou|sand hearts |beat hap|pily;|and when Music| arose| with its| volup|tuous swell, Soft eyes| look?d love| to eyes |which spake |again, And all |went mer|ry as |a mar|riage bell;But hush!| hark!a| deep sound |strikes like |a ris|ing knell!Did ye |not hear| it? —No;|?twas but| the wind, Or the |car rat|tling o?er| the sto|ny street;On with |the dance!|let joy |be un|confined;No sleep| till morn, | when Youth |and Plea|sure meet To chase |the grow|ing hours |with fly|ing feet— But, hark!| — that hea|vy sound |breaks in |once more, As if |the clouds |its e|cho would |repeat;And near|er, clear|er, dead|lier than |before!Arm!arm!| it is —|it is —|the can|non?s open|ing roar!Ah!Then| and there| was hur|rying to| and fro, And gath|ering tears, | and trem|blings of| distress, And cheeks| all pale, |which but |an hour |ago Blush?d at |the praise |of their |own love|liness: And there| were sud|den par|tings, such| as press The life |from out |young hearts, |and chok|ing sighs Which ne?er |might be |repea|ted;who |could guess If ev |er more | should meet |those mut |ual eyes, Since up |on night | so sweet |such aw |ful morn |could rise!And there | was moun |ting in |hot haste: |the steed, The must |ering squa |dron, and |the clatt |ering car, Went pou |ring for |ward with | impe |tuous speed, And swift |ly form |ing in |the ranks | of war;And the |deep thun |der peal | on peal |afar;And near, | the beat |of the |alar |ming drum Roused up |the sol |dier ere | the mor |ning star;While throng?d |the ci|tizens| with ter|ror dumb, Or whisp|ering with |white lips —| ?the foe!|they come!|they come!? Percy Bysshe Shelly[/p :si bi / eli ](1792—1822)珀西·比?!ぱ┤R是拜倫的好友,與拜倫一樣,也是浪漫主義時(shí)期的大詩(shī)人。極力主張自由,不僅主張政治上的自由,也主張男女之愛(ài)的自由。二十來(lái)歲時(shí)與一個(gè)名叫Harriet Westbrook 的女孩私奔并結(jié)婚。后來(lái)加入激進(jìn)的哲學(xué)家 William Godwin 的學(xué)術(shù)圈子,成為其信徒。(William Godwin,1756—1836,主張人性本善,在理性直到下,可以不要法律。財(cái)產(chǎn)制度、婚姻制度都該廢除。)后來(lái)雪萊又在Godwin 的后妻的女兒Claire Clairmont的陪伴下與Godwin 前妻的女兒Mary Wollstonecraft私奔到瑞士,并結(jié)婚,前妻自殺。Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin 寫過(guò)一本名為《為女權(quán)申辯》(A Vindication of the Rights of Woman)可謂現(xiàn)在女全運(yùn)動(dòng)的先驅(qū)人物。Godwin 也是主張愛(ài)情自由的,可是當(dāng)雪萊與其女兒私本后,就不再如此主張了。三十歲時(shí),雪萊溺水而死。其作品很多,代表作有長(zhǎng)詩(shī)Prometheus[pru /mi: s] Unbound, Ode To The West Wind 等。我們要讀的是他的一首著名的愛(ài)情詩(shī)。One Word Is Too Often Profaned(TO——)(1)One word is too often profaned For me to profane it, One feeling too falsely disdained For thee to disdain it;One hope is too like despair For prudence to smother, And pity from thee more dear Than that from another,(2)I can give not what men call love, But wilt thou accept not The worship the heart lifts above And the Heavens reject not, — The desire of the moth for the star, Of the night for the morrow, The devotion to something afar Form the sphere of our sorrow? 注釋: 第一節(jié)

      (1)One word is too often profanedFor me to profane it, 有一個(gè)詞匯被人濫用得不像樣子,我再也不忍心濫用它了。One word指love。Profane:褻瀆。

      (2)One feeling too falsely disdainedFor thee to disdain it;有一種情感總是錯(cuò)誤地遭到蔑視,你不該狠下心,再去蔑視它。One feeling:指對(duì)所愛(ài)的人的崇敬之情。

      (3)One hope is too like despairFor prudence to smother, 有一個(gè)希望,它太難實(shí)現(xiàn),和絕望差不多,請(qǐng)你不要顧慮重重、縮手縮腳,把它熄滅。(4)And pity from thee more dear Than that form another,:對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),你的愛(ài)憐比別人的都珍貴。詩(shī)人對(duì)其情人無(wú)比崇敬,如果其情人對(duì)詩(shī)人的這種心情不視而不見(jiàn),以愛(ài)憐之心作出反應(yīng),對(duì)詩(shī)人來(lái)說(shuō)當(dāng)然無(wú)比珍貴。

      第二節(jié)

      (1)I can give not what men call love,But wilt thou accept not: 我不能向你奉獻(xiàn)世俗之人所謂的“愛(ài)”,但是難道你會(huì)忍心拒絕(以下幾種情感嗎)?wilt thou:you will.Wilt:第二人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的古式。此句與第一節(jié)的“One word is too often profanedFor me to profane it”對(duì)應(yīng)。

      (2)The worship the heart lifts aboveAnd the Heavens reject not, 如果心靈將它奉獻(xiàn)給蒼天,蒼天也不回絕的崇拜。意即這種崇拜之情是崇高而神圣的。

      (3)The desire of the moth for the star,Of the night for the morrow, 飛蛾對(duì)星星的期盼,以及黑夜對(duì)白晝的向往。Morrow :〈文〉:tomorrow, morning.詩(shī)人把自己的處境比做黑夜,把所愛(ài)的人比做光明。

      (4)The devotion to something afar Form the sphere of our sorrow? 在痛苦的塵世中對(duì)遙遠(yuǎn)夢(mèng)景的追求。這與第一節(jié)“One hope is too like despair”相呼應(yīng)。Sphere 本義為球體,此處指世俗世界。

      內(nèi)容:此詩(shī)與彭斯的那首風(fēng)格不同。前者外漏而淺顯,此詩(shī)深摯并有一定的哲理。雪萊認(rèn)為愛(ài)情是從人的天性中自然流露出來(lái)的某種純潔的、柔嫩的情感,崇高而神圣。就像飛蛾對(duì)星星的期盼、黑暗對(duì)光明的向往、痛苦中對(duì)美好未來(lái)的追求一樣,是天地間自然而然產(chǎn)生的。這種情感一旦夾雜世俗生活中的庸俗觀念,就會(huì)被扭曲、被褻瀆。此與Plato哲學(xué)思想有關(guān)。實(shí)際情況也的確如此,人們基于世俗的考慮,這種高潔的東西經(jīng)常被輕蔑、被褻瀆,以至于追求純潔愛(ài)情的希望幾乎與絕望相等。看來(lái),不僅從我們現(xiàn)在從周圍的現(xiàn)實(shí)看是如此,在雪萊時(shí)代的英國(guó),也是如此。可以說(shuō)“愛(ài)情之難,難于上青天”。

      形式:抑揚(yáng)格與抑抑揚(yáng)格相間。第二節(jié)最后四行顯然是抑抑揚(yáng)格,有向前沖的勢(shì)頭,與內(nèi)容中的“向往”之意吻合。韻式是ababcdcd

      第二篇:英文詩(shī)歌鑒賞-Annabel Lee

      Annabel Lee

      ——Edgar Allan Poe It was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the sea, That a maiden there lived whom you may know By the name of ANNABEL LEE;And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me.I was a child and she was a child, In this kingdom by the sea;But we loved with a love that was more than love-I and my Annabel Lee;With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven Coveted her and me.And this was the reason that, long ago, In this kingdom by the sea, A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling My beautiful Annabel Lee;So that her highborn kinsman came And bore her away from me, To shut her up in a sepulchre In this kingdom by the sea.The angels, not half so happy in heaven, Went envying her and me-Yes!-that was the reason(as all men know, In this kingdom by the sea)That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.But our love it was stronger by far than the love Of those who were older than we-Of many far wiser than we-And neither the angels in heaven above, Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee.For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side

      Of my darling-my darling-my life and my bride, In the sepulchre there by the sea, In her tomb by the sounding sea.Edgar Allan Poe is one of the greatest literary figures in the history of American literature.He develops his own poetic theories and tries to apply the theories to his writing.Poe is against the didactic function of poetry, advocating that poetry should be a rhythmical creation of beauty.Poe's poems are perfect illustrations of his poetic theories.His poems are aimed at producing a melancholy feeling in the reader and make the reader feel the metrical beauty of poems.His poetic works are well appreciated all over the world.“Annabel Lee” is one of his last poems and also one of his best poems.The poem is also well organized, with a musical rhythm and fairy tale form.Annabel Lee, like many other poems of Edgar Allan Poe, describes the theme of the death of a beautiful woman which is called “the most poetical topic in the world” by the poet himself.In the poem, the narrator and Annabel Lee had an extremely strong love for each other since they were children.Unfortunately, their love is so strong that even angels envy them and Annabel Lee was killed by them.However, the narrator retains the deep love for her after her death.Just as the last stanza shows us, the narrator dreams about Annabel everyday and lies by the side of her tomb at night.It seems that their love is beyond grave and death.There are many speculation of who is the inspiration of Annabel Lee.I would like to believe that Annabel Lee is referring to Poe’s wife Virginia who died at the age of 26.She was loved as a child by Edgar Allen Poe because she was only 13 when she married the 27-year-old Poe.And she was the only bride of him.Poe set the scene in a kingdom by the sea and uses some images like sepulcher and tomb, which add some Gothic touch to the poem.With the repetition of some words and phrases, the poem has a nostalgic tone and gives us a mournful feeling.The mysterious tone of the poem makes us feel that only in mysterious and ancient time does such kind of love exist.Besides the content, the poetic structure of this poem is also what I appreciate.It is composed of six stanzas with lines at different length, which gives me a feeling of the waves of the ocean.When I read it, the rhyme and the different length makes it has a musical effect and it is like telling a story to someone.“Annabel Lee” was composed in the form of a fairy tale.First, the poet chose simple everyday words as that of tales to compose his poem, so that it could be easily reached by everyone, even by small children.Second, the starting line “It was many and many a year ago, / In a kingdom by the sea,” suggests that the tale has existed for a long time and it has been told many times, which indicates the strong love between the narrator and Annabel Lee doesn't fade with time, and it will be told from generation to generation;by this way, their love will reach immortality.“Annabel Lee” also shows some characteristics of a ballad.For example: The language is simple;it is accessible to the common people and children.The theme is tragic and the tone is melancholy;the poem tells the death of a beloved young beauty,which is the most frequently seen theme in Poe's poems.Poe uses insistent repetition of phrases like “Annabel Lee”, “in this kingdom by the sea” for effect, which might be considered as refrains in a ballad.Let’s appreciate it carefully.In Stanza 1, “maiden” implies the narrator hasn't consummated with Annalbel Lee before she had been

