第一篇:傳統(tǒng)文化作文素材閱讀素材
節(jié)日和風(fēng)俗
每年農(nóng)歷七月初七是中國(guó)的情人節(jié)(Valentine's Day)。關(guān)于這個(gè)節(jié)日有一個(gè)美麗的傳說:王母娘娘(the Queen of Heaven)最年幼的女兒“織女”愛上了人間的男子“牛郎”,王母反對(duì)仙女與凡人相愛,就用銀河(Milky Way)將他們隔開。但牛郎和織女的愛情感動(dòng)了人間的喜鵲(magpie),每年七月初七這一天,喜鵲會(huì)搭起一座鵲橋讓這對(duì)情侶相見。而如今在這一天,年輕的女子常在月下向織女祈禱,期望得到美滿的姻緣。
The seventh day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar is Chinese Valentine's Day.There is a beautiful legend about this festival: Zhi Nu, the youngest daughter of the Queen of Heaven, fell in love with Niu Lang, a cowherd on earth.Zhi Nu's mother was opposed to the love between a fairy and a human, so she separated the two lovers with the Milky Way.However, their love story moved the magpies on earth.Those magpies gather together annually on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month to form a “magpie bridge”,so that the couple can meet each other once in a year.Today, on this day, young girls often pray to Zhi Nu in the moonlight, wishing for a happy marriage.農(nóng)歷五月初五的端午節(jié)(the Dragon Boat Festival)是個(gè)盛大的節(jié)日。它的另一名稱——“重五節(jié)”就來源于這個(gè)日期。這個(gè)節(jié)日根據(jù)一個(gè)廣為流傳的故事,演變?yōu)榧o(jì)念戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(the Warring States Period)楚國(guó)偉大愛國(guó)詩人屈原的日子。如果事實(shí)果真如此,那么端午節(jié)已經(jīng)有大約2500年的存史了。端午節(jié)最盛行的活動(dòng)是賽龍舟和吃粽子(rice dumpling)。自2008年以來,端午節(jié)在中國(guó)巳不僅僅是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,還是公共假期。
The Dragon Boat Festival is a grand festival celebrated on the 5th day of 5th month of the Chinese lunar calendar.This is the source of the alternative name of Double Fifth Festival.According to a widely stated story, the festival developed to commemorate the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan of Chu State in Warring States Period.If that is true, Dragon Boat Festival has a history of about 2,500 years.The most popular activities of Dragon Boat festival are racing dragon boats and eating rice dumplings.Since 2008,Dragon Boat Festival has been celebrated not only as a festival but also a public holiday in China.端午節(jié)(Dragon Boat Festival)是中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日之一,為每年農(nóng)歷五月初五。它與春節(jié)、清明節(jié)和中秋節(jié)并稱為中國(guó)漢族的四大傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。端午節(jié)的來源有多種說法,但最被人們接受的是為了紀(jì)念著名愛國(guó)詩人屈原。這一天的習(xí)俗有吃粽子、賽龍舟、喝雄黃酒(realgar wine)等。從2008年起,端午節(jié)正式列入國(guó)家法定節(jié)日,這既有助于弘揚(yáng)傳統(tǒng)文化,又能適應(yīng)人們的需要。
Dragon Boat Festival is one of Chinese traditional festivals.It's on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month.It is known as one of the four major traditional festivals of Han Chinese together with the Spring Festival, the Qingming Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.A number of theories exist about its origins, but the best accepted one is that it's for memorizing the famous patriotic poet Qu Yuan.On this day, people have the customs of eating zongzi(rice dumpling), racing dragon boats and drinking realgar wine, etc.In 2008, it was recognized as a public holiday in mainland China for the first time which cannot only help spread this traditional culture but also meet the need of people.賽龍舟(Dragon boat racing)是端午節(jié)的一項(xiàng)重要活動(dòng),在中國(guó)南方尤為流行。關(guān)于這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的由來,有一種說法是為了紀(jì)念中國(guó)古代的著名愛國(guó)詩人屈原。龍舟的大小和樣式多種多樣,但一般都帶有裝飾性的龍頭和龍尾。賽龍舟不僅是一種體育和娛樂活動(dòng),它更能體現(xiàn)人們心中的集體主義和愛國(guó)主義精神。賽龍舟現(xiàn)已被列入國(guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄(National Intangible Cultural Heritage List)。Dragon boat racing is an important activity of Duanwu Festival(also known as Dragon Boat Festival), and is particularly popular in the south of China.As for its origin, one version is that it is held in memory of Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet in ancient China.The dragon boats vary in sizes and styles, but they are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails.Dragon boat racing is not only a kind of sports and recreational activities, but also reflects the spirit of people’s collectivism and patriotism.Dragon boat racing is now among the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List.清明是我國(guó)二十四節(jié)氣(the twenty-four solar terms)之一,一般是在每年的4月4日至6日前后。人們慶祝清明節(jié)大約始于東周時(shí)代,距今已有兩千五百多年的歷史。清明過后,氣溫逐漸上升,雨水也增多,表明了這是農(nóng)民開始安排農(nóng)耕活動(dòng)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。同時(shí),清明也是郊游的大好時(shí)節(jié),人們?nèi)敉馓で啵㈤_展一系列消遣和體育活動(dòng)。更重要的是,清明時(shí)節(jié)也是一個(gè)紀(jì)念祖先和已故親人的日子。
Qingming is one of the twenty-four solar terms in China, typically falling on April 4-6 each year.The celebration for the Qingming Festival can be traced back to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with a history of over 2,500 years.After Qingming time, the temperature begins to rise up and rainfall increases, indicating that it is the crucial time for the farmers to arrange their farming activities accordingly.Meanwhile, it is the high time for spring outing, when people go out for fresh air, kinds of recreations and sports activities.More importantly, Qingming is also a period to honour and to pay respect to one's deceased ancestors and family members 每年農(nóng)歷的正月十五是元宵節(jié)。早在兩千多年前的西漢時(shí)期(the Western Han Dynasty),元宵節(jié)就已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)具有重要意義的節(jié)日。在這天,人們制作各種漂亮的燈籠、設(shè)計(jì)有趣的燈謎;同時(shí)多種表演,如舞龍燈、舞獅子、踩高蹺(walking on stilts)等也會(huì)上演。和其他中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日一樣,元宵節(jié)也有特定的食品,叫“湯圓(glue pudding)”。漢語中,湯圓和“團(tuán)圓”發(fā)音相似,代表著家庭團(tuán)圓、和諧和快樂。
The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month.As early as more than 2,000 years ago, in the Western Han Dynasty, it had become a festival with great significance.On the Lantern Festival, Chinese people craft many types of beautiful lanterns and create many interesting lantern riddles.At the same time, performances such as dragon lantern dance, lion dance and walking on stilts will be staged.Just like China’s other traditional festivals, the Lantern Festival also has its own special dish— “Tangyuan, a glue pudding”.Tangyuan has a similar pronunciation with “tuanyuan(reunion)” in Chinese, representing reunion, harmony and happiness for the family.燈謎(lantern riddles)是指寫在彩燈上面的謎語。燈謎一般由三部分組成,即謎面、謎目(hint)和謎底。在燈謎中凡是謎面上有的字,在謎底中不能再出現(xiàn)。燈謎里充滿著智慧,因此猜謎底顯得很有趣,這也使得猜燈謎成為元宵節(jié)的一項(xiàng)不可缺少的活動(dòng)。燈謎在中國(guó)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng),可以毫不夸張地說,燈謎體現(xiàn)著中國(guó)人民無窮的智慧。
Lantern riddles are riddles that are written on the lanterns.Generally, a lantern riddle consists of three parts, namely the riddle, the hint and the answer.Any character that appears in the riddle cannot be in the answer again.Lantern riddles are full of wisdom, thus working out them can be much fun, which makes guessing riddles an essential part of the activities in the Lantern Festival.The lantern riddle has a long history in China, and it is no exaggeration to say that it is a reflection of infinite wisdom of the Chinese people.春節(jié)是中國(guó)最重要,也是最熱鬧的古老節(jié)日之一。春節(jié)象征著團(tuán)結(jié)、興旺以及對(duì)未來寄予新的希望。據(jù)記載,中國(guó)人過春節(jié)已有四千多年的歷史。中同是個(gè)多民族的國(guó)家,各民族(nationality)過春節(jié)的形式各有不同。但是無論在中國(guó)的哪個(gè)地方,人們都會(huì)在春節(jié)期間全家團(tuán)圓,吃年糕(New Year cake),餃子以及各種豐盛的飯菜。人們張燈結(jié)彩,燃放鞭炮,并互相祝福。
In China, the Spring Festival is one of the most significant and lively ancient festivals, which symbolizes unity, prosperity and new hopes for the future.It is recorded that the custom of celebrating the Spring Festival has lasted for more than 4,000 years.As a multi-ethnic country, different nationalities in China have various ways of celebrating the Spring Festival.However, wherever in China, people will have a family reunion during the festival, eating New Year cakes, dumplings and various hearty meals, decorating the houses with lanterns and festoons, setting off firecrackers and blessing each others.對(duì)聯(lián)(Chinese couplet)也叫“對(duì)子”,由兩句形式相通、內(nèi)容相連的語句組成。第一部分稱作“上聯(lián)”,貼在右側(cè),第二部分,即“下聯(lián)”則貼在左側(cè)。兩行字不僅字?jǐn)?shù)要一致,而且相同位置上的字必須對(duì)仗工整(antithetic in form),平仄協(xié)調(diào)(harmonious in tone)。按用途不同,對(duì)聯(lián)可以分為很多種,在新年貼的對(duì)聯(lián)也叫“春聯(lián)”,表達(dá)了人們的美好祝福與愿望,也為新年增添了節(jié)日氣氛。
The Chinese couplet is also called “Duizi”.It consists of two sentences which are identical in form and interrelated in meaning.The first line is called “upper couplet”,which is put up or hung on the right side, and the other is called “l(fā)ower couplet” which is placed on the left side.Not only are the two lines required to have an equal number of characters, the words stand in the same position in each of the two sentences must be antithetic in form and harmonious in tone.For different purposes, there are different couplets.The couplet for the Spring Festival is called “Chunlian”,which conveys the blessing and good wishes of the people and enhances the festive atmosphere of the New Year, too.壓歲錢(lucky money)是中國(guó)春節(jié)習(xí)俗中不可缺少的一項(xiàng)元素,是每個(gè)孩子過年時(shí)都熱切期盼的禮物。除夕夜,家中的長(zhǎng)輩會(huì)給予未成年的孩子一定數(shù)額的錢,稱之為“壓歲錢”,據(jù)說壓歲錢可以使孩子平平安安地度過新的一年。在中國(guó),給壓歲錢的風(fēng)俗源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng),流傳至今。它是長(zhǎng)輩送給孩子的護(hù)身符(amulet), 代表著長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)孩子的美好祝福,可以保佑孩子在新的一年里健康吉利。
As an indispensable element of the Spring Festival customs in China, lucky money is a gift that every kid eagerly looks forward to during the Spring Festival.On Chinese New Year's Eve, the underage kids can receive a certain sum of cash from the elders in their family, which is called “l(fā)ucky money”.It is believed that lucky money can bless the kids to have a safe and peaceful new year.The custom of giving lucky money has a long history and spreads up to now in China.It is an amulet the elders give their kids, representing the elders'fine wishes for the kids and blessing them with health and good fortune in the New Year.守歲Staying up late(“Shousui”)守歲意味著除夕夜不睡覺。年夜飯后,家人聚坐一起,愉快聊天,等待春節(jié)的到來。Shousui means to stay up late or all night on New Year's Eve.After the great dinner, families sit together and chat happily to wait for the New Year's arrival。
年夜飯New Year Feast 春節(jié)是與家人團(tuán)聚的時(shí)間。年夜飯是所有家庭成員聚在一起“必須”的宴會(huì)。除夕宴會(huì)上吃的食物根據(jù)不同的地區(qū)各不相同。在中國(guó)南方,習(xí)慣吃“年糕”(糯米粉制成的新年糕點(diǎn)),因?yàn)樽鳛橐粋€(gè)同音字,年糕意味著“步步高升”。在北方,年夜飯的傳統(tǒng)飯是“餃子”或像月牙兒形的湯圓。Spring Festival is a time for family reunion.The New Year's Feast is “a must” banquet with all the family members getting together.The food eaten on the New Year Even banquet varies according to regions.In south China, It is customary to eat “niangao”(New Year cake made of glutinous rice flour)because as a homophone, niangao means “higher and higher every year”.In the north, a traditional dish for the feast is “Jiaozi” or dumplings shaped like a crescent moon.春節(jié)打掃房屋這個(gè)非常古老的習(xí)俗甚至可以追溯到幾千年前?;覊m在傳統(tǒng)上與“舊”聯(lián)系在一起,所以打掃房屋和掃除灰塵意味著辭“舊”迎“新”。春節(jié)的前幾天,中國(guó)的各家各戶都打掃房屋,掃地,清洗日用品,清除蛛網(wǎng)和疏浚溝渠。人們興高采烈做所有這些事情,希望來年好運(yùn)。
To clean houses on the New Year Even is a very old custom dating back to thousands of years ago.The dust is traditionally associated with “old” so cleaning their houses and sweeping the dust mean to bid farewell to the “old” and usher in the “new”.Days before the New Year, Chinese families clean their houses, sweeping the floor, washing daily things, cleaning the spider webs and dredging the ditches.People do all these things happily in the hope of a good coming year.發(fā)紅包(red packet)是中國(guó)春節(jié)的一種習(xí)俗。紅包作為禮物,是乂母、祖父母或其他長(zhǎng)輩給孩子的、用紅色紙袋包起來的錢。紅包外面通常都有象征財(cái)富和運(yùn)氣的圖案。中國(guó)人喜歡紅色,認(rèn)為紅色代表能量、幸福和好運(yùn)。過年時(shí)送紅包給孩 子們,是送給他們美好的祝愿和好運(yùn)。孩子們收到紅包,意味著他們又可以度過 安全、平和的一年。一般來說,紅包里包多少錢取決于一個(gè)人的收入。
Giving red packets is a custom during the Spring Festival in China.As a gift,red packets are the money wrapped in red paper bags presented to kids by their parents, grandparents or other elders.Symbols of wealth and luck usually decorate the cover of the red packets.Chinese people love the red color and regard it as representing energy, happiness and good luck.Giving red packets to kids during the Spring Festival is to send good wishes and luck to them.Kids'receiving the red packets implies that they will have another safe and peaceful year.Generally,the amount of money wrapped in the red packets depends on the giver's income.廟會(huì)(the temple fair)是中國(guó)民間的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng),通常在節(jié)日或某些特定的 日子里,在寺廟里或寺廟附近的空曠之處舉辦。有的則只在春節(jié)期間舉辦。盡管 在不同的地方舉辦的廟會(huì)時(shí)間不同,但其基本內(nèi)容是相似的。在廟會(huì)期間,來自 四面八方的農(nóng)民和商人都帶著自己的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品來進(jìn)行交易。民間藝術(shù)家搭起舞臺(tái),表演唱歌、跳舞、講故事等。老百姓高高興興地來觀看表演,買小吃或其他有趣 的物品。
The temple fair is a social activity in the Chinese folk.It is usually held in a temple or in the open place near the temple during festivals or some specified days.Some temple feirs are only held during the Spring Festival.Although temple fairs in different places are held in different time, their basic contents are similar.During the time of temple fairs, farmers and traders come from all directions, with their own agricultural products for transactions.Folk artists set up the stages for performing singing, dancing, stoiy telling, etc.Ordinary people happily come to watch performances and buy snacks or other interesting goods.“春運(yùn)(Transportation during the Spring Festival Period)”被認(rèn)為是規(guī)模最大的年度遷徙。這是個(gè)特殊的時(shí)期,這時(shí)的中國(guó)面臨著極高的交通負(fù)荷,從而導(dǎo)致巨大的交通問題,特別是在鐵路服務(wù)方面。在春節(jié)臨近的時(shí)候,數(shù)以百萬計(jì)遠(yuǎn)離家鄉(xiāng)工作或?qū)W習(xí)的人要趕回家與家人團(tuán)聚。這個(gè)長(zhǎng)久以來的傳統(tǒng)是春運(yùn)高峰的主要原因。還有一個(gè)原因,這個(gè)假期是每年兩個(gè)為期一周的長(zhǎng)假中的一個(gè),對(duì)許多人來說是一個(gè)外出旅行的完美時(shí)機(jī)。Transportation during the Spring Festival Period is considered to be the largest annual migration.It is the special period when China faces an extremely heavy traffic load,which results in great transportation problems,especially on the railway services.Millions of people working or studying far away from their hometowns will come back home to reunite with their families as the Chinese Spring Festival approaches.This long-held tradition is the main reason for the rush.The other is that the holiday is one of the two long holidays of one week in the year, and for many people,it's a perfect travel time.每年農(nóng)歷九月初九,人們會(huì)慶祝重陽節(jié)(the Double Ninth Festival)。《易經(jīng)》(The Book of Changes)認(rèn)為數(shù)字“九”是陽數(shù),故重九也叫重陽。登高是最受歡迎的重陽節(jié)傳統(tǒng)之一。九月天空高遠(yuǎn),空氣新鮮,在這樣的日子登高有助于保 持身體健康。吃重陽糕(double-ninth cake)跟登高有關(guān)。重陽糕作為節(jié)日食品最初 用來慶祝秋收,后來發(fā)展成登高、吃重陽糕的習(xí)俗,寓意是我們的生活將越來越好。由于“九九”諧音“久久”,重陽節(jié)如今已被賦予薪的涵義—老人節(jié)。
On the ninth day of the ninth month in the Chinese lunar calendar, people celebrate the Double Ninth Festival.Nine is a yang number(a traditional Chinese spiritual concept)in The Book of Changes, so Double Ninth is called Chongyang.Climbing the mountains is one of the most popular traditions on that day.In September the sky is high and the air is fresh, and climbing the mountains is helpful to keep physical fitness.The tradition of eating double-ninth cakes is associated with climbing the mountains.As a kind of festival foods, the double-ninth cake was first used to celebrate the autumn harvest.Later, it developed into the custom of climbing the mountains and eating double-ninth cakes, which means that our life will become better and better.Because double ninth sounds like longevity(jiujiu in Chinese), the Double Ninth Festival nowadays has been given a new meaning-Seniors' Day.重陽節(jié),由于它是在中國(guó)農(nóng)歷九月初九這一天,所以又被稱為重九節(jié),至今有約兩千年的歷史。在中國(guó)古代,重陽節(jié)是一個(gè)重要的節(jié)日,這一天要舉行各種慶祝活動(dòng),如:登高、賞菊(chrysanthemum)、插茱萸(cornel)、吃重陽糕等。登髙是重陽節(jié)的主要習(xí)俗。古人認(rèn)為,在這一天登高可以避禍免災(zāi)。近年來,這個(gè)古老的節(jié)日被賦予新的含義,逐漸成為開展各種敬老活動(dòng)、一年一度的“老年節(jié)”。
Chongyang Festival,falls on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, because of which,it is also named as the Double-ninth Festival, which has a history of some 2,000 years.As an important festival in ancient China, Chongyang Festival was celebrated by holding various activities, such as climbing mountains, appreciating chrysanthemums, wearing cornel and eating Chongyang cakes.Climbing mountains is a major custom in Chongyang Festival.Ancient people thought climbing mountains on this day could help them avoid misfortune and prevent disasters.In recent years, a new meaning has been given to the old festival,and it gradually becomes an annual Seniors’ Day, on which various activities are held in honor of senior people.每年的農(nóng)歷八月十五為中秋節(jié),是月亮在一年中最圓、最亮的一天。中秋節(jié)的歷史非常悠久。自古以來,歷代皇帝都遵循著春季祭日、秋季祭月的傳統(tǒng)。到唐代,中秋節(jié)開始作為固定節(jié)日;宋朝時(shí),這一節(jié)日更為盛行。至明清,中秋節(jié)已成為一個(gè)與春節(jié)、清明節(jié)和端午節(jié)并列的重大節(jié)日。在中秋節(jié)這天,人們會(huì)在月下觀賞祭拜,寄托個(gè)人情懷。
The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month, when the moon is the fullest and brightest of the whole year.This festival has a very long history.In ancient China, emperors followed the tradition of offering sacrifices to the sun in spring and to the moon in autumn.By the Tang Dynasty, the Mid-Autumn Festival had been fixed as a holiday, which became even grander in the Song Dynasty.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it grew to be a major festival of China together with the Spring Festival, the Qingming Festival and Dragon Boat Festival.On this day, people enjoy the full, bright moon, worship it and express their thoughts and feelings in the moonlight.中秋節(jié)(the Mid-Autumn Festival)對(duì)中國(guó)漢族和少數(shù)民族來說都是個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的節(jié)日。拜月的習(xí)俗可以追溯到古代夏商時(shí)期(the Xia and Shang Dynasties)。按照中國(guó)的農(nóng)歷,八月為秋季的第二個(gè)月,古時(shí)稱為中秋。農(nóng)歷八月十五這天,月亮滿圓,于是中國(guó)人將這天定為中秋節(jié)。圓形對(duì)中國(guó)人來說意味著家庭團(tuán)聚,因此中秋節(jié)也是個(gè)家庭團(tuán)聚的節(jié)日。這天,兒女們會(huì)帶著自己的家人到父母家團(tuán)聚。已 經(jīng)定居海外的人有時(shí)會(huì)回來探望父母。
The Mid-Autumn Festival is a conventional festival for both the Han and minority nationalities in China.The custom of worshipping the moon can be traced back to the ancient Xia and Shang Dynasties.According to Chinese lunar calendar,the 8th month is the second month in autumn and ancient people called it Mid-Autumn(Zhongqiu in Chinese).On the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, the moon is extremely round and the Chinese people mark it Mid-Autumn Festival.The round shape to Chinese means family reunion, therefore the Mid-Autumn Festival is also a holiday for members of a family to get together.On that day, sons and daughters will bring their family members back to their parents'home for a reunion, and people who have already settled overseas sometimes will come back to visit their parents.臘八節(jié)(the Laba Festival)在農(nóng)歷最后一個(gè)月的第八天慶祝,標(biāo)志著春節(jié)慶祝 活動(dòng)的開始?!芭D”指“臘月(the 12th lunar month)”,是農(nóng)歷第十二個(gè)月,“八”指的 是數(shù)字8。臘八節(jié)通常在1月中旬。大多數(shù)漢族人遵循臘八節(jié)喝臘八粥(Laba rice porridge)的習(xí)俗。臘八粥最早在宋朝傳入中國(guó)。據(jù)史料記載,一些大型寺廟會(huì)為窮人提供臘八粥來表達(dá)對(duì)佛祖(Buddha)的虔誠(chéng)。明朝時(shí),臘八粥成為皇帝在此節(jié)日賞賜群臣的神圣食物。
Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of the last lunar month, marking the beginning of celebrating the Chinese Spring Festival.La means the 12th lunar month and ba means the number eight.The date usually falls in mid-January.The majority of people from Han nationality has followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on the Laba Festival.Laba rice porridge was first introduced to China in the Song Dynasty.According to historical records, some large temples would offer the poor Laba rice porridge to show their faith to Buddha.In the Ming Dynasty, it became a holy food that emperors would use to award their officials on the festival.傳統(tǒng)文化
中國(guó)人的姓名通常姓(family name)在前,名(given name)在后。中國(guó)有10多億個(gè)名字,所以人們即便在隨意場(chǎng)合也可能會(huì)連名帶姓地介紹自己,這是很尋常的。歷史上,人名的受歡迎稈度會(huì)隨著時(shí)事而變化。例如,文化大革命(Cultural Rcvolution)期間,“紅”頗受歡迎,因其代表“革命”。20世紀(jì)80年代改革開放時(shí)期,“致富”成為一個(gè)名字,因其意為“變得富有”。
In China the family name is usually in front of the given name.It isn't unusual for a man to introduce himself by his family name with given name even in casual situations because there are more than a billion given names.The Chinese given name has a history of changing with popularity depending on what events were going on.For instance, during the Cultural Revolution Hong(the color red)was very popular as it presents revolution.During the reform and opening up in the 1980s, Zhifu became one given name as it means “getting rich”.中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)為孝順(filial piety)是我們?cè)诟改赣猩陸?yīng)該一直秉承的、最 重要的美德。成為孝子是任何一個(gè)中國(guó)人首要的責(zé)任,這意味著要盡可能完全服 從父母,關(guān)懷父母,不惜任何代價(jià)滿足他們的需求。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)為孝順還有一些 其他特征,如父母過世后,長(zhǎng)子需要一手操辦葬禮;兒子必須確保家里的香火(family line)得以延續(xù)。
According to Chinese tradition,filial piety is the most important virtue to be cherished throughout one's parents' lifespan.Being a filial child is the uppermost duty of any Chinese and it means showing complete obedience to parents,taking care of them,and meeting their demands at any cost as possible as one can.Chinese tradition takes a view that filial piety has some other features, too.For example,the eldest son is required to perform all the rituals after the death of his parents;the son has to ensure that the family line will continue.農(nóng)歷(lunar calendar)已使用了數(shù)千年。今天,我們依然用農(nóng)歷來表示中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。農(nóng)歷由中國(guó)古代的朝代衍生而來?,F(xiàn)今使用的農(nóng)歷形成于公元前104年,漢朝漢武帝(Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty)統(tǒng)治時(shí)期。該農(nóng)歷被稱為太初歷(taichu calendar),跟今天使用的農(nóng)歷是一樣的。農(nóng)歷中的每一年都以一種動(dòng)物來命名,如2012年是“龍年”。共有12種動(dòng)物,每12年循環(huán)一次。
The lunar calendar has been used for thousands of years.Today the traditional Chinese festivals are still lunar calendar festivals.The lunar calendar originated in the Chinese ancient dynasties.The current calendar was created during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in 104 BC.This calendar,which was called the taichu calendar,is the same lunar calendar as the one used nowadays.Each year in the lunar calendar is named after an animal.For example,2012 was the year of the dragon.There are 12 animals.Every 12 years the cycle repeats itself.中國(guó)象棋(Chinese chess)是中國(guó)寶貴的文化遺產(chǎn)之一,它是中國(guó)古代智慧的結(jié)晶,下象棋也是一種有助于磨練性格、培養(yǎng)品味的運(yùn)動(dòng)。在各種棋盤游戲中,象棋和圍棋(go game)都由古時(shí)的宋朝人發(fā)明,如今在全國(guó)都廣受歡迎。象棋是一種雙人對(duì)弈的戰(zhàn)略性棋盤游戲。游戲代表了兩軍之間的戰(zhàn)斗,目標(biāo)是捕捉敵人的將軍。雖然它起源于亞洲,但今天在全球都有中國(guó)象棋倶樂部。
The Chinese chess is one of the valuable cultural heritages of China.It is the fruit of Chinese ancient wisdom and playing chess is also a helpful exercise for tempering one's character and cultivating one's taste.Among various kinds of board games, both Chinese chess and go game were invented by ancient people in the Song Dynasty and now enjoy great popularity over the country.Chinese chess is a strategic board game between two players.The game represents a battle between two armies;its object is to capture the enemy's general.Although it has its origin in Asia, the Chinese chess clubs spread all over the world today.“功夫(Kungfu)”是對(duì)中國(guó)武術(shù)(martial art)的通俗叫法。中國(guó)功夫不是單純的拳腳格斗,而是中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化的體現(xiàn),是獨(dú)一無二的“武文化”。中國(guó)功夫因其悠久的歷史、豐富的內(nèi)涵(connotation)以及濃厚的神秘色彩而越來越為中外所矚目。中國(guó)功夫在世界上的影響日漸廣泛,不僅出現(xiàn)了大量中國(guó)功夫題材的中外影視作品,更有越來越多的外國(guó)人開始喜愛并學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)功夫。
Kungfu is a common name for Chinese martial art.While Kungfu does not simply refer to fighting using hands and feet, it is the embodiment of the Chinese traditional culture and the unique “martial art culture”.Kungfu is drawing more and more attention at home and abroad for its long history, rich connotation and deep mysterious color.Kungfu's influence in the world is increasingly widespread.There are a large number of Chinese and foreign films on the theme of Kungfu, and more and more foreigners begin to love and learn Kungfu.中醫(yī)(Traditional Chinese Medicine)的范疇很廣,包括一系列具有相同基本概 念的醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)踐。這個(gè)概念起源于中國(guó)古代,已經(jīng)歷了數(shù)千年的發(fā)展。中醫(yī)診法包 括把脈(measure the pulse),檢查舌頭、皮膚、眼睛,以及詢問飲食、睡眠習(xí)慣和其他方面。中醫(yī)蘊(yùn)含的理念及其復(fù)雜性向研究中醫(yī)如何奏效的研究者提出了挑戰(zhàn)。這些研究大多數(shù)集中在針灸(acupuncture)和中藥等特定形式的療法上。
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)includes a broad range of medicine practices sharing common basic concept which originated in ancient China and has :evolved over thousands of years.TCM diagnosis includes measuring the pulse,inspecting the tongue, skin, eyes and asking about the eating and sleeping habits of :the patient as well as many other things.TCM's complexity and underlying conceptual foundations present challenges for researchers seeking evidence on how it works.Most researches focus on specific treatment modalities, primarily I acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies.打麻將(mahjong)有時(shí)被描述成現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的翻版,既需要策略,也需要運(yùn)氣。在中國(guó)玩麻將通常還需要下或大或小的賭注(bet)。一個(gè)世紀(jì)前,麻將主要是富人 的消遣(pastime),但如今已被認(rèn)為是大眾游戲。麻將在20世紀(jì)20年代引人美國(guó),一股麻將熱潮隨之而來。學(xué)習(xí)打麻將最好的方式是與朋友坐在一起,讓他們示范 玩一次,把麻將牌面向上,看大家怎么玩。
Playing mahjong, which is sometimes described as a metaphor of real life,needs a mix of strategies and luck.Typically in China,it also involves placing large or small bets.A century ago,it was mainly a pastime for wealthy people,but today it is considered a game of the people.When it was first introduced to the U.S.A.in the 1920s,a craze of mahjong ensued The best way to learn playing mahjong is to sit with friends and ask them to play a demonstration game: ask them to turn their pieces upwards and watch what everybody is doing.太極拳(Taijiquan)是一種中國(guó)武術(shù)內(nèi)家拳(the internal styles of Chinese martial art)。它基于以柔克剛(the soft overcoming the hard)的原理,發(fā)端于中國(guó)古代,最開始是一種武術(shù)和自衛(wèi)方式。隨著時(shí)間的推移,人們開始通過練太極拳來改善健康狀況、增加福祉(well-being)。練習(xí)者用意念慢慢地、輕輕地移動(dòng)身體, 同時(shí)深呼吸,因此有時(shí)被稱為移動(dòng)冥想(meditation)。中國(guó)人通常會(huì)在清晨到附近的公園練習(xí)太極拳。
Taijiquan is one of the internal styles of Chinese martial art.It is based on the principle of the soft overcoming the hard and originated in ancient China as a martial art and a means of self-defense.Over time, people began to exercise it to improve their health and well-being.Practicers move their bodies slowly,gently and with thought while breathing deeply,so it is sometimes referred to as “moving meditation”.Chinese commonly practice Taijiquan in nearby parks in early morning.漢語是一種很古老的語言。大量文獻(xiàn)記載說明,漢字起源于新石器時(shí)代(the Neolithic Age)仰韶文化時(shí)期,最早的漢字已有近4000年的歷史。漢字在其漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展史中演化出不同的書寫形式,例如篆書(seal script)、隸書(official script)、楷書(regular script)和行書(cursive handwriting)。中國(guó)書法家筆下的漢字往往以字形的夸張取得藝術(shù)效果,例如一些旅游勝地的石刻碑文。