      dead, and it symbolizes the innocence and pure.As above “many and many” and “l(fā)ove and be loved”, Poe utilizes the repetition to enhance the rhythm of the poem.However, we can also find the repetition in Stanza 2, as the sounds of “w” and “l(fā)”: But we loved with a love that was more than love.“I was a child and she was a child, here we find the repetition of the word, child suggesting the amazement and fascination in youth.Poe uses ”sepulchre“ in Stanza 3 and we can see ”tomb“ in Stanza 6;the former is where Annabel Lee is buried in and the latter is where Annabel Lee's soul rest in, furthermore ”tomb“ deepens the ominus connotion with finality, just like a more deathly toll of a funeral bell.There're rhyme and alliteration as follows:

      A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling

      My beautiful Annabel Lee;

      So that her high-born kinsmen came

      And bore her away from me,To shut her up in a sepulchre

      In this kingdom by the sea.Let's get an overlook on Stanza 4 and Stanza 5, then we can find that Poe heavily uses alliteration just in want of creating fascinating sound patterns, as the following sentense in these two Stanzas:

      A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling

      That the wind came out of the cloud one night,But our love it was stronger by far than the love

      Of those who were older than we

      ”In the kingdom of the sea“ and ”Annabel Lee“ are repeated by the narrator in term of a repetition of Poe, which is murmured by the narrtor after losing his lover, Annabel Lee.And now Annabel Lee in the kingdom of the sea seems to be a nightmare.Throughout the poem, Poe utilizes the imagery of drak and light, and indicates that in this kingdom by the sea is a very bright, pleasing and peaceful place with sunshine on the narrator and his beautiful Annabel Lee, but, irronically, it's the very angles, Seraphs from another same place like the kingdom of the sea, lightful and cheering, that let the sky get dark(the wind came out of the cloud one night)and send the chilling and killing wind that takes Annabel Lee away from the narrator and this Kingdom of the sea and push her into the sepulchre, and even the tomb because of envy and jealousy.However, it also gives us an evidence that the narrator is very childish and hasn't grown up yet since he went throgh the lose.The repetiton of his word implies that he is trying to rationalize his feeling and be mature.And then the last four lines in Stanza 5, which're totally different from The Raven, Poe or the narrator, believes that two can be one or reunited by love even beyond the death and none can dissever the soul from the other soul of the two lovers.It's the last poem of Edgar Allen Poe so that we can see mature and tranquility in this poem.In Stanza 6, Poe uses the light of the moon and the brightness of the star to account so strong love of the narrator and Annabel Lee that he lies down by her side in her sepulchre and her tomb by the sea where love is everything, even the narrator's life.What a bitter sweetness love is!

      Mood and Tone of the Poem

      ”Annabel Lee“ is a poem Poe wrote to grieve over his early-died wife.At the beginning,the tone of the poem is quietly mournful.It feels like that the narrator is lost in thought, recalling the precious love between him and Annabel Lee.By and by, with the narrator thinking of the death of Annabel Lee, the tone becomes more mournful.When it reaches the fourth stanza where the reason of Annabel Lee's death is revealed, the tone is indignant.The narrator becomes angry at the winged seraphs, since they take away his lover.Then the tone becomes more and more emphatic and risesto its emotional climax in the last stanza.Everything in the world makes the narrator think of Annabel Lee.Hence the narrator expresses his strong will of loving Annabel Lee forever.In a word, the poem is an elegy written to his dead wife;it wears a mournful and melancholy tone.Rhythm of the Poem

      Poe believes that beauty is the sole purpose of the poem.He insists on an even metrical flow in versification.Therefore, all his poems are rhythmical and musical.”Annabel Lee“ was mainly written in anapestic trimeter, tetrameter, and sometimes dimeter.The poem consists of six stanzas.the first, second, and fourth stanza each contains six lines, the third and sixth stanza eight lines, and the fifth stanza seven lines.What's more, the lines are also of different lengths.One long line is frequently followed by a short one.Different lengths of lines and stanzas create a rise and fall rhythm, just like the ebbing and flowing of the sea which create a melancholy and sad feeling in the reader.The rhyme scheme of the first stanza is ababcb;the second stanza is abcbdb;the third stanza is abcbdbeb, and rhyme schemes of the last three stanzas are abcbdb, abbabcb, abcbddbb.From here you can see that the rhyme scheme is not so regular among each stanza, but the [i:] sound is the basic rhyme through the whole poem.This kind of rhyme scheme reflects the unchanging love of the two lovers.[i:] is a long front close vowel, the sound of which is similar to the weeping of people.Therefore the frequent use of this rhyme adds the great sorrow of the narrator at losing his loved one.Another frequently used rhyme is [ai] such as in ”night“, ”tide“, ”side“, ”eye“ and ”bride“.This use of this diphthong can create a high pitch, which expressed the anger of the narrator towards the seraphs.Poe also used other rhyming types: Alliteration of [m] and [奩] in the line ”That a maiden there lived whom you may know“.Assonance of [ei] in the same line with ”maiden“ and ”may“;[i耷] in ”chilling and killing my Annabel Lee“.”Chilling“ and ”killing“ is also an example of end rhyme and feminine rhyme.Internal rhymes like ”beams“ and ”dreams“ in the line ”For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams“.All in all, [m], [n], [耷], [奩] and [i:] are the recurrent sounds in the poem.These sounds usually create a low mood and make people want to cry.The repetition of ”Annabel Lee“ and ”in this kingdom by the sea“ feels like the insistent tolling of a bell at a funeral, leaving the reader in great sadness.Imagery of the poem Image is the soul of poetry as language is the body of poetry.In this poem, Poe uses a lot of images to create a melancholy feeling in the reader.The images of ”the kingdom by the sea“, ”the seraphs“ and ”the demons“ create a mythical remote atmosphere.This implies that there love is so great and beautiful that it could only exist in a remote kingdom by the sea.”Children“ implies that their love is pure and innocent, without being aware of the earthly troubles.”The moon“ and ”the stars“ are the images of the universe, which show that all the things in the world make the narrator think of Annabel Lee.”The night tide“ and ” the sepulcher“ create a gothic mood of the poem.”The sounding sea“ is used to emphasize the quietness of the kingdom by contrast, and at the same time implies the changing of time in order to show the unchanging love by contrast.Reading the poem, the reader can see the moon, the stars and the

      kingdom by the sea, can feel the chilling wind from heaven, and can hear the noise of the sounding sea.The poem employs people's senses and imagination to create a picture of a fairy tale scene.Conclusion Poe says in his ”The Poetic Principle“ that the poem should be short, readable at one sitting.Its chief aim is beauty.”Annabel Lee“ is just a good illustration of his poetic theories.The poem consists of 41lines, just readable at one sitting.He also concludes that the death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.The poem tells the death of Annabel Lee---the loss of a beautiful woman the narrator loves so much,hence producing a melancholy feeling in the reader.Poe stresses rhythm, and defines true poetry as ”the rhythmical creation of beauty“.His style is traditional, employing regular rhyme schemes and all kinds of poetic devices to compose the poem in order to achieve a musical effect.Unlike his other works, ”Annabel Lee" is easy to read, using simple words and simple form creating a simple fairy tale.

      第三篇:詩(shī)歌鑒賞

      一、詩(shī)歌鑒賞??嫉念}型

      (一)表現(xiàn)手法和技巧賞析

      修辭手法、表達(dá)方式、表現(xiàn)手法

      1、修辭手法

      ①比喻:比喻能將抽象化為具體,能將無(wú)形化為有形。例如寫“愁”:李后主云“問(wèn)君能有幾多愁,恰似一江春水向東流。”以江水寫愁,則使人想見(jiàn)愁意之漫長(zhǎng)。

      ②夸張:夸張就是為了突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)某種事物或事物的某種特征,借助于想象,對(duì)它進(jìn)行夸大或縮小,以引人注目,烘托氣氛,增強(qiáng)聯(lián)想,給人啟示。如陸游《秋夜將曉出籬門迎涼有感》:“三萬(wàn)里河?xùn)|入海,五千仞岳上摩天。遺民淚盡胡塵里,南望王師又一年?!痹?shī)中的“三萬(wàn)里”“五千仞”“上摩天”“淚盡”都是夸張,正是這些夸張描寫,把詩(shī)人對(duì)祖國(guó)的熱愛(ài),對(duì)茍且偷安、不去收復(fù)失地的求和派的憤懣,以及對(duì)遺民遭受的苦難的深切同情,表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。

      ③擬人:把物人格化,可以使描繪生動(dòng)形象,表意更加豐富。如劉頒《新晴》:“青苔滿地初晴后,綠樹(shù)無(wú)人晝夢(mèng)余。唯有南風(fēng)舊相識(shí),偷開(kāi)門戶又翻書。”詩(shī)中將“南風(fēng)”人格化,通過(guò)一系列動(dòng)作描寫,表現(xiàn)了久雨初晴后作者寧?kù)o恬適的心情,以及對(duì)南風(fēng)“惡作劇”的親切喜愛(ài)之情。

      2、表達(dá)方式

      敘述、議論、抒情、描寫??疾榈闹攸c(diǎn)是抒情和描寫。其中,抒情可分直抒胸臆(直接抒情)、間接抒情(手法常是借景抒情、情景交融、托物言志等)。

      3、表現(xiàn)手法

      對(duì)照、襯托、渲染、烘托、用典、鋪墊、象征、動(dòng)靜結(jié)合、虛實(shí)相生、借景抒情、情景交融、借古抒懷、借古諷今、托物言志、以樂(lè)景寫哀情、以哀景寫樂(lè)情等。

      ①托物言志 詩(shī)人借自然界中的某物自身具有的特征,來(lái)表達(dá)某種志向或情感,詩(shī)中的物帶有了人格化的色彩。如王冕的《墨梅》:“我家洗硯池頭樹(shù),朵朵花開(kāi)淡墨痕。不要人夸顏色好,只留清氣滿乾坤。”此詩(shī)以梅自喻,運(yùn)用了托物言志的手法,表現(xiàn)了作者要像梅花那樣的高潔、淡雅,不向世俗獻(xiàn)媚的堅(jiān)貞、純潔的操守。

      ②渲染 本是一種國(guó)畫技法,一般是在需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的地方濃墨重彩,使畫面形象的某一方面更為突出。用于藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作,就是從正面著意描寫。如趙師秀的《約客》中以“家家雨”“處處蛙”渲染一種氣氛,襯托夜的深和夜的靜。

      ③烘托 本是國(guó)畫的一種技法,用水墨或色彩在物象的輪廓外面渲染襯托,使物象明顯突出。用于藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作,指從側(cè)面著意描寫,作為陪襯。如王維的《鳥鳴澗》:“人閑桂花落,夜靜春山空。月出驚山鳥,時(shí)鳴春澗中?!痹?shī)中寫到了花落、月出、鳥鳴這些動(dòng)的景物,既使畫面顯得富有生機(jī)而不枯寂,同時(shí)又通過(guò)動(dòng),更加突出了春澗的寂靜。

      ④動(dòng)和靜 藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中離不開(kāi)動(dòng)態(tài)描寫和靜態(tài)描寫,或以動(dòng)襯靜,或以靜襯動(dòng),或一動(dòng)一靜,相輔相成。

      ⑤虛和實(shí) 虛實(shí)結(jié)合的寫法,可以使作品結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊、形象更加鮮明。如楊萬(wàn)里《曉出凈慈寺送林子方》:“畢竟西湖六月中,風(fēng)光不與四時(shí)同。接天蓮葉無(wú)窮碧,映日荷花別樣紅?!痹?shī)中前兩句泛說(shuō)西湖六月的風(fēng)光自有特色,是虛寫;后兩句描寫滿湖蓮葉荷花在朝陽(yáng)的輝映下,無(wú)邊無(wú)際的碧綠和艷紅和諧地搭配著,是實(shí)寫。全詩(shī)虛實(shí)相生,收到相得益彰的效果。

      ⑥借景抒情 即詩(shī)人把自身所要抒發(fā)的情感、表達(dá)的思想寄寓在景物之中,通過(guò)描寫景物予以抒發(fā)。如杜甫的《絕句》:“江碧鳥逾白,山青花欲燃。今春看又過(guò),何日是歸年?”全詩(shī)抒發(fā)了羈旅異鄉(xiāng)的感慨,詩(shī)人借清新美好的春光景色的描寫,透露出了思?xì)w的感傷,以樂(lè)景寫哀情,別具韻致。

      ⑦對(duì)照 又稱對(duì)比,就是把對(duì)立的事物(或景,或境,或人,或情),前后相敘,以增強(qiáng)藝術(shù)效果的表現(xiàn)手法。比如,張繼的《楓橋夜泊》。詩(shī)的一、二句中,霜天、殘?jiān)率抢渖?,江楓、漁火是暖色,這是色彩的對(duì)照。這一對(duì)照營(yíng)造出了一種孤寂的意境。從而達(dá)到了情景交融的抒情效果。

      【答題步驟】 ① 點(diǎn)出手法;

      ② 結(jié)合詩(shī)句分析怎樣運(yùn)用手法; ③ 此手法傳達(dá)出詩(shī)人怎樣的情感。

      (二)詩(shī)歌形象或是意境賞析

      1、類型:人物形象和意象

      ①人物形象:即詩(shī)中的詩(shī)人形象“我”,一般指的就是抒情主人公。A豪放灑脫的形象; B憂國(guó)憂民,青衫淚沾的形象; C歸隱田園,鐘情山水的形象; D愛(ài)惜人才的形象;

      E兒女情長(zhǎng)的形象

      ②意象:詩(shī)歌中融入了詩(shī)人情感的客觀意象。長(zhǎng)亭:陸地送別之所,寫到長(zhǎng)亭,一般就與送別相關(guān)。

      楊柳:由于“柳”與“留”音近,古人常折柳相送,因而“楊柳”與離別相關(guān);又因古人常把柳種在房前屋后,因而也表達(dá)對(duì)故鄉(xiāng)的無(wú)限牽掛。

      芳草:喻離恨,也與美人一起喻美好事物,比如理想等等。梧桐:表示一種凄苦之音,常與凄涼悲傷相聯(lián)系。

      芭蕉:常常與孤獨(dú)憂愁特別是離情別緒相聯(lián)系。雨打芭蕉往往讓人覺(jué)得凄愴。梅花:初用于贈(zèng)別,后為一種堅(jiān)忍不拔、高風(fēng)亮節(jié)的人格象征,是身陷逆境卻勇往直前為理想而拼搏的勇者,是清高隱逸不隨波逐流的孤高智者的象征。

      松柏:耐寒樹(shù)木,經(jīng)冬不凋,象征孤直剛正的品格。

      菊花:清麗淡雅,芳香襲人,欺霜傲雪,在詩(shī)詞中常常是恬然自處、傲然不屈高尚品格的象征。

      蓮花、蓮子:“蓮”與“憐”諧音,“子”為第二人稱敬詞,古詩(shī)中有不少寫蓮的詩(shī)句表達(dá)愛(ài)情。又由于蓮出淤泥而不染,故又被視為處于濁世而仍保持氣節(jié)的高潔之士的象征。

      竹子:虛心、有節(jié)、根固、質(zhì)堅(jiān)、瀟灑、挺拔,所以,詩(shī)詞中多為“堅(jiān)貞”“高雅”“氣節(jié)”的象征。

      寒蟬:由于它棲于高枝,餐風(fēng)食露,所以常用來(lái)喻指人的高潔人品。又因秋后的蟬命不久長(zhǎng),寒蟬也成為悲涼的同義詞。

      鴻雁:鴻雁是侯鳥,春秋遷徙,常常觸動(dòng)人的故鄉(xiāng)之思,所以常用大雁寄托人的濃濃的鄉(xiāng)愁。又因它曾為蘇武傳書,也常比作信使。

      鷓鴣鳥:容易勾起旅途艱險(xiǎn)的聯(lián)想和滿腔的離愁別緒。杜鵑鳥:是凄涼、哀傷、思?xì)w的象征。

      蟋蟀:又名“促織”,跟促人紡織、準(zhǔn)備冬衣以至懷念征人等聯(lián)系在一起。

      2、常設(shè)問(wèn)題:

      ①分析詩(shī)歌中塑造了什么形象?②說(shuō)出形象的基本特征?③這首詩(shī)營(yíng)造了怎樣的意境氛圍?