Chinese is a very old language.A host of documental records shows that Chinese characters originated in Yaoshao Culture Period of the Neolithic Age, and its earliest characters date back to nearly 4,000 years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as seal script, official script, regular script and cursive handwriting.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in a way that is exaggerated in form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen at some tourist resorts.唐朝是中國(guó)古代最繁榮、興旺、燦爛、光榮的時(shí)期。因此,中國(guó)人穿的傳統(tǒng)服裝就被稱為“唐裝(Tang suit)”。實(shí)際上,“唐裝”并不是唐朝的服裝。它的起源可以追溯到清朝,由馬褂(Chinese jacket)演變而來。唐裝的顏色多種多樣,最常見的是紅色、深藍(lán)色、金色和黑色。唐裝上一種常見的設(shè)計(jì)是使用漢字來表達(dá)好運(yùn)和祝福。今天,仍然有很多人會(huì)在傳統(tǒng)的節(jié)日里穿唐裝。
The Tang Dynasty was the most thriving, prosperous, splendid and glorious period in ancient China.As a result, the traditional clothing worn by the Chinese is called “Tang suit”.Actually, “Tang suit” is not the clothing of the Tang Dynasty.Its origin can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty, evolving from Chinese jacket.Tang suit is made in different colors, the most common are red, dark blue, gold and black.One common design is the usage of Chinese characters to convey good luck and wishes.Today,there are still many people who would wear Tang suit during traditional festivals.水墨畫(ink wash painting)是一種毛筆畫?;舅嬛皇褂蒙顪\不一的黑色墨水。唐朝時(shí),水墨畫得到發(fā)展。人們普遍認(rèn)為是王維將顏色加入到當(dāng)時(shí)的水墨畫中。水墨畫的目標(biāo)不僅僅是復(fù)制物體的外觀,還要捕捉它的靈魂。要想畫一匹馬,水墨畫家必須了解馬的肌肉和骨骼,更要了解馬的氣質(zhì)(temperament)。要想畫一朵花,水墨畫家并不需要完全描摹它的花瓣和顏色,重要的是傳達(dá)它的活力和芳香。
Ink wash painting is a type of brush painting.Only black ink is used for the painting of basic ones, in various concentrations.During the Tang Dynasty,ink wash painting got developed.Wang Wei is generally credited as the painter who applied color to existing ink wash paintings.The goal of ink wash painting is not simply to reproduce the appearance of a subject,but to capture its soul.To paint a horse,the ink wash painting artist must understand its temperament better than its muscles and bones.To paint a flower,there is no need to perfectly portray its petals and color,but it is essential to convey its liveliness and fragrance.中國(guó)木雕(wood carving)有著悠久的歷史,是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)之一。人們認(rèn)為現(xiàn)存最早的木雕大約是在三千年前的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期雕刻完成的。在中國(guó),木雕主要分成三個(gè)類別:建筑雕刻、家具雕刻和藝術(shù)品雕刻。中國(guó)的木雕以其令人印象深刻的細(xì)致構(gòu)造和主題之美受到了全世界的欣賞。今天,我們可以在私人畫廊里看到傳統(tǒng)木雕,也可以在長(zhǎng)江兩岸整個(gè)區(qū)域的宅邸裝飾上看到它。
Chinese wood carving is one of Chinese traditional arts with a time-honored history.The earliest existing wood carving is believed to be made during the Warring States Period about three thousand years ago.Wood carving in China constitutes three major categories: architecture carving, furniture carving and artworks carving.Chinese wood carving is appreciated worldwide for its impressively detailed structures and the beauty of its themes.Today,traditional wood carvings can be seen in private galleries and also on the decorations over residential areas on both sides of the Yangtze River.中國(guó)的印章篆刻(seal carving)始于古代,貫穿于整個(gè)秦朝。篆刻的印帝最初是作為皇帝的玉璽(imperial seal)來使用的?;始业挠≌卤环Q為璽(Xi)并且只能由皇室成員使用。秦朝之后,更多不同種類的印章出現(xiàn)了。它們作為個(gè)性化的印戳用于私人用途。這些非官方定制的印戳被稱為?。╕in)。在唐朝,由于迷信(superstition),印章的名稱被改稱為寶,理由是璽的發(fā)音與另一個(gè)表示“死亡”意思的漢字類似。
Chinese seal carving first appeared in ancient times and was used throughout the Qin Dynasty.It was initially employed as an imperial seal named Xi.These imperial seal carvings were used only by the royalty.Following this dynasty, more different kinds of seals appeared and were used by private folks as personalized stamps.These non-official stamps were called Yin.During the Tang Dynasty, the seals was renamed Bao as a result of superstition since the pronunciation of Xi is similar to that of another Chinese charactcr which means death 黃梅戲(Huangmei Opera)源于湖北省黃梅縣的采茶歌曲,連同京劇、越劇(Yue Opera)、評(píng)劇(Ping Opera)和豫劇(Yu Opera)是中國(guó)的五大戲曲。它最初是以一種簡(jiǎn)單的載歌載舞的戲劇形式出現(xiàn)的。后來,隨著飽受洪水災(zāi)害的災(zāi)民,黃梅戲傳到了安徽省安慶市。它吸收了徽劇和當(dāng)?shù)馗栉璧脑?,發(fā)展到了今天的形式。黃梅戲以一種淸新的風(fēng)格反映了普通居民的生活,受到了群眾的喜愛。
Huangmei Opera was originated from tea picking songs in Huangmei county, Hubei province.It is one of the Five Operas in China together with Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Ping Opera and Yu Opera.It first appeared as a simple drama of song and dance.Later, it was spread to Anqing city, Anhui province by immigrating victims of floods.Absorbing elements of Anhui Opera and local songs and dances, Huangmei Opera was developed to the present form.It enjoys great popularity among the masses by reflecting the life of ordinary people in a fresh style.十二生肖(the twelve Chinese Zodiacs)是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分,它們?cè)从谧匀唤绲?1種動(dòng)物和一個(gè)民族圖騰(totem)。十二生肖代表動(dòng)物的性格特點(diǎn)各不相同。到了龍年或虎年,人們常說“生龍活虎”;馬年人們會(huì)說“馬到成功”;豬在中國(guó)人的眼里是“寶”的意思;牛是勤勞(diligence)的象征,這一點(diǎn)在魯迅的詩句“俯首甘為孺子?!敝杏兄昝赖捏w現(xiàn)。
The twelve Chinese Zodiacs, including eleven animals in the nature and a national totem, play an important role in the Chinese traditional culture.The twelve symbolic animals have their own characteristics.In the Year of Dragon or the Year of Tiger, people will say shenglonghuohu—full of vim and vigor;in the Year of Horse, people will say madaochenggong—to gain an immediate success.In Chinese eyes, pig is a “treasure”.Ox is a symbol of diligence, which is well presented in the verse by Lu Xun一an outstanding writer in China, “head bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children”.算盤(abacus)是一種手動(dòng)操作計(jì)算輔助工具形式。它起源于中國(guó),迄今已有2600多年的歷史,是中國(guó)古代的一項(xiàng)重要發(fā)明。在阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字(Arabic numerals)出現(xiàn)前,算盤是世界廣為使用的計(jì)算工具?,F(xiàn)在,算盤在亞洲和中東的部分地區(qū)繼續(xù)使用,尤其見于商店之中,可以從供應(yīng)中國(guó)商品和日本商品的商店里買到。在西方,它有時(shí)被用來幫助小孩子們理解數(shù)字,而一些數(shù)學(xué)家喜歡體驗(yàn)一下使用算盤計(jì)算出簡(jiǎn)單算術(shù)(arithmetical)問題的感覺。
An abacus is a form of manually operated counting aid.It has originated in China over 2,600 years ago.It is one of the most important inventions of ancient China.The abacus used to be the most widely used calculation tool before the appearance of Arabic numerals.At present, abacuses continue to be used in parts of Asia and the Middle East, especially in the shops, and they are available in stores which stock Chinese or Japanese goods.In the West, it is sometimes used to help young children grasp numbers, and some mathematicians enjoy experimenting with the abacus to work out simple arithmetical problems.中醫(yī)(Traditional Chinese Medicine)有五千多年的歷史,是中國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民幾千年來對(duì)抗疾病的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)。中醫(yī)將人體看成是氣、形、神的統(tǒng)一體,以“望、聞(auscultation and olfaction)、問、切”為其獨(dú)特的診斷過程。中醫(yī)使用中藥、針灸(acupuncture)以及許多其他治療手段,使人體達(dá)到陰陽調(diào)和。陰陽和五行是中醫(yī)的理論基礎(chǔ)。五行是自然界中的五種基本物質(zhì),即金、木、水、火、土。
Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has a long history of more than 5,000 years.It is a summary of the experience of the working people over many centuries of struggle against diseases.TCM considers human body as a unity of QI, XING and SHEN.The diagnostic process of TCM distinguishes itself by “observation,auscultation and olfaction, inquiry and pulse diagnosis”.TCM uses traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and many other treatment means to make human body be harmony between YIN and YANG.The concepts of YIN-YANG and WU XING laid a theoretical foundation for TCM.WU XING refers to five basic substances in the nature, that is, metal, wood, water, fire, and earth.太極拳(Tai Chi)是一系列緩慢的動(dòng)作,旨在修煉身心。它就像是一種舞蹈,卻不需要你隨音樂起舞,而是需要你向內(nèi)看,聆聽內(nèi)心的節(jié)奏。它創(chuàng)自數(shù)千年前,原本是一種武術(shù)(martial art)—一種自衛(wèi)的技藝。然而,它的武術(shù)方面如今不太流行了。目前全世界成千上萬人練習(xí)它,主要是由于它對(duì)于人類健康的神奇作用。它將身體動(dòng)作與平靜、冥想的(meditative)心理狀態(tài)結(jié)合起來,所以也被稱作“冥想運(yùn)動(dòng)(meditation in motion)”。
Tai Chi is a series of slow movements which are aimed at trainning us physically and mentally.It is just like a dance that requires you to look inside and dance to the internal rhythms instead of music.It was created thousands of years ago as a martial art and specifically as a defensive art.However, nowadays its martial aspect is not that popular.It is practiced by thousands of people around the world mostly because of its miraculous effects on human's health.It is often called “meditation in motion” because it combines the body's movements with the calm and meditative state of mind.據(jù)說,中國(guó)的舞獅(lion dance)起源于南北朝(the Southern and Northern Dynasties)時(shí)期,至今已有一千多年的歷史了。獅子代表歡樂和幸福。在中國(guó)古代,從新年的第四天到第十五天,舞獅團(tuán)會(huì)從一個(gè)村子舞到另一個(gè)村子。獅子本身包含一個(gè)頭和一個(gè)身體。兩個(gè)功夫武術(shù)家(Kung Fu martial artists)可以組成一頭獅子。兩名參與者必須都要有扎實(shí)的功夫才能表演。舞獅的過程中還配有音樂。獅子的每種情緒和動(dòng)作都有自己的節(jié)奏。
It is said that the lion dance in China originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties with a history of more than one thousand years.The lions represent joy and happiness.From the fourth day to the fifteenth of the New Year, lion dance groups would tour from village to village in ancient China.The lion itself consists of a head and a body.Every lion was made up of two Kung Fu martial artists qualified with a solid skill in Kung Fu.During the lion dance, music is played and each of the lion's moods and moves has its own rhythm.中國(guó)象棋屬于二人對(duì)抗戰(zhàn)略性棋盤游戲,是最受歡迎的棋盤游戲之一。在中國(guó)古代,象棋被列為士大夫們的修身之藝,現(xiàn)在則被視為一種益智的活動(dòng)。象棋由兩人輪流走子,以“將死”對(duì)方的將(帥)為勝。象棋棋盤共有64格,中間的“河界”將之分為兩個(gè)“敵對(duì)”的部分。每人各有棋子16枚,包括1枚將、2枚馬、2枚車(chariot)、2枚象(相)、2枚士、2枚炮和5枚丟(pawn)。一般而言,執(zhí)紅色棋子的一方先走子。
Chinese chess, known as Xiangqi, is a strategy board game for two players.It is one of the most popular board games.In ancient China, Chinese chess used to be listed as a way for scholar-officials to cultivate their moral characters, while now it's regarded as a kind of activities to develop intelligence.The two players move by turn in the game with the objective of checkmating the opponent's general or king.The board itself has 64 squares and has a “river” in the middle that divides the board into two opposing parts.Each player has 16 pieces, including 1 general(king), 2 horses, 2 chariots, 2 elephants(bishops), 2 guards, 2 cannons and 5 pawns.Generally speaking, the player with the red pieces moves first.清朝末期,雕刻精美、描繪華麗的折扇大量在中國(guó)廣東生產(chǎn),后被西方商人青睞。運(yùn)往歐洲和美國(guó)后成為西方貴婦的重要時(shí)尚配件(accessories)。中國(guó)折扇的材質(zhì)多為鏤雕精巧的象牙、珍珠貝殼、漆木(lacquer)。扇面上描繪了眾多清朝官員及夫人的形象。因?yàn)榫哂猩衩氐臇|方情調(diào),當(dāng)時(shí)西方中上層貴婦人手一把,以此來炫耀自己的財(cái)富和高貴。
During the late Qing Dynasty, a large number of Chinese fans exquisitely carved and gorgeously painted were produced in Canton(now called Guang dong).These fans later were in good graces of western merchants.After they were shipped to Europe and America, they became fashionable accessories for noblewomen.The materials used to make Chinese fans were mostly exquisitely carved ivory, pearls and shells and lacquer.These Chinese fans showed many figures of Mandarins and their consorts.Mysterious oriental sentiment as they presented, each lady in upper-middle class family at that time owned a Chinese fan to show off her wealth and nobility.“泥人張”是中國(guó)北方流傳的一種民間彩塑,深得當(dāng)?shù)匕傩障矏?。它?chuàng)始于清代(the Qing Dynasty)末年,至今已有180多年的歷史?!澳嗳藦垺钡膭?chuàng)始人叫張明山,生于天津,家境貧寒,從小跟父親以捏泥人(clay figure)為業(yè)。張明山的泥人,有民間故事中的人物,也有小說、戲曲中的角色,有現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的勞動(dòng)人民,有正面人物,還有反面人物。因此,他的作品具有濃厚的趣味性。
The “Clay Figure Zhang” is a kind of folk painted sculpture which is popular in Northern China, and deeply appreciated by local people.Its appearance can be dated back to late Qing Dynasty, having a history of more than 180 years until now.The “Clay Figure Zhang” was founded by Zhang Mingshan, who was born in Tianjin.He had been living his life by making clay figures with his father since childhood because of the poverty of his family.Zhang's clay figures are based on the figures in folk stories together with characters in novels and traditional Chinese operas and working people in real life.Those figures can be positive or negative.Therefore, his works are of great interestingness.年畫(New Year painting)是最受中國(guó)家庭歡迎的民間手工藝術(shù)形式之一。年畫一般在春節(jié)時(shí)張貼。因年畫在新的一年到來后才會(huì)被換,故稱“年畫”。年畫是中國(guó)民間美術(shù)中較大的一個(gè)藝術(shù)門類,它始于古代的“門神畫(door-god picture)據(jù)說貼在家門上可以辟邪。同時(shí),年畫還可以美化居家環(huán)境,增添節(jié)日的喜慶氣氛,為家人帶來幸福和歡樂,表達(dá)了民眾向往美好生活的愿望。
The New Year pictures are one of the most popular folk handcraft arts among Chinese families.Generally, they're posted during the Spring Festival.Because they will be replaced after another New Year's arrival, hence their name is New Year pictures.The New Year picture in China is a large category of folk art, originating from the door-god pictures, which is believed to exorcise evil spirits when posted on the door of a house.At the same time, the pictures can beautify people's homes, enhance the festive atmosphere and bring happiness and joy to the family, and express their hopes for a better life.中國(guó)結(jié)(the Chinese knot)是中國(guó)的一種傳統(tǒng)而典型的民間手工編織裝飾品。在漢語中,“結(jié)”寓意團(tuán)圓、友好、和平和愛等,所以中國(guó)結(jié)經(jīng)常被用來表達(dá)美好的祝愿。每個(gè)中國(guó)結(jié)通常只用一根絲線或絲繩編結(jié)而成,每一個(gè)結(jié)根據(jù)其形狀和意義命名。編織中國(guó)結(jié)的主要材料是各種線,線的種類包括絲、棉、麻(linen)、尼龍(nylon)等。中國(guó)結(jié)兼具實(shí)用性和裝飾性,充分反映了中國(guó)文化的魅力。
The Chinese knot is a kind of traditional and typical folk hand-woven decoration in China.In Chinese language, “jie(a knot)” means reunion, amity, peace and love, etc., so the Chinese knot is often used to express good wishes.Each knot is usually woven with only one silk cord or silk rope, and named according to its shape and meaning.Chinese knots are mainly made of various cords which can be silk, cotton, linen or nylon and so on.The Chinese knot is both practical and decorative, fully reflecting the charm of Chinese culture.皮影戲(shadow play), 一門古老的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù),是世界上最早由人配音(dub)的活動(dòng)影畫藝術(shù)。這門古老的藝術(shù)流行范圍極為廣泛。千百年來,給祖祖輩輩的人帶來了許多歡樂的時(shí)光。皮影戲所用的幕影原理,以及表演形式,對(duì)近代電影的發(fā)明和發(fā)展也起到了重要的先導(dǎo)作用。幾年前,皮影戲被列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄(UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists)。
Shadow play, an ancient traditional folk art in China, is the earliest art of motion shadow pictures dubbed by people in the world.This ancient art has been very popular.It has provided the Chinese people for generations with a lot of joyous time for thousands of years.The principle of curtain shade and ways of performance adopted by shadow play played an important leading role in the invention and development of the modem movies.Several years ago, shadow play was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.中國(guó)雜技(acrobatics)是一門結(jié)合了身體力量和技巧的表演藝術(shù)。它是最受中國(guó)人歡迎的藝術(shù)形式之一。雜技在中國(guó)已經(jīng)存在了兩千多年。早在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(the Warring States Period)就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了雜技的雛形(embryonic form)。到了漢代,雜技或“百戲”進(jìn)一步豐富了其內(nèi)容和種類。古往今來,雜技表演融入了許多不同的表演藝術(shù),例如傳統(tǒng)戲劇、舞蹈和武術(shù)(martial art)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),作為回報(bào),它也為后者提供了靈感。
The Chinese acrobatics is a performing art which combines physical strength and skills.It is one of the most popular art forms welcomed by the Chinese people.The acrobatic art has existed in China for more than two thousand years.As early as the Warring States Period, there appeared embryonic form of acrobatics.By the time of the Han Dynasty, the acrobatic art or “Baixi” was further enriched both in contents and varieties.Acrobatic performances through the ages have incorporated strong points of many different performing arts such as traditional operas, dance and martial art, and provided the latter with inspiration in return.京劇臉譜(Peking Opera facial makeup)是具有民族特色的一種特殊的化妝方法。由于每個(gè)歷史人物或某一種類型的人物都有一種大概的類型,就像唱歌、奏樂都要按照樂譜(music score)一樣,所以稱為“臉譜”。關(guān)于臉譜的來源,一般認(rèn)為臉譜來自假面具。京劇臉譜是廣大戲曲愛好者非常喜愛的一門藝術(shù),國(guó)內(nèi)外都很流行,被大家公認(rèn)為是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的標(biāo)志之一。
Peking Opera facial makeup is a kind of special makeup method with national characteristic.Since every historical figure or a certain type of person has an approximate style, like singing, playing music according to the music score, it's called “facial makeup”.As to the facial makeup's origin, it is generally considered that it's from mask.As one of the favorite arts of the traditional opera lovers at home and abroad, Peking Opera facial makeup has been regarded as one of the symbols of Chinese traditional culture.京劇(Peking Opera)已有200多年的歷史,是中國(guó)的國(guó)劇。與其他地方戲相比,京劇享有更高的聲譽(yù),但其實(shí)京劇融合了多種地方戲的元素。京劇演員的臉譜(facial makeup)和戲服都很精美,相形之下布景則顯得十分簡(jiǎn)單。京劇表演者主要應(yīng)用四種技能:唱、念、做、打。在古代,京劇大多是在戶外演出的,因此演員們形成了一種極具穿透力的唱腔,以便每個(gè)人都能聽到。
Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas, Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbs many elements of other local operas.The facial makeups and costumes of the performers are usually very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quite plain.During the performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: singing, speaking, acting and acrobatic fighting.In ancient times, Peking Opera was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of singing that could be heard by everyone.京劇是世界上最古老的戲劇藝術(shù)形式之一。從唐代起,京劇的表演者被稱為 “梨園弟子(theatrical performer)”。在清代,它在老百姓中也開始流行。表演是在茶館、飯館,甚至是在臨時(shí)搭建的舞臺(tái)上進(jìn)行的。每個(gè)演員的臉上畫著夸張的圖案,代表每個(gè)人物的性格、角色和命運(yùn)。這種技藝可能源于古代的宗教和舞蹈。熟悉京劇的觀眾可以通過觀察人物的臉部描繪和服裝來了解故事。
Beijing opera is one of the oldest opera art forms in the world.Since the Tang Dynasty,performers of Beijing opera were referred to as “theatrical performers”.During the Qing Dynasty,it became fashionable among ordinary people.Performances were watchcd in tearooms, restaurants, and even on makeshift stages.Exaggerated designs are painted on cach performer's face to symbolize a characters personality,role,and fate.This technique may have originated from ancient religions and dance.Audiences who are familiar with the opera can know the story by observing the characters' facial paintings as well as their costumes.書法(calligraphy)在中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域占有非常重要的位置。書法已經(jīng)歷時(shí)2000多年了。它有五種主要的書寫方式,每種都有不同的書寫技法。練習(xí)書法需要文房四寶(Four Treasures of the Study)。書法被認(rèn)為是一種需要內(nèi)心平靜的藝術(shù)形式。今天,盡管出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的現(xiàn)代書寫方式,但人們?nèi)匀唤?jīng)常將書法作為一種業(yè)余愛好進(jìn)行練習(xí)。如今,書法在西方也越來越受歡迎。
In China,calligraphy occupies a very important position in the field of traditional art.Calligraphy has a history lasting for more than 2,000 years.There are five main ways of writing and each needs different techniques.To practice calligraphy requires the Four Treasures of the Study.Calligraphy is considered to be an art form requiring inner peace.Today,although various modern ways of writing have come up,calligraphy is still practiced often as a hobby.Nowadays,it has also become more and more popular among westerners.中國(guó)獨(dú)有的文書工具(calligraphic tools),即筆、墨、紙、硯(ink stone),被稱為“文房四寶“(Four Treasures of the Study)。從名稱上,我們不難看出中國(guó)的書法家和畫家珍視它們的程度。盡管這四種工具已經(jīng)發(fā)生了演變,人們?nèi)匀幌嘈牛绻皇褂脗鹘y(tǒng)的文房四寶,中國(guó)藝術(shù)作品就出不了杰作。其他東方國(guó)家也繼承了中國(guó)的這個(gè)傳統(tǒng),比如日本。也許這就是為什么日本書法和繪畫與中國(guó)書法和國(guó)畫很相似的原因。
Chinese particular calligraphic tools include brush,ink,paper and ink stone,which are known as ”Four Treasures of the Study”.We can easily tell how Chinese calligraphers and painters value them from the name.Despite the evolution of the four tools,it is believed that no Chinese artwork can be a masterpiece without using the traditional four treasures.Other oriental nations such as Japan has inherited this Chinese tradition.Maybe that's why Japanese calligraphy and Japanese painting resemble Chinese calligraphy and Chinese painting.相聲(cross talk)是一種中國(guó)曲藝(Quyi)表演藝術(shù),它起源于華北地區(qū)的民間說唱曲藝,在明朝即已盛行。大多數(shù)的相聲來自于我們的日常生活。還有一些改編自民間笑話、歷史人物、事件和文字游戲。最著名的相聲表演藝術(shù)家有馬三立、侯寶林、馬季、姜昆等。相聲在一代又一代表演者的努力下,一直是深受知識(shí)分子和平民喜愛的國(guó)民藝術(shù)。
Cross talk is one of Chinese Quyi performing arts.It originated from the folk vocal art and has enjoyed a popularity since the Ming Dynasty.Most of the cross talks come from our daily life.There are also some adapted from folk jokes,historical figures,events and word games.The best-known performers are Ma Sanli,Hou Baolin,Ma Ji,Jiang Kun,etc.Cross talk has been a national art popular among both highbrows and lowbrows with the efforts of performers generation after generation.漢字有成千上萬個(gè),盡管其中的大多數(shù)差別很細(xì)微,且只在歷史文獻(xiàn)中出現(xiàn)過。研究表明,日常使用的漢字大概有三至四千個(gè)。大多數(shù)早期漢字是象形字(pictographs),用簡(jiǎn)單的圖畫來代表字,但現(xiàn)代漢字中象形文字已經(jīng)很少了。許多現(xiàn)代漢字是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單文字的組合。漢字也可以因?yàn)槠渚€條和點(diǎn)的排列組合方式被看成是一門抽象藝術(shù)(abstract art)。
There are tens of thousands of Chinese characters,though most of them are only slightly different from each other and only seen in historical documents.Studies show that normally three to four thousand characters are used on a daily basis.Most of earlier Chinese characters were pictographs-simple pictures used to mean words, but few modern Chinese characters are pictographs.Many modern Chinese characters are a combination of two or more simple characters.Chinese characters may also be considered to be an abstract art because of how the characters are made up of lines and points.瓷器(porcelain)是一種由精選的瓷土(porcelain clay)或瓷石(pottery stone)、通過工藝流程制成的物件。盡管瓷器由陶器(pottery)發(fā)展而來,然而它們?cè)谠稀⑤S(glaze)、燒制溫度方面都是不同的。比起陶器,瓷器質(zhì)地更堅(jiān)硬,器身更通透,光澤也更好。瓷器在英語里叫做china,因?yàn)榈谝患善骶褪窃谥袊?guó)制造的。瓷器促進(jìn)了中國(guó)和外部世界之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流,并深刻地影響著其他國(guó)家的傳統(tǒng)文化和生活方式。
Porcelain is a material made from well-chosen porcelain clay or pottery stone through technological processes.Although porcelain is developed from pottery,the two are different in raw material, glaze and firing temperature.Compared with pottery, porcelain has tougher texture,more transparent body and finer luster.It is called china in English because it was first made in China.Porcelain promotes economic and cultural exchanges between China and the outside world, and also profoundly influences the traditional culture and lifestyle of other countries.刺繡(embroidery)是用針和線或紗線(yarn)在織物或其他材料上進(jìn)行裝飾的手工藝。刺繡最常用在無檐帽、有檐帽、外套、毛毯、禮服襯衫、長(zhǎng)筒襪、髙爾夫球衫上。令人感到吃驚的是:在刺繡的發(fā)展過程中,從起初到后來更精美的階段,讓人感覺不到也說不出來有什么材質(zhì)或技術(shù)的變化。另一方面,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)后來很少能達(dá)到早期作品中的技術(shù)成就和髙水準(zhǔn)的工藝。
Embroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn.It is most often used on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, stockings, and golf shirts.It is a striking fact that in the development of embroidery there are no changes of materials or techniques which can be felt or interpreted as advances from a primitive to a later, more refined stage.On the other hand, we find a technical accomplishment and high standard of craftsmanship in early works are rarely attained in later times.孔雀舞(peacock dance)是傣族(Dai ethnic group)最廣泛流傳的古代舞蹈之一,同時(shí)也是傣族最受喜愛的舞蹈。對(duì)傣族來說,孔雀象征著好運(yùn)、幸福、美麗和誠(chéng)實(shí),所以跳孔雀舞是為了歌頌美好的生活,表達(dá)對(duì)幸福生活的美好的祝愿??兹肝柚饕诖鰵v的新年-潑水節(jié)(the Water-splashing Festival)、關(guān)門節(jié)(the Gate Closing Festival)、開門節(jié)(the Gate Opening Festival)和一些重要的宗教活動(dòng)上表演。他們通過跳優(yōu)雅的孔雀舞來祈求和平與幸福。
The peacock dance is one of the most wide-spread ancient dances and also the best-loved dance of the Dai ethnic group.To the Dai people, the peacock is a symbol of good luck, happiness, beauty and honesty.So to perform this dance is to present a eulogy of good life and express good wishes for a happy life.It is mostly performed on the New Year(Water-splashing Festival)of the Dai calendar, at the Gate Closing Festival,the Gate Opening Festival and some important religious events.They pray for peace and happiness with graceful peacock dancing.剪紙(paper cutting)有著悠久的歷史,是傳統(tǒng)的民間藝術(shù)形式。它可以追溯到東漢時(shí)期。在中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化中,剪紙可以反映生活的許多方面,如繁榮、健康或收獲。雖然其他藝術(shù)形式,如繪畫,也可以顯示類似的景象,但剪紙仍然以它的魅力脫穎而出。今天,剪紙主要用做裝飾。中國(guó)人認(rèn)為門上的紅色剪紙可以給全家人帶來好運(yùn)和幸福。剪紙?jiān)谥袊?guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,特別是春節(jié)(the Spring Festival)期間更常見。
Paper cutting is a traditional folk art form with a long history.It can be dated back to the Eastern Han Dynasty.In traditional Chinese culture, paper-cuts can reflect various aspects of life such as prosperity, health or harvest.Although other art forms, like painting, can also show similar scenes, paper-cuts still stand out for its charm.Today, paper-cuts are chiefly used as decorations.Chinese people believe that the red paper-cuts on the door can bring good luck and happiness to the whole family.The paper-cuts are more often seen during traditional Chinese festivals, particularly in the Spring Festival.對(duì)聯(lián)(couplet)是由富有詩意的兩句話組成,通常是押韻的(rhymed)。人們用所能掌握的最好的書法水平將它們寫在紅色豎紙條上。上聯(lián)(the first line of a couplet)貼在前門的右側(cè),下聯(lián)貼在前門的左側(cè)。此外,橫批(the horizontal scroll)是橫著貼在門框上的。對(duì)聯(lián)是中國(guó)獨(dú)特文化的一部分。它也是一個(gè)同時(shí)與中國(guó)語言和文字相關(guān)的藝術(shù)。今天,對(duì)聯(lián)常被用作中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的裝飾。
The couplet is comprised of a pair of lines of poetry that are usually rhymed,which are written on vertical slips of red paper in the best calligraphic style one can master.The first line of a couplet is posted on the right side of the front door.The second line of a couplet is posted on the left of a couplet side of the front door.In addition,the horizontal scroll is posted across and on top of the doorframe.Couplet is a part of Chinese unique culture and also an art related to both the Chinese,language and Chinese characters.Today,it is often used as a decoration during traditional Chinese festivals.古時(shí)在中國(guó)風(fēng)箏也稱作“鳶(hawk)”。春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(the Spring and Autumn Period),東周哲人墨子(Mo-tse)曾“費(fèi)時(shí)三年,以木制木鳶,飛升天空”,但這只木鳶只飛了一天就壞了。墨子制造的這只“木鳶”就是世上最早的風(fēng)箏,已有2400多年的歷史。唐代時(shí),風(fēng)箏傳入朝鮮、日本及其他周邊國(guó)家。十三世紀(jì)末,風(fēng)箏的故事首次被意大利探險(xiǎn)家馬可·波羅帶到歐洲,至此,中國(guó)風(fēng)箏便逐漸開始傳到世界各地。