      【答題步驟】

      ① 描繪詩(shī)中展現(xiàn)的畫面景象。(抓住主要景物,用自己的語(yǔ)言描繪,力求語(yǔ)言優(yōu)美)

      概括景物的特點(diǎn)。一般用雙音節(jié)詞,如孤寂清冷,恬靜優(yōu)美,雄渾壯闊、蕭瑟凄涼等;

      景物傳達(dá)出作者怎樣的情感。(一定要回答出具體的情感)

      (三)詩(shī)歌語(yǔ)言賞析

      1、語(yǔ)言特色:包括格調(diào)、色彩、境界、情味等。

      (1)平實(shí)質(zhì)樸:不加任何修飾,顯得平易近人,但平淡中飽含深意;

      (2)含蓄雋永,含蓄委婉:即字里行間總留有想象空間,將想要表達(dá)的意象隱藏在形象中;

      (3)清新明麗,清新雅致:用一些清麗的語(yǔ)言營(yíng)造優(yōu)美的意境;(4)形象生動(dòng):讓人感覺(jué)景象畫面有聲有色地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái);(5)幽默諷刺:筆調(diào)較為詼諧風(fēng)趣;(6)雄渾開(kāi)闊:意境開(kāi)闊遼遠(yuǎn),氣勢(shì)浩蕩;(7)沉郁悲涼:

      2.煉字:簡(jiǎn)練、新奇(1)簡(jiǎn)練

      古代詩(shī)歌的的語(yǔ)言一般具有“簡(jiǎn)練、新奇”的特點(diǎn)。所謂“簡(jiǎn)練”就是用最少的字表達(dá)出最豐富的內(nèi)涵,分析詩(shī)歌的語(yǔ)言,除了理解語(yǔ)言字面的意義,還要體會(huì)其言外之意、弦外之音,進(jìn)而把握詩(shī)歌表情達(dá)意的語(yǔ)言特色。

      比如蘇軾的《東坡》:“雨洗東坡月色清,市人行盡野人行。莫嫌犖確坡頭路,自愛(ài)鏗然曳杖聲。”一個(gè)“清”字,既寫出了天空和地面的的潔凈、月光照射萬(wàn)物所形成的澄明清朗的境界,也寫出了作者雖仕途坎坷、被貶黃州但隨遇而安、開(kāi)朗樂(lè)觀、心凈無(wú)塵的心靈世界。

      (2)新奇

      所謂“新奇”就是用特殊的詞法、句法,取得一般用法所難以達(dá)到的效果。分析詩(shī)歌語(yǔ)言,除了分析語(yǔ)言的用法,也要分析這種表達(dá)效果,進(jìn)而把握詩(shī)歌表情達(dá)意的語(yǔ)言特色。比如“紅杏枝頭春意鬧”的“鬧”、“春風(fēng)又綠江南岸”的“綠”都是這種“新奇”的語(yǔ)言。

      【答題步驟】

      ① 一般會(huì)用到手法,若有的話,先點(diǎn)出手法;

      ② 運(yùn)用手法分析該字在句子中的含義(放入原句中描述景象); ③ 展開(kāi)想象,點(diǎn)出該字烘托怎樣的意境,表達(dá)出詩(shī)人何種情感;

      【規(guī)律總結(jié)】

      對(duì)詩(shī)歌語(yǔ)言的考查,一般從詞句入手?;卮鸱绞?,一般總說(shuō)語(yǔ)言特色,然后結(jié)合詩(shī)歌的具體內(nèi)容,從手法(修辭、煉字)、內(nèi)容、思想感情入手分析。就近幾年高考題來(lái)看,從思想內(nèi)容方面考查多些,表達(dá)效果也主要體現(xiàn)在表情達(dá)意上。煉字、詩(shī)眼是主要的考查方式。

      一、考慮古代詩(shī)歌推敲字詞的特點(diǎn),關(guān)注重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)。

      1、名詞:名詞往往是特定意象的特稱。名詞的連用常常會(huì)營(yíng)造出一定的意境。如馬致遠(yuǎn)的《天凈沙·秋思》。

      2、動(dòng)詞:一個(gè)動(dòng)詞往往能夠使整首詩(shī)活起來(lái),而且動(dòng)詞往往有多重含義。如“采菊東籬下,悠然見(jiàn)南山?!币粋€(gè)“見(jiàn)”字把詩(shī)人無(wú)意看山而見(jiàn)山,悠閑自得的形象表現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。

      3、形容詞:這些詞語(yǔ)往往從各個(gè)角度對(duì)中心詞進(jìn)行修飾限制,對(duì)渲染氣氛、表現(xiàn)心情都有非常重要的作用。如“日出江花紅勝火,春來(lái)江水綠如藍(lán)?!薄凹t”“綠”“火”“藍(lán)”等詞語(yǔ)把江南的美景寫得色彩絢爛,美不勝收。

      4、副詞:往往也起修飾限制作用,在很多情況下也是鑒賞的重點(diǎn)。如“忽見(jiàn)陌頭楊柳色,悔教夫婿覓封侯?!币粋€(gè)“忽”字把漫不經(jīng)心而忽然想起了丈夫不禁傷感的情緒變化表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。而這正是本詩(shī)的耐人尋味之處。

      5、數(shù)量詞:可以準(zhǔn)確地表情達(dá)意。如杜甫的《曲江二首》之一中的“一片飛花減卻春,風(fēng)飄萬(wàn)點(diǎn)正愁人”,“一片”飛花落下都要減掉一層春色,“萬(wàn)點(diǎn)”飛花飄落更使人煩惱愁悶。抒發(fā)了詩(shī)人因傷春而滿腹愁怨的感情。

      6、疊詞:詞語(yǔ)的重疊往往能使意境深化。典型的是李清照的“尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清,凄凄慘慘戚戚?!睂⒃?shī)人寂苦無(wú)告的心境淋漓盡致地表現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。

      【牛刀小試】 題型一:表達(dá)技巧

      1、閱讀下面一首詩(shī),回答問(wèn)題:

      春思

      賈至

      草色青青柳色黃,桃花歷亂李花香。

      東風(fēng)不為吹愁去,春日偏能惹恨長(zhǎng)。

      (1)詩(shī)歌在景物描寫和感情抒發(fā)上各據(jù)特色,試從表達(dá)技巧上作簡(jiǎn)要分析。

      2、閱讀下面一首詩(shī),回答問(wèn)題:

      賈生

      李商隱

      宣室求賢訪逐臣,賈生才調(diào)更無(wú)倫。

      可憐夜半虛前席,不問(wèn)蒼生問(wèn)鬼神。

      (1)詩(shī)中的“可憐”的意思是什么?與“可憐身上衣正單,心憂炭賤愿天寒(《買炭翁》)”和“可憐體無(wú)比,阿母為汝求(《孔雀東南飛》)”中“可憐”意思是否一樣?請(qǐng)作簡(jiǎn)要分析。

      (2)詩(shī)人對(duì)賈生(賈誼)的評(píng)價(jià)是什么?體現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人什么感情?

      (3)這首詩(shī)用了先揚(yáng)后抑的寫作手法,試作分析。

      題型二:詩(shī)歌形象

      1、閱讀下面這首宋詞,然后回答問(wèn)題。

      南柯子 王炎

      山冥云陰重,天寒雨意濃。數(shù)枝幽艷濕啼紅。莫為惜花惆悵對(duì)東風(fēng)。蓑笠朝朝出,溝塍處處通。人間辛苦是三農(nóng)①。要得一犁水足望年豐。[注]①三農(nóng):指春耕、夏耘、秋收。

      (1)上闋中“數(shù)枝幽艷濕啼紅”一句展現(xiàn)的是一幅什么樣的畫面?作者寫這句詩(shī)是為惜春傷懷嗎?為什么?

      2、閱讀下面一首唐詩(shī),然后回答問(wèn)題。

      江 漢 杜甫

      江漢思?xì)w客,乾坤一腐儒。片云天共遠(yuǎn),永夜月同孤。落日心猶壯,秋風(fēng)病欲蘇。古來(lái)存老馬,不必取長(zhǎng)途。

      (1)這是杜甫晚年客居江漢時(shí)所寫的一首詩(shī)。詩(shī)中二、三聯(lián)用了“片云”、“孤月”、“落日”、“秋風(fēng)”幾個(gè)意象,請(qǐng)分析其情景交融的意境。

      題型三:詩(shī)歌的語(yǔ)言

      1、閱讀下面這首詞,然后回答問(wèn)題。

      菩薩蠻 李白

      平林漠漠煙如織,寒山一帶傷心碧。螟色入高樓,有人樓上愁。玉階空佇立,宿鳥歸飛急。何處是歸程?長(zhǎng)亭更短亭。

      (1)古典詩(shī)詞特別講究煉字。請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要分析“空”字在表情達(dá)意上的作用。

      2、閱讀下面一首唐詩(shī),按要求答題。

      端 居① 李商隱

      遠(yuǎn)書歸夢(mèng)兩悠悠,只有空床敵素秋②。階下青苔與紅樹(shù),雨中寥落月中愁。[注]①端居:閑居。②素秋:秋天的代稱。

      (1)這首詩(shī)第二句中的“敵”可否換成“對(duì)”或其他詞?請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)述理由。

      【鞏固練習(xí)】

      一、閱讀下面兩首詩(shī),回答問(wèn)題。

      (一)溪居即事

      崔道融

      籬外誰(shuí)家不系船,春風(fēng)吹入釣魚灣。

      小童疑是有村客,急向柴門去卻關(guān)。

      注:卻關(guān):打開(kāi)門閂。

      ①分析詩(shī)人描寫景物的手法?

      ②簡(jiǎn)要分析小童的形象。

      ③詩(shī)歌反映了詩(shī)人什么樣的思想?你是如何評(píng)價(jià)這種思想的,說(shuō)說(shuō)你的理由。

      (二)新晴野望

      王維

      新晴原野曠,極目無(wú)塵垢①。郭門臨渡頭,村樹(shù)連溪口。白水明田外,碧峰出山后。農(nóng)月無(wú)人閑,傾家事南畝。[注]①塵垢:塵埃。

      1、第三聯(lián)上下兩句中最精練傳神的分別是哪一個(gè)字?請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要分析。

      2、尾聯(lián)描寫了一幅什么樣的圖景?這樣寫有什么好處?

      【參考答案】

      題型一:1.詩(shī)的前兩句描寫春季的絢麗美景(青青草色、鵝黃楊柳、繽紛桃花、芬芳李花),是歡樂(lè)的景象;后兩句用比擬的修辭寫自己的愁思(東風(fēng)不能吹愁,春日添加遺憾),是悲哀的感情。詩(shī)人用樂(lè)景寫哀情,利用對(duì)比,真切地表現(xiàn)出自己的哀愁

      2.①這首詩(shī)的“可憐”是“可惜”的意思;《賣炭翁》中的“可憐”是“值得憐憫”的意思;《孔雀東南飛》中是“可愛(ài)”的意思。

      ②賈誼有才華,但得不到重用。寄寓詩(shī)人懷才不遇的感慨。

      ③詩(shī)的前兩句寫朝廷重賢,宣室召見(jiàn),重新任用才華橫溢的賈生,是贊美,是揚(yáng);后兩句寫討論的是服藥求仙等虛無(wú)的事情,而不去探討天下百姓的問(wèn)題,是諷刺,是抑。詩(shī)人用欲

      抑先揚(yáng)的手法譏諷朝廷的昏庸和對(duì)賢臣的不重用。

      題型二:1.《南柯子》[解題指導(dǎo)]這道題考查的是對(duì)畫面內(nèi)容的再現(xiàn),屬于“什么形象”。解答這類題目,首先對(duì)整首詩(shī)歌有一個(gè)大致的了解;其次是對(duì)畫面本身有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確而全面的把握;再次是選用準(zhǔn)確而簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言作答。這首詞詠嘆了農(nóng)民的勞動(dòng)生活,流露了與之聲息相通的質(zhì)樸而健康的感情。上闋以景語(yǔ)起筆,山色昏暗,烏云密布,寒雨將至。數(shù)枝嬌花映入眼簾。但接下來(lái)卻勸人勿惜花、莫惆悵,不同于常筆。下闋又宕開(kāi)去,將筆觸伸向阡陌,寫不避風(fēng)雨勞作的農(nóng)人,遂引發(fā)了“人間辛苦是三農(nóng)”的感嘆。表達(dá)農(nóng)民“要得一犁水足望年豐”。把握畫面形象、內(nèi)容,要準(zhǔn)確理解“幽艷”和“濕啼紅”這兩個(gè)要素,“幽艷”指代鮮花,“濕啼紅”是露水打濕了鮮花,鮮花紅艷、惹人愛(ài)憐之意。在理解了形象之后,是否惜春傷懷,就十分清楚了。

      [答案]一幅幾枝鮮花的花瓣上沾著水珠楚楚堪憐的畫面。不是為惜春傷懷??梢詮膬蓚€(gè)方面看出:一是作者接著“數(shù)枝”句說(shuō)“莫為惜花惆悵對(duì)東風(fēng)”;二是在烏云密布、寒雨將至?xí)r,作者更關(guān)心的是“要得一犁水足望年豐”。

      2.《江漢》[解題指導(dǎo)]此題考查的是鑒賞詩(shī)歌的意境。詩(shī)歌所用的意象在題目設(shè)問(wèn)時(shí)已作明顯提示,“意境”前加“情景交融”來(lái)限定,這樣答題的切入點(diǎn)也就非常明晰,只須答出景物特點(diǎn)和所抒發(fā)的情感是什么就可以了。詩(shī)人客居成都多年,現(xiàn)在又自夔州出峽,流寓江陵一帶,難免有漂泊孤獨(dú)的傷感?!八?xì)w”卻又只能作“客”,“乾坤”之大,卻沒(méi)有詩(shī)人的安身之所,加上“腐儒”的自嘲,所以,“片云”“孤月”也就是詩(shī)人孤獨(dú)處境和心境的寫照。但詩(shī)人又是一個(gè)心憂天下、自強(qiáng)不息的人,況且現(xiàn)在病體逐漸康復(fù),更是壯心不已。所以“落日”“秋風(fēng)”表現(xiàn)的不是衰敗,相反,“心猶壯”“病欲蘇”共同表現(xiàn)出了進(jìn)取的精神狀態(tài)。

      [答案]“片云”、“孤月”意境悲涼,流露出作者孤獨(dú)、苦無(wú)知音的煩悶;“落日”、“秋風(fēng)”意境雄壯、開(kāi)闊,又體現(xiàn)了作者“烈士暮年,壯心不已”的樂(lè)觀曠達(dá)。

      題型三:1.《菩薩蠻》[解題指導(dǎo)]了解題目要求后,要快速對(duì)全詩(shī)有一個(gè)大致的了解。從“漠漠煙如織”、“寒山”、“傷心”等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)看,這首詞的感情基調(diào)應(yīng)是一種憂傷、孤寂;從“樓上愁”、“宿鳥歸飛”、“歸程”等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)看,所表達(dá)的應(yīng)是一種思鄉(xiāng)、思人的感情;“何處是歸程?”應(yīng)是一種思而不得?!翱铡睉?yīng)較好地表達(dá)出這種意境。

      [答案]“空”字一方面寫出獨(dú)自一人的孤單,也寫出心中的空落,表達(dá)了苦苦等待而沒(méi)有結(jié)果的孤寂、惆悵,增添了全詞的“愁”味,使主題更加鮮明。

      2.《端居》[解題指導(dǎo)]在對(duì)全詩(shī)整體把握之后,再來(lái)思考“敵”與“對(duì)”的不同效果。一個(gè)“敵”字,用字險(xiǎn)而穩(wěn),除了客觀環(huán)境清寥凄寒之外,更兼有主觀心靈的寂寞凄愴。仔

      細(xì)品味,會(huì)覺(jué)出它的妙趣。

      [答案]不能換成“對(duì)”或其他詞。用“敵”字不僅突出“空床”與“素秋”默默相對(duì)的寂寥清冷的氛圍,而且表現(xiàn)出空床獨(dú)寢的人無(wú)法承受“素秋”的清冷凄涼的情狀,抒發(fā)了詩(shī)人心靈深處難以言狀的凄愴之情。用“對(duì)”或其他詞語(yǔ)難以達(dá)到這種表達(dá)效果。

      【鞏固練習(xí)】

      詩(shī)歌類:《溪居即事》1.①用白描手法寫水中和岸上的場(chǎng)景(生動(dòng)表現(xiàn)春日河灣景象),“小童”一句把兩種場(chǎng)景連接起來(lái),動(dòng)靜結(jié)合,渾然一體,顯示水鄉(xiāng)的寧?kù)o、優(yōu)美,有濃郁的鄉(xiāng)村生活氣息。

      2、②從“疑是”、“急”、“卻關(guān)”可以看出,小童聰明機(jī)靈、待人熱情。

      3、③悠閑自得、恬靜閑適的思想。(山水田園詩(shī)多抒發(fā)對(duì)歸隱田園的寧?kù)o生活的向往。有的詩(shī)表現(xiàn)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的不滿,說(shuō)明追求閑適是報(bào)國(guó)無(wú)門、壯志未酬。不少詩(shī)也宣揚(yáng)了知足常樂(lè)、安于現(xiàn)狀的思想。詩(shī)人的思想是第一種。)

      《新晴野望》⑴分別是“明”和“出”,充分顯示出雨后的“新晴”,詩(shī)人極目“野望”所見(jiàn)的景色:田野外河水上漲,在陽(yáng)光照射下,“白水”波光粼粼,比平時(shí)更加明亮奪目;雨水沖洗后的群山,在太陽(yáng)的照耀下,“碧峰”秀出,更加富有層次。⑵尾聯(lián)寫了農(nóng)忙時(shí)節(jié),農(nóng)人全家在農(nóng)田里忙于耕作的景象。作者這樣寫的好處是:再一次突出表現(xiàn)“新晴”這一詩(shī)題,因?yàn)椤靶虑纭比瞬拍芸吹睫r(nóng)人們“傾家事南畝”的景象。給前面所繪的一幅靜態(tài)畫面平添無(wú)限生機(jī),使整個(gè)畫面活了起來(lái)。

      第四篇:詩(shī)歌鑒賞

      詩(shī)歌鑒賞

      高考詩(shī)歌鑒賞大致包括以下內(nèi)容:

      1、鑒賞古詩(shī)作品里的形象

      詩(shī)中的主人公形象、詩(shī)人自己的形象、詩(shī)中所描寫的景與物。

      2、鑒賞古詩(shī)的語(yǔ)言

      準(zhǔn)確理解有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的特定意義、比喻意義、隱含意義、暗示意義,準(zhǔn)確理解重要詞語(yǔ)的深層含義和言外之意,賞析詩(shī)歌語(yǔ)言描繪形象、表達(dá)情感、創(chuàng)造意境的藝術(shù)效果等。

      3、鑒賞詩(shī)歌作品的各類表達(dá)技巧

      ①修辭:如,比喻、比擬、對(duì)偶、借代、夸張、互文、通感、雙關(guān)、對(duì)比、反語(yǔ)、反復(fù)等。②表現(xiàn)手法:

      如,虛實(shí)相生、借景抒情、情景交融、托物言志、借古抒懷、借古諷今、映襯烘托、欲揚(yáng)先抑、先聲奪人、以小見(jiàn)大、動(dòng)靜結(jié)合、以動(dòng)寫靜、渲染、象征、用典、賦比興等。

      4、評(píng)價(jià)詩(shī)歌作品的思想內(nèi)容或觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度:評(píng)價(jià)是對(duì)詩(shī)歌的思想(感情)內(nèi)容或作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)評(píng)。簡(jiǎn)析詩(shī)歌的思想意義、人生意義以及作者的生活情趣、審美情趣、價(jià)值觀念等等。第一種模式 分析意境型

      第一種模式 分析意境型

      ?提問(wèn)方式:這首詩(shī)營(yíng)造了一種怎樣的意境?