In ancient time, kites were also called “Yuan(a hawk)” in China.In the Spring and Autumn Period, Mo-tse, a philosopher in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty spent three years making a wooden glede that could fly in the sky, but it broke down only in one day.That wooden glede Mo-tse made has a history of over two thousand and four hundred years, which was claimed to be the first kite in the world.In Tang Dynasty, kites were introduced to Korea, Japan and other surrounding countries.Stories of kites were first brought to Europe by Marco Polo, an Italian adventurer, towards the end of the 13th century.Since then, the Chinese kite was gradually introduced to the whole world.中國(guó)人很喜歡紅色,甚至稱自己為“赤子”。紅色在中國(guó)象征著權(quán)力和喜慶。很多朝代的官服是紅色的;在清代,官帽上深淺不同的紅色代表了不同的官位。公文的標(biāo)題通常也用紅色,這就是它們被稱為“紅頭文件(red-head documents)”的原因。另外,用于婚禮的雙喜字是紅色的。春節(jié)期間,老人們 也會(huì)給小孩子們發(fā)紅包,當(dāng)做新年的禮物和祝福 We Chinese like the color of red, and even we call ourselves as Chizi, which means a patriot.In China, red represents the power and happiness.Official robes of many dynasties were red.In the Qing Dynasty, different shades of red on the official caps showed different rankings.Headlines of official documents are often printed in red.For that reason, it’s called “red-head documents”.In addition, the Chinese character signifying double happiness used for weddings is red.During the Spring Festival, elder people will give Hongbao to the children as gifts and wishes for the new year.國(guó)畫是中國(guó)文化遺產(chǎn)的重要組成部分。不同于西方畫,它是用毛筆(Chinese brush)和墨汁在宣紙(xuan paper)上作畫的。精通這門藝術(shù)需要不斷重復(fù)的練習(xí),需要控制好毛筆,需要對(duì)宣紙和墨汁有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)。繪畫前,畫家必須在腦海里有一個(gè)草圖并根據(jù)他的想象力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行繪畫。許多中國(guó)畫家既是詩人,又是書法家。他們經(jīng)常會(huì)在自己的畫上親手添加詩作。
Chinese painting is an important part of the country's cultural heritage.It distinguishes itself from Western painting in that it is drawn on xuan paper with the Chinese brush and Chinese ink.To attain proficiency in this art, it is necessary to have a good control of the brush, and certain knowledge of xuan paper and Chinese ink besides repeated exercises.Before painting, the painter must have a draft in his mind and draw according to his imagination and experience.Many a Chinese painter is at the same time a poet and calligrapher who often adds a poem with his own hand on the painting.燈籠(lantern)又稱為燈彩,起源于1800多年前的西漢時(shí)期。在古代,燈籠的主要作用是照明。現(xiàn)在,燈籠綜合了繪畫藝術(shù)、剪紙(paper cutting)、紙?jiān)?、刺縫(seam)等工藝,已經(jīng)變成了一種供收藏與欣賞的傳統(tǒng)工藝品。每逢佳節(jié)慶典到處都可以看到燈籠,特別是元宵節(jié)和中秋節(jié),人們都掛起象征團(tuán)圓意義的紅燈籠,來營(yíng)造一種喜慶的氛圍。后來在中國(guó)燈籠就成了喜慶的象征。
Lanterns, also known as colored lights, originated from the Western Han Dynasty of more than 1,800 years ago.They were mainly used for lighting in ancient times, while nowadays they have already become a kind of traditional art and craft for collection and appreciation, combining various kinds of crafts, such as painting, paper cutting, paper crafts and seam.On festivals and celebrations, lanterns can be seen almost everywhere;especially on the Lantern Festivals and the Mid-Autumn Festivals, red lanterns are hung to express the meaning of reunion and create a joyous atmosphere.Later on, lanterns have become the symbol of happiness in China.旗袍(qipao)是一種雅致的中國(guó)服裝,源于中國(guó)的滿族(Manchu Nationality)。在清代,旗袍是王室女性穿著的寬松長(zhǎng)袍。上世紀(jì) 20 年代,受西方服飾影響,旗袍發(fā)生了一些變化。袖口(cuffs)變窄,袍身變短。這些變化使女性美得以充分展現(xiàn)。
如今,旗袍經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在世界級(jí)的時(shí)裝秀上。中國(guó)女性出席重要社交聚會(huì)時(shí),旗袍往往是她們的首選。很多中國(guó)新 也會(huì)選擇旗袍作為結(jié)婚禮服。一些有影響的人士甚至建議將旗袍作為中國(guó)女性的民族服飾。
Qipao is an elegant type of Chinese dress that originates from the Manchu Nationality.In the Qing Dynasty, it was a loose gown worn by females of the royal family.In 1920s,it underwent some changes due to the influence of western dress.Its cuffs became narrower and the length was shortened as well.Such changes allow the beauty of female to be fully displayed.Nowadays Qipao is not only frequently seen on world-class fashion shows, but also the first-choice dress for Chinese women to attend some important social gatherings.Moreover, many Chinese brides choose it as their wedding gowns.Some influential figures even have suggested making Qipao a national dress for Chinese women.漢朝是中國(guó)歷史上最重要的朝代之一。漢朝統(tǒng)治期間有很多顯著的成就。它最先向其他文化敞開大門,對(duì)外貿(mào)易興旺。漢朝開拓的絲綢之路通向了中西亞乃至羅馬。各類藝術(shù)一派繁榮,涌現(xiàn)了很多文學(xué)、歷史、哲學(xué)巨著。公元l00年中國(guó)第一部字典編撰完成,收入9 000個(gè)字,提供釋義并列舉不同的寫法:英間,科技方面也取得了很大進(jìn)步,發(fā)明了紙張、水鐘、日晷(sundials)以及測(cè)量地震的儀器。漢朝歷經(jīng)400年,但統(tǒng)治者的腐敗最終導(dǎo)致了它的滅亡。
The Han dynasty is one of the most important dynasties in Chinese history.There are lots of remarkable achievements during the reign of the Han dynasty.Being the first dynasty to open the door to other cultures, it excelled in foreign trade.The Silk Road opened in the Han dynasty led to Central and Western Asia, even Rome.With all sorts of art schools flourishing, there appeared many great works in literary, history, and philosophy.In 100 AD, China's first dictionary was completed, which included 9 000 characters, providing definitions and different ways to write the characters.During that period, the science and technology had also made great progress, with paper, water clocks, sundials and instruments used to measure earthquakes invented.Though the Han dynasty had a history of 400 years, the corruption of its rulers finally contributed to its collapse.美食
中國(guó)菜(Chinese cuisine)享譽(yù)世界,是世界美食的明珠,并被推崇為全球最為健康的食物。菜系(cooking style)繁多,烹飪方法也不盡相同。其四大要素—色、形、香(aroma)、味,決定了菜的好壞,是判斷其水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國(guó)東北菜的口味變化多端,色彩豐富,造型美觀。而南方菜的特點(diǎn)是口味清淡、顏色亮麗,保 留了食材的原始味道。
Chinese cuisine, as a pearl of world cuisine, is famous and recommended as the healthiest food in the world.It has various cooking styles and its cooking techniques are also diverse.Chinese cuisine features four elements—color, shape,aroma and taste, which decide how good it is and they are the criteria of judging its ,quality.Northeastern Chinese cuisine’s taste features varied taste, rich color and beautiful shape.While in the southern China, the food features light taste, bright color and remains the original flavor of the food materials.湯圓(sweet soup ball)是中國(guó)的一種傳統(tǒng)食物。它最初在隋朝被稱為元宵(Yuanxiao),曾被用來指代元宵節(jié)(the Lantern Festival),元宵節(jié)是一個(gè)以吃湯圓或元宵的形式來慶祝的節(jié)日。湯圓至今已經(jīng)有700多年的歷史了。這種深受人們喜愛的食物最早出現(xiàn)在寧波。隨著不斷的發(fā)展和完善,逐漸形成了這種有著特殊味道,由糯米(glutinous rice)做皮、豬油(lard)做餡兒的寧波湯圓。
Sweet soup ball is a kind of traditional food in China.Originally named Yuanxiao in the Sui Dynasty,it was ever used to refer to the Lantern Festival,a day celebrated by eating sweet soup balls and rice glue balls.Sweet soup ball now has a history of over 700 years.This food,much favored by people,first appeared in Ningbo.Through its continuous development and improvement, the unique flavor of Ningbo sweet soup balls made of glutinous rice with lard stuffing has gradually come into being.餃子,是一種以面為皮(wrapper)的充餡食物,它是中國(guó)北方比較傳統(tǒng)的食物,餃子深受中國(guó)漢族人民的喜愛。中國(guó)人過春節(jié)和其他節(jié)日,餃子是必不可少的。相傳是我國(guó)古代名醫(yī)張仲景發(fā)明的。“餃子”得名的原因非常簡(jiǎn)單,“餃子”音同“交子”,是新舊交替之意,因?yàn)榇汗?jié)標(biāo)志著新的一年的開始,人們選擇吃餃子來表達(dá)他們對(duì)新年的美好祝愿。盡管時(shí)代變了,但是這一傳統(tǒng)卻保留了下來。Jiaozi, or dumpling is a kind of food stuffed with filling inside a wheat wrapper.As a quite traditional food in Northern China, it is very popular among Han Chinese.Jiaozi is absolutely necessary when the Chinese people celebrate the Spring Festival and other festivals.It is said that jiaozi was invented by China's famous ancient doctor Zhang Zhongjing.The reason for naming the food as “jiaozi” is very simple: because “jiaozi” is homophonous to the Chinese phrase “change of year”,which means the transition from the old to the new.As the Spring Festival marks the start of a new year, people choose to eat jiaozi to express their best wishes for the New Year.This tradition has remained unbroken despite the change of times.火鍋中,重慶火鍋(hotpot)最著名,也最受歡迎。重慶人認(rèn)為以麻辣(peppery and hot)著稱的火鍋是當(dāng)?shù)靥厣?。人們喜歡圍在用木炭(charcoal)、電熱或天然氣加熱的火鍋旁邊吃邊聊美味和有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物。人們可以選擇辣湯、清湯以及鴛鴦(combo)鍋底,再將肉片、魚片、各種豆腐產(chǎn)品和蔬菜加進(jìn)火鍋,之后蘸上特制醬料即可食用。在寒冷的冬天里,吃火鍋成為一件愜意十足的事情。
Chongqing hotpot is the most famous and popular of all hotpots.In the eyes of people in Chongqing, hotpot noted for its peppery and hot taste is a local specialty.People enjoy gathering around a hotpot heated with charcoal, electricity or natural gas and chatting over the delicious and nutritious food.You have a choice of spicy, pure or combo for the soup, into which you may add thin sliced meat, fish, various bean curd products and vegetables, and dip them into a special sauce before eating.It is a very delightful experience to eat hotpot in the cold winter.北京烤鴨是北京的招牌菜,它的獨(dú)到之處在于不僅味道鮮美,而且含有豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值,被譽(yù)為“天下美味”,馳名中外。北京烤鴨需經(jīng)過約45分鐘的烤制,烤出的鴨子以皮質(zhì)酥脆(crispy skin)、肉質(zhì)鮮嫩為特色,這是其受歡迎的最大原因。在眾多的北京烤鴨店中最知名的兩個(gè)是全聚德和便宜坊,這兩家烤鴨店都已經(jīng)有上百年的歷史了。
As a specialty of Beijing cuisine, Beijing roast duck is unique in not only delicious taste, but also rich nutritional value.Acclaimed as the “No.1 Delicacy under Heaven”,it has won fame both at home and abroad.It takes about 45 minutes to roast a duck.The roasted duck is characterized by crispy skin and tender meat, which form the biggest reason for its popularity.The most famous brands among popular roast duck restaurants are Quanjude and Bianyifang, both of which have a history of several hundred years.中國(guó)是具有先進(jìn)釀酒技術(shù)的國(guó)家之一。關(guān)于酒的發(fā)明有許多種說法,最著名的是杜康的傳說。據(jù)說杜康一天把裝有谷子(millet)的竹筒落在了樹上。十四天后偶然看見被他遺忘的竹筒,驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)筒里的谷子全變成了芳香的美酒。從此,他開始釀酒。因此,他的名字經(jīng)常與酒聯(lián)系起來,這一點(diǎn)在曹操的詩句中也有所體現(xiàn):“何以解憂,唯有杜康?!?/p>
China is one of the leading countries in wine-making in the world.There are many legends concerning the invention of alcohol.The most popular one is about Du Kang.It is said that Du Kang lost his bamboo tube, which was full of millet, on the tree one day.Fourteen days later he saw the tube by accident, and surprisingly found that the millet had turned into fragrant alcohol.Since then, inspired by this discovery, he began to make the alcohol.And for that reason, his name is often associated with alcohol, which is illustrated in Cao Cao's verses-“What can relieve my worries? Only Dukang.”
筷子(chopsticks)是中國(guó)古人發(fā)明的一種具有鮮明民族特色的進(jìn)食工具(tableware),是反映中國(guó)飲食文化特色的重要組成部分。中國(guó)人使用筷子的歷史可追溯到商代,距今已有三千多年??曜涌芍^是中國(guó)國(guó)粹,既輕巧又靈活,在世界各國(guó)餐具中獨(dú)樹一幟,被西方人譽(yù)為“東方的文明”。凡是使用過筷子的人,不論中國(guó)人或是外國(guó)人,都因其使用方便、物美價(jià)廉而贊嘆不絕。
Chopsticks, invented by ancient Chinese people, are a kind of tableware with distinct national features, being an important component that reflects the characteristics of Chinese diet culture.The history of using chopsticks in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty, more than 3,000 years ago.Chopsticks, the quintessence of Chinese culture, whose lightness and flexibility develop a school of its own among various tableware all over the world, are praised as “Eastern Civilization” by the westerners.All those people who have ever used chopsticks, no matter Chinese or foreigners, marvel at their convenience, excellent quality and reasonable price.中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的待客之道要求飯菜豐富多樣,讓客人吃不完。中國(guó)宴席上典型的菜單包括開席的一套涼菜及其后的熱菜,例如肉類、雞鴨、蔬菜等。大多數(shù)宴席上,全魚被認(rèn)為是必不可少的,除非已經(jīng)上過各式海鮮。如今,中國(guó)人喜歡把西方特色菜與傳統(tǒng)中式菜肴融于一席,因此牛排上桌也不少見。沙拉也已流行起來,盡管傳統(tǒng)上中國(guó)人一般不吃任何未經(jīng)烹飪的菜肴。宴席通常至少有一道湯,可以最先或最后上桌。甜點(diǎn)和水果通常標(biāo)志宴席的結(jié)束。
The traditional Chinese hospitality requires that the foods served are so diverse that guests cannot eat up all the dishes.A typical Chinese banquet menu includes cold.1.翻譯第一句時(shí),可將“中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的待客之道”處理為句子的主語,將“飯菜豐富多樣”處理為賓語,將“讓客人吃不完”處理為結(jié)果狀語。
2.第二句中,“其后的熱菜”可參考譯文采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)followed by dishes served at the beginning, followed by hot dishes, such as meat, poultry,vegetables, and so on.At most banquets, the whole fish is considered to be essential,unless various kinds of seafood have been served.Nowadays, Chinese people would like to combine Western specialties with traditional Chinese dishes.Therefore, it is not rare to see steak being served, either.Salad has also been catching on, although traditionally Chinese people generally dc not eat any food without cooking.There is usually at least a bowl of soup, served either at the beginning or in the end of the banquet.Desserts and fruit usually mark the end of the banquet.hot dishes,也可翻譯為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語,即with the hot dishes followed;“例如肉類、雞鴨、蔬菜等”是對(duì)“熱菜”的舉例說明,用such as引導(dǎo)。
3.第三句中的“全魚被認(rèn)為是……”可用被動(dòng)語態(tài),“必不可少的”可譯為essential或indispensable,“除非……”表明該句包含一個(gè)條件狀語從句,可用unless引導(dǎo)。
4.第五句包含一個(gè)讓步狀語從句,表示“盡管”含義的讓步狀語從句常見的引導(dǎo)詞有though,although,despite等;“流行”的表達(dá)方式有很多,如prevalent,popular,fashionable,catch on等。因此,本句也可以譯為Despite the fact that traditionally Chinese people don’t like to eat any dishes without cookin9,salad has also been popular。
5.翻譯第六句中的“可以最先或最后上桌”時(shí)可處理為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。最后一句的翻譯相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,“標(biāo)志……的結(jié)束”可用短語mark the end of…來表達(dá)。
歷史人物
李清照是中國(guó)宋代一位著名的女詞人(ci poetess)。她的詞作集稱為《漱玉詞》(Shu Yu Lyrics),該名字來源于李清照濟(jì)南故居前的漱玉泉。李清照在孩提時(shí)期受到了良好的教育,在早年就顯示出了她的文學(xué)才華。靖康之變(Jingkang Incident)后,她和丈夫趙明誠(chéng)從山東省來到江蘇省南部。無家可歸的境遇和悲慘的生活也在她后來的詩歌和詞作中有所體現(xiàn)。她寫出了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)帶給女性的災(zāi)難,也寫下了大量的愛國(guó)主義詩歌和詞作品。
Li Qingzhao was a well-known ci poetess in the Song Dynasty of China.The collection of her ci poems is called Shu Yu Lyrics, which took its name from the Shuyu Spring in front of her former residence in Jinan.Li Qingzhao had received good education when she was a child and showed her literary talent in her early years.After Jingkang Incident, she and her husband Zhao Mingclieng came to the south of Jiangsu from Shandong province.The homeless and miserable life was also revealed in her later poems and ci poems.She depicted calamities caused by wars to the women and wrote down quite a large number of patriotic poems and ci poems.華佗是中國(guó)東漢(the Eastern Period)和三國(guó)時(shí)期(the Three Kingdoms Period)著名的醫(yī)生。他擅長(zhǎng)各個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域,尤其是外科手術(shù)。他被后人稱為“外科圣手”(Surgeon Master)”和“外科鼻祖(Founder of Surgery)”。他是一個(gè)受過良好教育的人,熟悉古典文學(xué)。然而,他拒絕了高官的推薦,決定做一名給老百姓治病的醫(yī)生。他在開處方和治療疾病方面技術(shù)精湛。此外,他的名字總是和外科手術(shù)相聯(lián)系,因?yàn)樗徽J(rèn)為是中國(guó)第一個(gè)外科醫(yī)生。
Hua Tuo was a renowned Chinese doctor during the Eastern Han Dynasty andthe Three Kingdoms Period.He was good at all fields of medicine,particularly at surgical operations.He was regarded as the “Surgeon Master” and the “Founder of:Surgery”,He was a well-educated man and was familiar with classical literature.However, he refused the recommendation by high officials,and decided to become a doctor to cure the diseases of the common people.He was highly skilled in writing out prescription and curing illness.In addition,his name is always mentioned in relation to surgeiy, as he was considered the first surgeon in China.鄭和是一位偉大的中國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家和艦隊(duì)指揮官。他主要進(jìn)行了七次探險(xiǎn)活動(dòng),為中國(guó)皇帝(Chineseemperor)探索了世界,并在新的區(qū)域建立了與中國(guó)的貿(mào)易聯(lián)系。永樂帝(Emperor Yongle)想向世界其他國(guó)家展示中華帝國(guó)(the Chinese Empire)的榮耀與權(quán)力,同時(shí)還想與世界其他國(guó)家建立貿(mào)易聯(lián)系。于是他任命鄭和為首席特使(ChiefEnvoy),命他成立一個(gè)艦隊(duì)去探索世界。鄭和指揮了一個(gè)大型艦隊(duì),第一次航海時(shí)估計(jì)有超過200艘船,將近28000人。
Zheng He was a great Chinese explorer and fleet commander.His seven main expeditions explored the world for the Chinese emperors and established the trade links between China and new areas.The Emperor Yongle wanted to show off the glory and power of the Chinese Empire to the world.He also wanted to establish the business relations with other countries.So, he appointed Zheng He as the Chief Envoy and asked him to set up a fleet to explore the world.Zheng He commanded a large fleet, whose first voyage was estimated to have over 200 ships and nearly 28,000 men 花木蘭是中國(guó)著名古詩《木蘭辭》中描繪的一位替父從軍的英雄。因木蘭的父親年事已高,不能經(jīng)受奔波勞苦,木蘭又沒有兄長(zhǎng)可以代替老父,于是她把自己?jiǎn)萄b成男子代父從軍。雖然這個(gè)故事是否真實(shí)不得而知,但是千百年來,花木蘭作為孝順的典范而深受中國(guó)人的尊敬。1998年,美國(guó)迪士尼公司將花木蘭的故事改編成了動(dòng)畫片,受到了全世界的歡迎。Hua Mulan is a heroine who joined the army for her father, according to what is described in a famous Chinese ancient poetry The Ballad of Mulan.Mulan's father is too old to bear suffering from the bitterness, and she doesn't have an elder brother to go and fight instead of the old father.So Mulan decides to disguised herself as a man to join the army for her father.Hua Mulan has been highly respected as a filial model by the Chinese people for hundreds of years, even though it is unknown whether the story has any factual basis.In 1998,her story was adapted into an animated cartoon by Disney of the United States, and the cartoon was very popular all over the world.孔子(Confucius)是我國(guó)古代著名的思想家、教育家,儒家學(xué)派(Confucian School)的創(chuàng)始人。相傳孔子有弟子三千,賢弟子72人,孔子曾帶領(lǐng)部分弟子周游列國(guó)14年。在中國(guó)五千年的歷史上,對(duì)華夏民族的性格、氣質(zhì)(temperament)產(chǎn)生最大影響的人就算是孔子了。他正直、樂觀向上、積極進(jìn)取。他一生都在追求真、善、美,一生都在追求理想的社會(huì)。他品格中的優(yōu)點(diǎn),幾千年來影響著中國(guó)人,特別是影響著中國(guó)的知識(shí)分子。
Confucius is a famous ideologist, educator, and the founder of Confucian School in ancient China.It's said he has 3,000 disciples, 72 out of whom are excellent ones, and he has led some disciples to visit various states for 14 years.During 5,000 years' history of China, it's Confucius who has exerted the greatest impact on Chinese nation's characteristic and temperament.He is upright, optimistic, active and enterprising, striving for truthfulness, kindness and beauty, and seeking for an ideal society all his life.The shining points in his characteristics have been influencing the Chinese people, especially the Chinese intellectuals for thousands of years.孟子(Mencius)是戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(the Warring States Period)偉大的思想家、教育家??鬃尤ナ?00年后,孟子傳授并發(fā)展了孔子的學(xué)說,他的哲學(xué)思想與孔子是一脈相承的。孟子認(rèn)為人性本善,是社會(huì)的影響引發(fā)了道德的墮落,因此十分重視道德教育。孟子的母親在他的生命中扮演了重要的角色,她曾三度遷居,只為了幫助她的孩子找到一個(gè)合適的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。
Mencius is a great ideologist and educator in the Warring States Period.A hundred years after Confucius died, Mencius taught and expanded Confucian doctrine.His philosophical thinking has its origin in Confucius'thoughts.Mencius believes that human nature is essentially good, and it is society's influence that causes the degradation of morality.For that reason, he attaches great importance to moral education.Mencius'mother plays an important role in his life.She moved home three times only to find an environment that she felt was suitable for the child's upbringing.贏政(前259年?前210年),莊襄王之子,秦朝的開國(guó)皇帝。他13歲繼承秦王王位,21歲親理國(guó)事。在公元前221年,秦始皇統(tǒng)一了全國(guó),建立了中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)中央集權(quán)的(centralized)封建國(guó)家。秦始皇在位期間統(tǒng)一了文字、貨幣和度量衡等;他所開創(chuàng)的皇權(quán)制度,在中國(guó)歷史上一直延續(xù)了兩千多年。然而,秦始皇為了控制人民和加強(qiáng)專制統(tǒng)治(autocratic rule), 采取了許多殘忍的手段,其中最著名的就是“焚書坑儒”。
Ying Zheng(259 B.C.-210 B.C.), the son of King Zhuangxiang, is the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty.He ascended the throne at 13, and took over with state affairs himself at 21.In 221 B.C., Qin Shi Huang unified the country and established the first centralized feudal state in Chinese history.Qin Shi Huang unified the Chinese characters in writing, currency, and measures for length, capacity and weight.The imperial power system set up by him lasted for more than 2,000 years in Chinese history.However, in order to control people and strengthen the autocratic rule, Qin Shi Huang took many brutal means.The most famous one is “Fen Shu Keng Ru”,that is to burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive.黃帝(Yellow Emperor)被認(rèn)為是中華文明的奠基人和祖先。他生活在大約4000年前。他是黃河中部流域一個(gè)最強(qiáng)部落的神秘首領(lǐng)。在該時(shí)期,許多部落在黃河附近定居。部落之間相互征戰(zhàn)以獲取更多耕地。持續(xù)不斷的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)給人民帶來諸多苦難。黃帝決定結(jié)束這種情勢(shì)。他制定出一套道德規(guī)范(ethical code),訓(xùn)練他 的軍隊(duì)。他和他的軍隊(duì)征服了黃河流域的一大片區(qū)域,成為了部落聯(lián)盟(tribal union)的首領(lǐng)。
The Yellow Emperor is considered to be the founder of Chinese civilization as well as its ancestor.He lived about four thousand years ago.He was the mystical chief of one of the strongest tribes in the middle valley of the Yellow River.During this period many tribes came to settle around the Yellow River.They fought with each other to get more farmland.The constant war caused much suffering to the people.The Yellow Emperor decided to put an end to this situation.He worked out an ethical code and trained his army.With his army, the Yellow Emperor conquered a wide area along the Yellow River.He was made chief of the tribal union.徐志摩是20世紀(jì)著名的現(xiàn)代浪漫主義詩人。他畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué),而后去劍橋大學(xué)(Cambridge University)學(xué)習(xí)政策和經(jīng)濟(jì)。經(jīng)過兩年在劍橋的學(xué)習(xí),他深受歐洲和美國(guó)詩人的影響。1922年他回到中國(guó),后來成為了現(xiàn)代詩歌運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。他的生命很短暫,但卻為世界和中國(guó)文學(xué)作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。他是中國(guó)第一批成功將西方浪漫主義形式引入中國(guó)現(xiàn)代詩歌的作家之一。他的詩歌是世界文學(xué)的瑰寶。
Xu Zhimo was a famous modern romantic poet of 20C.He graduated from Peking University and then went to the Cambridge University to study policy and economy.After two years studying in Cambridge University,he was deeply influenced by the poets of Europe and America.In 1922 he went back to China and later became a leader of the modern poetry movement.Though he lived quite a short life,he made a great contribution to the world's and Chinese literature.He was one of the first Chinese writers to successfully introduce Western romantic form into the modern Chinese poetry, and his poetry is a treasure of the world literature.魯迅是作家周樹人的筆名,生于1881年,其家庭有深厚的儒家背景(Confucian background)。由于家道中落,魯迅的童年充滿了苦難。1904年,他去了日本仙臺(tái)學(xué)醫(yī),但很快意識(shí)到中國(guó)對(duì)“精神醫(yī)學(xué)”的需要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過治療身體疾病的需要。因此,魯迅在1906年回到東京,決定放棄醫(yī)學(xué),投身于教育和文學(xué)事業(yè)。他一直被視為中國(guó)20世紀(jì)最偉大的現(xiàn)代作家。毛主席稱他為“中國(guó)文化革命的主將”。
Lu Xun is the pen name of the writer born as Zhou Shuren in 1881 in a family with a deep Conflician background.Owing to the decline of his family fortunes,Lu Xun’s childhood was filled with hardship.In 1904, he went to Sendai, in Japan,to study medicine,but he soon realized that China needed far more“spiritual medicine”,than treatment for physical ills.Therefore, he returned to Tokyo in 1906,and decided to give up studying medicine and devote himself to education and literature.Lu Xun has been considered as China's greatest modern writer during the 20th century.Chairman Mao called him ”commander of China's cultural revolution“.景點(diǎn)
中國(guó)是一個(gè)文化歷史悠久的(time-honored)國(guó)度,也是一個(gè)禮儀(ceremony and decorum)之邦。每當(dāng)客人來訪,都需要泡茶給客人喝。在給客人奉茶之前,你應(yīng)該問問他們都喜歡喝什么類型的茶,并采用最合適的茶具奉上。奉茶期間,主人需要仔細(xì)留意客人的茶杯里的茶量。通常,若是用茶杯泡的茶,在茶喝完一半之后就應(yīng)該加開水,這樣,茶杯就一直都是滿的,茶的芳香(bouquet)也得以保留。
China is a country with a time-honored civilization and also a land of ceremony and decorum.Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them.Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy, and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups.In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water remains in the guests'cups.Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added into the cup when half of the tea in it has been consumed;and thus the cup is kept filled and the tea retains the same bouquet.絲綢之路(the Silk Road)是世界上最偉大、最重要的貿(mào)易通路之一。它是連接中國(guó)和歐洲、東方和西方的陸路通道。絲綢之路始于公元前2世紀(jì),漢高祖(Han Emperor)派遣張騫出使西域的時(shí)期。絲綢之路極其分散,很少有商人走過整個(gè)道 路。大部分地區(qū)地形崎嶇或有敵對(duì)勢(shì)力的存在,使得絲綢之路非常危險(xiǎn)。因此絲 綢和其他商品的供應(yīng)經(jīng)常受到限制。The Silk Road is one of the greatest and most important trade routes.It is the overland route that connects China and Europe, the East and the West.The Silk Road began in the 2nd century BCE when Han Emperor gave Zhang Qian the diplomatic missions of visiting the Western regions.The Silk Road was largely scattered and very few merchants ever crossed the whole route.Most of the areas along the road were rugged or with hostile forces, which made the route quite dangerous.Therefore, the supply of silk and other goods was often limited.在古代,著作和銘文(inscription)通常寫在竹片或絲綢上。但絲綢昂貴,竹片太重,使用起來都不方便。后來蔡倫開創(chuàng)了用樹皮造紙的方法。傳統(tǒng)上人們認(rèn)為 他是紙張和造紙術(shù)的發(fā)明者。盡管公元前2世紀(jì)中國(guó)就已經(jīng)有了早期的紙,但蔡 倫促成了紙張的首次重大改進(jìn),并通過添加至關(guān)重要的新材料使造紙過程標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 化。蔡倫發(fā)現(xiàn)了造紙材料的組合方式,發(fā)明了造紙術(shù)。這項(xiàng)發(fā)明使蔡倫聞名于世,甚至使他在有生之年就已經(jīng)得到了認(rèn)可。
In ancient times, writing works and inscriptions were generally written on :tablets of bamboo or on pieces of silk.But silk being costly and bamboo heavy, they were both not convenient to use.Then Cai Lun initiated the method of making paper with the bark of trees.Traditionally, he is regarded as the inventor of paper and the technique of papermaking.Although early forms of paper had already existed in China since the 2nd century BC, he fostered the first significant improvement and standardization of papermaking by adding essential new materials into papers composition.Cai found the composition of paper and invented the technique of papermaking.Cai was reputed for this invention in the world, and even in his own lifetime he was already given recognition for it.黃河(the Yellow River)是中華民族的搖籃。她孕育了一代又一代的中國(guó)人,但她的洪水也給人們帶來了災(zāi)難。勤勞的中國(guó)人民世代都在努力治理黃河水。大禹是4000多年前中國(guó)著名的治水家。大禹繼承了他父親曾經(jīng)治水的經(jīng)驗(yàn),經(jīng)過大 量的調(diào)查和研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)了引發(fā)洪水的原因。大禹工作很努力。他致力于治水13年。作這段時(shí)間里,他沒有回過家,甚至三過家門而不入。