      ?提問(wèn)變體:這首詩(shī)描繪了一幅怎樣的畫面?表達(dá)了詩(shī)人怎樣的思想感情? ?解答分析:這是一種最常見(jiàn)的題型。所謂意境,是指寄托詩(shī)人情感的物象(即意象)綜合起來(lái)構(gòu)建的讓人產(chǎn)生想像的境界。它包括景、情、境三個(gè)方面。答題時(shí)三方面缺一不可。

      答題步驟

      ?①描繪詩(shī)中展現(xiàn)的圖景畫面??忌鷳?yīng)抓住詩(shī)中的主要景物,用自己的語(yǔ)言再現(xiàn)畫面。描述時(shí)一要忠實(shí)于原詩(shī),二要用自己的聯(lián)想和想像加以再創(chuàng)造,語(yǔ)言力求優(yōu)美。?②概括景物所營(yíng)造的氛圍特點(diǎn)。一般用兩個(gè)雙音節(jié)詞即可,例如孤寂冷清、恬靜優(yōu)美、雄渾壯闊、蕭瑟凄涼等,注意要能準(zhǔn)確地體現(xiàn)景物的特點(diǎn)和情調(diào)。?③分析作者的思想感情。切忌空洞,要答具體。比如光答“表達(dá)了作者感傷的情懷”是不行的,應(yīng)答出為什么而“感傷”。

      第二種模式 分析技巧型

      ?提問(wèn)方式:這首詩(shī)用了怎樣的表現(xiàn)手法?

      ?提問(wèn)變體:請(qǐng)分析這首詩(shī)的表現(xiàn)技巧(或藝術(shù)手法,或手法)。詩(shī)人是怎樣抒發(fā)自己的情感的?有何效果? ?試結(jié)合詩(shī)的內(nèi)容,分析詩(shī)人是如何使用 XX這一手法的? ?解答分析:

      ?表現(xiàn)手法是詩(shī)人用以抒發(fā)感情的手段方法,要準(zhǔn)確答題,必須熟悉常用的一些表現(xiàn)手法。表現(xiàn)手法分寫作手法、表達(dá)手法、修辭手法三大類。藝術(shù)手法1、表達(dá)方式

      2、表現(xiàn)手法3、修辭方法4、結(jié)構(gòu)技巧

      1、表達(dá)方式

      記敘、議論、說(shuō)明、抒情、描寫。

      抒情:直接抒情/直抒胸臆

      ** 間接抒情: 借景抒情—觸景生情 融情入景 情景交融 2 借事抒情/即事感懷 3 托物言志 托物寓理 借古諷今 借古喻今 詠史言志

      借古鑒今 借古抒懷 懷古傷今 5 用典抒情

      描寫:白描/細(xì)節(jié)描寫/側(cè)面描寫等

      2、表現(xiàn)手法

      1、比興/用典/對(duì)比

      2、襯托:以動(dòng)襯靜、以聲襯寂、以明襯暗、以樂(lè)景襯哀情

      3、虛實(shí)結(jié)合 / 聯(lián)想和想象/側(cè)面虛寫 / 曲寫(對(duì)寫):如以對(duì)方寫自己(委婉含蓄)

      4、渲染/烘托

      5、白描/細(xì)節(jié)描寫

      6、象征/托物言志

      7、情與景關(guān)系:借景抒情、寓情于景、融情入景、景中含情、直抒胸臆

      8、側(cè)面描寫:如視覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué) 9.化虛為實(shí)

      10、欲揚(yáng)先抑、欲抑先揚(yáng)

      11、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與浪漫主義/寫實(shí)和夸張 寫景方法:襯托渲染

      運(yùn)用修辭 聯(lián)想想象

      色彩搭配 詩(shī)中有畫

      畫中有詩(shī)

      詩(shī)畫結(jié)合高低遠(yuǎn)近

      動(dòng)靜明暗 虛實(shí)結(jié)合點(diǎn)面結(jié)合工筆細(xì)描

      粗筆勾勒

      樂(lè)景寫哀

      哀景寫樂(lè)

      3、修辭手法

      01、比興:渲染或?qū)б?02、比喻:突出、化虛為實(shí) 03、比擬:形象生動(dòng) 04、對(duì)偶:整齊含蓄 05、對(duì)比:鮮明突出 06、用典:言簡(jiǎn)意豐耐人尋味 07、雙關(guān):含蓄委婉、趣味 08、夸張:浪漫、突出醒目 09、借代:簡(jiǎn)練含蓄

      10、互文:言簡(jiǎn)意賅

      11、反問(wèn)

      設(shè)問(wèn):承啟深化、強(qiáng)調(diào)

      12、反復(fù):強(qiáng)調(diào)突出

      4、結(jié)構(gòu)技巧 詩(shī)歌常見(jiàn)的技巧:

      首尾照應(yīng)

      過(guò)渡

      開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山

      鋪墊

      層層深入

      伏筆

      先總后分

      照應(yīng)等

      先景后情

      卒章顯志

      主要有:?(1)襯托,分正襯和反襯。正襯如“桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪倫送我情”。反襯又有動(dòng)靜襯,如“明月松間照,清泉石上流”;聲寂襯,如“日出驚山鳥,時(shí)鳴春澗中”;以樂(lè)景襯哀情,如“映階碧草自春色,隔葉鸝空好音”等。(2)聯(lián)想和想像,又叫虛實(shí)結(jié)合,如“野花留寶靨,碧草見(jiàn)羅裙”。(3)對(duì)比。(4)白描。如“春種粒粟,秋收萬(wàn)顆籽。田野無(wú)閑田,農(nóng)夫皆餓死”。?修辭手法在古詩(shī)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的有:(1)比興。如“關(guān)關(guān)雎鳩,在河之洲。窈窕淑女,君子好逑”。先言它物引起所詠之物。(2)比喻。(3)擬人。(4)夸張。(5)雙關(guān)。如“東邊日出西邊雨,道是無(wú)晴卻有晴”,“晴”暗指感情的“情”。(6)用典。如“商女不知亡國(guó)恨,隔江猶唱《后庭花》”。此外還有設(shè)問(wèn)、反問(wèn)、反語(yǔ)等.答題步驟:?(1)明確指出用了何種手法。?(2)結(jié)合詩(shī)句闡釋這種手法的特點(diǎn)和效果。?(3)此手法有效傳達(dá)出詩(shī)人怎樣的感情。

      第三種模式煉字型

      一.結(jié)合全詩(shī),看精練詞語(yǔ)在詩(shī)歌中所起的作用 二.結(jié)合全詩(shī),看詩(shī)句在詩(shī)歌中所起的作用

      三.鑒賞詩(shī)歌的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格

      1、把握詞性的改變,體會(huì)詩(shī)人所煉“意”。

      中國(guó)古代詩(shī)人為了煉字、煉意的需要,常改變了詩(shī)詞中某些詞語(yǔ)的詞性,這往往就是一首詩(shī)的“詩(shī)眼”或一首詞的“詞眼”。例如:何遜“夜雨滴空階,曉燈暗離室”、王維“下馬飲君酒”(《送別》王維)、“日色冷青松”(《過(guò)香積寺》王維)、“山光悅鳥性,潭影空人心?!保ā镀粕剿潞蠖U院》)、王昌齡“清輝淡水木,演漾在窗戶”、王安石“春風(fēng)又綠江南岸”、蔣捷“流光容易把人拋,紅了櫻桃,綠了芭蕉”、周邦彥“風(fēng)老鶯雛,雨肥梅子”。

      2、值得注意的字詞

      ?1)動(dòng)詞:在鑒賞詩(shī)歌時(shí),我們要重點(diǎn)關(guān)照動(dòng)詞,特別是具有“多重含義”的動(dòng)詞。

      例1:羌笛何須怨楊柳,春風(fēng)不度玉門關(guān)。

      “怨”字明顯用了擬人手法,既是曲中之情,又是吹笛人之心。

      例2:感時(shí)花濺淚,恨別鳥驚心。

      “濺”、“驚”二字,不僅用字新鮮,而且增添了詩(shī)人感時(shí)恨別的內(nèi)心痛苦。

      例3:氣蒸云夢(mèng)澤,波撼岳陽(yáng)城。

      “蒸”、“撼”具有夸張色彩。

      ?

      2、修飾語(yǔ):大部分為形容詞,它在詩(shī)詞鑒賞中也是關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)對(duì)象。例1:黃河遠(yuǎn)上白云間,一片孤城萬(wàn)仞山。

      一個(gè)“孤”字,寫盡環(huán)境之孤苦,由此可達(dá)人心。

      例2:隨風(fēng)潛入夜,潤(rùn)物細(xì)無(wú)聲。曰細(xì),脈脈綿綿,寫的是自然造化發(fā)生之機(jī),最為密切。

      3、特殊詞:在詩(shī)文中,有一些詞本身與眾不同,讀者能很快找到它們:(1)疊詞:增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的韻律感或是起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。

      楊柳青青江水平,聞郎江上唱歌聲。(《其一》劉禹錫)

      千門萬(wàn)戶曈曈日,總把新桃換舊符。(《元日》王安石)

      尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清,凄凄慘慘戚戚。(《聲聲慢》李清照)

      (2)表顏色的詞:作謂語(yǔ)用,作定語(yǔ)用,作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用。顏色一般表現(xiàn)心情,增強(qiáng)描寫的色彩感和畫面感,渲染氣氛。欣賞時(shí),或抓住能表現(xiàn)色彩組合的字眼,體會(huì)詩(shī)歌的濃郁的畫意與鮮明的節(jié)奏:“兩個(gè)黃鸝鳴翠柳,一行白鷺上青天”,黃、翠、白、青四種顏色,點(diǎn)綴得錯(cuò)落有致,而且由點(diǎn)到線,向著無(wú)限的空間延伸,畫面靜中有動(dòng),富有鮮明的立體節(jié)奏感。

      (3)數(shù)量詞:經(jīng)過(guò)精心選擇提煉的數(shù)量詞,在他們的驅(qū)遣之下卻可以產(chǎn)生豐富雋永的詩(shī)情?!耙黄瑑善钠辶甙司攀?,千片萬(wàn)片無(wú)數(shù)片,飛入梅花永不見(jiàn)?!扁仔拧缎@賦》中的“一寸二寸之魚,三竿兩竿之竹”,前人就稱之為“讀之騷逸欲絕”。(4)虛詞:可以獲得疏通文氣,開(kāi)合呼應(yīng),悠揚(yáng)委曲,活躍情韻,化板滯為流動(dòng)等美學(xué)效果。王勃《滕王閣序》中的名句“落霞與孤鶩齊飛,秋水共長(zhǎng)天一色”,去掉“與”、“共”二字就會(huì)大為減色。

      如何解答煉字型試題??提問(wèn)方式:這一聯(lián)中最生動(dòng)傳神的是什么字?為什么? ?提問(wèn)變體:某字歷來(lái)為人稱道,你認(rèn)為它好在哪里?