The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation.She has fostered generations of Chinese but she has also brought troubles with her floods.The diligent Chinese people have been struggling to control the water of the river for generations.Da Yu was a famous expert on water regulation in China more than 4,000 years ago.Da Yu inherited the experience from his father, who once controlled the floods, and after plenty of investigations and researches, he found the cause of the floods.Da Yu worked very hard.He had been working on controlling the floods for 13 years constantly.During this period he did not go back his home, even stopping by without going into his house for 3 times.北京是中華人民共和國(guó)的首都,也是全國(guó)的政治和文化中心。大約70萬年前,北京人(Peking Man)出現(xiàn)在北京西南48公里的周口店地區(qū)。十世紀(jì)初期,北京成為遼代(the Liao Dynasty)的第二個(gè)都城。從那時(shí)起,北京先后成為金、元、明和清四朝的首都,直至1911年。1949年10月1日,毛主席在北京向全世界宣布了中華人民共和國(guó)的成立。北京人口超過2000萬,大約1000萬人住在城里,其他人住在郊區(qū)。
Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, is the nation's political and cultural center.Some 700,000 years ago, Peking man appeared at Zhoukoudian, 48 kilometres southwest of Beijing.At the beginning of the 10th century, it became the second capital of the Liao Dynasty.From then on, Beijing had been the capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties until 1911.On October 1st, 1949, Chairman Mao proclaimed to the whole world the founding of the People's Republic of China in Beijing.Beijing has a population of over 20 million;about 10 million live in the city proper and the rest on the suburbs.西湖位于杭州市中心的西部,是江南三大名湖之一。由于西湖的緣故,杭州自古就被譽(yù)為“人間天堂”。西湖就像鑲嵌(inlay)在廣袤大地上的一顆璀燦的明珠,以其秀麗的風(fēng)景、聞名的古跡、燦爛的文化和豐富的特產(chǎn)而聞名。宋代大文豪蘇軾在西湖留下了“欲把西湖比西子,淡妝濃抹總相宜”的千古絕唱;白娘子的傳奇故事(The Legend of White Snake)也給西湖增添了一層神秘色彩。
The West Lake, located in the western area of Hangzhou's center, is one of the top three lakes in the regions south of the Yangtze River.Because of it, Hangzhou has been acclaimed as “a heaven on earth',since ancient times.The West Lake is like a shining pearl inlaid on the vast land, renowned for its beautiful scenery, well-known historical sites, brilliant culture, and plentiful local specialties.The literary giant Su Shi in Song Dynasty left a poetic masterpiece through the ages there: The West Lake is like the beauty Xi Shi, who is always charming with either light or heavy make-up(rainy or shiny).The Legend of White Snake also brings the West Lake an air of mystery.故宮(The Palace Museum),舊稱紫禁城(Forbidden City),是明、清兩朝(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)的皇宮,位于北京市市中心,前通天安門,后倚景山公園,東近王府井街市,西臨中南海。故宮是無與倫比的古代建筑杰作,也是世界現(xiàn)存規(guī)模最大、保存最完整的古代皇宮建筑群,1987年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織(UNESCO)評(píng)為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。故宮是中華民族的驕傲所在,也是全人類的珍貴文化遺產(chǎn)。
The Palace Museum, once called Forbidden City, is the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Located in central City of Beijing, it faces Tian’anmen Square in the front, with Jingshan Park at its back, Wangfujing Street at its east, and Zhongnanhai at its west.The Palace Museum is an unprecedented masterpiece of ancient construction and the world’s largest and best-preserved architectural complex of ancient imperial palace at present.It was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987.It’s an invaluable cultural heritage of all human beings as well as the pride of the Chinese nation.長(zhǎng)城(the Great Wall)又被稱作“萬里長(zhǎng)城”,不僅是中華文明的瑰寶,也是中國(guó)古代人民智慧的結(jié)晶。長(zhǎng)城是世界文化遺產(chǎn)(world cultural heritage)之一,更是中華民族的象征。其在建筑上的價(jià)值,足以與其在歷史和戰(zhàn)略上的重要性相媲美。長(zhǎng)城現(xiàn)存的遺址有很多處,其中北京的八達(dá)嶺長(zhǎng)城是馳名中外的景區(qū),也是明代長(zhǎng)城最具代表性的一段,每年都會(huì)接待來自世界各地的許多游客。
The Great Wall, which is also called “wan li chang cheng” in Chinese language, is not only the treasure of Chinese civilization, but also the masterpiece made by the ancient Chinese people.The Great Wall is not only one of the world cultural heritages, but the symbol of the Chinese nation.Its architectural value is comparable to its historical and strategic importance.Among the numerous remains of the Great Wall, Badaling in Beijing is the most popular destination that has won fame both at home and abroad.It can also be regarded as the most representative section of the Wall ever constructed during the Ming Dynasty.Every year it attracts many tourists from all over the world.四合院(the quadrangle)是中國(guó)的一種傳統(tǒng)合院式住宅。一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的四合院通常由一個(gè)庭院及其四周獨(dú)立的房屋構(gòu)成。不同方位的房屋有著不同的名稱。坐北對(duì)著庭院入口處的稱為正房(main house),東西兩邊的稱為廂房(side house),坐南朝北的稱為倒座房(reversely-set house)。長(zhǎng)輩或一家之主住正房,晚輩住廂房。倒座房可以用作廚房、儲(chǔ)物間、客廳或書房。四合院如今已經(jīng)成為觀光景點(diǎn),并為世界各地的游客所熟知。
The quadrangle is a traditional courtyard residence in China.A standard quadrangle usually consists of a courtyard with independent houses along its four sides.Houses in different directions have their own names.The house on the north facing the courtyard’s entrance is called the main house;the house which lies on the east or west is called the side house;and the one stands on the south is called reversely-set house.The older generation or the head of the household lives in the main house, while the younger generation lives in the side houses.The reversely-set house can be used as a kitchen, a storeroom, a sitting-room or a study.The quadrangle has now become a tourist attraction and is well-known to tourists from all over the world.北京城的胡同長(zhǎng)短不一,風(fēng)格各異。最長(zhǎng)的是東交民巷胡同,全長(zhǎng)近3千米。最短的是一尺大街胡同,從頭到尾僅有25米。最寬的是靈境胡同,目前最寬處可達(dá)30多米。最窄的是錢市胡同,最窄處僅40厘米,需側(cè)身通過。彎道最多的是九灣胡同,彎曲之處(curves)不下13處,走在其中,很容易迷路。歷史最悠久的要數(shù)磚塔胡同,為元代胡同,至今已有700余年歷史。
Hutongs in Beijing have various styles and different lengths.The longest one is Dongjiaominxiang Hutong, with a total length of about 3 kilometers.The shortest one is Yichidajie Hutong, with only 25 meters from beginning to the end.The widest one is Lingjing Hutong, with the widest part reaching over 30 meters at present.The narrowest one is the Qianshi Hutong, and its narrowest part is merely 40 centimeters wide;people must turn sideways to pass through it.Jiuwan Hutong, with at least 13 curves, is the most tortuous one and can easily make you lose your way.The one with the longest history of more than 700 years is the Zhuanta Hutong, whose construction can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty.環(huán)保
隨著環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)的傳播,“低碳(low-carbon)”這個(gè)詞變得非常流行。在許多領(lǐng)域都出現(xiàn)了這個(gè)詞,如低碳產(chǎn)品,低碳消費(fèi),低碳旅游等。“低碳生活”是一種新型生活方式,旨在盡量減少生活中的二氧化碳(carbon dioxide emisson)排放。例如,一些上班族不再以開私家車通勤自豪,而是以騎車或乘坐公共交通工具而驕傲。此外,他們提倡水的循環(huán)利用,并盡可能節(jié)約能源。
As the consciousness of environmental protection spreads, the word “l(fā)ow-carbon” has been very popular.It can be found in many aspects, such as low-carbon products, low-carbon consumption, low-carbon travel and so on.“Low-carbon life” is a new pattern of lifestyle, aiming to lower the carbon dioxide emission in living as much as possible.For example, some office commuters are not proud of driving private cars any more but pride themselves on cycling or taking public transportation.In addition, they advocate recycling water and saving energy as much as they can.現(xiàn)代中國(guó)
中國(guó)夢(mèng)(the Chinese Dream)是中國(guó)的一個(gè)新名詞。人們已經(jīng)開始期待一個(gè)“夢(mèng)想的國(guó)度”。因此,在中國(guó)人民的意識(shí)中,中國(guó)夢(mèng)將會(huì)取代美國(guó)夢(mèng)。期待“夢(mèng)想國(guó)度”的中國(guó)人現(xiàn)在要放眼全世界。改革開放使中國(guó)發(fā)展的夢(mèng)想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。中國(guó)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新時(shí)代,在這個(gè)時(shí)代出生的每一個(gè)中國(guó)人都應(yīng)該為他們的好運(yùn)而感到髙興。
The Chinese Dream is a new term in China.People have begun to expect a“dream country”.In Chinese citizens'consciousness,therefore,the Chinese Dream will supersede the American Dream.The Chinese people,in expectations of a “dream country”,are now opening their eyes to the world.Reform and opening-up has made the Chinese dream of development a reality.China has entered an new era,and every Chinese person born in this time should feel happy about their good fortune.隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展,學(xué)漢語的人數(shù)迅速增加,使?jié)h語成了世界上人們最愛學(xué)的語言之一。近年來,中國(guó)大學(xué)在國(guó)際上的排名也有了明顯的提高。由于中國(guó)教育的巨大進(jìn)步,中國(guó)成為最受海外學(xué)生歡迎的留學(xué)目的地之一就不足為奇了。2015年,近40萬國(guó)際學(xué)生蜂擁來到中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。他們學(xué)習(xí)的科目不再限于中國(guó)語言和文化,而包括科學(xué)與工程。在全球教育市場(chǎng)上,美國(guó)和英國(guó)仍占主導(dǎo)地位,但中國(guó)正在迅速趕上。
As China’s economy booms, there is a dramatic increase in the number of people learning Chinese, which makes it become one of the most popular languages.In recent years, international ranks of Chinese universities have apparently boosted.Owing to the progress of Chinese education, it is not odd that China has become one of the most favorite destinations for oversea students studying abroad.In 2015, around four hundred thousand international students piled into China to study.What they learn is no more limited to the subjects of Chinese and Chinese culture, they also learn science and engineering.In the global education market, America and Britain still play dominant roles, while China is catching up.中國(guó)的創(chuàng)新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃發(fā)展。為了在科學(xué)技術(shù)上盡快趕超世界發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,中國(guó)近年來大幅度增加了研究開發(fā)資金。中國(guó)的大學(xué)和研究所正在積極開展創(chuàng)新研究,這些研究覆蓋了從大數(shù)據(jù)到生物化學(xué)、從新能源到機(jī)器人等各類高科技領(lǐng)域。它們還與各地的科技園合作,使創(chuàng)新成果商業(yè)化。與此同時(shí),無論在產(chǎn)品還是商業(yè)模式上,中國(guó)企業(yè)家也在努力爭(zhēng)做創(chuàng)新的先鋒,以適應(yīng)國(guó)內(nèi)外消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)不斷變化和增長(zhǎng)的需求。
China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before.In order to catch up with the developed countries in science and technology as soon as possible, China has substantially increased research and development funds in recent years.Universities and research institutes in China are actively carrying out innovative researches, covering various high-tech fields such as big data, biochemistry, new energy, robots.They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places to commercialize their innovations.Meanwhile, whether in products or business models, Chinese entrepreneurs are also striving to be pioneers in innovation to satisfy the changing and growing demands of both domestic and foreign consumer markets.2011年是中國(guó)城市化(urbanization)進(jìn)程中的歷史性時(shí)刻,其城市人口首次超過農(nóng)村人口。在未來20年里,預(yù)計(jì)約有3.5億農(nóng)村人口將移居到城市。如此規(guī)模的城市發(fā)展對(duì)城市交通來說既是挑戰(zhàn),也是機(jī)遇。中國(guó)政府一直提倡“以人為本’’的發(fā)展理念,強(qiáng)調(diào)人們以公交而不是私V--$-出行。它還號(hào)召建設(shè)“資源節(jié)約和環(huán)境友好型”社會(huì)。有了這個(gè)明確的目標(biāo),中國(guó)城市就可以更好地規(guī)劃其發(fā)展,并把大量投資轉(zhuǎn)向安全、清潔和經(jīng)濟(jì)型交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展上。
The year of 2011 is a historic moment in the process of urbanization in China, when the urban population exceeds the rural population for the first time.In the next 20 years, it is estimated that about 350 million rural populations will migrate to cities.Such a scale of urban development is both a challenge and an opportunity for urban transportation.The Chinese government has always been advocating the concept of ”people-oriented“ development, stressing that people should travel by buses instead of private cars.It also calls for the construction of ” resource-saving and environment-friendly society“.With this explicit goal, Chinese cities can make better plans for their development, and turn a massive investment to the development of safe, clean and economical transportation system.北京計(jì)劃未來三年投資7,600億元治理汚染,從減少PM2.5排放人手。這一新公布的計(jì)劃旨在減少四種主要污染源,包括500多萬輛機(jī)動(dòng)車的尾氣(exhaust)排放、周邊地區(qū)燃煤、來自北方的沙塵暴和本地的建筑灰塵。另有850億元用于新建或升級(jí)城市垃圾處理和污水(sewage)處理設(shè)施,加上300億元投資未來三年的植樹造林(forestation)。
市政府還計(jì)遠(yuǎn)還造一批水循環(huán)利用工廠,并制止違章建筑,以改善環(huán)境。另外,北京還將更嚴(yán)厲地處罰違反限排規(guī)定的行為。
Beijing is planning to invest 760 billion yuan to control environmental pollution in the next three years, starting from reducing the emissions of PM2.5.The newly announced plan aims to reduce the four major pollution sources, including exhaust emissions of over 5 million motor vehicles, coal-burning of the surrounding areas, sandstorms from the north areas and the local construction dust.Another 85 billion yuan will be used for establishing or upgrading the facilities of municipal waste treatment and sewage' treatment.Besides, 30 billion yuan will be invested in the forestation program in the coming three years.In order to improve the environment, the municipal government also plans to build a number of water-recycling plants and to prohibit illegal constructions.In addition, Beijing will punish those who violate the emission-reduction regulations more severely.中文熱詞通常反映社會(huì)變化和文化,有些在外國(guó)媒體上愈來愈流行。例如,土豪(tuhao)和大媽(dama)都是老詞,但已獲取了新的意義。土豪以前指欺壓佃戶和仆人的鄉(xiāng)村地主,現(xiàn)在用于指花錢如流水或喜歡炫耀財(cái)富的人。也就是說,土豪有錢,但沒有品位。大媽是對(duì)中年婦女的稱呼,但現(xiàn)在特指不久前金價(jià)下跌時(shí)大量購(gòu)買黃金的中國(guó)婦女。
土豪和大媽可能會(huì)被收入新版牛津(Oxford)英語詞典。至今已有約120個(gè)中文詞被加進(jìn)了牛津英語詞典,成了英語語言的一部分。
The Chinese buzzwords usually reflect the social changes and cultures, some of which are increasingly popular with the foreign media.Tuhao and dama, for instance, are both old words, but they acquire new meanings now.The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spending money without limits or those showing off the wealth.That is to say, tuhao owns money rather than taste.The word dama is used to describe the middle-aged women.However, it is regarded as a special word to call those Chinese women who rushed to purchase a lot of gold when the gold price slumped sharply not long ago.Tuhao and dama may be included in the new version of Oxford English Dictionary.Up to now, about 120 Chinese words have been added to it, becoming a part of the English language.最近,中國(guó)科學(xué)院(Chinese Academy of Sciences)出版了關(guān)于其最新枓學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)與未來一年展望的年度系列報(bào)告。系列報(bào)告包括三部分:科學(xué)發(fā)展報(bào)告、高技術(shù)發(fā)展報(bào)告、中國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略報(bào)告。第一份報(bào)告包含中國(guó)科學(xué)家的最新發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新粒子研究與H7N9病毒研究的突破。該報(bào)告還突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了未來幾年需要關(guān)注的問題。第二份報(bào)告公布了一些應(yīng)用科學(xué)研究的熱門領(lǐng)域,如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份報(bào)告呼吁加強(qiáng)頂層設(shè)計(jì),以消除工業(yè)升級(jí)中的結(jié)構(gòu)性障礙,并促進(jìn)節(jié)能減排。
Recently, Chinese Academy of Sciences released a series of annual reports about its latest scientific findings and a blueprint for the coming year.The reports cover three aspects: science development, high-tech development, and the sustainable development strategy of China.The first report includes the latest findings of Chinese scientists, including the research of new particles and the breakthrough of the H7N9 virus research.This report also emphasizes the issues which deserve our attention in the next few years.The second report announces the heated areas in applied science, for instance, 3D printing and the study of artificial organs.The third report lays emphasis on the top layer design, which can help to solve the structural problem in industrial upgrading and promote the energy-saving and emission reduction process 反應(yīng)在藝術(shù)和文學(xué)中的鄉(xiāng)村生活理想是中國(guó)文明的重要特征。這在很大程度上歸功于道家對(duì)自然的感情。傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)畫有兩個(gè)最受青睞的主題,一是家庭生活的各種幸福場(chǎng)景,畫中往往有老人在下棋飲茶,男人在耕耘收割,婦女在織布縫衣,小孩在戶外玩耍。另一個(gè)則是鄉(xiāng)村生活的種種樂趣,畫有漁夫在湖上打漁,農(nóng)夫在山上砍柴采藥,或是書生坐在松樹下吟詩作畫。這兩個(gè)主題可以分別代表儒家和道家的生活理想。
The ideal of country life reflected in art and literature serves as the significant feature of Chinese civilization, which, to a large extent, can be attributed to the Taoist affection to nature.There are two most preferred themes in the traditional Chinese painting.One is the various scenes of happiness about family life, in which the old man often plays chess and drinks tea, a man ploughs or harvests, a woman weaves or sews, and children play outdoors.The other scene is all kinds of pleasures about country life, in which a fisherman is fishing on the lake, with a farmer cutting firewood or gathering herbs in the mountains, or scholars chanting poems and painting pictures under pine trees.The two themes respectively represent the life ideal of Confucianism and Taoism.中國(guó)將努力確保到2015年就業(yè)者接受過平均13.3年的教育。如果這一目標(biāo)得以實(shí)現(xiàn),今后大部分進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的人都需獲得大學(xué)文憑。
在未來幾年,中國(guó)將著力增加職業(yè)學(xué)院的招生人數(shù):除了關(guān)注高等教育外,還將尋找新的突破以確保教育制度更加公平。中國(guó)正在努力最佳地利用教育資源,這樣農(nóng)村和欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)將獲得更多的支持。
教育部還決定改善欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)學(xué)生的營(yíng)養(yǎng),并為外來務(wù)工人員的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等機(jī)會(huì)。
China will strive to ensure that by 2015 employees receive an average of 13.3 years of education.If this goal can be achieved, the majority of those who enter the labor market will be required to obtain a college degree in the future.In the next few years, China will endeavor to increase the enrollment in vocational colleges.Apart from focusing on higher education, China will find a new breakthrough point to ensure the justice of education.China is making efforts to optimize the use of educational resources so that rural and underdeveloped areas can receive more support.The Ministry of Education has also decided to improve student nutrition in underdeveloped regions, and to offer equal education opportunities for children of migrant workers in cities.歷史著作
《論語》(The Analects of Confucius)是儒家的經(jīng)典著作之一,它是對(duì)孔子及其弟子(disciple)的言行和對(duì)話的記錄。眾所周知,孔子是一位偉大的思想家和哲學(xué)家,他的思想被發(fā)展成了儒家哲學(xué)體系?!墩撜Z》是儒家思想的代表作,數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,《論語》一直極大地影響著中國(guó)人的哲學(xué)觀和道德觀,它也影響著其他亞洲國(guó)家人民的哲學(xué)觀和道德觀。
The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples, as well as the conversations they held.It's well-known that Confucius is a great ideologist and philosopher, and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism.The Analects of Confucius is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.《孫子兵法》(The Art of War)是中國(guó)古代最重要的軍事著作之一,是我國(guó)優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。孫子(Sun Tzu),即該書作者,在書中揭示的一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規(guī)律,不僅受到軍事家們的推崇,還在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)、人生追求甚至家庭關(guān)系等方面,具有廣泛的指導(dǎo)作用。《孫子兵法》中的許多名言警句,富有哲理、意義深遠(yuǎn),在國(guó)內(nèi)外廣為流傳。
As one of the most important ancient Chinese classical military works, The Art of War serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which is not only valued by militarists but also plays extensive guiding roles in economy, leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous quotes from The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings, and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.《西游記》是吳承恩寫的一部神話小說(mythological novel),講述的是唐僧在三個(gè)徒弟孫悟空、豬八戒和沙僧的保護(hù)下去西天取經(jīng)(to find the Buddhist scripture)的故事。一路上,唐僧經(jīng)常被妖怪(demon)捉走,性命垂危,因?yàn)樗鼈兿嘈懦粤怂娜饩涂梢蚤L(zhǎng)生不老,因而他的三個(gè)徒弟總要一次又一次地解救他。在歷經(jīng)了九九81難之后,他們終于取得了真經(jīng),修煉成佛。1986年,這部小說被改編為電視劇,受到了廣大觀眾的喜愛。
Journey to the West is a mythological novel written by Wu Cheng'en which tells a story about Tangseng—the Master, who went to the West to find the Buddhist scripture under the protection of his three disciples-Monkey King, Pigsy and Sandy.During the journey, Tangseng is often captured and has his life threatened, because the demons who capture him believe that if they eat Tangseng they can attain immortality.As a result, his three disciples always have to save him time and again.After experiencing 81 difficulties, the four obtain the true scripture and become Buddha.In 1986,the novel was adapted into a TV series, which was very popular among the massive audience.唐詩(Tang poetry)泛指創(chuàng)作于唐代(618年?907年)的詩。唐詩是漢族最珍貴的文化遺產(chǎn)之一,同時(shí)也對(duì)周邊民族和國(guó)家的文化發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了很大影響。唐詩中流傳最廣的當(dāng)屬收錄在《唐詩三百首》(Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty)中的詩歌,里面收錄的許多詩篇都為后人所熟知。唐代的詩人特別多,其中李白、杜甫等都是世界聞名的偉大詩人,他們的作品有很多都是膾炙人口的詩篇。
Tang poetry generally refers to poems written during the Tang Dynasty(618 A.D.-907A.D.).Tang poetry is one of the most valuable cultural heritages of the Han Chinese.Meanwhile, it also has a great influence on the cultural development of neighboring ethnic groups and nations.The most widely spread among Tang poems are definitely the poems that are included in the “Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty”,many of which are quite popular with people of later generations.There are lots of poets in Tang Dynasty, among whom Li Bai and Du Fu are world-famous.Many of the two great poets’works are household poems.《紅樓夢(mèng)》(A Dream of Red Mansions)是曹雪芹在18世紀(jì)中期的作品。它不僅是一部中國(guó)小說的巨作,同時(shí)也是世界文學(xué)的瑰寶。曹雪芹出生于一個(gè)由極富沒落到極貧的貴族權(quán)勢(shì)家族?;谒麑?duì)生活的理解、進(jìn)步的思想、認(rèn)真的寫作態(tài)度和高超的寫作技能,他才能創(chuàng)作出《紅樓夢(mèng)》。這本書描述了一個(gè)封建大家庭的生活及其沒落,小說中所寫的家庭既是現(xiàn)實(shí)的反映,又是曹雪芹自己家庭的小說化或者“夢(mèng)”般的寫照。
A Dream of Red Mansions was written by Cao Xueqin in the middle of the 18th century.It is not only a great Chinese novel but also a gem of world literature.Cao Xueqin was born into a noble and powerful family which declined from extreme prosperity to poverty.Based on his own undcretanding of life, his progressive ideas,serious writing attitude and excellent writing skill, he was able to create A Dream of Red Mansions.The book describes the life and declining fortunes of a large feudal fcmily, which is both a realistic reflection and a fictional or ”dream” version of Cao's own family.中華人民共和國(guó)成立后,文學(xué)開始繁榮。來自當(dāng)時(shí)的蘇聯(lián)(Soviet Union)和西方國(guó)家的作品大大影響了中國(guó)文學(xué)。這一時(shí)期作品的主題包括革命歷史和國(guó)家建設(shè)的新生活。最著名的作品是《紅巖》(The Red Rock)和《茶館》。1978年改革開放后,中國(guó)文學(xué)又迎來了一次新的繁榮,中外文化交流空前繁榮。今天,中國(guó)當(dāng)代文學(xué)也越來越為各國(guó)人民所關(guān)注。
After the founding of People's Republic of China, literature began to boom.Works from Soviet Union then and western countries exerted a profound influence on the Chinese literature.The themes expressed in the works of this period covered revolution history as well as the new life of nation's construction.The best known works are The Red Rock and Teahouse.After the Reform and Opening up in 1978,Chinese literature won a new prosperity with sino-foreign cultural exchanges flourishing as never before.Today, Chinese contemporary literature is drawing more and more attention of the people of the world.其他
中國(guó)因其國(guó)寶(national treasure)—熊貓—而聞名于世。熊貓的食物竹子—也深受中國(guó)人民的喜愛。中國(guó)是世界上擁有竹子最多的國(guó)家,被稱為竹子的王國(guó)。竹文化長(zhǎng)久以來深深根植于中國(guó)人的思想中。對(duì)中國(guó)人民來說,竹子是美德的象征。它反映了人的靈魂和情感。中國(guó)古代的學(xué)者對(duì)竹子非常敬重。這就解釋了為什么歷史上有那么多的著作和繪畫都是以竹為主題的。
China is worldwide famous for its national treasure, the pandas.The panda's food, bamboo, is also favored by Chinese people.It is known as the Kingdom of Bamboo possessing more bamboos than any other country in the world.Bamboo culture has been rooted in Chinese people's minds for a long time.To the Chinese people, bamboo is a symbol of virtue, which reflects people's souls and emotions.Ancient Chinese scholars looked up with great respect to bamboo.This explains why there are so many writings and paintings dedicated to the plant throughout history.工匠精神
第二篇:作文素材 傳統(tǒng)文化
作文素材 傳統(tǒng)文化.txt心是自己的,干嘛總被別人傷......沒有傘的孩子必須努力奔跑▓敷衍旳青春 總昰想太多 怨,只怨現(xiàn)實(shí)太現(xiàn)實(shí)╰⌒﹏為什么在一起要兩個(gè)人的同意丶而分手只需要一個(gè)人“傳統(tǒng)文化失落”材料作文寫作參考
【我們面對(duì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)】
親愛的中學(xué)生朋友,我現(xiàn)在想問你們:當(dāng)敦煌的瑰寶出現(xiàn)在大英博物館,當(dāng)《孫子兵法》、《三國(guó)演義》的讀者更多的是外國(guó)人——作為華夏子民,我們應(yīng)該為此欣喜還是悲哀?當(dāng)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力受到世人的矚目,而中華優(yōu)秀文化卻在不自覺中流失,我們是該喜還是該憂?當(dāng)然我們也知道,過去的文化是少數(shù)人的專利,只有那些熟讀《四書》《五經(jīng)》的達(dá)官貴人、文人墨客才配談文化,而那些種地耕田的下里巴人向來是見不著也想不到這樣的陽春白雪的。在孔儒之風(fēng)居于正統(tǒng)的時(shí)代,文化的分量重若磐石,讀書人的行頭也似乎比別人高雅尊貴了許多。幾千年的文化血脈流傳下來,中國(guó)人可以自豪地說,我來自一個(gè)文明的國(guó)度,一個(gè)賁張著文化的國(guó)度,所以,文化成了時(shí)下許多人的寵愛,成了當(dāng)今社會(huì)中的一種風(fēng)氣或潮流。于是,這樣的文化幾乎可以填滿這個(gè)國(guó)家的坑坑洼洼。
無論如何,文化都是一個(gè)高尚的字眼,崇尚文化更是一個(gè)民族的幸事,但果真國(guó)民的素質(zhì)就高到連天上飄的,地上爬的,水中游的都是文化的那個(gè)境地了嗎?如此“文化”的泛濫并不能見證這個(gè)國(guó)家和民族的富強(qiáng)和優(yōu)越,反倒是體現(xiàn)出了它的荒唐和無知。
毋庸置疑,改革開放后的中國(guó)在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。思想解放的確帶來了文化的活躍和激蕩,國(guó)門打開的確帶來了文化的四面來風(fēng)八方有雨。也正是在這樣的文化環(huán)境中,新舊文化的矛盾,中西文化的碰撞,傳統(tǒng)文化和現(xiàn)代文明的比較,文化的守成和文化的變革都積極地不可避免地涌現(xiàn)出來。西方的生活方式、社會(huì)文化的東進(jìn)也慢慢縮小了東西文化之間的距離,這在青年一代身上體現(xiàn)的尤為明顯。我們所見所聞之處,80年代后期出生的人開始相信圣誕老人了,開始在麥當(dāng)勞必勝客里面過生日,可他們中很多人不知道毛筆該怎么拿,沒讀過線裝書,沒見過長(zhǎng)命鎖,沒上過八仙桌,他們可以把不知從哪個(gè)角落里找出來的珠算盤當(dāng)車推著玩。在他們的記憶中,不曾有過這些傳統(tǒng)的東西的印象,因此,它們是沒有質(zhì)感的,是蒼白無力的。這些祖先傳下來的東西,浸濡著華夏民族幾千年文明的結(jié)晶,對(duì)于他們來說是陌生甚至是不可理解的。于是,今天的年輕人開始忽視甚至放棄這些國(guó)產(chǎn)的文化,他們更崇尚西方文化,他們西裝革履,操一口流利的英語滿世界跑,卻懶得抽出一天的時(shí)間去祭奠一下自己的祖先。
傳統(tǒng)文化在中國(guó)已然式微,它的缺失已成為一個(gè)沉痛的現(xiàn)實(shí)。雖然傳統(tǒng)文化不盡是好的,難免有一些糟粕,但其精華絕對(duì)是大大超過流毒的,不然中華文明何以在其他的幾大古文明早已折經(jīng)斷脈的時(shí)候依舊熠熠發(fā)光?但最可嘆也是最可悲之處,是我們漠視的文化卻被人家視若珍寶。當(dāng)初韓國(guó)將中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日端午節(jié)列入它的文化遺產(chǎn)時(shí),國(guó)內(nèi)輿論一片嘩然,其中一篇標(biāo)題《“去傳統(tǒng)化”將文化遺產(chǎn)拱手讓人》的文章這樣寫道:“中國(guó)長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)世紀(jì)的‘去傳統(tǒng)化’運(yùn)動(dòng)并未導(dǎo)致中國(guó)富強(qiáng),它只造成斷裂的一代——對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化無知的失落的一代??由于我們對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的冷漠,以至我們對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的保存遠(yuǎn)不如鄰國(guó)。我們心有不甘卻怨不得別人,是我們自己把文化遺產(chǎn)拱手讓人?!庇纱宋蚁肫鹆硕鼗涂摺⒍鼗臀幕肫鹆送醯朗俊⑺固挂蚝彤?dāng)時(shí)的滿清政府,想起了斯坦因一車車地把那些本屬于我們的敦煌的經(jīng)卷、書籍、塑像運(yùn)往歐洲時(shí),我心中泛起酸楚的感覺:那些敦煌的寶貝不是人家搶走的,是王道士甘心用僅值幾個(gè)碎銀的東西換走的。這些中華文化的瑰寶就這樣簡(jiǎn)單而干脆地流失了!還有《孫子兵法》、《三國(guó)演義》、《論持久戰(zhàn)》這些今天的年輕人鮮有問津的經(jīng)典文化沒有被我們國(guó)人吸收,卻被日韓及歐美一些國(guó)家拿去研究用以管理人才、資源,運(yùn)用于商戰(zhàn)之中,反過來再和我們來做生意。這,究竟是文化的不幸還是華夏子孫的悲哀?我們不得而知。
一個(gè)民族的文化程度在一定意義上反映了一個(gè)國(guó)家和民族的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平。真正的文化是那些啟人心智、誨人不倦地能促進(jìn)人類自身進(jìn)步和社會(huì)發(fā)展的精神食糧,而不是那些穿鑿附
會(huì)、沽名釣譽(yù)的佯裝高尚甚至傳播封建迷信違法亂紀(jì)的有著不軌行徑的渣滓。一個(gè)民族不需要泡沫文化和虛假文化。泡沫和虛假文化無法重塑精神理念,建構(gòu)人格品質(zhì)。文化不是越多越好,寧缺毋濫是定義文化的道德底線。
文化的嬗變只能說明真正的文化的缺失,它的貧乏已影響到精神文明的建設(shè),制約人們的社會(huì)道德和職業(yè)道德水平的提高。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的許多內(nèi)涵是我們終其一生也領(lǐng)悟不完,參透不了的。也許它的某些雜質(zhì)是該舍棄的,也許它的某些內(nèi)容尚不能給我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)提供及時(shí)的智力保障和支持,但我們可以揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短,可以把傳統(tǒng)文化和現(xiàn)代文化有機(jī)和諧地結(jié)合起來,共同服務(wù)于我們的建設(shè)事業(yè)。
【我們的思考點(diǎn)選擇】
傳統(tǒng)文化,我們是否正在漸漸失去你
1、全球化大環(huán)境下,華夏傳統(tǒng)即將遺失?
最近,社會(huì)公眾明確地感受到了一次華夏傳統(tǒng)的即將遺失,并同時(shí)引起了一系列的新的反思,就是在新的全球化大環(huán)境中,在西方生活方式和西方文化隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)勢(shì)席卷而來的時(shí)候,是否也要把我們的傳統(tǒng)文化和傳統(tǒng)生活方式一并改變?
中國(guó)文化曾經(jīng)有它的從容和優(yōu)雅,也曾經(jīng)在歷史上寫下輝煌不朽的一筆?!爸袊?guó)在公元前3世紀(jì)到13世紀(jì)之間保持一個(gè)西方所望塵莫及的科學(xué)知識(shí)水平”,中國(guó)的科學(xué)發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)“往往遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過同時(shí)代的歐洲,特別是15世紀(jì)之前更是如此”。
近200年間,中國(guó)飽經(jīng)滄桑,特別是新中國(guó)誕生前,世界列強(qiáng)對(duì)中國(guó)的蹂躪,無休止的戰(zhàn)亂**,帶來至今難以撫平的創(chuàng)傷。在瀕臨外憂內(nèi)患的重重危機(jī)中,我們幾乎是身不由己地對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化進(jìn)行了清理和反思,并對(duì)其賦予了太多的批判和指責(zé)。
2、不得不清點(diǎn):我們的傳統(tǒng)文化和傳統(tǒng)生活方式還剩下幾許?
1900年2月10日,梁?jiǎn)⒊瑢懴铝思P(yáng)一代中國(guó)人的巨作《少年中國(guó)說》,“少年強(qiáng)則國(guó)強(qiáng),少年富則國(guó)富。”而今天,梁?jiǎn)⒊耐纳倌昃哂械南M?、進(jìn)取、日新、破格、好行樂、盛氣、豪壯、造世界、“常思將來”、“常覺一切事無不可為”的氣質(zhì)都在這一代身上依稀地看見??墒?,代價(jià)是他們身上的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)日趨稀薄,他們身上的特質(zhì)與個(gè)體不復(fù)存在,中國(guó)味淡不可聞。
古人曾把道德修養(yǎng)視為人生的終極追求,不過,在全球化的今天,個(gè)人奮斗、快樂、自由通通比道德來得重要;現(xiàn)在的孩子還有很多別的事要忙。
初始的風(fēng)雅在父母?jìng)兊碾u毛撣子和考級(jí)的壓力下,已經(jīng)被扭曲,再也保持不了它們唯美的形狀了。
90年代生人開始相信圣誕老人了,開始在麥當(dāng)勞必勝客里過生日。他們不知道阿福,沒放過風(fēng)箏,沒見過長(zhǎng)命鎖,沒上過八仙桌,沒爬過大門檻,所以,傳統(tǒng)的東西在他們看來,是沒有質(zhì)感的,是蒼白的。
到哪里才能找回我們丟失的傳統(tǒng)?怎么樣才能寫出一篇《新少年中國(guó)》,而不僅僅是《少年全球化》?
3、傳統(tǒng)文化面臨的壓力:西方文化的如浪沖擊和我們知識(shí)分子的試圖擺脫。李約瑟曾經(jīng)提出一個(gè)意義十分重大的課題:“為什么近代科學(xué)沒有發(fā)生在中國(guó)?”這個(gè)問題也曾經(jīng)被許多中國(guó)知識(shí)分子思考著。李約瑟有一些很著名的觀點(diǎn):近代科學(xué)之所以沒有在中國(guó)產(chǎn)生,一是中國(guó)沒有具備宜于科學(xué)成長(zhǎng)的自然觀;二是中國(guó)人太講究實(shí)用,一些發(fā)現(xiàn)滯留在了經(jīng)驗(yàn)階段;三是中國(guó)的科舉制度扼殺了人們對(duì)自然規(guī)律探索的興趣,八股文扼殺了學(xué)生探索自然的興致,思想被束縛在古書和名利上,“學(xué)而優(yōu)則仕”成了讀書人的第一追求。實(shí)際上,這種影響至今依然根深蒂固地存在于我國(guó)社會(huì)中,強(qiáng)烈的官本位意識(shí)對(duì)科學(xué)和創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的負(fù)面影響。
楊振寧在講到中國(guó)本土為什么還沒有人獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的時(shí)候,也明確指出:“中庸之道對(duì)
于科學(xué)發(fā)展不是最好。中國(guó)為何沒有得出歐幾里德的幾何定律,在于它所揭示出的打破沙鍋問到底的科學(xué)精神與中國(guó)倡導(dǎo)中庸、不太允許標(biāo)新立異的文化傳統(tǒng)相背離,這種文化機(jī)制不利于培養(yǎng)標(biāo)新立異的科技人才?!?/p>
我們自己的知識(shí)分子,也幾乎得出了同樣的結(jié)論:倡導(dǎo)中庸之道的中國(guó)文化傳統(tǒng),不利于培養(yǎng)標(biāo)新立異的科技人才。
4、正視現(xiàn)實(shí):誰能保護(hù)中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化和傳統(tǒng)生活方式?
作為中國(guó)內(nèi)地語文界的精英尚且如此,等而下之的教師中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化水準(zhǔn)如何可想而知。這當(dāng)然不是他們的錯(cuò)。長(zhǎng)期以來,我們把語文課當(dāng)政治課上,重的是思想灌輸,要的是政治正確,“文革”十年破“四舊”更是把中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化“掃進(jìn)了歷史的垃圾堆”。在這樣的社會(huì)背景中成長(zhǎng)的教師,中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的修養(yǎng)必是先天不足、后天失調(diào)。正如岳飛“保全”不了北宋或者南宋,靠這樣的教師,沿襲舊的為政治服務(wù)的語文教育模式,是“保全”不了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的。
5、另外一種現(xiàn)實(shí):白領(lǐng)們?nèi)绶罟玺膫鹘y(tǒng)文化和傳統(tǒng)生活方式的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。在韓國(guó)將中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日端午節(jié)列入它的文化遺產(chǎn)時(shí),國(guó)內(nèi)輿論一片嘩然。其中有一篇標(biāo)題為《“去傳統(tǒng)化”將文化遺產(chǎn)拱手讓人》的文章(作者韓福東)這樣說,“中國(guó)長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)世紀(jì)的‘去傳統(tǒng)化’運(yùn)動(dòng)并沒有導(dǎo)致中國(guó)富強(qiáng),它只造成了‘?dāng)嗔训囊淮獙?duì)傳統(tǒng)文化無知的失落的一代人。??由于我們對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的冷落,以至我們對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的保存遠(yuǎn)不及鄰國(guó)。我們心有不甘,不過我們真的怨不得別人,是我們自己主動(dòng)把文化遺產(chǎn)拱手讓語文軒/轉(zhuǎn)貼請(qǐng)注明。人。”
那么,在一個(gè)日益物質(zhì)化、全球化的現(xiàn)代社會(huì),保持一種傳統(tǒng)文化習(xí)慣,保持用傳統(tǒng)文化下的生活方式,有沒有可能呢?
傳統(tǒng)文化在中國(guó)已然式微,但在新中國(guó)白領(lǐng)張勛眼里卻仍舊如奉圭臬。這個(gè)白領(lǐng)階層的出現(xiàn),其實(shí)不過20幾年的時(shí)間。這一個(gè)群體,通常被描繪成為西裝革履、講英語、崇尚西方文化、拋棄傳統(tǒng)的形象。但是他說,“我曾經(jīng)想過,以后要發(fā)起一個(gè)‘四書五經(jīng)基金會(huì)’,誰能把它背出來就發(fā)給一筆獎(jiǎng)金,以此來推動(dòng)傳統(tǒng)文化的傳播。”
很多人都認(rèn)為,在中國(guó),傳統(tǒng)文化與寫字樓文化并沒有必然的聯(lián)系。事實(shí)上,如果這樣看待傳統(tǒng)文化,那就證明我們對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化確實(shí)已經(jīng)有很多誤解了。
同樣,傳統(tǒng)民俗負(fù)擔(dān)著承載傳統(tǒng)文化的重大使命。當(dāng)端午節(jié)申遺的消息如一記鐘聲敲響的時(shí)候,我們不能不思考鄰國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)自己的鞭炮、年畫倍加珍惜。
6、觀點(diǎn):我們必須向鄰國(guó)日本學(xué)習(xí)。
日本就很注意文化傳統(tǒng)的繼承和保護(hù)。凡歷史悠久的文化古跡都被國(guó)家定為“國(guó)寶”,日本最多的國(guó)寶是寺廟,很多都有上千年的歷史,如京都的金閣寺,奈良的東大寺、招提寺等。它們是古代建筑藝術(shù)的瑰寶,更是歷史與文化的見證。同時(shí),日本很多城市也都有保存完好的古城,如名古屋、熊本古城等。日本每個(gè)城市都有博物館,里面有各種各樣的文物、書籍、模型和畫像,讓人們對(duì)歷史和傳統(tǒng)文化有一個(gè)直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。日本在保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)方面確實(shí)是用心良苦!由于現(xiàn)代城市的發(fā)展,很多地方已經(jīng)徹底改變了模樣,但作為無形的文化傳承,日本人延續(xù)了幾百年前的生活習(xí)俗和形式。每年各地例行節(jié)日很多,舉行的活動(dòng)各式各樣,比如岐阜縣的高山節(jié)之類。東京的隅田焰火大會(huì)每年8月都要舉行一次,已有300多年的歷史。每年的焰火大會(huì)都有上百萬人觀看。雖然只能從高樓大廈的夾縫里觀賞,但五光十色的焰火在樓與樓之間升騰,引起陣陣歡呼聲。
另外值得一提的是,日本人并沒有把傳統(tǒng)看成是現(xiàn)代化的對(duì)立面,傳統(tǒng)并沒有影響日本的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。日本人的觀念中有迷信的成分,但他們又是現(xiàn)代人,有時(shí)間觀念、金錢觀念和效益觀念。個(gè)性張揚(yáng)不夠,這是東方文化的特點(diǎn),日本人個(gè)性張揚(yáng)不夠卻并沒有阻礙日本的進(jìn)步,恰恰相反,團(tuán)隊(duì)意識(shí)對(duì)增強(qiáng)日本人的向心力還大有幫助。
對(duì)傳統(tǒng)我們不應(yīng)一概拒絕,而是應(yīng)該更多地反思,這樣就不會(huì)迷失。我們對(duì)文化傳統(tǒng)的忽視,更多的來至于追求現(xiàn)代化的實(shí)用主義態(tài)度的揚(yáng)棄論。長(zhǎng)期以來,國(guó)內(nèi)一直存在著兩種極端行為,不是盲目“崇洋”,就是盲目“排外”。在當(dāng)前的情況下,我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)傳統(tǒng)的價(jià)值,但也必須警惕報(bào)仇雪恨的義和團(tuán)式的心態(tài)以及大中華主義和泛中華主義情結(jié),因?yàn)檫@種心態(tài)極易演化成為極端的國(guó)家主義,使人喪失價(jià)值理性。
【針刺文選編】
拯救春節(jié),就是拯救我們的生活
朱魯子
一個(gè)民族的文化精神、價(jià)值理想和真實(shí)生活樣態(tài),無不活生生地體現(xiàn)在他們的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日里。對(duì)中國(guó)人來說,尤以春節(jié)最具代表性。可以說,沒有任何一個(gè)節(jié)日會(huì)像春節(jié)那樣承載著所有中國(guó)人的生命內(nèi)涵。對(duì)于沒有西方民族那樣的圣誕節(jié)的中華民族來說,每年農(nóng)歷的初一甚至綿延整個(gè)正月的春節(jié),就是我們的“圣誕節(jié)”。春節(jié),是所有中國(guó)人的共同“生日”——這從傳統(tǒng)中每個(gè)人的年齡的增長(zhǎng)不以自己的生日而以春節(jié)為標(biāo)志清晰可見。
春節(jié)的真實(shí)意義在于它以非常世俗的形式,如之前的過分操勞和精心籌備等,昭示我們一種非世俗的生活樣態(tài),如沉浸在沒有實(shí)際功利的純粹民俗儀式的,純粹是資源消費(fèi)的張燈結(jié)彩、貼春聯(lián)、放鞭炮、吃喝玩樂之類?!皻g度春節(jié)”就是具有人性光芒的樣態(tài)。這種生活樣態(tài)是審美的、情感性的、狂歡性的、超功利的,它是讓平淡生活有味道的鹽和漫漫長(zhǎng)夜中的光。這是生活的一種升華和超越:一種神圣對(duì)世俗的超越。春節(jié),是被日常世俗日子所壓抑、貶斥、淹沒的人性的復(fù)活。
自古以來人們無不艷羨:要是日子天天像過年那樣該有多好??!——那是一種怎樣的包含著無限幸福、成長(zhǎng)和收獲的憧憬與渴望??!
遺憾的是,如今的春節(jié),正在無情地失落。
一方面,強(qiáng)勢(shì)的西方文化和大眾媒體的商業(yè)炒作讓情人節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)、萬圣節(jié)、感恩節(jié)、圣誕節(jié)等等西方民族的節(jié)日在我們的年輕一代身上擴(kuò)展。另一方面,徹底世俗化、功利化、理性化、意識(shí)形態(tài)化的當(dāng)下中國(guó)社會(huì),將春節(jié)的神秘性、神圣性淡化甚至絞殺。人們無不慨嘆:現(xiàn)在過年沒有意思了!喪失了神圣性的節(jié)日,無不充斥著世俗的庸俗和粗鄙,它徹底混同于忙忙碌碌的世俗生活,甚至疲于應(yīng)酬而甚于平日。人們無不感到憂傷:過年太累了!本來具有超越世俗生活的貧乏的節(jié)日狂歡性質(zhì)的春節(jié),幾乎同質(zhì)為13億人的“新年團(tuán)拜”。這無疑是我們的悲哀。春節(jié),這一標(biāo)志著中華民族特有樣態(tài)的事件一旦墮落為純世俗,它就表征了我們這個(gè)民族和個(gè)體人生的虛無狀態(tài)。這種虛無狀態(tài),就是整個(gè)民族精神的衰落和缺失。塞翁失馬,焉知非福?經(jīng)歷過嚴(yán)冬的人,更懂得春天的溫暖。這一點(diǎn),我們從旨在復(fù)興傳統(tǒng)文化的所謂“國(guó)學(xué)熱”,從有些城市如北京由前些年的禁放鞭炮到今年的“禁”改“限”可窺一斑。傳統(tǒng)儀式并不等同于民族精神,但,沒有傳統(tǒng)儀式,民族精神就會(huì)魂不附體。我曾用“人、從、眾”三個(gè)字的雙向排列來表達(dá)我們民族在全球化、現(xiàn)代化過程中喪失自我與回歸自我的必然趨勢(shì):人——從——眾,全球化過程中喪失自我的社會(huì)化之路;眾——從——人,深入地全球化之后回歸自我的個(gè)體化之路。這兩條路是互補(bǔ)的,同時(shí)進(jìn)行的。今天,我們正走在“人——從——眾”這條社會(huì)化之路上,我們必須將這條路走到底;不久的將來,我們就會(huì)“回歸自我”,重新檢視有著不可取代的精神價(jià)值的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)。而春節(jié),可以說是我們民族傳統(tǒng)的一個(gè)標(biāo)志性符碼。
拯救春節(jié),就是拯救我們的生活,就是拯救我們民族的靈魂和生命!
我們究竟穿的是什么?一個(gè)沒有自己文化傳統(tǒng)的民族對(duì)世界有什么意義?一個(gè)對(duì)自己的文化傳統(tǒng)充滿蔑視甚至仇恨的民族在別人的眼中是怎樣的一個(gè)民族?
(選自《中國(guó)青年》)
【述評(píng)】
春節(jié),幾千年來,一直是我們民族傳統(tǒng)的標(biāo)志性符碼。漫長(zhǎng)的歷史歲月使年俗活動(dòng)內(nèi)容異常豐富多彩。其中,那些敬天祭神的迷信內(nèi)容,已逐漸被淘汰,而那些富有生活情趣的內(nèi)容,像貼春聯(lián)、貼年畫、貼“福”字、剪窗花、蒸年糕、包餃子、燃爆竹、除夕守夜、拜年等習(xí)俗一直盛行。但在物質(zhì)生活越來越豐富的今天,人們普遍發(fā)現(xiàn)“過年”的歡愉與日遞減,除了吃吃喝喝,“過年”過得越來越?jīng)]有“年味兒”。春節(jié)這個(gè)最富有中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化意義的節(jié)日在逐漸失落。如果我們淡化了傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的特色,我們的傳統(tǒng)文化將會(huì)怎樣?在現(xiàn)代化、全球化的浪潮中我們?cè)鯓颖3置褡寰??這篇文章給我們一個(gè)深刻的啟示,那就是,春節(jié):不能成為正在失落的傳統(tǒng)文化樣板。傳統(tǒng)儀式并不等同于民族精神,但,沒有傳統(tǒng)儀式,民族精神就會(huì)魂不附體。
炊煙是什么?
雷傳桃
有人說,炊煙是一種源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的文化;有人說,炊煙是種在屋頂上的精神的莊稼;有人說,炊煙是抓在天空手里的小辮子;有人說,炊煙是一種樸素的計(jì)時(shí)方式;有人說,炊煙是圍著鍋臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)的娘對(duì)野孩子的柔聲呼喚??
我說,炊煙是一種能讓人感動(dòng)得落淚的風(fēng)物,正在馬不停蹄地消失??
城市里,炊煙已然絕跡。沒有土灶,沒有柴草,沒有煙囪,哪有炊煙。廚房革命,革掉的自然是老掉牙的炊煙的命。人間煙火,不必炊煙。時(shí)代在推陳出新,似乎炊煙與繁榮水火不相容。
鄉(xiāng)村是炊煙的最后一塊領(lǐng)地。如今的鄉(xiāng)村,早已植入了城市的因子,舊貌換了新顏,去年的燕子輾轉(zhuǎn)歸來,居然“找不著北”,舊巢舊巢安在否?燕子難覓舊巢,歸人難覓炊煙。液化汽、沼氣和電,取代了土灶、柴草和煙囪。炊煙正在馬不停蹄地消失。
挑一個(gè)晴好的冬日,我出發(fā)了。落葉樹光禿禿的,視野開闊,無遮無攔。我經(jīng)過微綠點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的麥田,目極之處是地平線,地平線上是幾間老屋子,豎起一根煙囪,像桅桿一樣挺拔。早晨、中午和傍晚,煙囪分時(shí)段裊出一筆炊煙,藍(lán)得自在,藍(lán)得純粹,藍(lán)得無限透明。哇噻--
可是,這不可能?!皩?shí)踐”等于“落空”,像是一塊滿懷試探性質(zhì)的石頭拋進(jìn)了無窮無盡的深淵。節(jié)節(jié)拔高的鄉(xiāng)村里,炊煙稀罕得像出土文物似的。
我以一個(gè)詩人的浪漫,想象著無家可歸的自己,在鄉(xiāng)村,擇一高地,學(xué)習(xí)魯濱遜,以祖?zhèn)鞯那趧诤椭腔郏w一間土房子,砌一座土灶,煙囪通向屋外,撿來柴草,燒鍋煮飯,炊煙像快樂的孩子樣在屋頂上一蹦三尺高??鍋里煮著生活,煙囪裊起炊煙。我一個(gè)箭步,跑到屋外,如炬的目光貪婪地呼吸著久違的帶有草木氣息的微溫的炊煙,他鄉(xiāng)遇故知一樣不能自己??
老實(shí)說,我被自己親手創(chuàng)造出來的炊煙征服了。
炊煙在我的心里裊出一筆蔥蘢的詩意。
我對(duì)炊煙的理解超越了貧窮的局限。我嗅見了萬千種氣息,溫馨而甜暢的家的氣息。我心沉醉呵。
炊煙在我的心尖上打上一個(gè)碩大的結(jié)??
也許,終有一天,我在課堂上講解炊煙時(shí),費(fèi)盡口舌,打盡手勢(shì),孩子們?nèi)匀粚㈩^搖成撥浪鼓,滿頭霧水的樣子讓我心焦。我靈機(jī)一動(dòng),置課堂教學(xué)常規(guī)于不顧,燃起一枝紙煙,注目淡藍(lán)的煙霧裊裊升起,聲情并茂地說,看,炊煙就是這個(gè)樣子?。ㄟx自《教師報(bào)》)
【述評(píng)】
炊煙有代表貧窮落后的一面,但在作者的眼里,它更代表自然古樸、未受現(xiàn)代物質(zhì)文明浸染的詩意的生存環(huán)境;它是一種文化,是一種傳統(tǒng)文化中滋養(yǎng)心靈的東西;它是一種生活方式,一種與自然母體的鏈接載體;它也是精神家園,是一種讓人懷戀的純樸、遠(yuǎn)去的寧靜。
在文章中,作者對(duì)炊煙懷有深深的眷戀,這眷戀是對(duì)質(zhì)樸世態(tài)人情的一種追念;這眷戀是對(duì)一種純樸、寧靜、詩意的生存環(huán)境的向往;這眷戀也蘊(yùn)涵著作者對(duì)溫馨精神家園將逝的一種深深的憂慮;這眷戀是更作者對(duì)現(xiàn)代物質(zhì)文明消蝕古樸自然生活形態(tài)的傷感。
【強(qiáng)化練習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)】
生活中,我們都能夠感受到“傳統(tǒng)文化的失落與悲哀”,甚至還能夠讀到一些“傳統(tǒng)文化的失落與悲哀”的事件,請(qǐng)就你所觀察到的有關(guān)“傳統(tǒng)文化的失落與悲哀”事情寫一篇文章。文體不限,標(biāo)題自擬,不少于800字。
【參考答案】
人造鳥語與人造禮貌語
——傳統(tǒng)文化的失落與悲哀
東山月曉
(一)在泰山山腰有一個(gè)不知名的山谷,在這谷中有一個(gè)很大的停車坪,人們從山腳上坐旅游車到這里后,或步行登山,或乘纜車上山,各隨其便。停車坪三面環(huán)山,古樹蒼勁挺拔,枝葉繁茂,坪的周圍人工種植了不少的鮮花,道路修得寬敞,環(huán)境衛(wèi)生工作做得也十分到位,一下車,就讓人有一種極好的心境。
從旅游車下來后,忽聽得一陣悠揚(yáng)的小鳥鳴叫,“鳥噪林愈靜,蟬鳴山更幽”,鳥語之聲給泰山增添了不少寧謐,泰山在鳥的啼叫聲中,倍覺可愛。忽然有了對(duì)鳥的感激之情,于是,看一看鳥,與鳥親和親和的愿望也便由然而生,可以任我如何決眥入歸鳥,如何仔細(xì)地搜尋,卻總是連鳥的影子也找不到,更不可能找到一根鳥毛來,后來,游移的目光終于停留在一個(gè)奇怪的匣子上,然來,那是一個(gè)發(fā)音器,鳥的叫聲就是從那里發(fā)出來的。呵!呵!然來是機(jī)器鳥的叫聲代替了原聲的鳥叫,恍然大悟!忽然想起了在某市政府的廣場(chǎng)是鳥語,忽然想到了某集團(tuán)公司廣場(chǎng)的鳥啼,??呵呵,然來都是假貨!忽然又想起了,哈爾濱、北京、深圳、香港海洋公園、長(zhǎng)沙岳鹿山的鳥語林。不錯(cuò),那里的確有各種各樣的鳥,而且是活的鳥,可是鳥語林的鳥是關(guān)在網(wǎng)子里面叫的,這種叫也許是對(duì)自由的呼喚,對(duì)山林的象往,是一種悲切的哀鳴,天可憐見,他們的悲鳴之聲有幾人能懂。哀哉!
(二)游完泰山回濟(jì)南的路上,汽車從一個(gè)收費(fèi)站經(jīng)過,我恰好坐在司機(jī)的后面,看到那司機(jī)誠(chéng)恐誠(chéng)惶地把過路費(fèi)交經(jīng)目無表情的交警,交警開具了票據(jù)后,忽聽得一聲問候:“收費(fèi)五元,一路好走!”收票交警是位四十多的先生,問侯聲卻是一位年青的小姐發(fā)出的甜甜的聲音,好不悅耳動(dòng)聽。忽然記起了小時(shí)侯聽到的一個(gè)故事,說是一個(gè)人攔路搶劫,對(duì)過往的行旅商人總是一句這樣的話:“此樹是我栽,此路是我開,要從此地過,路錢先交來!”如今收路錢比以前可是文明多了,至少還有一聲問候,而且這路錢交的一點(diǎn)也不冤枉,本來嘛,取之于民,用之于民,借貸修路,收費(fèi)還貸,無可厚非??上У氖俏拿髡Z的表情、動(dòng)作,性別與聲音配合得那樣不一致,聽了以后感覺有些令人作嘔,總讓人覺得被溫柔的宰了一刀。這機(jī)器的問候,代替了人的問侯,真令人莫明其妙。
(三)機(jī)器鳥的啼叫代替了自然鳥的歡歌,復(fù)讀機(jī)的禮貌語代替了自然人的微笑。這不知是科學(xué)進(jìn)步給我們帶來的福音,還是為我們譜寫的一首哀歌。依稀記得古詩中詠嘆鳥叫的歌詞:“兩個(gè)黃鸝鳴翠柳,一行白鷺上青天”;“獨(dú)憐幽草澗邊生,上有黃鸝深樹鳴”;“晴空一鶴排云去,便引詩情上九霄”;“爭(zhēng)渡,爭(zhēng)渡,驚起一灘鷗鷺”。黃鸝也好,白鷺也罷,仙鶴也行,鷗鷺也可,我想我們的高科技都是可以制造得活靈活現(xiàn),以假亂真,但這再現(xiàn)出來的家伙和這以假弄真的東東,畢竟是假的,總是缺少自然物的那種特有的靈氣。這些死了靈魂的自然物,未必會(huì)對(duì)因靈氣感應(yīng)而生情的詩人產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的情感沖擊!再看看那些經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的小姐們朗讀出
來的禮貌語言,這種語言,如今在許多的地方都是可以聽到的,在各種類型的收費(fèi)站,汽車上,火車上,飛機(jī)上,輪船上,呵,呵,幾乎凡是提供了服務(wù),而又存在著不合理的收費(fèi)的地方,都會(huì)聽到這溫情的禮貌語,真可謂是溫情一刀,宰你沒商量。我想人類的禮貌語本來是一種關(guān)心,一種人與人之間的和睦表現(xiàn),它應(yīng)該真誠(chéng)地發(fā)自內(nèi)心,體現(xiàn)于體表,如臉上,嘴上,眼神,動(dòng)作中。否則再美的禮貌語都是虛假的,都是言不由衷的??鬃诱f:“自以上,吾未嘗觀也”,又說:“祭在,如神在”。說的雖然都是祭祀中的禮節(jié),但講的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容卻是誠(chéng)實(shí),是發(fā)至內(nèi)心的真誠(chéng),如果在進(jìn)行重大的祭禮活動(dòng)中沒有真誠(chéng)可言,他老人家是不愿看的,如祭奠祖先時(shí),覺得祖先不在,也就沒有必要進(jìn)行祭祀了。按孔老夫子的這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我們這些由機(jī)器發(fā)出來的言不由衷的文明用語,實(shí)在是沒有太多的意義。
未了,我想呼吁:拒絕在森林中聽到機(jī)器鳥語!讓鳥兒們自由地歌唱,讓鳥兒們回到他們自己的故鄉(xiāng),讓我們與自然更親近更和諧,讓中國(guó)文化中天人合一的精華重放光芒!我還想呼吁:拒絕在收費(fèi)站聽到機(jī)器文明語!讓我們的言語與行動(dòng)真正統(tǒng)一,讓我們真誠(chéng)的服務(wù)感動(dòng)每一位“上帝”,讓中國(guó)文化中人與人之間的親和不被機(jī)器的媒介隔絕。
從“圣誕垃圾”說到作為“擴(kuò)胸運(yùn)動(dòng)”的文化
張耀南
圣誕樹、圣誕樹掛飾品、仿真藤條花鏈、彩燈、圣誕帽、熒光棒、圣誕卡片、圣誕大餐之殘羹剩飯、圣誕禮物之包裝、聚會(huì)開車排放到空氣中之污染物等等,統(tǒng)稱為“圣誕垃圾”。2005年圣誕節(jié)那一天,北京的“圣誕垃圾”達(dá)到了1000噸,占到北京城市垃圾日產(chǎn)生量的九分之
一。難怪有人驚呼“污染京城”??