      ?解答分析:古人作詩(shī)講究煉字,這種題型是要求品味這些經(jīng)錘煉的字的妙處。答題時(shí)不能把該字孤立起來(lái)談,得放在句中,并結(jié)合全詩(shī)的意境情感來(lái)分析。答題步驟:第一、把這個(gè)詞放在句中作具體解釋。

      第二、看這個(gè)字或者詞有沒(méi)有構(gòu)成語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象,有沒(méi)有用到什么修辭手法以及其他的表達(dá)技巧,然后加一些描述性的術(shù)語(yǔ),如精練傳神、繪聲繪色、生動(dòng)形象等。

      第三、回答它這樣用有什么作用(意境、感情)。

      第四種模式 分析語(yǔ)言特色

      ?提問(wèn)方式:這首詩(shī)在語(yǔ)言上有何特色?

      ?提問(wèn)變體:請(qǐng)分析這首詩(shī)的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。談?wù)劥嗽?shī)的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。?解答分析:這種題型不是要求揣摩個(gè)別字詞運(yùn)用的巧妙,而是要品味整首詩(shī)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。能用來(lái)答題的詞一般有:清新自然、樸實(shí)無(wú)華、華美絢麗、明白曉暢、多用口語(yǔ)、委婉含蓄、雄渾豪放、筆調(diào)婉約、簡(jiǎn)練生動(dòng)……(1)清新

      其特點(diǎn)是用語(yǔ)新穎,不落俗套。大部分山水田園詩(shī)人:王維、孟浩然的詩(shī)相對(duì)比較清新。而陶潛的詩(shī)特點(diǎn)不乏清新,但主體風(fēng)格是平淡。

      《絕句》杜甫

      兩個(gè)黃鸝鳴翠柳,一行白鷺上青天。

      窗含西嶺千秋雪,門泊東吳萬(wàn)里船。

      四句寫了四種景色,有動(dòng)景,有靜景,有近景,有遠(yuǎn)景,有實(shí)景,有虛景,色彩絢麗,語(yǔ)言清新生動(dòng)。(2)沖淡

      又稱質(zhì)樸,其特點(diǎn)是選用確切的字眼直接敘述,全用白描,不加修飾,顯得真切深刻,又平易近人。沖淡不等于簡(jiǎn)陋和寒傖,它是用語(yǔ)上的返璞歸真,體現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人的真功夫,如陶淵明的詩(shī),李煜的詞。

      方宅十余畝,草屋八九間。榆柳蔭后檐,桃李羅堂前。曖曖遠(yuǎn)人村,依依墟里煙。狗吠深巷中,雞鳴桑樹(shù)顛。

      --陶淵明《歸園田居》

      能用來(lái)答語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格的詞有: 清新自然、樸實(shí)無(wú)華 華美絢麗、明白曉暢 多用口語(yǔ)、簡(jiǎn)練生動(dòng) 婉約纏綿、委婉含蓄 雄渾豪放、慷慨悲涼

      答語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格題的思考方法

      提問(wèn)方式:這首詩(shī)在語(yǔ)言上有何特色? 提問(wèn)變體:請(qǐng)分析這首詩(shī)的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。談?wù)劥嗽?shī)的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。

      答題步驟:(1)敘:用一兩個(gè)詞準(zhǔn)確點(diǎn)明語(yǔ)言特色。(2)析:用詩(shī)中有關(guān)語(yǔ)句具體分析這種特色。(3)評(píng):指出表現(xiàn)了作者怎樣的感情。談?wù)勏旅孢@首詩(shī)的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。

      春 怨 唐·金昌緒

      打起黃鶯兒,莫教枝上啼。啼時(shí)驚妾夢(mèng),不得到遼西。答:此詩(shī)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)是清新自然,口語(yǔ)化(敘),“黃鶯兒”是兒化音,顯出女子的純真嬌憨?!疤鋾r(shí)驚妾夢(mèng),不得到遼西”用質(zhì)樸的語(yǔ)言表明了打黃鶯是因?yàn)樗@擾了自己思念丈夫的美夢(mèng)(析)。這樣非常自然地表現(xiàn)了女子對(duì)丈夫的思念之情(評(píng))。

      訴衷情陸游

      當(dāng)年萬(wàn)里覓封侯,匹馬戍梁州。關(guān)河夢(mèng)斷何處,塵暗舊貂裘。胡未滅,鬢先秋,淚空流。此生誰(shuí)料,心在天山,身老滄州[注]。

      注:滄州,水邊,古時(shí)隱者所居。陸游晚年住在紹興鏡湖邊的三山。古人評(píng)論這首詞的下闋,說(shuō)第一句有三個(gè)詞用得好,你認(rèn)為是哪三個(gè)詞?它們好在哪里?請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要賞析

      這三個(gè)詞分別為:“未”、“先”、空

      “未”,“沒(méi)有”之義,表達(dá)放眼萬(wàn)里,未滅入侵者的遺恨 “先”,“已經(jīng)”之義,表達(dá)流年暗度,兩鬢已秋的感慨;

      “空”,“徒然”之義,寫出了徒有流淚、無(wú)補(bǔ)于時(shí)的內(nèi)心痛苦和失望,也隱含對(duì)南宋小朝廷的不滿和憤慨。

      ——這三個(gè)詞概括有力,含義豐厚,流露有心殺敵、報(bào)國(guó)無(wú)門、壯志難酬的沉痛心情

      第五種模式 詩(shī)眼型

      ?提問(wèn)方式:某詞是全詩(shī)的關(guān)鍵,為什么?

      ?解答分析:古詩(shī)非常講究構(gòu)思,往往一個(gè)字或一個(gè)詞就構(gòu)成全詩(shī)的線索,全詩(shī)的感情基調(diào)、全詩(shī)的思想,抓住這個(gè)詞命題往往可以以小見(jiàn)大,考出考生對(duì)全詩(shī)的把握程度。?答題步驟:

      ?(1)該詞對(duì)突出主旨所起的作用。?(2)該詞在詩(shī)中結(jié)構(gòu)上所起的作用。

      練習(xí)示例

      ?春夜洛城聞笛

      李白 ?

      誰(shuí)家玉笛暗飛聲,散入春風(fēng)滿洛城。?

      此夜曲中聞?wù)哿?,何人不起故園情? ?問(wèn):“折柳”二字是全詩(shī)的關(guān)鍵,“折柳”寓意是什么?你是否同意“關(guān)鍵”之說(shuō),為什么?

      答:“折柳”的寓意是“惜別懷遠(yuǎn)”,而詩(shī)歌的主旨正是思鄉(xiāng)之情。(步驟一)這種思鄉(xiāng)之情是從聽(tīng)到“折柳”曲的笛聲引起的。

      (步驟二)可見(jiàn)“折柳”是全詩(shī)的關(guān)鍵。

      第六種模式 煉句型

      ?提問(wèn)方式:請(qǐng)結(jié)合全詩(shī),對(duì)“某某句”進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要賞析。?提問(wèn)變體:“某某句”中蘊(yùn)涵了哪些感情?請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要賞析。?答題步驟:

      1、描述詩(shī)句所描繪的景象。

      2、抓住最突出的一點(diǎn)(或詩(shī)眼或?qū)懛ǎ┖?jiǎn)析。?

      3、分析詩(shī)人營(yíng)造了什么意境,抒發(fā)了什么感情。

      練習(xí)示例

      ?《自河南經(jīng)亂,關(guān)內(nèi)阻饑,兄弟離散,各在一處。因望月有感,聊書所懷,寄上浮梁大兄,于潛七兄,烏江十五兄,兼示符離及下圭弟妹》 ?白居易

      時(shí)難年荒世業(yè)空,弟兄羈旅各西東。?

      田園寥落干戈后,骨肉流離道路中。?

      吊影分為千里雁,辭根散作九秋蓬。?

      共看明月應(yīng)垂淚,一夜鄉(xiāng)心五處同。

      ?問(wèn):本詩(shī)堪稱白居易“用常得奇”的佳作。請(qǐng)結(jié)合全詩(shī),對(duì)頸聯(lián)“吊影分為千里雁,辭根散作九秋蓬”兩句進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要賞析。?答:手足離情,各在一方,猶如那紛飛的千里孤雁,只能吊影自憐;又像深秋中斷根的蓬草,隨風(fēng)飄飛。(步驟一)?詩(shī)人用比喻的手法,以“雁”、“蓬”比喻離散的手足。(步驟二)?從而營(yíng)造出一種孤苦凄涼的意境,抒發(fā)了飽經(jīng)戰(zhàn)亂的零落之苦。(步驟三)

      第七種模式

      觀點(diǎn)不同型(詩(shī)評(píng)型)

      ?提問(wèn)方式:有人這樣認(rèn)為,有人那樣認(rèn)為,你覺(jué)得呢?

      ?提問(wèn)變體:有人認(rèn)為某字用得好,有人認(rèn)為某字用得不好,你認(rèn)為呢? ?解答分析:依據(jù)原詩(shī)作答,要從原詩(shī)中找理由。

      ?答題步驟:找出原詩(shī)句中關(guān)鍵的幾點(diǎn),分條作答,用翻譯的形式就可以。遼寧卷:

      蝶戀花

      蘇軾

      花褪殘紅青杏小。燕子飛時(shí),綠水人家繞。枝上柳綿吹又少,天涯何處無(wú)芳草?

      墻里秋千墻外道。墻外行人,墻里佳人笑。笑漸不聞聲漸悄,多情卻被無(wú)情惱。

      俞陛云在《宋詞選釋》中對(duì)這首詞的上闋作過(guò)這樣的評(píng)價(jià): “絮飛花落,每易傷春,此獨(dú)作曠達(dá)語(yǔ)。”你同意這看法嗎?

      ①不同意。(旗幟鮮明表態(tài),不能模棱兩可)

      ②起句寫花之凋零,青杏酸澀,為整首詞投下悲涼的陰影;二三句定燕子翻飛,綠水環(huán)繞人家,雖富有情趣,也不乏暖意,但卻是以樂(lè)景襯哀情;四句說(shuō)柳絮飄飛,著一“又”字,則又表明詞人之看絮飛花落,不止一次,傷春之感、惜春之情自然流出;“芳草”在古詩(shī)詞中常用來(lái)寫愁,此處亦然,“天涯何處無(wú)芳草”即言愁情無(wú)限。(抓住詩(shī)句具體分析)

      ③因此,這首詞中對(duì)“絮飛花落”等景物的描寫,依然浸透著傷春之情,并非曠達(dá)之語(yǔ)。(要有一個(gè)歸納總結(jié),扣住古人評(píng)價(jià)要點(diǎn))

      第五篇:詩(shī)歌鑒賞

      詩(shī)歌鑒賞題

      【表達(dá)方式】敘述、描寫、抒情、議論。(說(shuō)明)

      【語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)】含蓄、幽默、風(fēng)趣、直露、平實(shí)、典雅、粗俗、自然、清新、優(yōu)美、質(zhì)樸等。

      【修辭手法】比喻、比擬、夸張、對(duì)偶、排比、反復(fù)等。

      【表現(xiàn)手法】象征、襯托、對(duì)比、想象、聯(lián)想、照應(yīng)、借景抒情、寓情于景、托物言志等。

      【意象】作品中具體的人、物、景等。

      【思想感情】迷戀、憂愁、惆悵、寂寞、傷感、孤獨(dú)、煩悶、恬淡、閑適、歡樂(lè)、仰慕、激憤,堅(jiān)守節(jié)操、憂國(guó)憂民等。

      【作用】深化意境 深化主旨 意境深遠(yuǎn) 意境優(yōu)美 意味深長(zhǎng) 耐人尋味 言近旨遠(yuǎn)等。

      一、第一種模式 分析意象、意境型

      提問(wèn)方式:這首詩(shī)營(yíng)造了一種怎樣的意境?

      提問(wèn)變體:這首詩(shī)描繪了一幅怎樣的畫面?表達(dá)了詩(shī)人怎樣的思想感情?

      解答分析:這是一種最常見(jiàn)的題型。所謂意境,是指寄托詩(shī)人情感的物象(即意象)綜合起來(lái)構(gòu)建的讓人產(chǎn)生想像的境界。它包括景、情、境三個(gè)方面。答題時(shí)三方面缺一不可。答題步驟:

      ①描繪詩(shī)中展現(xiàn)的圖景畫面。并準(zhǔn)確概括考生應(yīng)抓住詩(shī)中的主要景物,用自己的語(yǔ)言再現(xiàn)畫面。描述時(shí)一要忠實(shí)于原詩(shī),二要用自己的聯(lián)想和想像加以再創(chuàng)造,語(yǔ)言力求優(yōu)美。

      ②概括景物所營(yíng)造的氛圍特點(diǎn)。一般用兩個(gè)雙音節(jié)詞即可,例如孤寂冷清、恬靜優(yōu)美、雄渾壯闊、蕭瑟凄涼等,注意要能準(zhǔn)確地體現(xiàn)景物的特點(diǎn)和情調(diào)。

      ③分析作者的思想感情。切忌空洞,要答具體。比如光答“表達(dá)了作者感傷的情懷”是不行的,應(yīng)答出為什么而“感傷”。

      二、第二種模式分析技巧型

      提問(wèn)方式:這首詩(shī)用了怎樣的表達(dá)技巧?

      提問(wèn)變體:請(qǐng)分析這首詩(shī)的表現(xiàn)手法(或藝術(shù)手法,或手法)。詩(shī)人是怎樣抒發(fā)自己的情感的?有何效果? 答題步驟:

      (1)準(zhǔn)確指出用了何種手法。

      (2)結(jié)合詩(shī)句闡釋為什么是用了這種手法。(3)此手法怎樣有效傳達(dá)出詩(shī)人怎樣的感情。

      三、第三種模式分析語(yǔ)言特色

      提問(wèn)方式:這首詩(shī)在語(yǔ)言上有何特色?

      提問(wèn)變體:請(qǐng)分析這首詩(shī)的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。談?wù)劥嗽?shī)的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。

      答題步驟:

      (1)用一兩個(gè)詞準(zhǔn)確點(diǎn)明語(yǔ)言特色。

      (2)用詩(shī)中有關(guān)語(yǔ)句具體分析這種特色。

      (3)指出表現(xiàn)了作者怎樣的感情。

      四、第四種模式煉字型

      提問(wèn)方式:這一聯(lián)中最生動(dòng)傳神的是什么字?為什么?

      提問(wèn)變體:某字歷來(lái)為人稱道,你認(rèn)為它好在哪里?

      解答分析:古人作詩(shī)講究煉字,這種題型是要求品味這些經(jīng)錘煉的字的妙處。答題時(shí)不能把該字孤立起來(lái)談,得放在句中,并結(jié)合全詩(shī)的意境情感來(lái)分析。

      答題步驟:

      (1)解釋該字在句中的含義。

      (2)展開(kāi)聯(lián)想把該字放入原句中描述景象。

      (3)點(diǎn)出該字烘托了怎樣的意境,或表達(dá)了怎樣的感情。

      五、第五種模式一詞領(lǐng)全詩(shī)型

      提問(wèn)方式:某詞是全詩(shī)的關(guān)鍵,為什么?

      解答分析:古詩(shī)非常講究構(gòu)思,往往一個(gè)字或一個(gè)詞就構(gòu)成全詩(shī)的線索,全詩(shī)的感情基調(diào)、全詩(shī)的思想,抓住這個(gè)詞命題往往可以以小見(jiàn)大,考出考生對(duì)全詩(shī)的把握程度。

      答題步驟:

      (1)該詞對(duì)突出主旨所起的作用。

      (2)從該詞在詩(shī)中結(jié)構(gòu)上所起的作用考慮。

      答題示例:

      六、第六種模式情感、主旨型

      提問(wèn)方式:表達(dá)了怎樣的思想感情?這首詩(shī)的主旨是什么

      提問(wèn)變體:這首詩(shī)反映了怎樣的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)?這首詩(shī)表現(xiàn)了怎樣的情趣?或者結(jié)合意境提問(wèn),或就某一句某一聯(lián)發(fā)問(wèn)。

      答題步驟:

      (1)詩(shī)歌各句(或相關(guān)的句子)分別寫了什么內(nèi)容

      (2)運(yùn)用了何種表達(dá)技巧

      (3)抒發(fā)什么情感

      七、第七種模式評(píng)價(jià)題型

      提問(wèn)方式:評(píng)價(jià)題是先列舉出一首或幾首詩(shī)詞,再引用一段古代詩(shī)詞評(píng)論家或后世人對(duì)詩(shī)詞特點(diǎn)的評(píng)論語(yǔ),要求你先判斷這個(gè)評(píng)論是否正確,是否合理,然后闡明理由。這種題型酷似政史考試中的判斷說(shuō)理題。其實(shí)這類題型只是前六類題型的變體,沒(méi)有直接提出問(wèn)題,需要學(xué)生自己分析問(wèn)的是內(nèi)容、主旨,還是表達(dá)技巧,然后結(jié)合問(wèn)題和詩(shī)歌進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)谋硎觥?/p>

      答題思路:

      (1)認(rèn)真審題

      (2)深入閱讀理解詩(shī)詞

      (3)結(jié)合詩(shī)歌內(nèi)容,結(jié)合評(píng)論答題

      答題注意:緊扣詩(shī)文內(nèi)容,點(diǎn)面結(jié)合地分析;闡明理由時(shí),緊扣評(píng)論關(guān)鍵詞

      八、第八種模式比較評(píng)價(jià)題型

      提問(wèn)方式:給出兩首或幾首詩(shī)詞,要求學(xué)生比較閱讀后,對(duì)其異同進(jìn)行分析評(píng)價(jià)。

      答題思路:

      (1)要通讀這幾首詩(shī)詞,把握其思想內(nèi)容和主要的寫法,包括作家作品的背景知識(shí)。

      (2)要結(jié)合題干中的比較角度(思想內(nèi)容、感情、藝術(shù)手法、寫法、修辭方法等)來(lái)尋求詩(shī)詞的差異性。

      (3)要注意點(diǎn)面結(jié)合,既有總體分析,又有具體分析。表述時(shí)要注意條理清楚,層次分明。

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