追星族對(duì)他們所追的那個(gè)星的癡迷,常人是無法理解的。同樣,中國(guó)人對(duì)洋節(jié)的癡迷,似也已到令人莫名其妙的程度。伴隨而來的,便是“圣誕垃圾”幾倍、幾十倍地瘋長(zhǎng)。
學(xué)得像還好,問題是學(xué)不像。人家洋人過圣誕節(jié)都是闔家團(tuán)聚,幾乎所有商場(chǎng)、飯店、超市都關(guān)門,大街上幾乎看不到人;而我們卻涌到街上,造成前所未有的交通大擁堵以及飯館門口的長(zhǎng)龍大排隊(duì)。人家洋人的圣誕樹都是真樹,是由技術(shù)專家專門培育栽種出來的;而我們把玩的那些矮到一厘米、高到一兩米的圣誕樹全是假的,且百分之百是用無法降解的塑料泡沫做的,即使填埋幾十年也不得“超度”。人家洋人的圣誕裝飾品是循環(huán)使用的,今年用過了,擦洗干凈保存起來明年照用;而我們手中的圣誕彩燈及能發(fā)光的熒光棒之類卻是隨手亂扔,不僅無法循環(huán)使用,且成為潛在的化學(xué)污染源??
在有些人眼里,我們自己的傳統(tǒng)文化(包括傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日)已然不值一提,被要求作為垃圾“扔到茅坑里去”。若果真是中不如洋,昔不如今,我們的祖先是如何生存下來的呢?我們這十多億人又是如何活到今天的呢?這民族能不滅,這人民能不亡,一定有它“生存的秘密”,一定有它高于“垃圾”的內(nèi)在精神。
這精神用一個(gè)字來描述就是“大”,用四個(gè)字來描述就是“可久可大”。我們的文化就是一種追求“可久可大”的文化:它只想把你的下作變得崇高一點(diǎn);它只想把你的小肚雞腸變得廣大一點(diǎn);它只想把你的鼠目寸光變得長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn);??它只想告訴你,世界比你那個(gè)“自我”要大,比你那個(gè)“國(guó)家”要大,比你那個(gè)“人類”要大,比你那個(gè)“生物”還是要大??我們的文化千言萬語,只有一個(gè)目標(biāo),就是讓你把“心”放大再放大,把“胸”擴(kuò)大再擴(kuò)大——我們的文化不過就是一場(chǎng)“擴(kuò)胸運(yùn)動(dòng)”,或者叫作“大心運(yùn)動(dòng)”。
洋人有洋人的上帝,我們有我們的“大人”。東施效顰?你能不能給出一個(gè)理由!
“不過是找個(gè)由頭樂一樂!”這也許是一個(gè)理由。好吧,那你就去樂吧,不過要在家里而不是在街上,不過要養(yǎng)一棵真的圣誕樹而非假的“垃圾樹”??
(選自《中國(guó)青年》)
第三篇:中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化作文素材(精選)
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化作文素材(精選)
《詩經(jīng)》
“昔我往矣,楊柳依依,今我來思,雨雪霏霏?!?/p>
這樣的詩句,掩卷而思,是一幅極其凄美的畫面。我們今天的一切情感,古人都已經(jīng)感
受到了,也都替我們描繪出來了。而這一切的源頭,是這本略顯古奧的《詩經(jīng)》。
2.《楚辭》 屈原、宋玉等著
《楚辭》代表了中國(guó)文人文學(xué)最早的輝煌成就,對(duì)于中國(guó)美學(xué)及中國(guó)文人的思想有持續(xù) 的巨大的影響。屈原是中國(guó)歷史上第一位偉大的浪漫文義詩人,其《天問》中的反復(fù)追
問,對(duì)于我們今天的航天和天文工作者仍然有極大的啟發(fā)意義。
3.《四書》(大學(xué)、中庸、論語、孟子)
古人說:“半部論語治天下”,季羨林說:“二十一世紀(jì)是儒家思想的世紀(jì)”。
不管怎么說,它是一部被中國(guó)人讀了幾千年的教科書,不讀它就永遠(yuǎn)無法了解中國(guó)古代
生活。
4.《老子》 李聃 著
老子五千言,字字玄機(jī),滲透了無上的智慧,也道出了中國(guó)人根深蒂固的一種思想傾
向。這是中國(guó)歷史上一本真正意義上的哲學(xué)著作。
據(jù)說,當(dāng)代學(xué)者提出“宇宙的大爆炸說”時(shí),他們?cè)诶献拥摹暗馈钡乃枷胫姓业搅苏軐W(xué)
依據(jù)。
5.《莊子》 莊周 著
這是我全文抄錄和誦讀過的為數(shù)不多的書之一。先不說其生死達(dá)觀的思想,光是那汪洋
恣肆、豐瞻華美的文字,就值得我們擊節(jié)叩賞。每當(dāng)我背誦起“北冥有魚,其名為鯤”
(莊子·逍遙游)這樣的語句,我仿佛觸摸到了中國(guó)散文的源頭。
6.《史記》 司馬遷 著
魯迅的評(píng)價(jià)是:“史家之絕唱,無韻之離騷”,其中的“世家”和“列傳”,是全書的
精華。對(duì)于今天的讀者來說,《史記》的意義已經(jīng)不僅僅是一本歷史著作,更是一本文
學(xué)著作。讀這本書之前讀一讀司馬遷的《報(bào)任安書》,也許會(huì)體會(huì)到史記中作者所傾注 的深深情感。
7.《世說新語》
《世說新語》所反映的魏晉風(fēng)度是中國(guó)歷史上的一種很奇特的現(xiàn)象,而這種風(fēng)度成了一
代代中國(guó)古代知識(shí)分子的理想人格。我一直把這本書當(dāng)成古代的“微型小說集”來讀。
8.《顏氏家訓(xùn)》 [北朝]顏之推 著
耕讀世家治家的金科玉律,但對(duì)于今天的中國(guó)人并非沒有啟迪。
9.《唐詩三百首》
識(shí)字的中國(guó)人,誰沒有讀過“舉頭望明月,低頭思故鄉(xiāng)”“夜來風(fēng)雨聲,花落知多少”
這樣的詩句呢。而這樣的詩句,因?yàn)槟愕姆磸?fù)誦讀而失去韻味了嗎?
沒有,這就是唐詩的魅力。
10.《宋詞選》
從風(fēng)花雪月的兒女情長(zhǎng)到興國(guó)安邦的豪情壯志,宋詞中有一個(gè)極為廣闊的文學(xué)天地和思
想境界。宋詞是適合于大聲朗讀的,不要為應(yīng)付任何考試,去讀讀宋詞吧!
11.《元曲選》
元代散曲與雜劇是中國(guó)文學(xué)中的一朵奇葩,它開創(chuàng)了中國(guó)戲劇的新局面,使中國(guó)戲劇與
希臘古典悲劇、文藝復(fù)興戲劇站到了同一高度。
12.《菜根譚》 [明]洪應(yīng)明 著
俗語云:“咬得菜根,百事可作”,這是這本書得名的由來。這不是一部邏輯嚴(yán)密的學(xué)
術(shù)著作,而是一部談?wù)撔奚?、處世、待人、接物的格言集?/p>
“棲守道德者,寂寞一時(shí);依阿權(quán)勢(shì)者,凄涼萬古,達(dá)人觀物外之物,思身后之身,寧
受一時(shí)寂寞,毋取萬古之凄涼?!痹谝粋€(gè)浮躁的年代,讀一讀這樣的句子有好處。
13.《古文觀止》
上大學(xué)是我外公送給我的《古文觀止》,至今仍放在我案頭觸手可及的地方。
外公送書給我的初衷是希望我能夠?qū)W會(huì)寫文言文,他固執(zhí)地認(rèn)為,這是大學(xué)生應(yīng)掌握的
基本技巧。雖然我至今也沒有學(xué)會(huì),但我卻從這本書中窺探到了一個(gè)博大的世界。
14.《三國(guó)演義》 [明]羅貫中 著
“滾滾長(zhǎng)江東逝水,浪花淘盡英雄?!?/p>
即使有了電視電影,也有些書是不能取代的,比如說《三國(guó)》。
15.《水滸傳》 [明]施耐庵 著
小時(shí)候,有多少人曾經(jīng)可以完整地背下一百零八將的座次與外號(hào)?
16.《西游記》 [明]吳承恩 著
相信不會(huì)沒有人沒看過這本書吧。如果看過,再看一遍。
17.《東周列國(guó)志》[明]馮夢(mèng)龍 著
歷史的另一種解讀方法。
18.《紅樓夢(mèng)》[清]曹雪芹 著
中國(guó)古典小說的頂峰,沒讀過《紅樓夢(mèng)》的中國(guó)人,不能說你曾經(jīng)讀過書。
19.《聊齋志異》[清]蒲松齡 著
很優(yōu)美的文字,很奇詭的想象,很纏綿的故事。
20.《儒林外史》[清]吳敬梓 著
中國(guó)古代諷刺文學(xué)的最高成就。
第二部分:中國(guó)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代文學(xué)
21.《魯迅選集》 魯迅 著
在中學(xué)課本中,魯迅的文章是選得最多的,有太多的理由這樣做。
在那個(gè)黑暗的年代,我們能擁有魯迅是幸運(yùn)的,他的文章永遠(yuǎn)值得一讀再讀。
22.《家》 巴金 著
“激流三部曲”(家、春、秋)中的第一部,同時(shí)也是成就最高的一部,揭示了封建舊
家庭的敗落和青年一代對(duì)光明自由的追求和探索。
23.《駱駝祥子》 老舍 著
老舍是我最喜歡的作家之一,我喜歡他幽默親切的語言,樸素自然的風(fēng)格,也傷痛他的
遭遇。祥子從一個(gè)勤勞壯實(shí)的勞動(dòng)人民最終墮落到吃喝嫖賭的過程也許要?dú)w因于他的那
個(gè)社會(huì),但在現(xiàn)實(shí)當(dāng)中,如何面對(duì)一次又一次夢(mèng)想的破滅,是放棄還是堅(jiān)持,卻是我們
讀這本書可以思考的問題。
此外,老舍的散文是現(xiàn)代作家中最具可讀性的散文之一。
24.《邊城》 沈從文 著
沈從文是中國(guó)作家中最接近諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的一位。
我認(rèn)為,沈從文是中國(guó)的川端康成,沈從文的湘西就象川端康成的伊豆,你可以說它原
始,可以說它野蠻,但你也不得不承認(rèn),它很美。
25.《雷雨》 曹禺 著
《雷雨》是曹禺的處女作,也是其代表作,也是中國(guó)現(xiàn)代戲劇迄今為止無法逾越的高
峰。如果說,戲劇最重要的特點(diǎn)便是“沖突”的話,那么,這種“沖突”在《雷雨》中
達(dá)到了極致。兩個(gè)家庭8個(gè)人在一天內(nèi)發(fā)生的事情,卻包含了過去的恩怨,不但有倫常 的矛盾、階級(jí)的矛盾,還有個(gè)體對(duì)于環(huán)境、時(shí)代強(qiáng)烈不諧調(diào)的矛盾。劇本情節(jié)扣人心
弦,語言簡(jiǎn)煉含蓄,潛臺(tái)詞極為豐富。
26.《圍城》 錢鐘書 著
我最喜歡的一本小說,前前后后一共看過二十多遍。我一直認(rèn)為這是中國(guó)最值得玩味的 一本小說。
中國(guó)式幽默與西方式幽默相結(jié)合的典范,每個(gè)讀者都可以在方鴻漸的身上找到自己的影
子。書中刻畫每個(gè)人都神形畢現(xiàn),如在目前,讓人在忍俊不禁之后又感慨頗深?!秶?/p>
城》把人寫透了,也把世界也寫透了。
27.《京華煙云》 林語堂 著
“兩腳踏中西文化,一心評(píng)古今文章”的林語堂,其駕駛英語的能力讓美國(guó)人也嘆服不
已。本書“浮生若夢(mèng)”的主旨直承莊子,是一本很有哲學(xué)意義的小說。如果可能,可以
閱讀這本書的英文版。
28.《傾城之戀》 張愛玲 著
張愛玲是真正的才女,她的文章很女性,但比當(dāng)今流行的小女人文章卻要大氣的多。她 的譬喻常常讓人覺得不可思議,比如,“今晚的月亮,像洇開在朵云軒信箋上的一滴眼 淚?!边@樣的句子讓人過目不忘。
29.《顧準(zhǔn)文集》 顧準(zhǔn) 著
我們有本土知識(shí)分子偶像了。因?yàn)?,在一個(gè)**的年代,顧準(zhǔn)堅(jiān)持了一個(gè)知識(shí)分子的良
心。
30.《傅雷家書》 傅雷 著
傅雷可以是享譽(yù)世界的大翻譯家,也可以是一個(gè)普通的父親。在這本書中你可以看到一
個(gè)父親的拳拳愛子之心。由于傅雷本人廣泛的興趣和淵博的知識(shí),所以這本書的內(nèi)容非
常豐富,又由于這是寫給他自己兒子的作品,所以讀起來親切自然,沒有任何故意說理
的做作。
31.《城南舊事》 林海音 著
“長(zhǎng)亭外,古道邊,芳草碧連天”,這本書,是和一首歌,一部電影聯(lián)系在一起的。細(xì)
膩、感傷,如老歌,如黑白電影。
32.《舒婷的詩》 舒婷 著
《祖國(guó)啊,我親愛的祖國(guó)》、《致橡樹》都是中學(xué)已經(jīng)接觸過的篇章。很多當(dāng)代年青人
愛詩是從舒婷開始的。舒婷不僅是一個(gè)真正的詩人,也是一個(gè)很出色的散文家。
33.《平凡的世界》 路遙 著
茅盾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。農(nóng)村來的同學(xué)讀起來可能會(huì)感覺更加親切,也更容易理解孫少平的感
受。早逝的路遙也許會(huì)因?yàn)檫@本書而不朽。
34.《我與地壇》 史鐵生 著
雙腿癱瘓的史鐵生寫的東西卻并不悲觀,相反,有一種靜觀世界的睿智和達(dá)觀。我搜集
了他的幾乎所有作品?!段遗c地壇》是他比較早期的作品,其中關(guān)于母親的章節(jié)催人淚
下。自此,有人把地壇叫做史鐵生的地壇。
35.《文化苦旅》余秋雨 著
成名后的余秋雨表現(xiàn)讓人失望,但我永遠(yuǎn)懷念1990年,余秋雨決定走出書齋,一個(gè)人背
負(fù)著文化出行的情景。這決不僅僅是一本游記,作為文化學(xué)者的余秋雨眼中的名山大川
不僅僅是常人眼中的山水,而是山水背后豐富的人文內(nèi)涵。從此以后,中國(guó)文學(xué)當(dāng)中有
了一個(gè)新的名詞:“文化大散文”。
36.《我的精神家園》 王小波
王小波是又一個(gè)早逝的天才的明證。在他有限的生命里,他的成就是多元的。特別是他 的雜文,有人把他比作當(dāng)代的魯迅。
37.《長(zhǎng)恨歌》 王安憶 著
茅盾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。據(jù)說,王安憶是中國(guó)有史以來最勤奮的作家,但我認(rèn)為,如果她寫得
少一些,恐怕會(huì)好一些。《長(zhǎng)恨歌》是她沉積了多年的潛心之作,果然不同凡響。其中
關(guān)于“上海弄堂”的描寫讓我想起《巴黎圣母院》,是真正的小說家的語言。
38.《丑陋的中國(guó)人》 柏楊 著
如果沒有柏楊,中國(guó)人的性格中可以刪去勇氣和自省這兩種缺陷。
39.《三毛文集》 三毛 著
不知道在今天的中學(xué)生當(dāng)中,三毛是不是還一樣流行。與很多的流行作家不同,三毛的
散文里其實(shí)有著很濃厚的哲學(xué)底蘊(yùn),因?yàn)樗緛硎菍W(xué)哲學(xué)出身的。這也就導(dǎo)致了她散文 的深度。而且,她的散文的確好看。
40.《李敖文集》 李敖 著
“中國(guó)五百年來白話文的前三名:李敖、李敖、李敖?!?/p>
這是李敖自己說的,但你看過他的作品,也許你覺得這不完全是狂妄。他是真正的罵戰(zhàn)
大師,而罵人出彩是文字的最高段位。
第三部分:外國(guó)文學(xué)
41.《圣經(jīng)故事》
《圣經(jīng)》是西方文化的一個(gè)源頭,不了解它,就很難真正了解西方文化?!妒ソ?jīng)》原文的國(guó)內(nèi)譯文比較呆板,因此,不妨讀讀《對(duì)經(jīng)故事》。
42.《荷馬史詩》[古希臘]荷馬 著
《荷馬史詩》是西方文化的另一個(gè)源頭,也是古希臘文明留給世界的最偉大的遺產(chǎn)。特
別推薦由傅東華譯的《伊利亞特》和由楊憲益譯的《奧德修紀(jì)》,兩部譯著都非常傳神
地表達(dá)了希臘古詩的樸素與單純。
43.《堂吉訶德》[西班牙] 塞萬提斯 著
俄羅斯的文學(xué)批評(píng)家別林斯基曾這樣評(píng)價(jià):“在歐洲的所有一切著名文學(xué)作品中,把嚴(yán)
肅與滑稽,悲劇性與喜劇性,生活中的瑣屑和庸俗與偉大和美麗如此水乳交融……,這
樣的范例僅見于塞萬提斯的《堂吉訶德》?!?/p>
作為一本400年前的小說,結(jié)構(gòu)有些松散、情節(jié)略顯拖沓,但它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)更多。
44.《莎士比亞戲劇集》[英]莎士比亞 著
莎士比亞和歌德被公認(rèn)為是西方文學(xué)史上兩座不可企及的高峰。他對(duì)人物心理的深入探
索和語言的華美燦爛也使一代代的讀者陶醉。
如果你想豐富自己的語言,或者為使你的文學(xué)鑒賞能力超越一般水平,想選擇一部反復(fù)
精讀的書,莎劇都是最佳選擇。特別推薦朱生豪的譯本。
45.《魯濱遜漂流記》[英]丹尼爾·笛福 著
小說的魅力在于,把一段明顯虛構(gòu)的故事寫得像作者親身經(jīng)歷的自敘那樣具體、逼真、可信,這一點(diǎn)比現(xiàn)代武俠小說里動(dòng)不動(dòng)就有的奇遇強(qiáng)多了。本書是一曲人的生存能力的
贊歌。本書的另一個(gè)主旨是:“不管人類社會(huì)多么不盡人意,人也決不可能孤獨(dú)的生
存,我們需要人群?!?/p>
46.《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》[英]狄更斯 著
作者狄更斯說,“大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾是我最疼愛的孩子?!边@本書中表現(xiàn)了作者以深刻的
漫畫筆法勾勒人物形象,探測(cè)人物靈魂的超常能力。他幽默的語言也屬世界一流。
47.《簡(jiǎn)·愛》[英]夏洛蒂·勃朗特 著
“別以為我窮,我不漂亮,我就沒有尊嚴(yán)。最終我們都將穿過墳?zāi)蛊降鹊卣驹谏系勖?/p>
前?!边@是簡(jiǎn)對(duì)羅徹斯特說的。
簡(jiǎn)的追求和個(gè)性是這部書受到一代代青年尤其是女青年喜愛的根本原因。一個(gè)不漂亮的
窮姑娘有著豐富的內(nèi)心世界,她既具備女性的柔情,又有豐富的女性的心機(jī)與理智,使
讀者在追蹤她的命運(yùn)的同時(shí)又對(duì)她充滿了敬佩。
48.《呼嘯山莊》[英]艾米莉·勃朗特 著
作者是《簡(jiǎn)·愛》作者的妹妹,本書問世后的很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間都受到冷落。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后,這
本書的價(jià)值被人們重新認(rèn)識(shí),它的文學(xué)地位超過了《簡(jiǎn)·愛》。它對(duì)于人類心理的極限
狀態(tài)的深刻探索受到了高度推崇。讀過它的人再也不可能忘掉其中陰森、恐怖的氣氛及
激烈的情感狀態(tài)。
49.《牛虻》[英]伏尼契 著
一本世界范圍內(nèi)的革命文學(xué)。小說主人公亞瑟的成長(zhǎng)是在各種矛盾沖突來表現(xiàn)的,矛盾
焦點(diǎn)集中體現(xiàn)在他與生父蒙太尼的關(guān)系上。作者結(jié)尾對(duì)牛虻慷慨就義的描寫,成為畫龍
點(diǎn)晴之筆。
50.《懺悔錄》[法]盧梭 著
本書是作者盧梭的自傳,以深刻的內(nèi)省、驚人的坦率和對(duì)文明的批判著稱于世。閱讀盧
梭是一場(chǎng)情感教育,你將從中學(xué)會(huì)真誠(chéng)。
51.《紅與黑》[法]司湯達(dá) 著
本書在全世界被公認(rèn)為是19世紀(jì)最偉大最完美的長(zhǎng)篇小說之一,也是我本人最喜歡的小
說之一。
對(duì)人在行動(dòng)中的心靈的沖突、斗爭(zhēng)、算計(jì)、期盼等心理狀態(tài)的高度精確的刻畫使本書擁
有“靈魂的哲學(xué)與詩”的美譽(yù)。雖然深刻,但這本書也很好讀。
《悲慘世界》[法]雨果 著
雨果不僅是世界上最偉大的小說家之一,他本人同時(shí)也是大詩人,他的語言具有交響樂
一般宏偉壯麗的特征。對(duì)于苦難的感受,對(duì)下層人民博大的同情使他的作品感動(dòng)著一代
代的讀者。
53.《歐也妮·葛朗臺(tái)》[法]巴爾扎克 著
如果你對(duì)中學(xué)課本里節(jié)選的部分對(duì)于老葛朗臺(tái)的描寫記憶深刻的話,我想你一定希望把
這本書讀完。作者巴爾扎克是描繪各種生活畫面的大師,也是描寫人類欲望的大師。本
書中的葛朗臺(tái)是文學(xué)史上最著名的吝嗇鬼形象之一。
54.《基度山伯爵》[法]大仲馬 著
這是我在大學(xué)期間閱讀的第一本小說,這本書情節(jié)緊張、扣人心弦,非常具有可讀性。
不妨選它作為西方文學(xué)的入門書。
55.《茶花女》[法]小仲馬 著
作者是大仲馬的兒子。這是最早被介紹到我國(guó)的西方文學(xué)名著。1897年,著名翻譯家林
紓將它介紹到我國(guó),當(dāng)時(shí)譯名為《巴黎茶花女遺事》,產(chǎn)生了“可憐一卷茶花女,斷盡
中華蕩子魂”的巨大反響,至今仍受到我國(guó)讀者的廣泛喜愛。
56.《包法利夫人》[法]福樓拜 著
很多專家認(rèn)為,這本書是19世紀(jì)的長(zhǎng)篇小說中藝術(shù)上最為完美的一部。
57.《莫泊桑中短篇小說選》[法]莫泊桑 著
莫泊桑受到他的導(dǎo)師福樓拜的影響,在小說的藝術(shù)方面成就輝煌。他的小說的最大魅力
是對(duì)生活細(xì)節(jié)的精心選擇和高度簡(jiǎn)潔傳神的描寫?;仡櫼幌轮袑W(xué)時(shí)學(xué)過的《項(xiàng)鏈》就可
以體會(huì)到這一點(diǎn)。
58.《惡之花》 [法]夏爾·波德萊爾 著
一本不太容易讀的詩集。但據(jù)說,文學(xué)現(xiàn)代化的“0公里”標(biāo)在此。
59.《追憶逝水年華》 [法]M·普魯斯特 著
意識(shí)流小說的代表作品。作者在一棟樓上足不出戶地呆了17年,全憑思維和回憶流動(dòng),寫成了這本書。我敢肯定沒幾個(gè)人會(huì)把這本書從頭到尾讀完,但是它的一部分就獲得了
龔古爾獎(jiǎng)。
60.《約翰·克里斯朵夫》 [法]羅曼·羅蘭 著
諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。一個(gè)音樂家的成長(zhǎng)史,其中有貝多芬的影子,也有羅蘭自己的影
子。不僅是小說,也是詩。
61.《小王子》 [法國(guó)]圣·埃克蘇佩里 著
寫給成年人看的哲理性童話。
62.《局外人》 [法國(guó)]阿爾貝·加繆 著
哲學(xué)小說化,法國(guó)也是一流的。
63.《情人》 [法國(guó)]杜拉斯 著
身體先于心靈成熟,法國(guó)人才能寫的主題。
64.《少年維特之煩惱》[德]歌德 著
歌德最偉大的著作是詩歌《浮士德》,但那本書適合在有了充分的文化準(zhǔn)備之后再閱
讀,所以向你們推薦這本書,從中可以體會(huì)這位大文豪的特色。
65.《生命中不能承受之輕》 [捷克]米蘭·昆德拉 著
一本由悔過書演化成的小說,昆德拉的小說有很大的哲理性,也有對(duì)于中國(guó)讀者難以理
解的捷克式幽默,這妨礙了它的可讀性。他的書只能細(xì)細(xì)地讀、細(xì)細(xì)地品。但就算你不
看這本書,記住這個(gè)標(biāo)題也是好的。
66.《死魂靈》[俄]果戈理 著
果戈理是俄羅斯繼普希金之后的又一位世界級(jí)的大作家。這本書也是世界諷刺文學(xué)中的典范。
本書中一系列愚蠢或狡猾或貪婪的地主與官吏的形象,構(gòu)成了鮮明生動(dòng)的果戈理人物畫
廊。其中對(duì)于種種奴性的刻畫對(duì)于我們這個(gè)封建傳統(tǒng)編制了幾千年的中國(guó)人來說,實(shí)在
是太熟悉了。
67.《羅亭》[俄]屠格涅夫 著
屠格涅夫被喻為“小說家中的小說家”,他的作品精美典雅,具有抒情詩的味道,非常
耐讀。特別是他的四部長(zhǎng)篇小說《羅亭》、《貴族之家》、《前夜》、《父與子》,每 一部都是經(jīng)典。
68.《罪與罰》[俄]陀思妥耶夫斯基 著
本書中對(duì)于犯罪心理的描述,對(duì)處于瘋狂的臨界點(diǎn)的精神狀態(tài)的天才描繪,幾乎能把讀
者本人卷入到那種夢(mèng)魘般的境地。這是一部具有魔力的作品,閱讀它將會(huì)是一種精神上
的歷險(xiǎn)。
69.《安娜·卡列尼娜》[俄]列夫·托爾斯泰 著
有句話是這樣說的:“十九世紀(jì)的俄羅斯只要貢獻(xiàn)出一個(gè)列夫·托爾斯泰,它就無愧于
這個(gè)世界了?!睋?jù)調(diào)查,托爾斯泰的小說在經(jīng)典文學(xué)名著中直到現(xiàn)在仍然是世界上銷量
最大的。本書中的安娜是世界文學(xué)女性畫廊中最光彩照人的形象之一。
70.《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》[俄]列夫·托爾斯泰 著
我私人認(rèn)為,世界上最宏偉壯觀的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)小說有兩部,一部是《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》、一部是
《靜靜的頓河》,都是由俄羅斯民族貢獻(xiàn)給世界的。
71.《復(fù)活》[俄]列夫·托爾斯泰 著
這是托爾斯泰的晚年作品,他也憑借此書完成了對(duì)自身的超越。
72.《契訶夫中短篇小說選》[俄]契訶夫 著
契訶夫是19世紀(jì)和莫泊桑并列的短篇小說巨匠。天才的諷刺與感傷情調(diào)是契訶夫小說的
兩大特征。他能用一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或一句話代替別的作家的幾頁。
73.《靜靜的頓河》[俄]肖洛霍夫 著
諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)小說的鴻篇巨制。作者是一個(gè)純粹的小說家,本書中沒有任何
說教和議論,它的主旨是個(gè)人在一個(gè)巨大的歷史事件中,被一種盲目的力量裹挾著,無
法把握自身的命運(yùn)。我們只能用“殘酷的真實(shí)”幾個(gè)字來形容作者把握歷史與生活的卓
越能力。
74.《日瓦戈醫(yī)生》[蘇聯(lián)]帕斯捷爾納克 著
苦難對(duì)于俄國(guó)人來說,好像總變成了良藥。書中的許多經(jīng)歷中國(guó)的讀者都不會(huì)陌生,因
為,中國(guó)后來發(fā)生的許多事情仿佛都是蘇聯(lián)的翻版。
75.《哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》[美]馬克·吐恩 著
馬克·吐溫親切的幽默了全世界的讀者。
76.《草葉集》 [美]惠特曼 著
雖然是詩人,但惠特曼不是以一種文人的眼光觀察世界,而是以一個(gè)真正的美國(guó)創(chuàng)業(yè)
者、勞動(dòng)者的身份體驗(yàn)世界,在他的詩中最普通的物象都可以入詩,最淳樸的感情以最
博大的氣勢(shì)以詩的韻律歌唱出來。
77.《馬丁·伊登》 [美國(guó)]杰克·倫敦 著
作者被譽(yù)為美國(guó)無產(chǎn)階級(jí)文學(xué)的開拓者,本書是他的自傳體長(zhǎng)篇小說和代表作品。它描
寫了水手出身的作家馬丁·伊登的艱苦奮斗道路。它的英文版也比較好讀。
78.《老人與?!?[美國(guó)]海明威 著
海明威的創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格很獨(dú)特,他從來都是站著寫作。他的“電報(bào)式”簡(jiǎn)潔明快的語言,他
筆下百折不彎的形象都極富特色。海明威是美利堅(jiān)民族的精神豐碑。
《老人與?!肥且槐竞鼙〉男≌f,但卻為他贏得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng),有可能的話可以看一看這
本書的原著,并可以大聲誦讀。
79.《飄》[美]瑪格麗特·米切爾 著
南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期的美國(guó)對(duì)于我們本來是非常陌生的,《飄》卻通過一個(gè)叫斯嘉麗的女子掀
開了它溫情脈脈的面紗,讓我們看見了許多骯臟和美麗并存的事物。
《喧嘩與躁動(dòng)》 [美]威廉·??思{ 著
福克納用自己的作品引證了一個(gè)永恒的真理:“作品越具有本土性,也就越具有世界
性?!?/p>
81.《第22條軍規(guī)》 [美]約瑟夫·海勒 著
美國(guó)“黑色幽默”的代表作。作者在美國(guó)出版本書,卻是在英國(guó)引起轟動(dòng)后才引起美國(guó)
關(guān)注的。很難讀,有一種“病態(tài)與變態(tài)的幽默”。
82.《麥田里的守望者》 [美]塞林格 著
美國(guó)當(dāng)代小說中的經(jīng)典作品之一。本書以主人公霍爾頓自敘的語氣講了自己被學(xué)校開除
以后,在紐約游蕩將近兩晝夜的經(jīng)歷和心靈感受。
83.《在路上》 [美]杰克·凱魯亞克著
游游蕩蕩,一種我們失去的本能。
84.《了不起的蓋茨比》 [美]F·S·菲茨杰拉德 著
很容易讀的一本小說,卻有很深刻的內(nèi)涵。
85.《百年孤獨(dú)》 [哥倫比亞]加西亞·馬爾克斯 著
本書是魔幻現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的代表作。作者說,他最好的讀者是一位美國(guó)的婦女:“她把這本
書從頭到尾抄了一遍,想弄清楚究竟是作者瘋了還是自己瘋了?!?/p>
第一次讀的時(shí)候我也有類似的感覺,其中的祖孫三代居然都叫奧雷良諾。但是第二遍讀
過之后有了很多新的感覺。在很多當(dāng)代中國(guó)作家身上都可以找到這本書的影子。
86.《博爾赫斯文集》[阿根廷]豪·路·博爾赫斯 著
30歲時(shí),他的文筆還那么差,可是,他后來卻寫了不可思議的小說。
87.《城堡》 [奧地利]弗朗克·卡夫卡 著
現(xiàn)代派小說的經(jīng)典??ǚ蚩ǖ臄⑹孪駲C(jī)器一樣冷漠而精確。
88.《雪國(guó)》 [日本]川端康成 著
一種不露聲色的沉著與冷靜,川端康成的小說有點(diǎn)象中國(guó)的水墨山水畫,總有一星半點(diǎn) 的禪意在里面。
89.《挪威的森林》 [日本]村上春樹 著
“久久地保持沉默,如同全世界所有的細(xì)雨落在全世界所有的草坪上?!边@是這本書結(jié)
尾的一段話,這是一本流行的小說,但的確不錯(cuò)。
90.《泰戈?duì)栐娺x》[印度]泰戈?duì)?著
在國(guó)外的詩歌中,泰戈?duì)柕脑姼枋亲顑?yōu)美的,而它的翻譯也是最精美的,因?yàn)樽g者中有
冰心、鄭振鐸等。
第四部分:其它
91.《中國(guó)歷代史通俗演義》[民國(guó)]蔡?hào)|藩 著
作為一名大學(xué)生,對(duì)中國(guó)歷史的了解是很有必要的。這套書改變了歷史一本正經(jīng)的面
目,讓歷史充滿趣味性。而其亦文亦白的行文也頗有意思。
92.《萬歷15年》黃仁宇 著
這本書告訴大家歷史的另一種寫法。也就是所謂“大歷史”的概念。第一次讀的時(shí)候,我有一種如遭電擊的感覺。
希望黃仁宇有一百只腳,太多的歷史匠只配給他擦鞋。
93.《中國(guó)哲學(xué)史簡(jiǎn)編》馮友蘭 著
馮友蘭先生學(xué)貫中西,在言必稱西學(xué)的二三十年代潛心研究中國(guó)哲學(xué),將中國(guó)哲學(xué)史分
為子學(xué)時(shí)代(先秦)和經(jīng)學(xué)時(shí)代(漢至清),自成一家之言。他認(rèn)為中國(guó)哲學(xué)多講內(nèi)對(duì)
外王之道,因而他的書讀來?xiàng)l理明晰,層次分明,書卷氣極濃,又不乏金石聲。
94.《西方哲學(xué)史》[美]梯利 著
梯利本身不是重要的哲學(xué)家,這倒有助于他介紹起哲學(xué)史來比較客觀。這本哲學(xué)史篇幅比較適中,不是長(zhǎng)得使人失去耐心,也不是短到講不透徹。是一本很好的西方哲學(xué)入門
書。
95.《蘇菲的世界》[挪威]喬德坦·賈德 著
作者曾在高中擔(dān)任哲學(xué)教師多年,精通哲學(xué)、文學(xué)與教育學(xué)等多種學(xué)科,使他的這本哲
學(xué)史也格外適合青少年作為哲學(xué)的入門書。
評(píng)論認(rèn)為,這本書“有助于使讀者以閱讀偵探小說般的心情游覽從柏拉圖以前一直到
世紀(jì)的世界哲學(xué)史,而絲毫不產(chǎn)生任何枯燥厭煩的感覺。
96.《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》[德]尼采 著
尼采不是一個(gè)邏輯很嚴(yán)密的哲學(xué)家,他本身還是個(gè)詩人,他的哲學(xué)被稱為是詩化哲學(xué),這反倒讓他的書比別的哲學(xué)家的好讀的多。聽聽他說:“上帝死了!”、“我的虛榮就
是,有十句話說出別人一本書所說出的話,所沒有說出的話。”
尼采的書中包含著巨大的激情,像火,像電。雖然我們?cè)谥袑W(xué)接觸過魯迅對(duì)于尼采的批
判,但以魯迅而言,他本人也受了尼采的巨大影響。
以尼采作為研究哲學(xué)的入門書也許是不錯(cuò)的。
97.《海底兩萬里》[法]儒勒·凡爾納 著
儒勒·凡爾納是世界上最負(fù)盛名的科幻小說大師。與當(dāng)今的神話般的科幻小說不同,他 的作品往往有相當(dāng)?shù)目茖W(xué)依據(jù),以致于許多他當(dāng)時(shí)的預(yù)言都成了今天的現(xiàn)實(shí)。航天的開
拓者齊奧爾科夫斯基就坦白地承認(rèn)過儒勒·凡爾納的小說對(duì)他的影響。
98.《宇宙》[美]卡爾·薩根 著
一本很好的關(guān)于宇宙的科普讀物,比霍金的《時(shí)間簡(jiǎn)史》好讀多了。
99.《科學(xué)的歷程》吳國(guó)盛 著
我認(rèn)為,這是上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代中國(guó)最好的一本科學(xué)史。內(nèi)容詳實(shí)、圖片精美、行文流
暢,有助于讀者形成一個(gè)立體的、發(fā)展的科學(xué)觀。
100.《西方美學(xué)史》朱光潛 著
審美也是可以培養(yǎng)的,這門學(xué)科就叫作美學(xué)。本書是我國(guó)第一部全面系統(tǒng)闡述西方美學(xué)
思想發(fā)展的專著,對(duì)于青年一代聯(lián)系時(shí)代背景考察西方美學(xué)流派有重要的借鑒意義
第四篇:中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化作文素材
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化作文素材(精選)
《詩經(jīng)》
“昔我往矣,楊柳依依,今我來思,雨雪霏霏.“
這樣的詩句,掩卷而思,是一幅極其凄美的畫面.我們今天的一切情感,古人都已經(jīng)感
受到了,也都替我們描繪出來了。而這一切的源頭,是這本略顯古奧的《詩經(jīng)》.2?!冻o》 屈原、宋玉等著
《楚辭》代表了中國(guó)文人文學(xué)最早的輝煌成就,對(duì)于中國(guó)美學(xué)及中國(guó)文人的思想有持續(xù)的巨大的影響。屈原是中國(guó)歷史上第一位偉大的浪漫文義詩人,其《天問》中的反復(fù)追
問,對(duì)于我們今天的航天和天文工作者仍然有極大的啟發(fā)意義。
3。《四書》(大學(xué)、中庸、論語、孟子)
古人說:“半部論語治天下”,季羨林說:“二十一世紀(jì)是儒家思想的世紀(jì)”。
不管怎么說,它是一部被中國(guó)人讀了幾千年的教科書,不讀它就永遠(yuǎn)無法了解中國(guó)古代
生活。
4。
《老子》 李聃
著
老子五千言,字字玄機(jī),滲透了無上的智慧,也道出了中國(guó)人根深蒂固的一種思想傾
向.這是中國(guó)歷史上一本真正意義上的哲學(xué)著作。
據(jù)說,當(dāng)代學(xué)者提出“宇宙的大爆炸說”時(shí),他們?cè)诶献拥摹暗馈钡乃枷胫姓业搅苏軐W(xué)
依據(jù).5。《莊子》 莊周 著
這是我全文抄錄和誦讀過的為數(shù)不多的書之一。先不說其生死達(dá)觀的思想,光是那汪洋
恣肆、豐瞻華美的文字,就值得我們擊節(jié)叩賞。每當(dāng)我背誦起“北冥有魚,其名為鯤”
(莊子·逍遙游)這樣的語句,我仿佛觸摸到了中國(guó)散文的源頭.6。《史記》 司馬遷
著
魯迅的評(píng)價(jià)是:“史家之絕唱,無韻之離騷”,其中的“世家”和“列傳”,是全書的精華。對(duì)于今天的讀者來說,《史記》的意義已經(jīng)不僅僅是一本歷史著作,更是一本文
學(xué)著作。讀這本書之前讀一讀司馬遷的《報(bào)任安書》,也許會(huì)體會(huì)到史記中作者所傾注的深深情感.7.《世說新語》
《世說新語》所反映的魏晉風(fēng)度是中國(guó)歷史上的一種很奇特的現(xiàn)象,而這種風(fēng)度成了一
代代中國(guó)古代知識(shí)分子的理想人格。我一直把這本書當(dāng)成古代的“微型小說集”來讀.8.《顏氏家訓(xùn)》
[北朝]顏之推 著
耕讀世家治家的金科玉律,但對(duì)于今天的中國(guó)人并非沒有啟迪。
9.《唐詩三百首》
識(shí)字的中國(guó)人,誰沒有讀過“舉頭望明月,低頭思故鄉(xiāng)”“夜來風(fēng)雨聲,花落知多少”
這樣的詩句呢。而這樣的詩句,因?yàn)槟愕姆磸?fù)誦讀而失去韻味了嗎?
沒有,這就是唐詩的魅力。
10.《宋詞選》
從風(fēng)花雪月的兒女情長(zhǎng)到興國(guó)安邦的豪情壯志,宋詞中有一個(gè)極為廣闊的文學(xué)天地和思
想境界。宋詞是適合于大聲朗讀的,不要為應(yīng)付任何考試,去讀讀宋詞吧!
11.《元曲選》
元代散曲與雜劇是中國(guó)文學(xué)中的一朵奇葩,它開創(chuàng)了中國(guó)戲劇的新局面,使中國(guó)戲劇與
希臘古典悲劇、文藝復(fù)興戲劇站到了同一高度。
12.《菜根譚》
[明]洪應(yīng)明 著
俗語云:“咬得菜根,百事可作”,這是這本書得名的由來。這不是一部邏輯嚴(yán)密的學(xué)
術(shù)著作,而是一部談?wù)撔奚?、處世、待人、接物的格言?“棲守道德者,寂寞一時(shí);依阿權(quán)勢(shì)者,凄涼萬古,達(dá)人觀物外之物,思身后之身,寧
受一時(shí)寂寞,毋取萬古之凄涼?!痹谝粋€(gè)浮躁的年代,讀一讀這樣的句子有好處。
13.《古文觀止》
上大學(xué)是我外公送給我的《古文觀止》,至今仍放在我案頭觸手可及的地方。
外公送書給我的初衷是希望我能夠?qū)W會(huì)寫文言文,他固執(zhí)地認(rèn)為,這是大學(xué)生應(yīng)掌握的基本技巧。雖然我至今也沒有學(xué)會(huì),但我卻從這本書中窺探到了一個(gè)博大的世界。
14。
《三國(guó)演義》 [明]羅貫中
著
“滾滾長(zhǎng)江東逝水,浪花淘盡英雄.”
即使有了電視電影,也有些書是不能取代的,比如說《三國(guó)》。
15。
《水滸傳》 [明]施耐庵
著
小時(shí)候,有多少人曾經(jīng)可以完整地背下一百零八將的座次與外號(hào)?
16.《西游記》 [明]吳承恩 著
相信不會(huì)沒有人沒看過這本書吧。如果看過,再看一遍。
17。
《東周列國(guó)志》[明]馮夢(mèng)龍
著
歷史的另一種解讀方法。
18.《紅樓夢(mèng)》[清]曹雪芹
著
中國(guó)古典小說的頂峰,沒讀過《紅樓夢(mèng)》的中國(guó)人,不能說你曾經(jīng)讀過書。
19.《聊齋志異》[清]蒲松齡 著
很優(yōu)美的文字,很奇詭的想象,很纏綿的故事。
20。
《儒林外史》[清]吳敬梓
著
中國(guó)古代諷刺文學(xué)的最高成就。
第二部分:中國(guó)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代文學(xué)
21。
《魯迅選集》
魯迅
著
在中學(xué)課本中,魯迅的文章是選得最多的,有太多的理由這樣做.在那個(gè)黑暗的年代,我們能擁有魯迅是幸運(yùn)的,他的文章永遠(yuǎn)值得一讀再讀.
22。
《家》 巴金
著
“激流三部曲“(家、春、秋)中的第一部,同時(shí)也是成就最高的一部,揭示了封建舊
家庭的敗落和青年一代對(duì)光明自由的追求和探索.
23。
《駱駝祥子》 老舍 著
老舍是我最喜歡的作家之一,我喜歡他幽默親切的語言,樸素自然的風(fēng)格,也傷痛他的遭遇。祥子從一個(gè)勤勞壯實(shí)的勞動(dòng)人民最終墮落到吃喝嫖賭的過程也許要?dú)w因于他的那
個(gè)社會(huì),但在現(xiàn)實(shí)當(dāng)中,如何面對(duì)一次又一次夢(mèng)想的破滅,是放棄還是堅(jiān)持,卻是我們
讀這本書可以思考的問題。
此外,老舍的散文是現(xiàn)代作家中最具可讀性的散文之一。
24。
《邊城》沈從文著
沈從文是中國(guó)作家中最接近諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的一位。
我認(rèn)為,沈從文是中國(guó)的川端康成,沈從文的湘西就象川端康成的伊豆,你可以說它原
始,可以說它野蠻,但你也不得不承認(rèn),它很美。
25。
《雷雨》
曹禺 著
《雷雨》是曹禺的處女作,也是其代表作,也是中國(guó)現(xiàn)代戲劇迄今為止無法逾越的高
峰.如果說,戲劇最重要的特點(diǎn)便是“沖突“的話,那么,這種“沖突”在《雷雨》中
達(dá)到了極致。兩個(gè)家庭8?jìng)€(gè)人在一天內(nèi)發(fā)生的事情,卻包含了過去的恩怨,不但有倫常的矛盾、階級(jí)的矛盾,還有個(gè)體對(duì)于環(huán)境、時(shí)代強(qiáng)烈不諧調(diào)的矛盾。劇本情節(jié)扣人心
弦,語言簡(jiǎn)煉含蓄,潛臺(tái)詞極為豐富.26。
《圍城》
錢鐘書 著
我最喜歡的一本小說,前前后后一共看過二十多遍。我一直認(rèn)為這是中國(guó)最值得玩味的一本小說。
中國(guó)式幽默與西方式幽默相結(jié)合的典范,每個(gè)讀者都可以在方鴻漸的身上找到自己的影
子.書中刻畫每個(gè)人都神形畢現(xiàn),如在目前,讓人在忍俊不禁之后又感慨頗深?!秶?/p>
城》把人寫透了,也把世界也寫透了。
27。
《京華煙云》 林語堂 著
“兩腳踏中西文化,一心評(píng)古今文章”的林語堂,其駕駛英語的能力讓美國(guó)人也嘆服不
已。本書“浮生若夢(mèng)”的主旨直承莊子,是一本很有哲學(xué)意義的小說。如果可能,可以
閱讀這本書的英文版。
28.《傾城之戀》張愛玲著
張愛玲是真正的才女,她的文章很女性,但比當(dāng)今流行的小女人文章卻要大氣的多。她的譬喻常常讓人覺得不可思議,比如,“今晚的月亮,像洇開在朵云軒信箋上的一滴眼淚.”這樣的句子讓人過目不忘。
29。
《顧準(zhǔn)文集》顧準(zhǔn)著
我們有本土知識(shí)分子偶像了。因?yàn)?在一個(gè)**的年代,顧準(zhǔn)堅(jiān)持了一個(gè)知識(shí)分子的良
心.30。
《傅雷家書》傅雷著
傅雷可以是享譽(yù)世界的大翻譯家,也可以是一個(gè)普通的父親.在這本書中你可以看到一
個(gè)父親的拳拳愛子之心.由于傅雷本人廣泛的興趣和淵博的知識(shí),所以這本書的內(nèi)容非
常豐富,又由于這是寫給他自己兒子的作品,所以讀起來親切自然,沒有任何故意說理的做作。
31. 《城南舊事》 林海音
著
“長(zhǎng)亭外,古道邊,芳草碧連天“,這本書,是和一首歌,一部電影聯(lián)系在一起的.細(xì)
膩、感傷,如老歌,如黑白電影。
32?!妒骀玫脑姟肥骀弥?/p>
《祖國(guó)啊,我親愛的祖國(guó)》、《致橡樹》都是中學(xué)已經(jīng)接觸過的篇章。很多當(dāng)代年青人
愛詩是從舒婷開始的。舒婷不僅是一個(gè)真正的詩人,也是一個(gè)很出色的散文家。
33?!镀椒驳氖澜纭贰÷愤b 著
茅盾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。農(nóng)村來的同學(xué)讀起來可能會(huì)感覺更加親切,也更容易理解孫少平的感
受。早逝的路遙也許會(huì)因?yàn)檫@本書而不朽。
34.《我與地壇》史鐵生著
雙腿癱瘓的史鐵生寫的東西卻并不悲觀,相反,有一種靜觀世界的睿智和達(dá)觀。我搜集
了他的幾乎所有作品.《我與地壇》是他比較早期的作品,其中關(guān)于母親的章節(jié)催人淚
下。自此,有人把地壇叫做史鐵生的地壇.35?!段幕嗦谩酚嗲镉曛?/p>
成名后的余秋雨表現(xiàn)讓人失望,但我永遠(yuǎn)懷念1990年,余秋雨決定走出書齋,一個(gè)人背
負(fù)著文化出行的情景.這決不僅僅是一本游記,作為文化學(xué)者的余秋雨眼中的名山大川
不僅僅是常人眼中的山水,而是山水背后豐富的人文內(nèi)涵.從此以后,中國(guó)文學(xué)當(dāng)中有
了一個(gè)新的名詞:“文化大散文”。
36.《我的精神家園》王小波
王小波是又一個(gè)早逝的天才的明證。在他有限的生命里,他的成就是多元的.特別是他的雜文,有人把他比作當(dāng)代的魯迅.37?!堕L(zhǎng)恨歌》王安憶著
茅盾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。據(jù)說,王安憶是中國(guó)有史以來最勤奮的作家,但我認(rèn)為,如果她寫得
少一些,恐怕會(huì)好一些.《長(zhǎng)恨歌》是她沉積了多年的潛心之作,果然不同凡響。其中
關(guān)于“上海弄堂”的描寫讓我想起《巴黎圣母院》,是真正的小說家的語言.38.《丑陋的中國(guó)人》柏楊著
如果沒有柏楊,中國(guó)人的性格中可以刪去勇氣和自省這兩種缺陷.
39。
《三毛文集》三毛著
不知道在今天的中學(xué)生當(dāng)中,三毛是不是還一樣流行.與很多的流行作家不同,三毛的散文里其實(shí)有著很濃厚的哲學(xué)底蘊(yùn),因?yàn)樗緛硎菍W(xué)哲學(xué)出身的。這也就導(dǎo)致了她散文的深度.而且,她的散文的確好看.40.
《李敖文集》李敖著
“中國(guó)五百年來白話文的前三名:李敖、李敖、李敖.”
這是李敖自己說的,但你看過他的作品,也許你覺得這不完全是狂妄.他是真正的罵戰(zhàn)
大師,而罵人出彩是文字的最高段位。
第三部分:外國(guó)文學(xué)
41。
《圣經(jīng)故事》
《圣經(jīng)》是西方文化的一個(gè)源頭,不了解它,就很難真正了解西方文化。《圣經(jīng)》原文的國(guó)內(nèi)譯文比較呆板,因此,不妨讀讀《對(duì)經(jīng)故事》。
42.《荷馬史詩》[古希臘]荷馬 著
《荷馬史詩》是西方文化的另一個(gè)源頭,也是古希臘文明留給世界的最偉大的遺產(chǎn).特
別推薦由傅東華譯的《伊利亞特》和由楊憲益譯的《奧德修紀(jì)》,兩部譯著都非常傳神
地表達(dá)了希臘古詩的樸素與單純.43.
《堂吉訶德》[西班牙]
塞萬提斯
著
俄羅斯的文學(xué)批評(píng)家別林斯基曾這樣評(píng)價(jià):“在歐洲的所有一切著名文學(xué)作品中,把嚴(yán)
肅與滑稽,悲劇性與喜劇性,生活中的瑣屑和庸俗與偉大和美麗如此水乳交融……,這
樣的范例僅見于塞萬提斯的《堂吉訶德》?!?/p>
作為一本400年前的小說,結(jié)構(gòu)有些松散、情節(jié)略顯拖沓,但它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)更多。
44.《莎士比亞戲劇集》[英]莎士比亞 著
莎士比亞和歌德被公認(rèn)為是西方文學(xué)史上兩座不可企及的高峰。他對(duì)人物心理的深入探
索和語言的華美燦爛也使一代代的讀者陶醉。
如果你想豐富自己的語言,或者為使你的文學(xué)鑒賞能力超越一般水平,想選擇一部反復(fù)
精讀的書,莎劇都是最佳選擇。特別推薦朱生豪的譯本。
45。
《魯濱遜漂流記》[英]丹尼爾·笛福
著
小說的魅力在于,把一段明顯虛構(gòu)的故事寫得像作者親身經(jīng)歷的自敘那樣具體、逼真、可信,這一點(diǎn)比現(xiàn)代武俠小說里動(dòng)不動(dòng)就有的奇遇強(qiáng)多了。本書是一曲人的生存能力的贊歌。本書的另一個(gè)主旨是:“不管人類社會(huì)多么不盡人意,人也決不可能孤獨(dú)的生
存,我們需要人群.”
46.《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》[英]狄更斯
著
作者狄更斯說,“大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾是我最疼愛的孩子?!边@本書中表現(xiàn)了作者以深刻的漫畫筆法勾勒人物形象,探測(cè)人物靈魂的超常能力。他幽默的語言也屬世界一流.
47。
《簡(jiǎn)·愛》[英]夏洛蒂·勃朗特 著
“別以為我窮,我不漂亮,我就沒有尊嚴(yán)。最終我們都將穿過墳?zāi)蛊降鹊卣驹谏系勖?/p>
前。”這是簡(jiǎn)對(duì)羅徹斯特說的。
簡(jiǎn)的追求和個(gè)性是這部書受到一代代青年尤其是女青年喜愛的根本原因。一個(gè)不漂亮的窮姑娘有著豐富的內(nèi)心世界,她既具備女性的柔情,又有豐富的女性的心機(jī)與理智,使
讀者在追蹤她的命運(yùn)的同時(shí)又對(duì)她充滿了敬佩.48。《呼嘯山莊》[英]艾米莉·勃朗特
著
作者是《簡(jiǎn)·愛》作者的妹妹,本書問世后的很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間都受到冷落。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后,這
本書的價(jià)值被人們重新認(rèn)識(shí),它的文學(xué)地位超過了《簡(jiǎn)·愛》。它對(duì)于人類心理的極限
狀態(tài)的深刻探索受到了高度推崇。讀過它的人再也不可能忘掉其中陰森、恐怖的氣氛及
激烈的情感狀態(tài).49。
《牛虻》[英]伏尼契
著
一本世界范圍內(nèi)的革命文學(xué)。小說主人公亞瑟的成長(zhǎng)是在各種矛盾沖突來表現(xiàn)的,矛盾
焦點(diǎn)集中體現(xiàn)在他與生父蒙太尼的關(guān)系上。作者結(jié)尾對(duì)牛虻慷慨就義的描寫,成為畫龍
點(diǎn)晴之筆。
50.《懺悔錄》[法]盧梭
著
本書是作者盧梭的自傳,以深刻的內(nèi)省、驚人的坦率和對(duì)文明的批判著稱于世。閱讀盧
梭是一場(chǎng)情感教育,你將從中學(xué)會(huì)真誠(chéng).
51。
《紅與黑》[法]司湯達(dá) 著
本書在全世界被公認(rèn)為是19世紀(jì)最偉大最完美的長(zhǎng)篇小說之一,也是我本人最喜歡的小
說之一.
對(duì)人在行動(dòng)中的心靈的沖突、斗爭(zhēng)、算計(jì)、期盼等心理狀態(tài)的高度精確的刻畫使本書擁
有“靈魂的哲學(xué)與詩“的美譽(yù).雖然深刻,但這本書也很好讀。
《悲慘世界》[法]雨果 著
雨果不僅是世界上最偉大的小說家之一,他本人同時(shí)也是大詩人,他的語言具有交響樂
一般宏偉壯麗的特征。對(duì)于苦難的感受,對(duì)下層人民博大的同情使他的作品感動(dòng)著一代
代的讀者。
53。
《歐也妮·葛朗臺(tái)》[法]巴爾扎克 著
如果你對(duì)中學(xué)課本里節(jié)選的部分對(duì)于老葛朗臺(tái)的描寫記憶深刻的話,我想你一定希望把
這本書讀完。作者巴爾扎克是描繪各種生活畫面的大師,也是描寫人類欲望的大師.本
書中的葛朗臺(tái)是文學(xué)史上最著名的吝嗇鬼形象之一。
54。
《基度山伯爵》[法]大仲馬
著
這是我在大學(xué)期間閱讀的第一本小說,這本書情節(jié)緊張、扣人心弦,非常具有可讀性。
不妨選它作為西方文學(xué)的入門書.55.《茶花女》[法]小仲馬
著
作者是大仲馬的兒子。這是最早被介紹到我國(guó)的西方文學(xué)名著。1897年,著名翻譯家林
紓將它介紹到我國(guó),當(dāng)時(shí)譯名為《巴黎茶花女遺事》,產(chǎn)生了“可憐一卷茶花女,斷盡
中華蕩子魂”的巨大反響,至今仍受到我國(guó)讀者的廣泛喜愛。
56.《包法利夫人》[法]福樓拜 著
很多專家認(rèn)為,這本書是19世紀(jì)的長(zhǎng)篇小說中藝術(shù)上最為完美的一部。
57.《莫泊桑中短篇小說選》[法]莫泊?!≈?/p>
莫泊桑受到他的導(dǎo)師福樓拜的影響,在小說的藝術(shù)方面成就輝煌。他的小說的最大魅力
是對(duì)生活細(xì)節(jié)的精心選擇和高度簡(jiǎn)潔傳神的描寫.回顧一下中學(xué)時(shí)學(xué)過的《項(xiàng)鏈》就可
以體會(huì)到這一點(diǎn)。
58。《惡之花》
[法]夏爾·波德萊爾著
一本不太容易讀的詩集。但據(jù)說,文學(xué)現(xiàn)代化的“0公里”標(biāo)在此。
59。
《追憶逝水年華》
[法]M·普魯斯特著
意識(shí)流小說的代表作品.作者在一棟樓上足不出戶地呆了17年,全憑思維和回憶流動(dòng),寫成了這本書.我敢肯定沒幾個(gè)人會(huì)把這本書從頭到尾讀完,但是它的一部分就獲得了
龔古爾獎(jiǎng)。
60.《約翰·克里斯朵夫》
[法]羅曼·羅蘭著
諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。一個(gè)音樂家的成長(zhǎng)史,其中有貝多芬的影子,也有羅蘭自己的影
子。不僅是小說,也是詩。
61.《小王子》
[法國(guó)]圣·??颂K佩里著
寫給成年人看的哲理性童話。
62.《局外人》
[法國(guó)]阿爾貝·加繆著
哲學(xué)小說化,法國(guó)也是一流的。
63。
《情人》 [法國(guó)]杜拉斯著
身體先于心靈成熟,法國(guó)人才能寫的主題.64。
《少年維特之煩惱》[德]歌德 著
歌德最偉大的著作是詩歌《浮士德》,但那本書適合在有了充分的文化準(zhǔn)備之后再閱
讀,所以向你們推薦這本書,從中可以體會(huì)這位大文豪的特色.65。
《生命中不能承受之輕》 [捷克]米蘭·昆德拉著
一本由悔過書演化成的小說,昆德拉的小說有很大的哲理性,也有對(duì)于中國(guó)讀者難以理
解的捷克式幽默,這妨礙了它的可讀性。他的書只能細(xì)細(xì)地讀、細(xì)細(xì)地品。但就算你不
看這本書,記住這個(gè)標(biāo)題也是好的.66.
《死魂靈》[俄]果戈理 著
果戈理是俄羅斯繼普希金之后的又一位世界級(jí)的大作家。這本書也是世界諷刺文學(xué)中的典范。
本書中一系列愚蠢或狡猾或貪婪的地主與官吏的形象,構(gòu)成了鮮明生動(dòng)的果戈理人物畫
廊.其中對(duì)于種種奴性的刻畫對(duì)于我們這個(gè)封建傳統(tǒng)編制了幾千年的中國(guó)人來說,實(shí)在是太熟悉了。
67.《羅亭》[俄]屠格涅夫
著
屠格涅夫被喻為“小說家中的小說家”,他的作品精美典雅,具有抒情詩的味道,非常
耐讀。特別是他的四部長(zhǎng)篇小說《羅亭》、《貴族之家》、《前夜》、《父與子》,每一部都是經(jīng)典。
68.《罪與罰》[俄]陀思妥耶夫斯基 著
本書中對(duì)于犯罪心理的描述,對(duì)處于瘋狂的臨界點(diǎn)的精神狀態(tài)的天才描繪,幾乎能把讀
者本人卷入到那種夢(mèng)魘般的境地。這是一部具有魔力的作品,閱讀它將會(huì)是一種精神上的歷險(xiǎn)。
69.《安娜·卡列尼娜》[俄]列夫·托爾斯泰 著
有句話是這樣說的:“十九世紀(jì)的俄羅斯只要貢獻(xiàn)出一個(gè)列夫·托爾斯泰,它就無愧于
這個(gè)世界了.”據(jù)調(diào)查,托爾斯泰的小說在經(jīng)典文學(xué)名著中直到現(xiàn)在仍然是世界上銷量
最大的。本書中的安娜是世界文學(xué)女性畫廊中最光彩照人的形象之一。
70。
《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》[俄]列夫·托爾斯泰
著
我私人認(rèn)為,世界上最宏偉壯觀的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)小說有兩部,一部是《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》、一部是
《靜靜的頓河》,都是由俄羅斯民族貢獻(xiàn)給世界的。
71。
《復(fù)活》[俄]列夫·托爾斯泰
著
這是托爾斯泰的晚年作品,他也憑借此書完成了對(duì)自身的超越。
72。
《契訶夫中短篇小說選》[俄]契訶夫 著
契訶夫是19世紀(jì)和莫泊桑并列的短篇小說巨匠。天才的諷刺與感傷情調(diào)是契訶夫小說的兩大特征。他能用一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或一句話代替別的作家的幾頁。
73.《靜靜的頓河》[俄]肖洛霍夫 著
諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)作品。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)小說的鴻篇巨制。作者是一個(gè)純粹的小說家,本書中沒有任何
說教和議論,它的主旨是個(gè)人在一個(gè)巨大的歷史事件中,被一種盲目的力量裹挾著,無
法把握自身的命運(yùn)。我們只能用“殘酷的真實(shí)”幾個(gè)字來形容作者把握歷史與生活的卓
越能力。
74.
《日瓦戈醫(yī)生》[蘇聯(lián)]帕斯捷爾納克著
苦難對(duì)于俄國(guó)人來說,好像總變成了良藥。書中的許多經(jīng)歷中國(guó)的讀者都不會(huì)陌生,因
為,中國(guó)后來發(fā)生的許多事情仿佛都是蘇聯(lián)的翻版。
75。
《哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》[美]馬克·吐恩 著
馬克·吐溫親切的幽默了全世界的讀者。
76。
《草葉集》
[美]惠特曼著
雖然是詩人,但惠特曼不是以一種文人的眼光觀察世界,而是以一個(gè)真正的美國(guó)創(chuàng)業(yè)
者、勞動(dòng)者的身份體驗(yàn)世界,在他的詩中最普通的物象都可以入詩,最淳樸的感情以最
博大的氣勢(shì)以詩的韻律歌唱出來。
77。
《馬丁·伊登》
[美國(guó)]杰克·倫敦著
作者被譽(yù)為美國(guó)無產(chǎn)階級(jí)文學(xué)的開拓者,本書是他的自傳體長(zhǎng)篇小說和代表作品。它描
寫了水手出身的作家馬丁·伊登的艱苦奮斗道路。它的英文版也比較好讀。
78。
《老人與?!?/p>
[美國(guó)]海明威著
海明威的創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格很獨(dú)特,他從來都是站著寫作。他的“電報(bào)式”簡(jiǎn)潔明快的語言,他
筆下百折不彎的形象都極富特色.海明威是美利堅(jiān)民族的精神豐碑。
《老人與?!肥且槐竞鼙〉男≌f,但卻為他贏得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng),有可能的話可以看一看這
本書的原著,并可以大聲誦讀。
79.《飄》[美]瑪格麗特·米切爾 著
南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期的美國(guó)對(duì)于我們本來是非常陌生的,《飄》卻通過一個(gè)叫斯嘉麗的女子掀
開了它溫情脈脈的面紗,讓我們看見了許多骯臟和美麗并存的事物。
《喧嘩與躁動(dòng)》
[美]威廉·??思{著
??思{用自己的作品引證了一個(gè)永恒的真理:“作品越具有本土性,也就越具有世界
性?!?/p>
81。
《第22條軍規(guī)》
[美]約瑟夫·海勒著
美國(guó)“黑色幽默”的代表作.作者在美國(guó)出版本書,卻是在英國(guó)引起轟動(dòng)后才引起美國(guó)
關(guān)注的。很難讀,有一種“病態(tài)與變態(tài)的幽默”.
82。
《麥田里的守望者》
[美]塞林格著
美國(guó)當(dāng)代小說中的經(jīng)典作品之一。本書以主人公霍爾頓自敘的語氣講了自己被學(xué)校開除
以后,在紐約游蕩將近兩晝夜的經(jīng)歷和心靈感受。
83.
《在路上》
[美]杰克·凱魯亞克著
游游蕩蕩,一種我們失去的本能。
84.《了不起的蓋茨比》
[美]F·S·菲茨杰拉德著
很容易讀的一本小說,卻有很深刻的內(nèi)涵。
85?!栋倌旯陋?dú)》
[哥倫比亞]加西亞·馬爾克斯著
本書是魔幻現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的代表作。作者說,他最好的讀者是一位美國(guó)的婦女:“她把這本
書從頭到尾抄了一遍,想弄清楚究竟是作者瘋了還是自己瘋了?!?/p>
第一次讀的時(shí)候我也有類似的感覺,其中的祖孫三代居然都叫奧雷良諾。但是第二遍讀
過之后有了很多新的感覺。在很多當(dāng)代中國(guó)作家身上都可以找到這本書的影子。
86.《博爾赫斯文集》[阿根廷]豪·路·博爾赫斯著
30歲時(shí),他的文筆還那么差,可是,他后來卻寫了不可思議的小說。
87.《城堡》
[奧地利]弗朗克·卡夫卡著
現(xiàn)代派小說的經(jīng)典??ǚ蚩ǖ臄⑹孪駲C(jī)器一樣冷漠而精確。
88。
《雪國(guó)》
[日本]川端康成著
一種不露聲色的沉著與冷靜,川端康成的小說有點(diǎn)象中國(guó)的水墨山水畫,總有一星半點(diǎn)的禪意在里面。
89.《挪威的森林》
[日本]村上春樹著
“久久地保持沉默,如同全世界所有的細(xì)雨落在全世界所有的草坪上.”這是這本書結(jié)
尾的一段話,這是一本流行的小說,但的確不錯(cuò)。
90。
《泰戈?duì)栐娺x》[印度]泰戈?duì)枴≈?/p>
在國(guó)外的詩歌中,泰戈?duì)柕脑姼枋亲顑?yōu)美的,而它的翻譯也是最精美的,因?yàn)樽g者中有
冰心、鄭振鐸等。
第四部分:其它
91.《中國(guó)歷代史通俗演義》[民國(guó)]蔡?hào)|藩
著
作為一名大學(xué)生,對(duì)中國(guó)歷史的了解是很有必要的。這套書改變了歷史一本正經(jīng)的面
目,讓歷史充滿趣味性.而其亦文亦白的行文也頗有意思。
92. 《萬歷15年》黃仁宇著
這本書告訴大家歷史的另一種寫法。也就是所謂“大歷史”的概念。第一次讀的時(shí)候,我有一種如遭電擊的感覺。
希望黃仁宇有一百只腳,太多的歷史匠只配給他擦鞋.93.
《中國(guó)哲學(xué)史簡(jiǎn)編》馮友蘭 著
馮友蘭先生學(xué)貫中西,在言必稱西學(xué)的二三十年代潛心研究中國(guó)哲學(xué),將中國(guó)哲學(xué)史分
為子學(xué)時(shí)代(先秦)和經(jīng)學(xué)時(shí)代(漢至清),自成一家之言。他認(rèn)為中國(guó)哲學(xué)多講內(nèi)對(duì)
外王之道,因而他的書讀來?xiàng)l理明晰,層次分明,書卷氣極濃,又不乏金石聲.94。
《西方哲學(xué)史》[美]梯利 著
梯利本身不是重要的哲學(xué)家,這倒有助于他介紹起哲學(xué)史來比較客觀.這本哲學(xué)史篇幅比較適中,不是長(zhǎng)得使人失去耐心,也不是短到講不透徹。是一本很好的西方哲學(xué)入門
書.95. 《蘇菲的世界》[挪威]喬德坦·賈德 著
作者曾在高中擔(dān)任哲學(xué)教師多年,精通哲學(xué)、文學(xué)與教育學(xué)等多種學(xué)科,使他的這本哲
學(xué)史也格外適合青少年作為哲學(xué)的入門書.評(píng)論認(rèn)為,這本書“有助于使讀者以閱讀偵探小說般的心情游覽從柏拉圖以前一直到
世紀(jì)的世界哲學(xué)史,而絲毫不產(chǎn)生任何枯燥厭煩的感覺.96。《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》[德]尼采 著
尼采不是一個(gè)邏輯很嚴(yán)密的哲學(xué)家,他本身還是個(gè)詩人,他的哲學(xué)被稱為是詩化哲學(xué),這反倒讓他的書比別的哲學(xué)家的好讀的多。聽聽他說:“上帝死了!“、“我的虛榮就
是,有十句話說出別人一本書所說出的話,所沒有說出的話。”
尼采的書中包含著巨大的激情,像火,像電。雖然我們?cè)谥袑W(xué)接觸過魯迅對(duì)于尼采的批
判,但以魯迅而言,他本人也受了尼采的巨大影響。
以尼采作為研究哲學(xué)的入門書也許是不錯(cuò)的.97?!逗5變扇f里》[法]儒勒·凡爾納
著
儒勒·凡爾納是世界上最負(fù)盛名的科幻小說大師.與當(dāng)今的神話般的科幻小說不同,他的作品往往有相當(dāng)?shù)目茖W(xué)依據(jù),以致于許多他當(dāng)時(shí)的預(yù)言都成了今天的現(xiàn)實(shí)。航天的開
拓者齊奧爾科夫斯基就坦白地承認(rèn)過儒勒·凡爾納的小說對(duì)他的影響。
98.《宇宙》[美]卡爾·薩根
著
一本很好的關(guān)于宇宙的科普讀物,比霍金的《時(shí)間簡(jiǎn)史》好讀多了。
99.《科學(xué)的歷程》吳國(guó)盛
著
我認(rèn)為,這是上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代中國(guó)最好的一本科學(xué)史。內(nèi)容詳實(shí)、圖片精美、行文流
暢,有助于讀者形成一個(gè)立體的、發(fā)展的科學(xué)觀。
100。
《西方美學(xué)史》朱光潛 著
審美也是可以培養(yǎng)的,這門學(xué)科就叫作美學(xué)。本書是我國(guó)第一部全面系統(tǒng)闡述西方美學(xué)
思想發(fā)展的專著,對(duì)于青年一代聯(lián)系時(shí)代背景考察西方美學(xué)流派有重要的借鑒意義
省試湘靈鼓瑟
錢起
善鼓云和瑟,常聞帝子靈。
馮夷空自舞,楚客不堪聽.苦調(diào)凄金石,清音入杳冥.蒼梧來怨慕,白芷動(dòng)芳馨.
流水傳湘浦,悲風(fēng)過洞庭。
曲終人不見,江上數(shù)峰青。
菩薩蠻
晏幾道
哀箏一弄湘江曲,聲聲寫盡湘波綠。
纖指十三弦,細(xì)將幽恨傳。
當(dāng)筵秋水慢,玉柱斜飛雁。
彈到斷腸時(shí),春山眉黛低。
琵琶行
白居易
琴歌
作者:李頎
類別:七言古詩
主人有酒歡今夕,請(qǐng)奏鳴琴?gòu)V陵客。
月照城頭烏半飛,霜凄萬木風(fēng)入衣。
銅爐華燭燭增輝,初彈淥水后楚妃。
一聲已動(dòng)物皆靜,四座無言星欲稀。
清淮奉使千余里,敢告云山從此始。
繪畫方面的墨梅?王冕(元)
吾家洗硯池頭樹,個(gè)個(gè)花開淡墨痕.不要人夸好顏色,只留清氣滿乾坤。
欲下丹青筆,先拈寶鏡端.已驚顏索莫,漸覺鬢凋殘.淚眼描將易,愁腸寫出難。
愿君渾忘卻,時(shí)展圖畫看
—---薛媛,《寫真寄外》
《惠崇春江晚景》
蘇軾
竹外桃花三兩枝,春江水暖鴨先知。
蔞蒿滿地蘆芽短,正是河豚欲上時(shí)。
林良畫兩角鷹歌
李夢(mèng)陽(明)
百余年來畫禽鳥,后有呂紀(jì)前邊昭。
二子工似不工意,吮筆決眥分毫毛。
林良寫鳥只用墨,開縑半掃風(fēng)云黑.水禽陸禽各臻妙,掛出滿堂皆動(dòng)色。
空山古林江怒濤,兩鷹突出霜崖高。
整骨刷羽意勢(shì)動(dòng),四壁六月生秋。
一鷹下視睛不轉(zhuǎn),已知兩眼無秋毫。
一鷹掉頭復(fù)欲下,漸覺振翮風(fēng)蕭蕭。
匹綃雖慘淡,殺氣不可滅。
戴角森森爪拳鐵,迥如愁胡眥欲裂。
朔風(fēng)吹沙秋草黃,安得臂爾騎駟驖!
草間妖鳥盡擊死,萬里晴空灑毛血。
我聞宋徽宗,亦善貌此鷹,后來失天子,餓死五國(guó)城.乃知寫畫小人藝,工意工似皆虛名.校獵馳騁亦末事,外作禽荒古有經(jīng).今王恭默罷游宴,講經(jīng)日御文華殿。
南海西湖馳道荒,獵師虞長(zhǎng)皆貧賤。
呂紀(jì)白首金爐邊,日暮還家無酒錢。
從來上智不貴物,淫巧豈敢陳王前.良乎,良乎,寧使?fàn)柈嫴恢卞X,無令后世好畫兼好畋。
其它的方面,茶藝,棋藝等.棋聲
作者:【黃庚】
何處仙翁愛手談。時(shí)聞剝啄竹林間.一枰子玉敲云碎,幾度午窗驚夢(mèng)殘。
緩著應(yīng)知心路遠(yuǎn),急圍不放耳根閑.爛柯人去收殘局。寂寂認(rèn)亭石幾寒。
汲江煎茶
【年代】:北宋
【作者】:蘇軾
【作品】:汲江煎茶
活水還須活火煮,自臨釣石取深清。[1]
大瓢貯月歸春甕,小杓分江入夜瓶。
雪乳已翻煎處腳,松風(fēng)忽作瀉時(shí)聲。[2]
枯腸未易禁三碗,坐聽荒城長(zhǎng)短更.[3]
第五篇:有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材
有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材
在日常學(xué)習(xí)、工作或生活中,大家都經(jīng)常接觸到作文吧,作文是通過文字來表達(dá)一個(gè)主題意義的記敘方法。那要怎么寫好作文呢?下面是小編收集整理的有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材,歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材1一墨、一筆、一氈、一紙,點(diǎn)墨、提筆、中鋒、收尾。如此反復(fù),心因墨香浸潤(rùn)而寧靜,眉因隸楷呈現(xiàn)而舒展。
墨味是苦澀而清香的,是迷人的,是令人心醉的。每每那濃黑發(fā)亮的墨汁傾入墨盒,那股迷人的苦香味涌入鼻腔,浸泡味蕾,沁入心扉,整個(gè)人在那一瞬間跌入迷蒙而寧靜的遐想。
第一次對(duì)這看似枯燥落伍的東西產(chǎn)生興趣,是在爺爺那紙香、墨香交疊的書房里。本想滴一滴黑黑的“水”來玩,卻不慎將它滴進(jìn)了一旁的清水里,只見它舒展優(yōu)美而自然的弧線,深淺不一,猶如罩著一層薄紗的黑在無色透明的天地間優(yōu)雅而脫俗地釋放。
一年級(jí),我進(jìn)了書法班,與所有的初學(xué)者一樣,開始臨摹顏真卿厚重而端莊的楷書??赡苁俏铱伤苄圆诲e(cuò),小小年紀(jì)便寫得有模有樣。只可惜一年后換了老師,我哭了好久,不愿跟新老師學(xué),最后,也就不了了之。
小升初過后,我再次拾起了塵封的毛筆,看它干澀的羊毫在水中無聲地變得柔軟。傾墨、點(diǎn)尖,細(xì)看墨汁順著毫毛的紋理攀至筆腹,黑白分明,煞是好看。新老師很有個(gè)性,很有禪意,他另辟蹊徑,鼓勵(lì)我們先學(xué)雋秀自如的隸書,我學(xué)得很快,領(lǐng)悟起來也很快,老師常說我有靈氣,一點(diǎn)就通,這更增進(jìn)了我對(duì)筆墨的熱愛。
過了一段時(shí)間,我想兼修,老師全力支持卻要求更嚴(yán)格,提醒我梅蘭竹菊是基礎(chǔ)。梅花畫了一幅又一幅,從蒼勁有力的枝到嬌柔仰放的花再到濃淡不一的墨色變化,一節(jié)課下來,腳邊堆滿了畫廢的毛邊紙。我在一路贊不絕耳的書法征途中,頭一回遇到如此挫敗,沮喪猶如被石頭打破的湖面,在心頭一圈圈地蕩開并且越來越大……
梅花……梅花……還是梅花!提筆落墨間我勾勒的花瓣愈加生硬,老師終于看不下去了,教訓(xùn)我說:“有你這樣面對(duì)困難的嗎?不欣然接受并努力爭(zhēng)取,這種心態(tài)還不如多去寫幾張字呢,別畫了!”
我低頭看著被毛邊紙埋沒的雙腳,忽覺出自己的盲區(qū),是呀——心態(tài)、努力——僅此而已,真可惜了這些被我用來發(fā)泄的紙。
靜下心,細(xì)品那縈繞在鼻尖墨香,輕盈而有力地在白宣上抽出梅樹蒼勁有力的枝條,在枝間勾出淡雅清幽的花朵,打點(diǎn)提蕊,傾心而至,簡(jiǎn)單而平和。提筆落墨,即是人生之悟。
有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材2每年的12月21或22日太陽到達(dá)黃經(jīng)270°(點(diǎn))時(shí)開始為“冬至”。冬至是農(nóng)歷二十四節(jié)氣的第22個(gè)節(jié)氣,冬至日太陽直射南回歸線,北半球晝最短、夜最長(zhǎng)。我們的古人對(duì)此早有認(rèn)識(shí),正因?yàn)椤岸陵柹河謥怼保院茉缫郧岸辆鸵殉蔀橐粋€(gè)古老而重要的節(jié)日。
冬至前后,雖然北半球日照時(shí)間最短,接收的太陽輻射量最少,但這時(shí)地面在夏半時(shí)積蓄的熱量還可提供一定的補(bǔ)充,故這時(shí)氣溫還不是最低?!俺粤硕溜?,一天長(zhǎng)一線”,冬至后白晝時(shí)間日漸增長(zhǎng)。但是地面獲得的太陽輻射仍比地面輻射散失的熱量少,所以在短期內(nèi)氣溫仍繼續(xù)下降。我國(guó)除少數(shù)海島和海濱局部地區(qū)外,1月都是最冷的月份,故民間有“冬至不過不冷”之說,天文學(xué)上也把“冬至”規(guī)定為北半球冬季的開始。
冬至后,雖進(jìn)入了“數(shù)九天氣”,但我國(guó)地域遼闊,各地氣候景觀差異較大。東北大地千里冰封,瓊裝玉琢;黃淮地區(qū)也常常是銀裝素裹;大江南北這時(shí)平均氣溫一般在5℃以上,冬作物仍繼續(xù)生長(zhǎng),菜麥青青,一派生機(jī),正是“水國(guó)過冬至,風(fēng)光春已生”;而華南沿海的平均氣溫則在10℃以上,更是花香鳥語,滿目春光。冬至前后是興修水利,大搞農(nóng)田基本建設(shè)、積肥造肥的大好時(shí)機(jī),同時(shí)要施好臘肥,做好防凍工作。江南地區(qū)更應(yīng)加強(qiáng)冬作物的管理,做好清溝排水,培土壅根,對(duì)尚未犁翻的冬壤板結(jié)要抓緊耕翻,以疏松土壤,增強(qiáng)蓄水保水能力,并消滅越冬害蟲。已經(jīng)開始春種的南部沿海地區(qū),則需要認(rèn)真做好水稻秧苗的防寒工作。
其主要農(nóng)事有,一是三麥、油菜的中耕松土、重施臘肥、澆泥漿水、清溝理墑、培土壅根。二是稻板茬棉田和棉花、玉米苗床冬翻,熟化土層。三是搞好良種串換調(diào)劑,棉種冷凍和室內(nèi)選種。四是綠肥田除草,并注意培土壅根,防凍保苗。五是果園、桑園繼續(xù)施肥、冬耕清園;果樹、桑樹整枝修剪、更新補(bǔ)缺、消滅越冬病蟲。六是越冬蔬菜追施薄糞水、蓋草保溫防凍,特別要加強(qiáng)苗床的越冬管理。七是畜禽加強(qiáng)冬季管理、修補(bǔ)畜舍、保溫防寒。八是繼續(xù)捕撈成魚,整修魚池,養(yǎng)好暫養(yǎng)魚種和親魚;搞好魚種越冬管理。
有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材3中國(guó)家喻戶曉的皮影戲,被印尼申請(qǐng)為該國(guó)的文化遺產(chǎn)。04年在內(nèi)蒙古流行的馬頭琴被蒙古國(guó)申報(bào)成功為該國(guó)的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。05年,韓國(guó)成功申報(bào)端午祭為世界非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)民俗被搶的消息傳到國(guó)內(nèi),國(guó)人一片嘩然,痛罵者有之,鄙夷者有之,更多的則是無奈和痛惜。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,國(guó)人的生活水平的提高,人們的生活方式也逐步西化,很多人信奉天主教,熱戀。然而,在崇尚洋節(jié)時(shí),似乎已經(jīng)失去了對(duì)自己文化的自覺意識(shí)。
很多中學(xué)生能熟練的用英語讀寫,卻看不懂文言文;對(duì)牛頓、培根奉若神明,對(duì)老莊、孔子卻形同路人;說起西方頭頭是道,談到老祖宗一無所知。仔細(xì),究竟還有什么傳統(tǒng)文化也已瀕臨失傳?“一個(gè)國(guó)家,一個(gè)民族亡國(guó)都不怕,最可怕的是一個(gè)國(guó)家和民族將自己的根本文化亡掉了,這就會(huì)淪為萬劫不復(fù),永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)翻身”。
保護(hù)我們的文化財(cái)產(chǎn),不僅是政府的事,更是我們每個(gè)國(guó)人自己的事。我們要熟讀“明月幾時(shí)有,把酒問青天”,體驗(yàn)古人在詩詞里面留給我們的意境美;我們要多聽《貴妃醉酒》,從傳統(tǒng)戲曲中領(lǐng)略民族藝術(shù)的風(fēng)姿;我們要過節(jié)、端午節(jié)……,在節(jié)日中頷首我們民族節(jié)日文化的習(xí)俗,把它發(fā)揚(yáng)光大;我們要學(xué)習(xí)儒家經(jīng)典、道家理論,那是中國(guó)文化的靈魂,可以以此培育我們中華學(xué)子的“中國(guó)心”。
如今,國(guó)家為保護(hù)出臺(tái)了相應(yīng)的政策:從20xx年起,清明、端午、中秋成為了法定節(jié)假日。央視《百家講壇》也先后推出了劉心武的《解密紅樓夢(mèng)》、易中天的《品三國(guó)》、于丹的《論語》《莊子》、錢文忠的《三字經(jīng)》等,他們用自己獨(dú)特的視角詮釋了古代文學(xué)作品,既保持了原著的精髓,又有創(chuàng)新,深受大眾喜愛,從而帶動(dòng)了國(guó)人對(duì)國(guó)學(xué)、歷史等傳統(tǒng)文化學(xué)習(xí)的熱情。
對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化的保護(hù),需要從每一個(gè)人做起。清明時(shí)節(jié)的掃墓,端午吃粽子賽龍舟,中秋時(shí)與家人的團(tuán)聚,都是我們力所能及的。讀孔子、學(xué)老莊更是對(duì)民族文化的傳承。讓我們都來學(xué)習(xí)傳播中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,共同實(shí)現(xiàn)中華文化的偉大復(fù)興。
有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材4傳統(tǒng)文化是每個(gè)國(guó)家獨(dú)有的文化,是祖先在漫長(zhǎng)時(shí)間里的積累,可是隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步,全球性的商業(yè)化,所有一切都逐漸改變著人們的傳統(tǒng)觀念,祖輩留傳下來的精華正在慢慢的消失。
首先是傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日是傳統(tǒng)文化的'重要組成部分,是我們繼承與發(fā)揚(yáng)傳統(tǒng)文化的一種良好方式。然而現(xiàn)在隨著西方各種節(jié)日的攻陷,傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日卻被漸漸淡化了,鮮少有人重視傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,像賽龍舟吃粽子、插茱萸、時(shí)賞月亮、時(shí)喝臘八粥等等。只有老一輩的人才能記得,總是遵循留傳下來的傳統(tǒng),過好每一個(gè)自己的節(jié)日。而一些年青人年少輕狂,根本就不知道什么是傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,可是一到洋人的節(jié)日就大肆鋪張、大辦特辦,好像他才是外國(guó)人。他們總是熱火朝天地慶祝,我好想問問他們:中國(guó)人的節(jié)日呢?習(xí)俗呢?傳統(tǒng)呢?早就被拋之腦后,飛到九宵云外去了……
其次就是傳統(tǒng)歌舞。扭秧歌是很經(jīng)典的例子,老人們?cè)诠珗@里賣力地扭著,年輕人卻帶著諷剌之心在嘲笑,他們喜歡的是西方的、等,這些更受他們的捧場(chǎng),好像跳扭秧歌是奇恥大辱似的。再看看京劇,它有濃厚的歷史、精彩的對(duì)白,這可是老一輩人的最愛啊!是我們的國(guó)粹?。】墒乾F(xiàn)在有幾個(gè)人能看得懂,哪怕坐下來靜靜的觀看10分鐘都難呢!
還有工藝美術(shù)與戲曲巧妙結(jié)合的皮影戲、中國(guó)獨(dú)特的糖人、歷史悠久的活化石梨園、傳統(tǒng)的書法繪畫等都受到嚴(yán)重的沖擊。傳統(tǒng)思想遭人嫌棄,這種種現(xiàn)象叫人擔(dān)憂??!看著它們慢慢地消失,而我們卻不加以挽救,依然熱情的迎接外來文化,如果繼續(xù)這樣下去,中華文明早晚不復(fù)存在。
該如何保護(hù)它???要從小培養(yǎng)對(duì)它的興趣,有了興趣才會(huì)喜歡,有了喜歡才會(huì)關(guān)注,有了關(guān)注就不會(huì)消失。慢慢的越來越多人關(guān)注,就會(huì)有人去繼承發(fā)揚(yáng),隊(duì)伍會(huì)越來越壯大。國(guó)家也要不斷的參與進(jìn)來帶頭作用,給人舞臺(tái)展示、鼓勵(lì)大家積極,把傳統(tǒng)發(fā)揚(yáng)到國(guó)外,讓世界為我中華而激情萬丈,讓外國(guó)人為我們的傳統(tǒng)而折服迷戀。每個(gè)人都有義務(wù),在任何場(chǎng)合下都要宣傳文化,每個(gè)人都是代表大使,做到全民都行動(dòng)起來,讓這種信念,深入人心。
傳統(tǒng)文化是中華民族的瑰寶,也是我們的驕傲,我們要保護(hù)它,每個(gè)人都要貢獻(xiàn)出自已的力量,使其重新發(fā)出奪目的光芒。
有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化初三作文素材5中國(guó)有許多傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,但我最喜歡過年。每到新年,喜貼春聯(lián),敲鑼打鼓,張燈結(jié)彩,送舊迎新的活動(dòng)熱鬧非凡,每一個(gè)人臉上都洋溢著節(jié)日的喜悅。但你知道嗎,過年為什么會(huì)有這些喜慶的活動(dòng)呢?這里面有著一個(gè)美妙的神話,現(xiàn)在讓我來講給你們聽聽吧!
傳說中,在一個(gè)僻靜的山谷里,住著一只叫年的怪獸,每到新年的晚上,怪獸就會(huì)去襲擊山角下的一個(gè)小村莊,村里人知道會(huì)來怪物,把門鎖得緊緊的,可是不管怎樣,年就會(huì)進(jìn)來,偷吃村民的東西,傷害人畜,大家都害怕極了,但又無能為力。第二年一大清早,人們紛紛收拾好東西準(zhǔn)備去城里過完年再回來,這時(shí),一位仙翁走過,他告訴村民年害怕紅色和響聲,人們聽了連忙買了貼在門上。晚上,年又來了,它一見紅色,聽到鑼鼓聲陣陣嚇得趕緊逃跑了。從此,村莊太平了。以后每逢過新年家家戶戶都貼對(duì)聯(lián),放爆竹,這個(gè)習(xí)俗一直延續(xù)至今。
新年中最有趣的要數(shù)我和小伙伴一起放煙火。晚上吃完年夜飯,我就迫不及待地拿著煙花朝門外奔去,一出門就聽見小伙伴們的歡呼聲。原來,在二村的小花園里正舉行煙花比賽呢!只聽見天空中“砰,砰”幾聲,各種煙花在天空中綻放,真是形態(tài)各異,姹紫嫣紅,有的像一條巨龍騰空而起,有的像一枚枚子彈直沖云宵,還有像一個(gè)沒有開放的花苞,在天空中欣然怒放。
我看見這樣美麗的煙花心里想:“我的煙花一定比他們的煙花好看幾十萬倍?!庇谑牵亿s緊拿出自己的煙花小心翼翼的點(diǎn)燃之后向著天空發(fā)射,只聽“啪”的一聲,煙花朝天空中直飛而去,這時(shí)我在心里暗暗的想:“嘿,嘿,”我這煙花一定比你們的好看,可是,當(dāng)我抬頭望著天空時(shí)卻呆若木雞了,原來這種煙花叫“花生米爆炸”,這煙火就像一顆花生米一樣飛上了天空,但在上面只“啪”的一聲就結(jié)束了,一點(diǎn)也不漂亮。真讓我大失所望。不過一轉(zhuǎn)眼我就溶入到這節(jié)日的喜慶之中去了,看著天空被這些五彩繽紛的煙花裝扮的絢麗多彩,我們個(gè)個(gè)歡呼雀躍,開心極了!
過新年,穿新衣,開開心心過大年。